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when did world war one begin and end
|
[
"28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918",
"lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918",
"28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918",
"28 July 1914",
"11 November 1918"
] |
{
"0": "World War I - wikipedia World War I Jump to : navigation , search `` World War One '' , `` Great War '' , and `` WW1 '' redirect here . For other uses , see World War One ( disambiguation ) , Great War ( disambiguation ) , and WW1 ( album ) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean ,",
"1": "and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Belgium Montenegro Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Raymond Poincaré Georges Clemenceau H.H.",
"2": "Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Victor Emmanuel III Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Total : 18,356,500 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 4,000,000 ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Total : 12,774,000 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 3,700,000 ... further details .",
"3": "Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later .",
"4": "The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks the major powers were at war , and the conflict soon spread around the world . Russia was the first to order a partial mobilization of its armies on 24 -- 25 July , and when on 28 July Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia , Russia declared general mobilization on 30 July . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality .",
"5": "After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 . The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies . By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with 9 independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II .",
"6": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1. 1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1. 2 Serbian campaign 4.1. 3 German forces in Belgium and France 4.1. 4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1. 5 African campaigns 4.1. 6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2. 1 Trench warfare begins 4.2. 2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4. 1 War in the Balkans 4.4. 2 Ottoman Empire 4.4. 3 Italian participation 4.4. 4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5. 1 Initial actions 4.5. 2 Russian Revolution 4.5. 3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 1 Developments in 1917 4.7. 2 Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 3 15 August 1917 : Peace offer by the Pope 4.7. 4 Entry of the United States 4.7. 5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7. 6 New states enter the war 4.8 Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards 4.8. 1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8.",
"7": "2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.1. 1 Areas taken in major attacks 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4. 1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers ' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2. 1 Conscription 9.2. 2 Conscription in Canada 9.2. 3 Conscription in Australia 9.2. 4 Conscription in Britain 9.2. 5 United States 9.2. 6 Austro - Hungary 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation . In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . ''",
"8": "During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries . The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I . In the introduction to his book , Waterloo in 100 Objects , historian Gareth Glover states : `` This opening statement will cause some bewilderment to many who have grown up with the appellation of the Great War firmly applied to the 1914 -- 18 First World War . But to anyone living before 1918 , the title of the Great War was applied to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in which Britain fought France almost continuously for twenty - two years from 1793 to 1815 . '' In 1911 , the historian John Holland Rose published a book titled William Pitt and the Great War . Background Main article : Causes of World War I Rival military coalitions in 1914 ; Triple Entente in green ; Triple Alliance in brown . Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance '' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support . Political and military alliances During the 19th century , the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe , resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900 . These began in 1815 , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia , and Austria . When Germany was united in 1871 , Prussia became part of the new German nation . Soon after , in October 1873 , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany .",
"9": "This agreement failed because Austria - Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy , leaving Germany and Austria - Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 , called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy , in what became the Triple Alliance . Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS Rheinland , a Nassau - class battleship , Germany 's first response to British Dreadnought . Arms race German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco - Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on , the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) , established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . As a result , each nation strove to out - build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival . The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe , with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict . Between 1908 and 1913 , the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 % .",
"10": "Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Conflicts in the Balkans Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond . Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them .",
"11": "About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect '' , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . July crisis Main article : July Crisis Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 . Bosnia - Herzegovina was annexed in 1908 . The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis .",
"12": "Believing correctly that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th . Serbia accepted all of the terms of the ultimatum except for article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day ordered a partial mobilization . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . On 29 July , Russia , in support of Serbia , declared partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August . The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves .",
"13": "Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked . The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' might prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Moltke , `` Now you can do what you want . '' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August , and on 3 August declared war on France . On 4 August , after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France , Germany declared war on Belgium as well . Britain declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 11 pm ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral . Progress of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian Campaign Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj '' , 1915 Main article : Serbian Campaign of World War I Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory .",
"14": "As a result , Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century . German forces in Belgium and France Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914 . Early in the war , all sides expected the conflict to be a short one . At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river . Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914 . Each plan favoured certain operations , but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out , leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight . Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one - front war with France , had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face ; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France , and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro - Hungarian troops being available for operations against France . But despite its unsuitability , and the availability of more sensible and decisive options , it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking , which expected offensive operations to be short - lived , costly in casualties , and unlikely to be decisive . Accordingly , the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914 , despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success . Moltke took Schlieffen 's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing , the one to advance through Belgium , from 85 % to 70 % .",
"15": "In the end , the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke , that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan . The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success . In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome . Asia and the Pacific Main article : Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang .",
"16": "Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African campaigns Main article : African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe . Indian support for the Allies Further information : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo - Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition .",
"17": "In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others . Western front Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) Trench warfare begins Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench , first day on the Somme , 1916 Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank . Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences . Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front .",
"18": "Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun , 1916 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines . In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916 , the battle saw initial German gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening of this offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead , on the first day alone . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 .",
"19": "Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada . The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side . These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges . Naval War Main article : Naval warfare of World War I Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships .",
"20": "The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned . Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare . The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war . U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London , after the 1918 Armistice . German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) .",
"21": "Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so . The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol . Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles : Balkans Campaign ( World War I ) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) , and Macedonian Front Austro - Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians , 1917 . Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war , a quarter of its pre-war population . Faced with Russia , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary , in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia .",
"22": "Bulgarian soldiers in a trench , preparing to fire against an incoming airplane . Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Bulgaria declared war on Serbia , 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria . In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece , to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies . In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front . Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians were defeated at the Battle of Dobro Pole and by 25 September 1918 British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed .",
"23": "Bulgaria capitulated four days later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front . The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman Empire Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes . Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division .",
"24": "Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 . Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia , Austria - Hungary ( now Poland ) . Prince Leopold of Bavaria , the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front , is second from the left . The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia . Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914 -- 1915 General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories .",
"25": "In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart . The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering . The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 . Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian participation Main articles : Italian Front ( World War I ) and Albania during World War I Further information : Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , 1914 . Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary .",
"26": "This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany . Austro - Hungarian troops , Tyrol . The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna . On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress . Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia . Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro - Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans . They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River .",
"27": "Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government called to arms the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : that is , all males born 1899 and prior , and so were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 . Romanian participation Main article : Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops , 1916 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers .",
"28": "Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 . In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory , formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania . Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under that treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 . Eastern front Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege . The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war . Initial actions While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 .",
"29": "Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian Revolution Main article : Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Despite Russia 's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The offensive 's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia , as the Tsar remained at the front . Empress Alexandra 's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 . In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 . Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany .",
"30": "At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort . With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok , 1918 . Main article : Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce . In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city .",
"31": "Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 . Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defense of Verdun . In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds that Germany had not put forward any specific proposals . 1917 -- 1918 Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post , Haut - Rhin , France , 1917 . Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 . The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany .",
"32": "In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated . On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks . German film crew recording the action . The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands . In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive .",
"33": "Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory . In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 Main article : Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98 / 09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive . Ottoman troops during Mesopotamian campaign . British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917 . Foreground , a battery of 16 heavy guns . Background , conical tents and support vehicles . British troops on the march during Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units .",
"34": "During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations . The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and , during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo .",
"35": "15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope See also : Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting : No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article : American entry into World War I President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 after campaigning with the slogan `` he kept us out of war '' . In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli .",
"36": "Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . German General Staff assumptions that it would be able to defeat the British and French forces before American troops reinforced them were proven incorrect . The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted .",
"37": "German spring offensive of 1918 Main article : Spring Offensive British 55th Division soldiers , blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918 . Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 , with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) . British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise . The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic . General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 .",
"38": "General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and U.S. commands operated largely independently . Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war . By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers . Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New States enter the War In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance .",
"39": "Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards Between April and November 1918 , the Allies increased their front - line rifle strength while German strength fell by half . Hundred days offensive Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Aerial view of ruins of Vaux - devant - Damloup , France , 1918 The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August . Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus . Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . ''",
"40": "Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle . September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An American major , piloting an observation balloon near the front , 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . ''",
"41": "On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable . The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany . When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men of U.S. 64th Regiment , 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice , 11 November 1918 . News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day .",
"42": "The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage . With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article : Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times of 11 November 1918 The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros . On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy .",
"43": "In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers . Ferdinand Foch , second from right , pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there . The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice . On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended . The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier ; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin ; and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks . The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S.",
"44": "$17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of World War I The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , all fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected . Formal end of the War A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to : Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 . After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne .",
"45": "Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 . Peace treaties and national boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 . The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s : Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt .",
"46": "As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies . The signing of peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany . Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne .",
"47": "National identities Further information : Sykes -- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I ( as of 1923 ) Poland reemerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment . After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge .",
"48": "The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources . Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States . The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . ''",
"49": "Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded . Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic , which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone . Camp Funston , Kansas , 1918 . Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people . Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia . The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide .",
"50": "Technology See also : Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also : Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured . Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries . A Russian armoured car , 1919 Germany was far ahead of the Allies in using heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare . 38 - cm `` Lange Max '' of Koekelare ( Leugenboom ) , biggest gun in the world in 1917 In 1917 , on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' .",
"51": "This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , which is about 50 km away . Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , c. 1917 -- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination . The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun .",
"52": "Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield . Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete . Areas taken in major attacks On the Western Front neither side made impressive gains in the first three years of the war with attacks at Verdun , the Somme , Passchendaele , and Cambrai -- the exception was Nivelle 's Offensive in which the German defense gave ground while mauling the attackers so badly that there were mutinies in the French Army . In 1918 the Germans smashed through the defense lines in three great attacks : Michael , on the Lys , and on the Aisne , which displayed the power of their new tactics .",
"53": "The Allies struck back at Soissons which showed the Germans that they must return to the defensive , and at Amiens ; tanks played a prominent role in both of these assaults , as they had the year before at Cambrai . The areas in the East were larger . The Germans did well at the First Masurian Lakes driving the invaders from East Prussia , and at Riga which led to the Russian 's suing for peace . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans joined for a great success at Gorlice -- Tarnów which drove the Russians out of Poland . In a series of attacks along with the Bulgarians they occupied Serbia , Albania , Montenegro and most of Romania . The Allies successes came later in Palestine ( the beginning of the end for the Ottomans ) , in Macedonia ( which drove the Bulgarians out of the war ) , and at Vittorio Veneto ( the final blow for the Austro - Hungarians . The area occupied in East by the Central powers on 11 November 1918 was 1,042,600 km2 , roughly the size of Columbia . Naval The Moltke - class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need . Aviation Main article : Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917 , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours .",
"54": "Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 . Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice . Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France . War crimes Baralong incidents Main article : Baralong incidents HMS Baralong . On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong .",
"55": "All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident . On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it . Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts . Chemical weapons in warfare Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use . The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants .",
"56": "Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide . Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau , Sr. and published in 1918 . Austro - Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia , 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians .",
"57": "Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . Russian Empire Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also : Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia , 1914 -- 1915 ; Volhynia ; Volga Germans ; and Urkun Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) . Rape of Belgium Main article : Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . Soldiers ' experiences Main articles : List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front , winter 1914 -- 1915 . The two BVRC contingents suffered 75 % casualties .",
"58": "The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of War Main article : World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice .",
"59": "The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 . The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labor , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 . Military attachés and War correspondents Main article : Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces .",
"60": "Support and opposition to the War Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort , published by the Young Women 's Christian Association In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London ; Trumbić led the Committee . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary . In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence . In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy . A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war . Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions .",
"61": "One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war . Opposition Main articles : Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street ( now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany . Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject .",
"62": "Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary . The Deserter , 1916 . Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries . In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) , that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it . Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917 . The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914 / 15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war . Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain .",
"63": "In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic . A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and , by July 1914 , there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising ; although , once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service . In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German Revolution , Kiel , 1918 In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation .",
"64": "The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested . In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions . In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription , New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries . However it was controversial in English speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada . Conscription in Canada Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophones . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage . Conscription in Australia Main article : Conscription in Australia In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter .",
"65": "Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom See also : Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in 1916 . The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion . There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance , domestic hardship , health , and conscientious objection . The law went through several changes before the war ended . Married men were exempt in the original Act , although this was changed in June 1916 . The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old . Recognition of work of national importance also diminished , and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy . Conscription lasted until mid-1919 . Due to the political situation in Ireland , conscription was never applied there ; only in England , Scotland and Wales . United States Main article : Conscription in the United States § World War I In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas . The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services .",
"66": "The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Many socialists were jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his prison cell . In 1917 a number of radicals and anarchists challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . Austro - Hungary Like all of the armies of mainland Europe , the Austro - Hungarians relied on conscription to fill their ranks . Officer recruitment however , was voluntary . The effect of this at the start of the war was that well over a quarter of the rank and file were Slavs , while more than 75 % of the officers were German . This was much resented . The army has been described as being `` run on colonial lines '' and the Slav soldiers as `` disaffected '' . Thus conscription contributed greatly to Austria 's disastrous performance on the battlefield . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs .",
"67": "In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far . Legacy and memory ... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939 . The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later . Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalization of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated . These are : Why the war began , why the Allies won , whether generals were responsible for high casualty rates , how the soldiers endured the horrors of trench warfare , and to what extent the civilian homefront accepted and endorsed the war effort . Memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Main article : World War I memorials Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme .",
"68": "In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people . The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war . Cultural memory The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : World War I in popular culture Left : John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields . Right : Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained : A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them .",
"69": "They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance . This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views : These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory . Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected .",
"70": "Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans , from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate . The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect . Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left . Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by using German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles .",
"71": "World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that : The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots . Economic effects See also : Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers , 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat . In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street .",
"72": "President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations that , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , the last installment was finally paid in 2015 Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories . In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million . Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast .",
"73": "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid . This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds .",
"74": "The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewelry to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium . See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914 . It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria - Hungary on 7 December 1917 . Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire , the Allies and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne . Jump up ^ World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies . References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War '' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1998 , pp. 80 -- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : ( Levy & Vasques 2014 , p. 250 ) Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff . Jump up ^ `` What new countries were created after World War I ? - Updated '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II ? '' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` great , adj. , adv. , and n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine , Guide to Canadian English Usage ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) p 210 . Jump up ^ `` Waterloo : The Great War '' . The History Press . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Finestone , Jeffrey ; Massie , Robert K. ( 1981 ) .",
"76": "The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History '' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije ; Spence , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 217 - 0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7065 - 4526 - 6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61673 - 964 - 5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 .",
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"80": "militera.lib.ru . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Marvin ; Schaar , Stuart , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Middle East and Islamic world reader ( 4th pr . ed . ) . New York : Grove Press . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3936 - 1 . Jump up ^ January , Brendan ( 2007 ) . Genocide : modern crimes against humanity . Minneapolis , Minn. : Twenty - First Century Books . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 3421 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Benjamin ( 2013 ) . The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe . New York : Continuum Publishing Corporation . pp. 80 -- 1 . ISBN 1 - 4411 - 9478 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arthur J. Barker , The Neglected War : Mesopotamia , 1914 -- 1918 ( London : Faber , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Crawford , John ; McGibbon , Ian ( 2007 ) . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies and the First World War . Exisle Publishing . pp. 219 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Hinterhoff 1984 , pp. 499 -- 503 Jump up ^ abc The Encyclopedia Americana , 1920 , v. 28 , p. 403 Jump up ^ abcdefg ( Northcote 1922 , pp. 788 ) Jump up ^ Sachar 1970 , pp. 122 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1994 . Jump up ^ Hanioglu , M. Sukru ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire . Princeton University Press . pp. 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Hall ( 2015 ) .",
"81": "The Failure to Prevent World War I : The Unexpected Armageddon . Ashgate . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Page , Thomas Nelson ( 1920 ) . Italy and the world war . Scribners . pp. 142 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Marshall page = 108 Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark . The White War : Life and Death on the Italian Front , 1915 -- 1919 . London : Faber and Faber . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Praga , Franco Luxardo . History of Dalmatia . Giardini , 1993 . Pp. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Paul O'Brien . Mussolini in the First World War : the Journalist , the Soldier , the Fascist . Oxford , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Berg , 2005 . Pp. 17 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2003 , pp. 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , pp. 585 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Barrett , Prelude to Blitzkrieg : The 1916 Austro - German Campaign in Romania ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Marasti ( July 1917 ) '' . WorldWar2.ro. 22 July 1917 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cyril Falls , The Great War , p. 285 Jump up ^ Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia . New York City : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . Erdély története . Akadémiai Kiadó . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . History of Transylvania . Akadémiai Kiadó . ISBN 84 - 8371 - 020 - X . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Потери народонаселения в 20 . веке ( The loss of population in the 20th Century ) ( in Russian ) .",
"82": "Moscow : Русская панорама . ISBN 9785931651071 . Jump up ^ Prit Buttar , Collision of Empires : The War on the Eastern Front in 1914 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 715 . Jump up ^ Meyer 2006 , pp. 152 -- 4 , 161 , 163 , 175 , 182 . ^ Jump up to : Smele Jump up ^ Schindler 2003 . Jump up ^ Cholly Knickerbocker . New York Journal American . 3 February 1949 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett 1956 . Jump up ^ Mawdsley 2008 , pp. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 1998 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Kernek 1970 , pp. 721 -- 766 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 292 . Jump up ^ Heyman 1997 , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Kurlander 2006 . Jump up ^ Shanafelt 1985 , pp. 125 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War : Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies . Westport Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 163 . OCLC 43481698 . Jump up ^ Moore , A. Briscoe ( 1920 ) . The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine : The Story of New Zealand 's Crusaders . Christchurch : Whitcombe & Tombs . p. 67 . OCLC 156767391 . Jump up ^ Falls , Cyril ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . Volume 2 Part I. Maps by A.F. Becke . London : HM Stationery Office . p. 59 . OCLC 644354483 .",
"83": "Jump up ^ Wavell , Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable & Co. pp. 153 -- 5 . OCLC 35621223 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control '' . First World War.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Anthony ( 2002 ) . The Last Crusade : The Palestine Campaign in the First World War . London : John Murray . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5432 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Kress von Kressenstein '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Otto Liman von Sanders '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War : Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies . Westport Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 195 . OCLC 43481698 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Wednesday 15 August 1917 , reprinted on page 26 of Daily Telegraph Tuesday 15 August 2017 Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 756 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson for ' America First ' '' , The Chicago Daily Tribune ( October 12 , 1915 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography , p. 278 ( Vintage Books 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Garrett , Garet . Defend America First : The Antiwar Editorials of the Saturday Evening Post , 1939 - 1942 , p. 13 ( Caxton Press 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Tuchman 1966 .",
"84": "^ Jump up to : Karp 1979 Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson Urges Congress to Declare War on Germany '' ( Wikisource ) Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , David ( 2014 ) . The Kaiser 's Army : The German Army in World War One . London : COnway . ISBN 9781844862924 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I '' . US National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Millett & Murray 1988 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Westwell 2004 . Jump up ^ Posen 1984 , pp. 190 ¿ . Jump up ^ Gray 1991 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Moon 1996 , pp. 495 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2007 . Jump up ^ Hovannisian 1967 , pp. 1 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Ayers 1919 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Shane B ( 2004 ) ( 1977 ) . Shock Army of the British Empire : The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War . St. Catharines , ON : Vanwell . ISBN 1 - 55125 - 096 - 9 . OCLC 57063659 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2001 . Jump up ^ Brown , Malcolm ( 1999 ) ( 1998 ) . 1918 : Year of Victory . London : Pan . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 37672 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Pitt 2003 Jump up ^ Terraine 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Gray & Argyle 1990 Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff 1919 .",
"85": "Jump up ^ McLellan , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Christie , Norm M ( 1997 ) . The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord , August -- September 1918 . For King and Empire : A Social History and Battlefield Tour . CEF Books . ISBN 1 - 896979 - 18 - 1 . OCLC 166099767 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Hull 2006 , pp. 307 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 25 . Over the course of the war the United States supplied more than 80 percent of Allied oil requirements , and after US entry into the war , the United States helped provide and protect tankers transporting oil to Europe . US oil resources meant that insufficient energy supplies did not hamper the Allies , as they did the Central Powers . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , Chapter 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1918 Timeline '' . League of Nations Photo Archive . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrea Di Michele ( 2014 ) . `` Trento , Bolzano E Innsbruck : L'occupazione Militare Italiana Del Tirolo ( 1918 - 1920 ) '' ( Trento , Bolzano and Innsbruck : The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol ( 1918 -- 1920 ) ) ( PDF ) . Trento e Trieste . Percorsi degli italiani d'Austria dal ' 48 all'annessione ( in Italian ) . Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati : 436 -- 437 . La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20 - 22.000 uomini . ( The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20 - 22,000 men . )",
"86": "← see http://www.agiati.it/ara_context.jsp?ID_LINK=113344&area=196 for metadata -- > Jump up ^ `` Clairière de l'Armistice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Compiègne . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 , pp. 185 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153 , using estimated made by H. Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ `` France 's oldest WWI veteran dies '' Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hastedt , Glenn P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Infobase Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 4381 - 0989 - X . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; Johnson , Paul ; McPherson , James ; Gerstle , Gary ; Fahs , Alice ( 2010 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People . II . Cengage Learning . p. 622 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 90383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` Harding Ends War ; Signs Peace Decree at Senator 's Home . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` No. 31773 '' . The London Gazette. 10 February 1920 . p. 1671 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31991 '' . The London Gazette. 23 July 1920 . pp. 7765 -- 7766 . Jump up ^ `` No.",
"87": "13627 '' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 August 1920 . p. 1924 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32421 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1921 . pp. 6371 -- 6372 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32964 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1924 . pp. 6030 -- 6031 . Jump up ^ Magliveras 1999 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Morrow , John H. ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . London : Routledge . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20440 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Hagen ( 1998 ) . Germany : A New History . Harvard U.P. p. 204 . Jump up ^ Ypersele , Laurence Van ( 2012 ) . Horne , John , ed . Mourning and Memory , 1919 -- 45 . A Companion to World War I. Wiley . p. 584 . Jump up ^ `` The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Károly ; Hodosi , Eszter Kocsisné ( 1998 ) . Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 7395 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ Clark 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians '' . The New York Times . 27 July 1918 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia Restored '' . The New York Times . 5 November 1918 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Matt ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` The Minor Powers During World War One -- Serbia '' . firstworldwar.com . Jump up ^ `` ' ANZAC Day ' in London ; King , Queen , and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey '' .",
"88": "The New York Times . 26 April 1916 . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial . `` The ANZAC Day tradition '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum . `` Vimy Ridge '' . Canadian War Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The War 's Impact on Canada '' . Canadian War Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's last WW1 vet gets his citizenship back '' . CBC News . 9 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Documenting Democracy Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 . Jump up ^ Hooker 1996 . Jump up ^ Muller 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 1993 . Jump up ^ Salibi 1993 . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 Jump up ^ Israeli Foreign Ministry . Jump up ^ Gelvin 2005 Jump up ^ Isaac & Hosh 1992 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Howard , N.P. ( 1993 ) . The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 ( PDF ) . German History . 11 . pp. 161 -- 88 . table p 166 , with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in the first half of 1919 while the blockade was still in effect . Jump up ^ Saadi 2009 . Jump up ^ Patenaude , Bertrand M. ( 30 January 2007 ) . `` Food as a Weapon '' . Hoover Digest . Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ball 1996 , pp. 16 , 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Russians are coming ( Russian influence in Harbin , Manchuria , China ; economic relations ) '' . The Economist ( US ) .",
"89": "14 January 1995 . ( via Highbeam.com ) Jump up ^ Souter 2000 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Tschanz . Jump up ^ Conlon . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , William Hay ( 1972 ) . Medicine and the War . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Knobler 2005 . Jump up ^ Kamps , Bernd Sebastian ; Reyes - Terán , Gustavo . Influenza . Influenza Report . Flying Publisher . ISBN 3 - 924774 - 51 - X . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Balfour Declaration ( United Kingdom 1917 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of The Jewish Agency for Israel : 1917 -- 1919 '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods ( ca . 1700 -- 1917 ) '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope '' Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Der Spiegel Online . 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel , `` The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective '' , 1998 , Idea Journal of Social Issues , Vol. 3 no. 2 Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost '' .",
"90": "The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. ; Military Communications : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century ( 2008 ) . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 732 - 6 p. 444 . Jump up ^ Mosier 2001 , pp. 42 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Jager , Herbert ( 2001 ) . German Artillery of World War One . Crowood Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1861264039 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 . Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfred Owen : poems , ( Faber and Faber , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 . Jump up ^ Heller 1984 . Jump up ^ Postwar pulp novels on future `` gas wars '' included Reginald Glossop 's 1932 novel Ghastly Dew and Neil Bell 's 1931 novel The Gas War of 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Railroad Artillery '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus , The Great War at Sea : A Naval History of the First World War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Lawson , Eric ; Lawson , Jane ( 2002 ) . The First Air Campaign : August 1914 -- November 1918 . Da Capo Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81213 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 1991 Jump up ^ Cross 1991 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Winter 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2001 Jump up ^ Halpern , Paul G. ( 1994 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge , p. 301 ; ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 Jump up ^ Hadley , Michael L. ( 1995 ) .",
"91": "Count Not the Dead : The Popular Image of the German Submarine . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , p. 36 ; ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Davies , JD ( 2013 ) . Britannia 's Dragon : A Naval History of Wales . History Press Limited . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9410 - 4 . Jump up ^ A German attempt in January on the Russian front failed to cause casualties . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( 28 February 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : US Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ Taylor , Telford ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Thomas ; Lavera , Damien J. ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber , L.F. ( 20 February 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel A. ( 20 February 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34612 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ellison , D. Hank ( 24 August 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp.",
"92": "567 -- 570 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Boot , Max ( 16 August 2007 ) . War Made New : Weapons , Warriors , and the Making of the Modern World . Gotham . pp. 245 -- 250 . ISBN 1 - 59240 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henry Morgenthau ( 1918 ) . `` XXV : Talaat Tells Why He `` Deports '' the Armenians `` . Ambassador Mogenthau 's story . Brigham Young University . Jump up ^ Honzík , Miroslav ; Honzíková , Hana ( 1984 ) . 1914 / 1918 , Léta zkázy a naděje . Czech Republic : Panorama . ^ Jump up to : International Association of Genocide Scholars ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan '' . Genocide Watch ( via archive.org ) . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vartparonian , Paul Leverkuehn ; Kaiser ( 2008 ) . A German officer during the Armenian genocide : a biography of Max von Scheubner - Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean ; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar . London : Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute . ISBN 1 - 903656 - 81 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212 -- 215 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars . `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David ( 2006 ) .",
"93": "Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 1 -- 2 , esp . p. 76 . Jump up ^ The claim of franc - tireurs in Belgium has been rejected : Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results ( + ( war : '' worldwari `` ) ) : Veterans History Project '' . American Folklife Center , Library of Congress . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillimore & Bellot 1919 , pp. 4 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , pp. 368 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Blair 2005 . Jump up ^ Cook 2006 , pp. 637 -- 665 . Jump up ^ `` Максим Оськин -- Неизвестные трагедии Первой мировой Пленные Дезертиры Беженцы -- стр 24 -- Читаем онлайн '' . Profismart.ru . Archived from the original on 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Speed 1990 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , Chapter 13 . Jump up ^ Morton 1992 . Jump up ^ Bass 2002 , p. 107 .",
"94": "Jump up ^ `` The Mesopotamia campaign '' . British National Archives . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners of Turkey : Men of Kut Driven along like beasts '' . Stolen Years : Australian Prisoners of War . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ICRC in WWI : overview of activities '' . Icrc.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Notes , Sep. 1 , 1924 '' . Time . 1 September 1924 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1189 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1001 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mukhtar , Mohammed ( 25 February 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of Somalia . Scarecrow Press . p. 126 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany 's WW1 plans '' . BBC News . 25 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1069 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 596 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Dennis Mack Smith . 1997 . Modern Italy ; A Political History . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press . Pp. 284 . Jump up ^ Aubert , Roger ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 37 : The Outbreak of World War I '' .",
"95": "In Hubert Jedin ; John Dolan . History of the Church . The Church in the industrial age . 9 . Translated by Resch , Margit . London : Burns & Oates . p. 521 . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 091 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Pope Benedict XV '' . firstworldwar.com. 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Merely For the Record '' : The Memoirs of Donald Christopher Smith 1894 -- 1980 . By Donald Christopher Smith . Edited by John William Cox , Jr . Bermuda . Jump up ^ Pennell , Catriona ( 2012 ) . A Kingdom United : Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959058 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 584 . Jump up ^ O'Halpin , Eunan , The Decline of the Union : British Government in Ireland , 1892 -- 1920 , ( Dublin , 1987 ) Jump up ^ Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Brock , Peter , These Strange Criminals : An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War , p. 14 , Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8707 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union -- Uzbeks '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seton - Watson , Christopher . 1967 . Italy from Liberalism to Fascism : 1870 to 1925 . London : Methuen & Co. Ltd . Pp. 471 Jump up ^ Cockfield 1997 , pp. 171 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis '' . Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis '' .",
"96": "CBC. 2001 . Jump up ^ J.M. Main , Conscription : the Australian debate , 1901 -- 1970 ( 1970 ) abstract Archived 7 July 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Havighurst 1985 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Chelmsford , J.E. `` Clergy and Man - Power '' , The Times 15 April 1918 , p. 12 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , To raise an army : The draft comes to modern America ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) . Catastrophe : Europe goes to War 1914 . London : Collins . pp. 30 , 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 746764 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , Diplomatic History of the First World War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals : December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott . ( 1921 ) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939 , page 90 . Jump up ^ Heather Jones , `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 , esp . p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae '' . Historica . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David , Evans . `` John McCrae '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking '' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website '' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French , German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary '' .",
"97": "France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall , Mark David ( 2010 ) . Altered Memories of the Great War : Divergent Narratives of Britain , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . ^ Jump up to : Hynes , Samuel Lynn ( 1991 ) . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture . Atheneum . pp. i -- xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 12128 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. 153 - 221 . Jump up ^ Fussell , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Great War and modern memory . Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513332 - 5 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108 -- 1086 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin . `` The Ending of World War One , and the Legacy of Peace '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on 15 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 .",
"98": "Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/562830/First-World-War-debt-paid-off Jump up ^ Noakes , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 1948 . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39056 - 7 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI . Jump up ^ Anton Kaes et al. , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . University of California Press . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marls , The Myths of Reparations , pp. 231 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks , pp. 223 -- 234 Jump up ^ World War One : A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks , p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` First World War officially ends '' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million , writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3 , nearly 92 years after the country 's defeat by the Allies . Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend '' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Ending the War to End All Wars '' . The New York Times .",
"99": "Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time , but World War I ended this year . ^ Jump up to : `` From Wristwatches To Radio , How World War I Ushered In The Modern World '' . NPR . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see Bibliography of World War I American Battle Monuments Commission ( 1938 ) . American Armies and Battlefields in Europe : A History , Guide , and Reference Book . US Government Printing Office . OCLC 59803706 . Army Art of World War I. United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History . 1993 . OCLC 28608539 . Ayers , Leonard Porter ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office . Bade , Klaus J ; Brown , Allison ( tr . ) ( 2003 ) . Migration in European History . The making of Europe . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 18939 - 4 . OCLC 52695573 . ( translated from the German ) Balakian , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Burning Tigris : The Armenian Genocide and America 's Response . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019840 - 4 . OCLC 56822108 . Ball , Alan M ( 1996 ) . And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20694 - 6 . , reviewed in Hegarty , Thomas J ( March -- June 1998 ) . `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 '' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . ( via Highbeam.com ) Bass , Gary Jonathan ( 2002 ) . Stay the Hand of Vengeance : The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 424pp .",
"100": "ISBN 0 - 691 - 09278 - 8 . OCLC 248021790 . Blair , Dale ( 2005 ) . No Quarter : Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience , 1915 -- 1918 . Charnwood , Australia : Ginninderra Press . ISBN 1 - 74027 - 291 - 9 . OCLC 62514621 . Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06958 - 4 . OCLC 36954615 . Braybon , Gail ( 2004 ) . Evidence , History , and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 1914 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) . Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 . Chickering , Rodger ( 2004 ) . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83908 - 4 . OCLC 55523473 . Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia , Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 150789848 . Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Clark , Christopher ( 2014 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York : Harper Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114666 - 4 . Cockfield , Jamie H ( 1997 ) .",
"101": "With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22082 - 0 . Conlon , Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus ( PDF ) . Montana State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Cook , Tim ( 2006 ) . The politics of surrender : Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War . The Journal of Military History . 70 . pp. 637 -- 665 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2006.0158 . Cross , Wilbur L ( 1991 ) . Zeppelins of World War I. New York : Paragon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55778 - 382 - 0 . OCLC 22860189 . Crowe , David ( 2001 ) . The Essentials of European History : 1914 to 1935 , World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 710 - 5 . DiNardo , Richard ( 2015 ) . Invasion : The Conquest of Serbia , 1915 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 0092 - 4 . Djokić , Dejan ( 2003 ) . Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea , 1918 -- 1992 . London : Hurst . OCLC 51093251 . Doughty , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Pyrrhic victory : French strategy and operations in the Great War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01880 - 8 . Duffy , Michael . Somme . First World War.com . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84689 - 2 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Dupuy , R. Ernest and Trevor N. ( 1993 ) .",
"102": "The Harper 's Encyclopedia of Military History , 4th Edition . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270056 - 8 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Evans , Leslie ( 27 May 2005 ) . Future of Iraq , Israel - Palestine Conflict , and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference . UCLA International Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Falls , Cyril Bentham ( 1960 ) . The First World War . London : Longmans . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 272 - 7 . OCLC 460327352 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . New York : Basic Books . pp. 563pp . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05711 - X . OCLC 41124439 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2006 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 100 - 5 . Fortescue , Granville Roland ( 28 October 1915 ) .",
"103": "London in Gloom over Gallipoli ; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead - Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost . New York Times . Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 8 . Fromkin , David ( 2004 ) . Europe 's Last Summer : Who Started the Great War in 1914 ? . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41156 - 9 . OCLC 53937943 . Gelvin , James L ( 2005 ) . The Israel - Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85289 - 7 . OCLC 59879560 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5578 - 5 . Gray , Randal ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . OCLC 19398100 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . First World War . Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7737 - 2848 - 6 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . Clearwater , Florida : Owl Books . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 4 . OCLC 34792651 . Goodspeed , Donald James ( 1985 ) . The German Wars 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Random House ; Bonanza . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 46790 - 9 . Gray , Randal ( 1991 ) .",
"104": "Kaiserschlacht 1918 : the final German offensive . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 157 - 1 . Green , John Frederick Norman ( 1938 ) . `` Obituary : Albert Ernest Kitson '' . Geological Society Quarterly Journal . Geological Society . 94 . Halpern , Paul G ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. New York : Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . OCLC 60281302 . Harris , J.P. ( 2008 ) . Douglas Haig and the First World War ( 2009 ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89802 - 7 . Hartcup , Guy ( 1988 ) . The War of Invention ; Scientific Developments , 1914 -- 18 . Brassey 's Defence Publishers . ISBN 0 - 08 - 033591 - 8 . Havighurst , Alfred F ( 1985 ) . Britain in transition : the twentieth century ( 4 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31971 - 1 . Heller , Charles E ( 1984 ) . Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . OCLC 123244486 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Heyman , Neil M ( 1997 ) . World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29880 - 7 . OCLC 36292837 . Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Mediterranean Front 1914 -- 1923 . The First World War . 4 . New York : Routledge . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96844 - 5 . OCLC 52375688 .",
"105": "Hinterhoff , Eugene ( 1984 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The Campaign in Armenia . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. ii . New York : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 86307 - 181 - 3 . Hirschfeld , Gerhard et al. eds . Brill 's Encyclopedia of the First World War ( 2012 ) , 1105pp Holmes , T.M. ( April 2014 ) . `` Absolute Numbers : The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 '' . War in History . London : Edward Arnold . XXI ( 2 ) : 194 , 211 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Hooker , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Ottomans . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 8 October 1999 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . Yale University Press . OCLC 47181922 . Hovannisian , Richard G. ( 1967 ) . Armenia on the Road to Independence , 1918 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 00574 - 0 . Hull , Isabel Virginia ( 2006 ) . Absolute destruction : military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) . `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 65 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Inglis , David ( 1995 ) .",
"106": "Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years ( PDF ) . Burnaby : Simon Fraser University . Isaac , Jad ; Hosh , Leonardo ( 7 -- 9 May 1992 ) . Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East . University of Waterloo . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Jenkins , Burris A ( 2009 ) . Facing the Hindenburg Line . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 110 - 81238 - 7 . Johnson , James Edgar ( 2001 ) . Full Circle : The Story of Air Fighting . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35860 - 6 . OCLC 45991828 . Jones , Howard ( 2001 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 . Wilmington , Delaware : Scholarly Resources Books . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2918 - 4 . OCLC 46640675 . Kaplan , Robert D ( February 1993 ) . Syria : Identity Crisis . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Karp , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Politics of War ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012265 - X . OCLC 4593327 . , Wilson 's maneuvering US into war Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180178 - 8 . , general military history Keene , Jennifer D ( 2006 ) . World War I. Daily Life Through History Series . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33181 - 2 . OCLC 70883191 . Kernek , Sterling ( December 1970 ) . `` The British Government 's Reactions to President Wilson 's ' Peace ' Note of December 1916 '' . The Historical Journal . 13 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 766 .",
"107": "doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00009481 . JSTOR 2637713 . Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) ( 1980 ) . Europe Between the Wars . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41869 - 0 . OCLC 247285240 . Knobler , Stacey L , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary . Washington DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09504 - 2 . OCLC 57422232 . Kurlander , Eric ( 2006 ) . Steffen Bruendel . Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat : Die `` Ideen von 1914 '' und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg ( Book review ) . H - net . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Lehmann , Hartmut ; van der Veer , Peter , eds. ( 1999 ) . Nation and religion : perspectives on Europe and Asia . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01232 - 6 . OCLC 39727826 . Love , Dave ( May 1996 ) . `` The Second Battle of Ypres , April 1915 '' . Sabretasche. 26 ( 4 ) . Lyons , Michael J ( 1999 ) . World War I : A Short History ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 020551 - 6 . Ludendorff , Erich ( 1919 ) . My War Memories , 1914 -- 1918 . OCLC 60104290 .",
"108": "also published by Harper as `` Ludendorff 's Own Story , August 1914 -- November 1918 : The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army '' OCLC 561160 ( original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen , 1914 -- 1918 ) Magliveras , Konstantinos D ( 1999 ) . Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations : The Law and Practice behind Member States ' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1239 - 1 . Martel , Gordon ( 2003 ) . The Origins of the First World War . Pearson Longman , Harlow . Mawdsley , Evan ( 2008 ) . The Russian Civil War ( Edinburgh ed . ) . Birlinn location . ISBN 1 - 84341 - 041 - 9 . McLellan , Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War . Meyer , Gerald J ( 2006 ) . A World Undone : The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80354 - 9 . Millett , Allan Reed ; Murray , Williamson ( 1988 ) . Military Effectiveness . Boston : Allen Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 445053 - 2 . OCLC 220072268 . Moon , John Ellis van Courtland ( July 1996 ) . United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II : A Captive of Coalition Policy ? . The Journal of Military History . 60 . Society for Military History . pp. 495 -- 511 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944522 . JSTOR 2944522 . Morton , Desmond ( 1992 ) . Silent Battle : Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany , 1914 -- 1919 . Toronto : Lester Publishing . ISBN 1 - 895555 - 17 - 5 . OCLC 29565680 . Mosier , John ( 2001 ) .",
"109": "`` Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics '' . Myth of the Great War : How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019676 - 9 . Muller , Jerry Z ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Us and Them -- The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01696 - 3 . OCLC 56592292 . Nicholson , Gerald WL ( 1962 ) . Canadian Expeditionary Force , 1914 -- 1919 : Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War ( 1st ed . ) . Ottawa : Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary . OCLC 2317262 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Northedge , FS ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . New York : Holmes & Meier . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 9 . Page , Thomas Nelson . `` Italy and the World War '' . Brigham Young University . Chapter XI . cites `` Cf . articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes , 1 and 15 March 1920 '' Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Phillimore , George Grenville ; Bellot , Hugh HL ( 1919 ) . `` Treatment of Prisoners of War '' . Transactions of the Grotius Society . 5 : 47 -- 64 . OCLC 43267276 . Pitt , Barrie ( 2003 ) . 1918 : The Last Act .",
"110": "Barnsley : Pen and Sword . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 974 - 3 . OCLC 56468232 . Price , Alfred ( 1980 ) . Aircraft versus Submarine : the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft , 1912 to 1980 . London : Jane 's Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0008 - 9 . OCLC 10324173 . Deals with technical developments , including the first dipping hydrophones Prior , Robin ( 1999 ) . The First World War . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35256 - X . Raudzens , George ( October 1990 ) . `` War - Winning Weapons : The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History '' . The Journal of Military History . Society for Military History . 54 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.2307 / 1986064 . JSTOR 1986064 . Repington , Charles à Court ( 1920 ) . The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 . 2 . London : Constable . ISBN 1 - 113 - 19764 - 1 . Rickard , J ( 5 March 2001 ) . `` Erich von Ludendorff ( sic ) , 1865 -- 1937 , German General '' . Military History Encyclopedia on the Web . HistoryOfWar.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Rickard , J ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` The Ludendorff Offensives , 21 March - 18 July 1918 '' . Roden , Mike . `` The Lost Generation -- myth and reality '' . Aftermath -- when the boys came home . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Saadi , Abdul - Ilah ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Dreaming of Greater Syria '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Sachar , Howard Morley ( 1970 ) . The emergence of the Middle East , 1914 -- 1924 . Allen Lane .",
"111": "ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0158 - 6 . OCLC 153103197 . Salibi , Kamal Suleiman ( 1993 ) . `` How it all began -- A concise history of Lebanon '' . A House of Many Mansions -- the history of Lebanon reconsidered . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 091 - 8 . OCLC 224705916 . Schindler , J ( 2003 ) . `` Steamrollered in Galicia : The Austro - Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive , 1916 '' . War in History . 10 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 59 . doi : 10.1191 / 0968344503wh260oa . Shanafelt , Gary W ( 1985 ) . The secret enemy : Austria - Hungary and the German alliance , 1914 -- 1918 . East European Monographs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 080 - 0 . Shapiro , Fred R ; Epstein , Joseph ( 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10798 - 6 . Smith , David James ( 2010 ) . One Morning In Sarajevo . Hachette UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85608 - 5 . He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles , claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip . But there is no photograph of Gavro 's arrest -- this photograph shows the arrest of Behr . Souter , Gavin ( 2000 ) . Lion & Kangaroo : the initiation of Australia . Melbourne : Text Publishing . OCLC 222801639 . Sisemore , James D ( 2003 ) . `` The Russo - Japanese War , Lessons Not Learned '' . US Army Command and General Staff College . Smele , Jonathan . `` War and Revolution in Russia 1914 -- 1921 '' . World Wars in - depth . BBC .",
"112": "Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Speed , Richard B , III ( 1990 ) . Prisoners , Diplomats and the Great War : A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26729 - 4 . OCLC 20694547 . Stevenson , David ( 1996 ) . Armaments and the Coming of War : Europe , 1904 -- 1914 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820208 - 3 . OCLC 33079190 . Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy . New York : Basic Books . pp. 560pp . ISBN 0 - 465 - 08184 - 3 . OCLC 54001282 . Strachan , Hew ( 2003 ) . The First World War : Volume I : To Arms . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03295 - 6 . OCLC 53075929 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1963 ) . The First World War : An Illustrated History . Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 399 - 50260 - 2 . OCLC 2054370 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1998 ) . The First World War and its aftermath , 1914 -- 1919 . Century of Conflict , 1848 -- 1948 . London : Folio Society . OCLC 49988231 . Taylor , John M ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Audacious Cruise of the Emden '' . The Quarterly Journal of Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 47 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2007.0331 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . ISSN 0899 - 3718 . Terraine , John ( 1963 ) . Ordeal of Victory . Philadelphia : J.B.",
"113": "Lippincott . pp. 508pp . ISBN 0 - 09 - 068120 - 7 . OCLC 1345833 . Todman , Dan ( 2005 ) . The Great War : Myth and Memory . A & C Black . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6728 - 7 . Tomasevich , Jozo ( 2001 ) . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia : 1941 - 1945 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7924 - 1 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Tschanz , David W. Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I. Montana State University . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1966 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 620320 - 0 . OCLC 233392415 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . OCLC 61247250 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Wood , Laura Matysek ; Murphy , Justin D ( 1999 ) . The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Velikonja , Mitja ( 2003 ) . Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 226 - 3 . von der Porten , Edward P ( 1969 ) . German Navy in World War II . New York : T.Y. Crowell . ISBN 0 - 213 - 17961 - X . OCLC 164543865 . Westwell , Ian ( 2004 ) .",
"114": "World War I Day by Day . St. Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing . pp. 192pp . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1937 - 5 . OCLC 57533366 . Wilgus , William John ( 1931 ) . Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe , 1917 -- 1919 . New York : Columbia University Press . OCLC 1161730 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 5 . OCLC 52541937 . Winegard , Timothy . `` Here at Vimy : A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Canadian Military Journal . 8 ( 2 ) . Winter , Denis ( 1983 ) . The First of the Few : Fighter Pilots of the First World War . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 005256 - 5 . Wohl , Robert ( 1979 ) . The Generation of 1914 ( 3 ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 34466 - 2 . Zieger , Robert H ( 2001 ) . America 's Great War : World War I and the American experience . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9645 - 6 . `` History in brief ( Israel ) '' . The Economist. 28 July 2005 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Israeli Foreign Ministry . `` Ottoman Rule '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . De Groot , Gerard J ( 2001 ) . The First World War . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74534 - 5 . Turner , Leonard Charles Frederick ( 1976 ) . Origins of the First World War . London : Edward Arnold .",
"115": "ISBN 0 - 393 - 09947 - 4 . Henig , Ruth B. ( Ruth Beatrice ) ( 1994 ) . The origins of the First World War . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10233 - 2 . Stevenson , David ( 1988 ) . The First World War and international politics . Oxford : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873049 - 7 . Primary sources Collins , Ross F. ed . World War I : Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 ( Greenwood Press , 2008 ) online Historiography and memory Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Deak , John . `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm : The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War '' Journal of Modern History ( 2014 ) 86 # 2 pp : 336 -- 380 . Iriye , Akira . `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War '' . Diplomatic History ( July 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhu035 Jones , Heather . `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 . Jones , Heather . `` Goodbye to all that ? : Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war '' . Juncture ( 2014 ) 20 # 4 pp : 287 -- 291 . Kitchen , James E. , Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe , eds . Other Combatants , Other Fronts : Competing Histories of the First World War ( 2011 ) excerpt Kramer , Alan . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I '' , Journal of Modern European History ( Feb.",
"116": "2014 ) 12 # 1 pp 5 -- 27 ; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War ( Part II ) '' , ( May 2014 ) 12 # 2 pp 155 -- 174 Mulligan , William . `` The Trial Continues : New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War '' . English Historical Review ( 2014 ) 129 # 538 pp : 639 -- 666 . Reynolds , David . The Long Shadow : The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century ( 2014 ) Excerpt and text search Sanborn , Joshua . `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy '' . Journal of Contemporary History ( 2013 ) 48 # 2 pp : 350 -- 362 . Sharp , Heather . `` Representing Australia 's Involvement in the First World War : Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 '' . Journal of Educational Media , Memory , and Society ( 2014 ) 6 # 1 pp : 1 -- 23 . Trout , Stephen . `` On the Battlefield of Memory : The First World War and American Remembrance , 1919 -- 1941 ( 2013 ) Turan , Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War '' . Middle East Critique ( 2014 ) 23 # 2 pp : 241 -- 257 . Winter , Jay , ed . The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 2 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World War I '' dated 2006 - 06 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914 -- 1918 - online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War .",
"117": "Graphic color photos , pictures and music A multimedia history of World War I European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war Powerpoint summary of the war The World War I Document Archive Wiki , Brigham Young University Maps of Europe covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com `` World War I Crossroads '' current discussions by scholars World War I ( First World War ) Guide to websites Documents from Mount Holyoke College EFG1914 -- Film digitisation project on First World War WWI Films on the European Film Gateway The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive World War I British press photograph collection -- A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas , from the UBC Library Digital Collections Personal accounts of American World War I veterans , Veterans History Project , Library of Congress . Animated maps An animated map `` Europe plunges into war '' An animated map of Europe at the end of the war Library Guides National Library of New Zealand State Library of New South Wales US Library of Congress Indiana University Bloomington , USA New York University , USA University of Alberta , Canada History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang",
"118": "Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun",
"119": "Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917",
"120": "-- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German",
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"123": "Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua",
"124": "Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis",
"125": "Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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why do you use a clock in chess
|
[
"to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves, and ensure that neither player overly delays the game",
"to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves, and ensure that neither player overly delays the game",
"to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves, and ensure that neither player overly delays the game",
"to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves",
"ensure that neither player overly delays the game"
] |
{
"0": "Chess clock - wikipedia Chess clock Jump to : navigation , search For the instrument or person who keeps track of the time during a sporting event , see Timekeeper . A chess clock consists of two adjacent clocks with buttons to stop one clock while starting the other , so that the two clocks never run simultaneously . Chess clocks are used in chess and other two - player games where the players move in turn . The purpose is to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves , and ensure that neither player overly delays the game . Chess clocks were first used extensively in tournament chess , and are often called game clocks . The first time that game clocks were used in a chess tournament was in the London 1883 tournament . Their use has since spread to tournament Scrabble , shogi , go , and nearly every competitive two - player board game , as well as other types of games . In a tournament , the arbiter typically places all clocks in the same orientation , so that they can easily assess games that need attention at later stages . The simplest time control is `` sudden death '' , in which players must make a predetermined number of moves in a certain amount of time or forfeit the game immediately . A particularly popular variant in informal play is blitz chess , in which each player is given a short time ( e.g. five minutes ) on the clock in which to play the entire game . The players may take more or less time over any individual move . The opening moves in chess are often played quickly due to their familiarity , which leaves the players more time to consider more complex and unfamiliar positions later . It is not unusual in slow chess games for a player to leave the table , but the clock of the absent player continues to run if it is their turn , or starts to run if their opponent makes a move . Contents ( hide ) 1 Analog game clocks 2 Early development of digital game clocks 3 Fischer clock and related designs 4 Timing methods 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Analog game clocks ( edit ) A typical analog chess clock Analog clocks are equipped with a `` flag '' that falls to indicate the exact moment the player 's time has expired . Analog clocks use mechanical buttons .",
"1": "Pressing the button on one player 's side physically stops the movement of that player 's clock and releases the hold on the opponent 's . The drawbacks of the mechanical clocks include accuracy and matching of the two clocks , and matching of the indicators ( flags ) of time expiration . Additional time can not easily be added for more complex time controls , especially those that call for an increment or delay on every move , such as some forms of byoyomi . However , a malfunctioning analog clock is a less serious event than a malfunctioning digital clock . Early development of digital game clocks ( edit ) Modern day chess clocks . In 1973 , to address the issues with analog clocks , Bruce Cheney , a Cornell University Electrical Engineering student and chess player , created the first digital chess clock as a project for an undergraduate EE course . Typical of most inventions , it was crude compared to the products on the market many years later and was limited by the technology that existed at the time . For example , the display was done with red LEDs . LEDs require significant power , and as a result , the clock had to be plugged into a wall outlet . The high cost of LEDs at the time meant that only one set of digits could be displayed , that of the player whose turn it was to move . This meant that each player 's time had to be multiplexed to the display when their time was running . In 1973 , LSI chips were not readily or cheaply available , so all the multiplexing and logic were done using chips that consisted of four two - input TTL NAND gates , which resulted in excessive power consumption . Being plugged into the wall is obviously a major drawback , but had one advantage : the timebase for the clock was driven off of a rectified version of 60 cycle AC current . Each player had a separate counter , and , in a parallel to the original mechanical architecture , one player 's counter was disabled while the other 's was running . The clock only had one mode : time ran forward . It could be reset , but not set . It did not count the number of moves . But it successfully addressed the original goals of the project ( accurate and matched timing ) . The first commercially available digital chess clock was patented in 1975 by Joseph Meshi and Jeffrey R. Ponsor and sold as the Micromate - 80 .",
"2": "Three years later a much - improved Micromate - 180 was produced alongside Meshi 's MBA Thesis , `` Demand Analysis for a New Product ( The Digital Chess Clock ) '' , at San Diego State University , while Meshi and Ponsor continued to develop digital gaming . Fischer clock and related designs ( edit ) Digital chess clock connected to a board that automatically senses when moves have been made Digital clocks and Internet gaming have spurred a wave of experimentation with more varied and complex time controls than the traditional standards . Time control is commonly used in modern chess in many different methodologies . One particularly notable development , which has gained quite wide acceptance in chess , was proposed by former world champion Bobby Fischer , who in 1988 filed for U.S. Patent 4,884,255 ( awarded in 1989 ) for a new type of digital chess clock . Fischer 's digital clock gave each player a fixed period of time at the start of the game and then added a small amount after each move . Joseph Meshi called this `` Accumulation '' as it was a main feature of his patented Micromate - 180 ( US Patent 4,247,925 1978 ) . This became the linchpin of Fischer 's clock patented 10 years later . In this way , the players would never be desperately short of time . The increment time control was first used in the privately organised 1992 Fischer -- Spassky match , and quickly became popular in the wider chess world , and was used in the FIDE World Chess Championship 1998 . As of 2017 most top level tournaments use Fischer 's system as well as an increasing number of lower level tournaments . Other aspects of Fischer 's patent , such as a synthesized voice announcing how much time the players have , thus eliminating the need for them to keep looking at the clock , have not been adopted . On March 10 , 1994 , a patent application was filed by inventors Frank A. Camaratta Jr. of Huntsville , Alabama , and William Goichberg of Salisbury Mills , New York , for a game timer especially suitable for playing the game of chess , which employed a `` delay '' feature . The game timer provides , among other features , a user - definable delay between the time the activation button is pressed and the time that the activated clock actually begins to count down .",
"3": "United States Patent 5,420,830 was issued on May 10 , 1995 , and subsequently assigned to the United States Chess Federation by the inventors . As with the Fischer clock , the benefit of the delay clock is to reduce the likelihood that a player with positional and / or material superiority will lose a match solely because of the expiration of time on that player 's time clock . Delay is still popular in the U.S , although increment is becoming more popular in the US . Timing methods ( edit ) Main article : Time control There are three main types of chess timing methods , two of which are mathematically equivalent : ( 1 ) Increment ( invented by Bobby Fischer ) , ( 2 ) Bronstein delay ( invented by David Bronstein ) , and ( 3 ) Simple delay . Increment ( also known as Fischer and bonus ) -- a specified amount of time is added for each move . For example , if the increment is thirty seconds , each player gets an additional thirty seconds for each move . Under FIDE and US Chess rules you get the increment for move one as well . For example , for G / 3 ; inc2 ( three minutes of base time with a two second increment each move ) , you start with three minutes and two seconds on the first move . Not all digital chess clocks automatically give the increment for move one and thus for those that do n't , the increment time has to be added manually to be base time so each player gets the increment for move one . Bronstein delay -- this timing method adds time but unlike increment not always the maximum amount of time is added . If a player expends more than the specified delay , then the entire delay is added to the player 's clock but if a player moves faster than the delay , only the exact amount of time expended by the player is added . For example , if the delay is ten seconds and a player uses ten or more seconds for a move , ten seconds is added after they complete their move . If the player uses five seconds for a move , five seconds is added after they complete their move . This ensures that the base time left on the clock can never increase even if a player makes fast moves . As with increment , you get the delay time for move one under FIDE and US Chess rules .",
"4": "Simple delay ( also known as countdown delay and US delay ) -- with this timing method , the clock waits for the delay period each move before starting to subtract the player 's base time . For example , if the delay is ten seconds , the clock waits for ten seconds each move before the base time starts going down . This timing method is mathematically equivalent to Bronstein delay . Simple delay is the form of delay most often used in the US while Bronstein delay is the form of delay most often used in most other countries . See also ( edit ) Chess equipment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vidmar , Milan ( 1960 ) . Goldene Schachzeiten : Erinnerungen . W. de Gruyter . p. 10 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 002095 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ ( Starting Out ) - Learn About Chess '' . United States Chess Federation . 1999 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Early Bird '' , Chess Life , April 1992 . Jump up ^ US patent 4062180 , Meshi , Joseph & Ponsor , Jeffrey R. , `` Electronic chess clock '' , issued 1977 - 12 - 13 ; filed July 1975 . Jump up ^ US patent 4247925 , Meshi , Joseph & Ponsor , Jeffrey R. , `` Game microcomputer '' , issued 1981 - 01 - 27 ; filed January 1978 . Jump up ^ The Week in Chess 161 , The Week in Chess , 8 - Dec - 1997 Further reading ( edit ) Keith Ammann ( April 2012 ) . `` Winding Down : This year 's rule changes may begin the last chapter in the history of the analog clock '' . Chess Life . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess clocks . Look up chess clock in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . U.S. Patent 4,884,255 for Fischer 's clock Online Chess Clock / Chess Timer Example , used for Fast Chess Online chess clock that implements Fischer and Bronstein timing methods ( hide ) Chess",
"5": "Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess glossary matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Rating system world rankings norms Variants Courier World records Equipment Chess set chessboard pieces King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess box Chess clock Chess table Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School romantic hypermodern Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values",
"6": "Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn",
"7": "Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix Other world championships Women Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess problem glossary joke chess Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Hall of Fame Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Solving chess Staunton chess set Top player comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chess_clock&oldid=817948221 '' Categories : Chess equipment Timers Gaming Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 14 : 46 .",
"8": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is opening for little mix glory days tour
|
[
"The Vamps",
"Conor Maynard",
"Bronnie",
"Ella Eyre",
"Sheppard",
"Louisa Johnson",
"Zoe Badwi",
"The Vamps",
"Conor Maynard",
"Bronnie",
"Ella Eyre",
"Sheppard",
"Louisa Johnson",
"Zoe Badwi"
] |
{
"0": "The Glory Days tour - wikipedia The Glory Days tour Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Glory Days Tour Tour by Little Mix Associated album Glory Days Start date 21 May 2017 End date 26 November 2017 Legs No. of shows 68 in Europe 7 in Oceania 75 in total Attendance 810,810 Box office US $42 million Little Mix concert chronology The Get Weird Tour ( 2016 ) The Glory Days Tour ( 2017 ) Summer Hits Tour 2018 ( 2018 ) The Glory Days Tour was the fourth concert tour and the second world wide tour by British girl group Little Mix , in support of their fourth studio album , Glory Days . The tour began on 21 May 2017 in Birkenhead , England , and after stops in Europe , Oceania and the United Kingdom , it ended on 26 November 2017 in London , England . The Vamps , Conor Maynard , Bronnie , Ella Eyre , Sheppard and Louisa Johnson were the opening acts on selected European dates , and Zoe Badwi , Jade Thirlwall 's cousin , was supporting the gigs in Australia . Lina Makhul was the supporting act for the entirety of the UK & Ireland leg of The Glory Days Tour . As the winner of the third prize fight on The X Factor , Lloyd Macey supported at the Manchester Arena show on 21 November 2017 . Selected dates are part of the group 's Summer Shout Out Tour across outdoor venues in the UK . They are not part of the UK leg of The Glory Days Tour . The tour grossed $42,000,000 after selling 810,810 tickets and became the 5th highest grossing tour by a girl group in history . The Glory Days Tour is Little Mix 's 2nd entry on the top 10 list of highest grossing girl group tours of all time ; the first being their The Get Weird Tour ranked at number 8. .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Set list 3 Tour dates 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Notes Background ( edit ) On 9 September 2016 Little Mix stated in an interview that they knew when their next tour would be , but fans would have to wait for further details . On 14 October 2016 Little Mix released the dates for the UK & Ireland leg of the tour , beginning on 27 October 2017 in Sheffield . Ticket pre-sales were made available to fans who pre-ordered their new album and began on 19 October 2016 with general sale beginning on 21 October 2016 . Due to instant sell outs , extra dates were added in Newcastle , Belfast , Glasgow , Nottingham , Birmingham and London . After overwhelming demand , the UK & Ireland leg was extended and now began on 9 October 2017 in Aberdeen . European tour dates were announced on 21 November 2016 for May and June 2017 , while dates in Oceania were added for July 2017 on 4 December 2016 . On 13 January 2017 Little Mix announced an extension of the ' Glory Days Tour ' , entitled the Summer Shout Out . The shows ran from May to September 2017 throughout the UK in outdoor venues and stadiums . The Vamps supported the European leg of the tour . Ella Eyre , Sheppard , Louisa Johnson all supported selected dates on the Summer Shout Out shows . Zoe Badwi , Jade Thirlwall 's cousin , was the opening act for the shows in Australia and New Zealand . Lina Makhul , Jessarae and Aleem alll supported selected dates on the UK & Ireland leg of the tour while Lloyd Macey supported at the Manchester Arena show on 21 November 2017 after winning a prize fight on The X Factor . Set list ( edit ) The tour 's set list varied throughout its concerts . May -- September 2017 ( show ) Act 1 `` Power '' `` Black Magic '' `` Salute '' `` Down & Dirty '' `` F.U. '' `` Hair '' `` Your Love '' `` Secret Love Song , Pt.",
"2": "II Act 2 `` No More Sad Songs '' `` You Gotta Not '' `` Wings '' `` Songs Game ( Sing - a-long with the crowd ) '' `` Touch '' Encore `` Nobody Like You '' `` Shout Out to My Ex '' October -- November 2017 ( show ) Act 1 `` Power '' `` Black Magic '' `` Private Show '' `` Move '' `` F.U. '' Act 2 `` No More Sad Songs '' `` Your Love '' `` Secret Love Song , Pt. II '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wings '' Act 3 `` Salute '' `` Down & Dirty '' `` DNA '' / `` Freak '' `` Hair '' `` Songs Game ( Sing - a-long with the crowd ) '' `` Touch '' / `` Reggaetón Lento ( Remix ) '' Encore `` Shout Out to My Ex '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , tickets sold , amount of available tickets and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening Acts Attendance Revenue Europe -- Glory Days and Summer Shout Out Tour 21 May 2017 Birkenhead England Prenton Park N / A 14,690 / 14,690 $745,287 24 May 2017 Berlin Germany Mercedez Benz Arena The Vamps 3,964 / 6,194 $166,371 25 May 2017 Düsseldorf Mitsubishi Electric Halle 5,644 / 7,124 $258,174 27 May 2017 Vienna Austria Gasometer N / A N / A 28 May 2017 Hull England Burton Constable Hall N / A N / A N / A 29 May 2017 Zurich Switzerland Samsung Hall The Vamps N / A N / A 30 May 2017 Milan Italy Mediolanum Forum N / A N / A 31 May 2017 Munich Germany Olympiahalle 3,596 / 4,764 $163,",
"3": "852 2 June 2017 Antwerp Belgium Lotto Arena 7,321 / 7,348 $292,413 3 June 2017 Amsterdam Netherlands AFAS Live 3,511 / 3,511 $178,067 5 June 2017 Copenhagen Denmark Valby Hallen N / A N / A 6 June 2017 Stockholm Sweden Annexet 2,348 / 3,000 $99,673 8 June 2017 Paris France Zénith de Paris N / A N / A 10 June 2017 London England Wembley Stadium N / A N / A N / A 23 June 2017 Newmarket Newmarket Racecourse Ella Eyre Sheppard 18,732 / 19,610 $897,983 24 June 2017 Gloucester Kingsholm Stadium 19,810 / 20,050 $634,132 25 June 2017 Twickenham Twickenham Stoop 16,492 / 20,000 $680,907 29 June 2017 Dundee Scotland Slessor Gardens 11,122 / 11,148 $570,050 30 June 2017 Edinburgh Royal Highland Centre 15,000 / 15,000 $646,544 1 July 2017 Derby England Donington Park 17,609 / 20,050 $671,608 6 July 2017 Scarborough Scarborough Open Air Theatre Sheppard 7,314 / 7,384 $332,487 7 July 2017 London Old Royal Naval College N / A 7,245 / 7,245 $303,039 8 July 2017 Colwyn Bay Wales Eirias Stadium Ella Eyre Sheppard 14,713 / 14,761 $624,256 9 July 2017 Southampton England Ageas Bowl Sheppard 19,739 / 19,799 $970,",
"4": "077 13 July 2017 Monmouthshire Wales Caldicot Castle Louisa Johnson Sheppard 11,750 / 11,750 $588,930 14 July 2017 Exeter England Powderham Castle Ella Eyre Sheppard 14,860 / 14,860 $644,232 15 July 2017 Durham County Cricket Club Emirates Riverside 14,983 / 14,987 $642,954 16 July 2017 Carlisle Bitts Park 17,000 / 17,000 $734,908 Oceania -- Glory Days Tour 20 July 2017 Perth Australia Crown Theatre Zoe Badwi N / A N / A 22 July 2017 Melbourne Margaret Court Arena 23 July 2017 26 July 2017 Adelaide AEC Theatre 28 July 2017 Brisbane Brisbane Entertainment Centre 7,403 / 7,403 $526,010 29 July 2017 Sydney Qudos Bank Arena 13,748 / 13,748 $973,512 30 July 2017 Auckland New Zealand Spark Arena -- -- Europe -- Summer Shout Out Tour 1 September 2017 Ardingly England South of England Showground Ella Eyre Germein Sisters 14,487 / 19,810 $716,253 2 September 2017 Liverpool Otterspool Promenade N / A N / A N / A 3 September 2017 Norwich Earlham Park Nina Nesbitt Germein Sisters 18,120 / 19,988 $870,706 Europe -- Glory Days Tour 9 October 2017 Aberdeen Scotland GE Oil and Gas Arena Lina Makhul Jessarae -- -- 10 October 2017 11 October 2017 Newcastle England Metro Radio Arena -- -- 13 October 2017 Birmingham Genting Arena -- -- 14 October 2017 Leeds First Direct Arena 22,782 / 22,822 $1,",
"5": "242,495 16 October 2017 Liverpool Echo Arena -- -- 17 October 2017 Sheffield Sheffield Arena 11,896 / 12,306 $656,796 19 October 2017 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 11,222 / 11,222 $610,015 20 October 2017 Manchester England Manchester Arena 14,434 / 14,434 $768,331 26 October 2017 London The O Arena 15,672 / 16,864 $950,564 27 October 2017 Sheffield Sheffield Arena -- -- 28 October 2017 30 October 2017 Cardiff Wales Motorpoint Arena Cardiff -- -- 31 October 2017 1 November 2017 Liverpool England Echo Arena -- -- 3 November 2017 Newcastle Metro Radio Arena Aleem 28,612 / 29,445 $1,671,458 4 November 2017 6 November 2017 Dublin Republic of Ireland 3Arena -- -- 7 November 2017 Belfast Northern Ireland The SSE Arena 17,168 / 17,168 $993,124 8 November 2017 10 November 2017 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 34,228 / 34,228 $1,869,603 11 November 2017 13 November 2017 Leeds England First Direct Arena 11,564 / 11,564 $613,274 14 November 2017 Nottingham Motorpoint Arena Nottingham -- -- 15 November 2017 17 November 2017 Birmingham Genting Arena -- -- 18 November 2017 20 November 2017 Liverpool Echo Arena -- -- 21 November 2017 Manchester Manchester Arena Lloyd Macey Aleem -- -- 22 November 2017 Aleem 25 November 2017 London The O Arena 48,030 / 50,235 $2,924,",
"6": "410 26 November 2017 Total 810,810 $42,000,000 References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.pollstar.com/Chart/2018/01/2017YearEndTop100WorldwideTours_621.pdf Jump up ^ `` Tour '' . LINA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh X Factor contestant Lloyd Macey to support Little Mix on live tour '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Griffifths , Jose ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` When is the Little Mix tour 2017 ? Summer Shout Out and Glory Days UK dates , venues and tickets -- all you need to know '' . The Sun . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://celebmix.com/10-highest-grossing-girl-group-tours-of-all-time/ Jump up ^ Griffifths , Jose ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` When is the Little Mix tour 2017 ? Summer Shout Out and Glory Days UK dates , venues and tickets -- all you need to know '' . The Sun . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Mix heading to Earlham Park this September '' . Norwich City Council . 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : European Boxscore : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Boxscore '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Sam ( 4 December 2016 ) . `` Little Mix Announce 2017 Australian Tour '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' .",
"7": "Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion Festival 2017 Otterspool Prom Liverpool Line Up '' . The Fusion Festival . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pollstar - Live Boxoffice Database '' . www.pollstar.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 21 May 2017 concert in Birkenhead , England is a part of Wirral Live 2017 . Jump up ^ The 28 May 2017 concert in Hull , England is a part of Radio 1 's Big Weekend . Jump up ^ The 10 June 2017 concert in London , England at Wembley Stadium is a part of the 2017 Summertime Ball . Jump up ^ The 7 July 2017 show at Old Royal Naval College in London is part of the Greenwich Music Time 2017 festival . Jump up ^ The box office score for October 14th is for both the Matinee & Evening shows . Jump up ^ The box office score for November 3rd is combined with November 4 's Matinee & Evening Show . Jump up ^ The 4 November 2017 show at Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle includes a matinee and evening show . Jump up ^ The box office score for November 7th is combined with November 8th Jump up ^ The box office score for November 10th is combined with November 11th 's Matinee & Evening Show . Jump up ^ The 11 November 2017 show at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow includes a matinee and evening show . Jump up ^ The 18 November 2017 show at Genting Arena in Birmingham includes a matinee and evening show . Jump up ^ The 25 November 2017 , show at The O Arena in London includes a matinee and evening show . Jump up ^ The box office score for November 26th is combined with November 25th 's Matinee & Evening Show .",
"8": "( hide ) Little Mix Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums DNA Salute Get Weird Glory Days Singles `` Cannonball '' `` Wings '' `` DNA '' `` Change Your Life '' `` How Ya Doin ' ? '' `` Move '' `` Little Me '' `` Word Up ! '' `` Salute '' `` Black Magic '' `` Love Me Like You '' `` Secret Love Song '' `` Hair '' `` Shout Out to My Ex '' `` Touch '' `` No More Sad Songs '' `` Power '' `` Reggaetón Lento '' ( remix ) Concert tours DNA Tour The Salute Tour The Get Weird Tour The Glory Days Tour Summer Hits Tour 2018 Related articles The X Factor series 8 finalists Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glory_Days_Tour&oldid=821504714 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours Little Mix concert tours Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from November 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-6568155421362348184
|
when does the flash season 4 episode 3 air
|
[
"October 24, 2017",
"October 24, 2017",
"October 24, 2017",
"October 24, 2017",
"October 24, 2017"
] |
{
"0": "The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No.",
"1": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship .",
"2": "Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant .",
"3": "73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail .",
"4": "Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells .",
"5": "They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find out that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The arriving SS - Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and The Ray ( Ray Terrill ) . Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader General Winn Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learned that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 .",
"6": "Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment .",
"7": "When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) TBA TBD Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L.",
"8": "Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons .",
"9": "Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' .",
"10": "Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character .",
"11": "In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand .",
"12": "Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains .",
"13": "Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . ''",
"14": "Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry . '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X ,",
"15": "Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) .",
"16": "`` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 .",
"17": "Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 410 ) `` The Trial of The Flash '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 411 ) `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 .",
"18": "Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 .",
"19": "Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com .",
"20": "Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) .",
"24": "`` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider .",
"28": "Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O.",
"29": "Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs.",
"30": "DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=819402715 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who did the steelers lose to in the playoffs last year
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{
"0": "2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season - wikipedia 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season Head coach Mike Tomlin General manager Kevin Colbert Owner The Rooney family Home field Heinz Field Results Record 11 -- 5 Division place 1st AFC North Playoff finish Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 30 -- 12 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 18 -- 16 Lost AFC Championship ( Patriots ) 17 -- 36 Pro Bowlers 6 ( show ) RB Le'Veon Bell WR Antonio Brown G David DeCastro C Maurkice Pouncey QB Ben Roethlisberger ILB Ryan Shazier AP All - Pros 3 ( show ) WR Antonio Brown ( 1st team ) FLEX Le'Veon Bell ( 2nd team ) RG David DeCastro ( 2nd team ) Team MVP Le'Veon Bell Team ROY Sean Davis Uniform ← 2015 Steelers seasons 2017 → The 2016 season was the 84th in the history of the Pittsburgh Steelers as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It also marked the 17th season under leadership of general manager Kevin Colbert and the 10th under head coach Mike Tomlin . For the first time since 2004 , tight end Heath Miller was not on the opening day roster , as he announced his retirement on February 19 , 2016 . The Steelers were the first team since the 2011 Green Bay Packers to play on both Thanksgiving and Christmas Day . The Steelers won the AFC North for the second time in three years and made the playoffs for the third straight year . The team also improved upon their 10 -- 6 record from 2015 . Le'Veon Bell made his career first playoff appearance with the Steelers in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs . The Steelers went on to defeat the Miami Dolphins in the Wild Card round and the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional round before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 36 -- 17 in the AFC Championship Game .",
"1": "This was the Steelers ' first appearance in the AFC Championship Game since the 2010 -- 11 NFL Season . This was also the final season under the ownership of Dan Rooney , as he died on April 13 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Draft 1.1 Undrafted free agents 2 Staff 3 Final roster 4 Schedule 4.1 Preseason 4.2 Regular season 4.3 Postseason 5 Game summaries 5.1 Regular season 5.1. 1 Week 1 : at Washington Redskins 5.1. 2 Week 2 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals 5.1. 3 Week 3 : at Philadelphia Eagles 5.1. 4 Week 4 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 5.1. 5 Week 5 : vs. New York Jets 5.1. 6 Week 6 : at Miami Dolphins 5.1. 7 Week 7 : vs. New England Patriots 5.1. 8 Week 9 : at Baltimore Ravens 5.1. 9 Week 10 : vs. Dallas Cowboys 5.1. 10 Week 11 : at Cleveland Browns 5.1. 11 Week 12 : at Indianapolis Colts 5.1. 12 Week 13 : vs. New York Giants 5.1. 13 Week 14 : at Buffalo Bills 5.1. 14 Week 15 : at Cincinnati Bengals 5.1. 15 Week 16 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 5.1. 16 Week 17 : vs. Cleveland Browns 5.2 Postseason 5.2. 1 AFC Wild Card Playoffs : vs. ( # 6 ) Miami Dolphins 5.2. 2 AFC Divisional Playoffs : at ( # 2 ) Kansas City Chiefs 5.2.",
"2": "3 AFC Championship : at ( # 1 ) New England Patriots 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 Transactions 7.1 Trades 7.2 Free agents 7.3 Waivers 7.4 Signings 7.5 Cuts 7.6 Other 8 References 9 External links Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NFL draft 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers Draft Round Selection Player Position College 25 Artie Burns CB Miami ( Fla . ) 58 Sean Davis Maryland 89 Javon Hargrave DT S.C. State 123 Jerald Hawkins OT LSU 6 220 Travis Feeney OLB Washington 7 229 Demarcus Ayers WR Houston 7 246 Tyler Matakevich ILB Temple Notes The Steelers traded a conditional fifth - round selection ( # 164 overall ) to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for cornerback Brandon Boykin -- contingent upon Boykin playing 60 % of the snaps with the Steelers during the 2015 season . The Steelers traded their original sixth - round selection ( # 201 overall ) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for placekicker Josh Scobee . The Steelers acquired a sixth - round compensatory selection ( # 220 overall ) as a result of the departure of Brice McCain during the 2015 free agency period . The Steelers acquired an additional seventh - round selection ( # 229 overall ) in a trade that sent punter Brad Wing to the New York Giants . Undrafted free agents ( edit ) All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2016 NFL draft concluded on April 30 unless otherwise noted . Position Player College Notes DE Johnny Maxey Mars Hill OLB Tyriq McCord Miami ( Fla . ) Will Monday Duke DE Giorgio Newberry Florida State RB Christian Powell Colorado TE D.J. Reeves Duke TE Jay Rome Georgia Quinton Schooley N.C.",
"3": "State WR Canaan Severin Virginia DE Devaunte Sigler Jacksonville State Staff ( edit ) 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers staff Front office Chairman -- Dan Rooney President -- Art Rooney II Vice President -- Art Rooney Jr . Vice President & General Manager -- Kevin Colbert Vice President of Football and Business Administration -- Omar Khan Football Administration Coordinator -- Samir Suleiman Player Personnel Coordinator -- Dan Rooney Jr . College Scouting Coordinator -- Phil Kreidler Senior Assistant , College Scouting -- Rick Reiprish Pro Personnel Coordinator -- Brandon Hunt Analytics and Football Research Coordinator -- Karim Kassam Head coaches Head Coach -- Mike Tomlin Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Line -- John Mitchell Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Todd Haley Quarterbacks -- Randy Fichtner Running Backs -- James Saxon Wide Receivers -- Richard Mann Tight Ends -- James Daniel Offensive Line -- Mike Munchak Offensive Assistant -- Shaun Sarrett Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Keith Butler Inside Linebackers -- Jerry Olsavsky Outside Linebackers -- Joey Porter Defensive Backs -- Carnell Lake Defensive Assistant -- Steve Meyer Special teams coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Danny Smith Strength and conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Garrett Giemont Conditioning Assistant -- Marcel Pastoor Final roster ( edit ) 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers final roster Quarterbacks 3 Landry Jones 18 Zach Mettenberger 7 Ben Roethlisberger Running backs 26 Le'Veon Bell 45 Roosevelt Nix FB 33 Fitzgerald Toussaint KR 34 DeAngelo Williams Wide receivers 15 Demarcus Ayers 84 Antonio Brown PR 14 Sammie Coates 83 Cobi Hamilton 88 Darrius Heyward - Bey 17 Eli Rogers Tight ends 89 Ladarius Green 85 Xavier Grimble 81 Jesse James 82 David Johnson Offensive linemen 66 David DeCastro G 67 B.J.",
"4": "Finney C / G 73 Ramon Foster G 77 Marcus Gilbert T 74 Chris Hubbard T 69 Brian Mihalik T 53 Maurkice Pouncey C 78 Alejandro Villanueva T Defensive linemen 79 Javon Hargrave NT 90 Ricardo Mathews DE 62 Johnny Maxey DE / NT 93 Daniel McCullers NT 91 Stephon Tuitt DE 96 Leterrius Walton DE Linebackers 56 Anthony Chickillo OLB 48 Bud Dupree OLB 54 L.J. Fort ILB 92 James Harrison OLB 95 Jarvis Jones OLB 44 Tyler Matakevich ILB 55 Arthur Moats OLB 50 Ryan Shazier ILB 94 Lawrence Timmons ILB 98 Vince Williams ILB Defensive backs 25 Artie Burns CB 31 Ross Cockrell CB 37 Jordan Dangerfield FS / SS 28 Sean Davis SS 22 William Gay CB 24 Justin Gilbert CB 21 Robert Golden FS / SS 23 Mike Mitchell FS 20 Al - Hajj Shabazz CB Special teams 4 Jordan Berry P 9 Chris Boswell K 60 Greg Warren LS Reserve lists 57 Kevin Anderson OLB ( IR ) 10 Martavis Bryant WR ( Susp . ) 27 Senquez Golson CB ( IR ) 68 Ryan Harris T ( IR ) 65 Jerald Hawkins T ( IR ) 97 Cameron Heyward DE ( IR ) 51 Steven Johnson ILB ( IR ) 64 Cole Manhart G ( IR ) 80 Canaan Severin WR ( IR ) 29 Shamarko Thomas SS ( IR ) 61 Valerian Ume - Ezeoke C ( IR ) 72 Cody Wallace C / G ( IR ) 11 Markus Wheaton WR ( IR ) 30 Karlos Williams RB ( Susp . )",
"5": "Practice squad 42 Brandon Brown - Dukes RB 35 Brandon Dixon CB 71 Matt Feiler T 42 Jacob Hagen FS 40 Mike Hilton CB 49 Gus Johnson RB 99 Caushaud Lyons DE 76 Keavon Milton T 41 Shaquille Riddick LB 39 Dreamius Smith RB ( Injured ) 16 Marcus Tucker WR Rookies in italics 53 Active , 14 Inactive , 11 Practice squad Schedule ( edit ) Preseason ( edit ) The Steelers ' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 7 . Dates and times were announced on April 14 . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 12 Detroit Lions L 17 -- 30 0 -- 1 Heinz Field Recap August 18 Philadelphia Eagles L 0 -- 17 0 -- 2 Heinz Field Recap August 26 at New Orleans Saints W 27 -- 14 1 -- 2 Mercedes - Benz Superdome Recap September 1 at Carolina Panthers L 6 -- 18 1 -- 3 Bank of America Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) The Steelers ' regular season schedule was announced on April 14 . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.",
"6": "com recap September 12 at Washington Redskins W 38 -- 16 1 -- 0 FedExField Recap September 18 Cincinnati Bengals W 24 -- 16 2 -- 0 Heinz Field Recap September 25 at Philadelphia Eagles L 3 -- 34 2 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap October 2 Kansas City Chiefs W 43 -- 14 3 -- 1 Heinz Field Recap 5 October 9 New York Jets W 31 -- 13 4 -- 1 Heinz Field Recap 6 October 16 at Miami Dolphins L 15 -- 30 4 -- 2 Hard Rock Stadium Recap 7 October 23 New England Patriots L 16 -- 27 4 -- 3 Heinz Field Recap 8 Bye 9 November 6 at Baltimore Ravens L 14 -- 21 4 -- 4 M&T Bank Stadium Recap 10 November 13 Dallas Cowboys L 30 -- 35 4 -- 5 Heinz Field Recap 11 November 20 at Cleveland Browns W 24 -- 9 5 -- 5 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 12 November 24 at Indianapolis Colts W 28 -- 7 6 -- 5 Lucas Oil Stadium Recap 13 December 4 New York Giants W 24 -- 14 7 -- 5 Heinz Field Recap 14 December 11 at Buffalo Bills W 27 -- 20 8 -- 5 New Era Field Recap 15 December 18 at Cincinnati Bengals W 24 -- 20 9 -- 5 Paul Brown Stadium Recap 16 December 25 Baltimore Ravens W 31 -- 27 10 -- 5 Heinz Field Recap 17 January 1 Cleveland Browns W 27 -- 24 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Heinz Field Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text .",
"7": "Postseason ( edit ) See also : 2016 -- 17 NFL playoffs Playoff round Date Opponent ( seed ) Result Game site NFL.com recap Wild Card January 8 Miami Dolphins ( 6 ) W 30 -- 12 Heinz Field Recap Divisional January 15 at Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 ) W 18 -- 16 Arrowhead Stadium Recap AFC Championship January 22 at New England Patriots ( 1 ) L 17 -- 36 Gillette Stadium Recap Game summaries ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Week 1 : at washington Redskins ( edit ) Week One : Pittsburgh Steelers at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Steelers 0 14 10 14 38 Redskins 6 0 7 16 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 12 Game time : 7 : 10 p.m. EDT Game weather : 79 ° F ( 26 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 79,124 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 31 - yard field goal , 5 : 56 . Redskins 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 54 yards , 3 : 24 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 40 - yard field goal , 1 : 08 . Redskins 6 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 14 yards , 2 : 38 . Second quarter PIT -- Antonio Brown 29 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 10 : 10 . Steelers 7 -- 6 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 58 . PIT -- Eli Rogers 3 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 27 . Steelers 14 -- 6 . Drive : 14 plays , 67 yards , 5 : 52 .",
"8": "Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 46 - yard field goal , 11 : 18 . Steelers 17 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 47 yards , 3 : 42 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 26 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 7 : 01 . Steelers 24 -- 6 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 04 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 34 - yard field goal , 2 : 01 . Steelers 24 -- 9 . Drive : 9 plays , 52 yards , 5 : 00 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Chris Thompson 1 - yard run ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 13 : 01 . Steelers 24 -- 16 . Drive : 7 plays , 77 yards , 2 : 18 . PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 15 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 48 . Steelers 31 -- 16 . Drive : 13 plays , 73 yards , 7 : 13 . PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 6 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 54 . Steelers 38 -- 16 . Drive : 6 plays , 45 yards , 2 : 23 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 27 / 37 , 300 yards , 3 TD , INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 30 / 43 , 329 yards , 2 INT Top rushers PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 26 rushes , 143 yards , 2 TD WAS -- Matt Jones -- 7 rushes , 24 yards Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 8 receptions , 126 yards , 2 TD WAS -- DeSean Jackson -- 6 receptions , 102 yards The Steelers opened their 2016 season on the road against the Redskins . In the first quarter , the Redskins got on the board jumping out to a 6 -- 0 lead with two field goals kicked by Dustin Hopkins from 31 and 40 yards out .",
"9": "In the second quarter it was all Steelers as they jumped out to leads of 7 -- 6 and 14 -- 6 at halftime when Ben Roethlisberger found Antonio Brown and Eli Rogers on 29 - yard and 3 - yard touchdown passes . After the break , the Steelers moved ahead 24 -- 6 when Chris Boswell nailed a 46 - yard field goal while Roethlisberger found Brown on a 26 - yard touchdown pass . The Skins tried to rally later on in the quarter , but could only get away with a 34 - yard field goal from Hopkins making the score 24 -- 9 . Though in the fourth quarter , they would eventually pull within 8 when Chris Thompson ran for a 1 - yard touchdown making the score 24 -- 16 . Later on in the quarter , the Steelers sealed the game when DeAngelo Williams ran for two touchdowns from 15 and 6 yards out to make the final score 38 -- 16 . With the win , the Steelers started their season 1 -- 0 . Week 2 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) Week Two : Cincinnati Bengals at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Bengals 7 16 Steelers 7 7 7 24 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : September 18 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , Cloudy Game attendance : 65,072 Referee : Pete Morelli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Xavier Grimble 20 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 3 : 46 . Steelers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 66 yards , 1 : 43 . CIN -- Mike Nugent 25 - yard field goal , 0 : 23 . Steelers 7 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 68 yards , 3 : 23 . Second quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 49 - yard field goal , 4 : 10 . Steelers 10 -- 3 .",
"10": "Drive : 4 plays , 6 yards , 0 : 55 . CIN -- Mike Nugent 33 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Steelers 10 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 53 yards , 0 : 48 . Third quarter PIT -- Jesse James 9 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 6 : 16 . Steelers 17 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 91 yards , 3 : 20 . CIN -- Mike Nugent 21 - yard field goal , 2 : 10 . Steelers 17 -- 9 . Drive : 10 plays , 72 yards , 4 : 06 . Fourth quarter PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 4 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 6 : 48 . Steelers 24 -- 9 . Drive : 12 plays , 68 yards , 6 : 54 . CIN -- Giovani Bernard 25 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 3 : 25 . Steelers 24 -- 16 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 23 . Top passers CIN -- Andy Dalton -- 31 / 54 , 366 yards , 1 TD PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 19 / 37 , 259 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT Top rushers CIN -- Jeremy Hill -- 11 carries , 22 yards PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 32 carries , 94 yards Top receivers CIN -- Giovani Bernard -- 9 receptions , 100 yards , 1 TD PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 4 receptions , 39 yards The Steelers played their first home game of the year against the division rival Bengals in a rematch of the 2015 AFC Wild Card game . In the first quarter , the Steelers struck first when Ben Roethlisberger found Xavier Grimble on a 20 - yard touchdown pass for a 7 -- 0 lead . The Bengals came within 4 later on in the quarter when Mike Nugent kicked a 25 - yard field goal for a 7 -- 3 game .",
"11": "In the second quarter , the Steelers increased their lead when Chris Boswell kicked a 49 - yard field goal to make it 10 -- 3 . The Bengals came within 4 again when Nugent kicked a 33 - yard field goal to make it 10 -- 6 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Steelers moved ahead by double digits when Roethlisberger found Jesse James on a 9 - yard touchdown pass to make it 17 -- 6 . The Bengals reduced the lead when Nugent kicked another field goal from 21 yards out to make it 17 -- 9 . In the fourth quarter , the Steelers pulled away as Roethlisberger found De'Angelo Williams on a 4 - yard touchdown pass to make it 24 -- 9 . Though the Bengals wrapped up the scoring of the game when Andy Dalton found Giovani Bernard on a 25 - yard touchdown pass to make the final score 24 -- 16 . With the win , the Steelers started 2 -- 0 for the first time since 2010 . Week 3 : at Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week Three : Pittsburgh Steelers at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Steelers 0 0 0 Eagles 10 21 0 34 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : September 25 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EDT Game weather : 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 29 - yard field goal , 5 : 29 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 63 yards , 3 : 20 . Second quarter PHI -- Jordan Matthews 12 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 12 : 04 . Eagles 10 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 06 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 40 - yard field goal , 7 : 40 .",
"12": "Eagles 10 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 61 yards , 4 : 24 . PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 38 - yard field goal , 2 : 25 . Eagles 13 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 58 yards , 5 : 15 . Third quarter PHI -- Darren Sproles 73 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 12 : 54 . Eagles 20 -- 3 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 06 . PHI -- Wendell Smallwood 1 - yard run ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 5 : 45 . Eagles 27 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 58 . PHI -- Kenjon Barner 8 - yard run ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 1 : 52 . Eagles 34 -- 3 . Drive : 3 plays , 41 yards , 1 : 24 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 24 / 44 , 257 yards , INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 23 / 31 , 301 yards , 2 TD Top rushers PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 8 rushes , 21 yards PHI -- Wendell Smallwood -- 17 rushes , 79 yards , TD Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 12 receptions , 140 yards PHI -- Darren Sproles -- 6 receptions , 128 yards , TD The Steelers traveled across the state to take on their in - state rival Eagles . In the first quarter , the Eagles drew first blood when Caleb Sturgis kicked a 29 - yard field goal for a 3 -- 0 lead . In the second quarter , they increased their lead when Carson Wentz found Jordan Matthews on a 12 - yard touchdown pass to increase their lead to 10 -- 0 . Chris Boswell then got the Steelers on the board when he kicked a 40 - yard field goal making the score 10 -- 3 .",
"13": "Sturgis wrapped up the first half scoring with another field goal from 38 yards out to make it 13 -- 3 at halftime . After the break , the Eagles got back to work in the third quarter as Wentz found Darren Sproles on a 73 - yard touchdown pass to make it 20 -- 3 . This would be followed by 2 touchdowns : Wendell Smallwood ran for a 1 - yard touchdown while Kenjon Barner ran for an 8 - yard touchdown to make the score 27 -- 3 and 34 -- 3 . With a scoreless fourth quarter , that would turn out to be the final score of the game . With the loss , the Steelers fell to 2 -- 1 and second place in the AFC North . Roethlisberger 's record also fell to 0 -- 2 in Philadelphia and 2 -- 2 against the Eagles . Tomlin 's record fell to 1 -- 2 against the Eagles . The team was also held without a touchdown in a game for the first time since their 26 -- 6 loss against the Ravens during Week 2 in 2014 . Week 4 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Four : Kansas City Chiefs at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Chiefs 0 0 0 14 14 Steelers 22 7 7 7 43 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : October 2 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 61,278 Referee : Ronald Torbert TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Darrius Heyward - Bey 31 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Ben Roethlisberger -- Markus Wheaton pass ) , 7 : 27 . Steelers 8 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 32 yards , 1 : 23 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 4 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 10 .",
"14": "Steelers 15 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 4 yards , 0 : 04 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 38 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 20 . Steelers 22 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 40 yards , 0 : 47 . Second quarter PIT -- Jesse James 9 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 44 . Steelers 29 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 44 . Third quarter PIT -- Markus Wheaton 30 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 19 . Steelers 36 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 41 . Fourth quarter KC -- Tyreek Hill 9 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 11 : 11 . Steelers 36 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 17 . PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 2 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 7 : 22 . Steelers 43 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 49 . KC -- Travis Kelce 3 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 0 : 04 . Steelers 43 -- 14 . Drive : 7 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 41 . Top passers KC -- Alex Smith -- 30 / 50 , 287 yards , 2 TD , INT PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 22 / 27 , 300 yards , 5 TD Top rushers KC -- Spencer Ware -- 13 rushes , 82 yards PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 18 rushes , 144 yards Top receivers KC -- Jeremy Maclin -- 5 receptions , 78 yards PIT -- Sammie Coates -- 6 receptions , 79 yards After a horrifying road loss , the Steelers returned home for a Sunday Night duel against the Chiefs .",
"15": "Through the first half , it was all Steelers starting in the first quarter when Ben Roethlisberger found Darrius Heyward - Bey on a 31 - yard touchdown pass with a successful two - point conversion to make it 8 -- 0 . This was followed up with Roethlisberger finding Antonio Brown on 2 consecutive touchdown passes : from 4 and 38 yards out to make the score 22 -- 0 . In the second quarter , they made the halftime score 29 -- 0 when Roethlisberger found Jesse James on a 9 - yard touchdown pass . In the third quarter , Markus Wheaton caught a 30 - yard touchdown pass from Roethlisberger to make the score 36 -- 0 . In the fourth quarter , the Chiefs finally got on the board when Alex Smith found Tyreek Hill on a 10 - yard touchdown pass to make it 36 -- 7 . Though the Steelers pretty much sealed the game when De'Angelo Williams ran for a 2 - yard touchdown to make it 43 -- 7 . The Chiefs then wrapped up the scoring of the game when Smith found Travis Kelce on a 3 - yard touchdown pass to make the final score 43 -- 14 . With the win , the Steelers improved to 3 -- 1 . With the Ravens ' loss to the Raiders earlier in the day , they move into a tie at the top of the AFC North . The Steelers set a franchise record with 22 total points scored in the first quarter . The team also snapped their streak of consecutive games with at least a giveaway . Roethlisberger who had thrown 6 touchdown passes and 4 interceptions through the first 3 games had thrown 5 touchdown passes and no interceptions in this game alone . Week 5 : vs. New York Jets ( edit ) Week Five : New York Jets at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Jets 10 0 0 13 Steelers 7 7 14 31 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : October 9 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m.",
"16": "EDT Game weather : 57 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 66,385 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NYJ -- Nick Folk 35 - yard field goal , 11 : 45 . Jets 3 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 58 yards , 3 : 15 . PIT -- Sammie Coates 72 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 10 : 16 . Steelers 7 -- 3 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 29 . Second quarter NYJ -- Nick Folk 48 - yard field goal , 11 : 07 . Steelers 7 -- 6 . Drive : 9 plays , 59 yards , 4 : 40 . NYJ -- Brandon Marshall 15 - yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Nick Folk kick ) , 2 : 06 . Jets 13 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 69 yards , 3 : 48 . PIT -- Jesse James 1 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 41 . Steelers 14 -- 13 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 25 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 47 - yard field goal , 10 : 23 . Steelers 17 -- 13 . Drive : 4 plays , 2 yards , 0 : 58 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Antonio Brown 5 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 14 : 55 . Steelers 24 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 12 . PIT -- Sammie Coates 5 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 46 . Steelers 31 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 79 yards , 5 : 43 .",
"17": "Top passers NYJ -- Ryan Fitzpatrick -- 25 / 38 , 255 yards , TD PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 34 / 47 , 380 yards , 4 TD Top rushers NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 12 rushes , 53 yards PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 20 rushes , 66 yards Top receivers NYJ -- Brandon Marshall -- 8 receptions , 114 yards , TD PIT -- Sammie Coates -- 6 receptions , 139 yards , 2 TD The Steelers stayed home for a game against the Jets . In the first quarter , the Jets took an early 3 -- 0 lead when Nick Folk kicked a 30 - yard field goal . Later on , the Steelers took the lead when Ben Roethlisberger found Sammie Coates for a 72 - yard touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 3 . The Jets scored 10 straight points in the second quarter : Folk kicked a 48 - yard field goal to come within a point , 7 -- 6 . This would be followed by Ryan Fitzpatrick finding Brandon Marshall on a 15 - yard touchdown pass to make it 13 -- 7 . The Steelers wrapped up the scoring of the half when Roethlisberger found Jesse James on a 1 - yard touchdown pass to make it 14 -- 13 at halftime . In the second half it was all Steelers . Starting in the third quarter , Chris Boswell put the team up by 4 with a 47 - yard field goal to make it 17 -- 13 . In the fourth quarter , they would score 2 touchdowns : Roethlisberger found Antonio Brown on a 5 - yard pass and then Coates on another 5 - yard pass to make the score 24 -- 13 and the eventual final score 31 -- 13 . With the win , the Steelers improved to 4 -- 1 . With the Ravens ' loss to the Redskins , the team is also now in outright first place in the AFC North . This would be the final game the Steelers would wear their 1934 throwback uniforms .",
"18": "Week 6 : at Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Week Six : Pittsburgh Steelers at Miami Dolphins -- Game summary Total Steelers 8 0 0 7 15 Dolphins 13 7 7 30 at Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : October 16 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , partly sunny Game attendance : 65,351 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Spero Dedes and Solomon Wilcots Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter MIA -- Andrew Franks 30 - yard field goal , 8 : 34 . Dolphins 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 39 . PIT -- Darrius Heyward - Bey 60 - yard run ( Ben Roethlisberger -- Le'Veon Bell pass ) , 5 : 39 . Steelers 8 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 55 . Second quarter MIA -- Andrew Franks 23 - yard field goal , 8 : 18 . Steelers 8 -- 6 . Drive : 12 plays , 85 yards , 7 : 08 . MIA -- Andrew Franks 30 - yard field goal , 5 : 23 . Dolphins 9 -- 8 . Drive : 4 plays , 1 yard , 2 : 43 . MIA -- Damien Williams 1 - yard run ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 0 : 21 . Dolphins 16 -- 8 . Drive : 9 plays , 71 yards , 2 : 26 . Third quarter MIA -- Jay Ajayi 1 - yard run ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 1 : 39 . Dolphins 23 -- 8 . Drive : 6 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 31 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Cobi Hamilton 23 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 02 .",
"19": "Dolphins 23 -- 15 . Drive : 10 plays , 97 yards , 3 : 18 . MIA -- Jay Ajayi 62 - yard run ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 0 : 50 . Dolphins 30 -- 15 . Drive : 1 play , 62 yards , 0 : 12 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 19 / 34 , 189 yards , TD , 2 INT MIA -- Ryan Tannehill -- 24 / 32 , 252 yards Top rushers PIT -- Darrius Heyward - Bey -- 1 rush , 60 yards , TD MIA -- Jay Ajayi -- 25 rushes , 204 yards , 2 TD Top receivers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 6 receptions , 55 yards MIA -- Jarvis Landry -- 7 receptions , 91 yards The Steelers traveled to Miami to take on the Dolphins . In the first quarter , the Dolphins struck first when Andrew Franks kicked a 30 - yard field goal for a 3 -- 0 lead . The Steelers got on the board later on in the quarter taking the lead when Darrius Heyward - Bey ran for a 60 - yard touchdown ( with a successful 2 - point conversion ) for an 8 -- 3 game . In the second quarter , it was all Dolphins as they closed out the half by first coming within 2 when Franks kicked a 23 - yard field goal to make the score 8 -- 6 . The Dolphins eventually took the lead back when Franks kicked another 30 - yard field goal for a 9 -- 8 game . They would move ahead by a touchdown when Damien Williams ran for one from a yard out to take a 16 -- 8 lead at halftime . In the third quarter , the Dolphins got back to work when Jay Ajayi ran for a 1 - yard touchdown to make the score 23 -- 8 for the only score of the period . The Steelers tried to rally when Ben Roethlisberger found Cobi Hamilton on a 23 - yard touchdown pass shortening their deficit to 8 , 23 -- 15 .",
"20": "Though the Steelers ' rush defense stalled with less than a minute left in the game and Ajayi ran for a 62 - yard touchdown to seal the game with the final score 30 -- 15 . With the loss , the Steelers fell to 4 -- 2 . Ben Roethlisberger would be knocked out of the game due to injury in the second quarter . Though he played in the second half . The Steelers still remained in first place with the Ravens ' loss to the Giants . Week 7 : vs. New England Patriots ( edit ) Week Seven : New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Patriots 7 7 6 7 27 Steelers 0 10 16 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : October 23 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EDT Game weather : 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 66,009 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NE -- James White 19 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 2 : 55 . Patriots 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 80 yards , 7 : 23 . Second quarter NE -- LeGarrette Blount 3 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 10 : 58 . Patriots 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 84 yards , 4 : 46 . PIT -- Darrius Heyward - Bey 14 - yard pass from Landry Jones ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 9 : 02 . Patriots 14 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 71 yards , 1 : 56 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 32 - yard field goal , 0 : 02 . Patriots 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 66 yards , 1 : 45 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 46 - yard field goal , 8 : 44 .",
"21": "Patriots 14 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 48 yards , 4 : 49 . NE -- Rob Gronkowski 32 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( kick failed , wide right ) , 6 : 19 . Patriots 20 -- 13 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 25 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 44 - yard field goal , 14 : 44 . Patriots 20 -- 16 . Drive : 12 plays , 42 yards , 6 : 35 . NE -- LeGarrette Blount 5 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 11 : 44 . Patriots 27 -- 16 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 00 . Top passers NE -- Tom Brady -- 19 / 26 , 222 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Landry Jones -- 29 / 47 , 281 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NE -- LeGarrette Blount -- 24 rushes , 127 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 21 rushes , 81 yards Top receivers NE -- Rob Gronkowski -- 4 receptions , 93 yards , TD PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 7 receptions , 106 yards The Steelers went back home for another showdown with the Patriots . This game is notable for being the very first game that QB Ben Roethlisberger would miss out on against the Patriots . In the first quarter , The Patriots scored first when Tom Brady found James White on a 19 - yard touchdown pass for a 7 -- 0 lead for the only score of the period . In the second quarter , they increased their lead when LaGarrette Blount ran for a 3 - yard touchdown to make it 14 -- 0 . The Steelers got on the board later on in the quarter when Landry Jones found Darrius Heyward - Bey on a 14 - yard touchdown pass for a 14 -- 7 game . The Steelers closed out the scoring of the first half when Chris Boswell kicked a 32 - yard field goal for a 14 -- 10 game at halftime .",
"22": "In the third quarter , the Steelers went back to work as Boswell kicked another field goal to get his team within 1 , 14 -- 13 from 46 yards out . The Pats pulled away later on when Brady found Rob Gronkowski on a 36 - yard touchdown pass ( with a failed PAT ) for a 20 -- 13 game . In the fourth quarter , the Steelers came within 4 again when Boswell made a 44 - yard field goal for a 20 -- 16 game . But the Pats sealed the game after Blount ran for a 5 - yard touchdown and the eventual final score of 27 -- 16 . With the loss , the Steelers went into their bye week at 4 -- 3 . Regardless , due to the Ravens ' loss to the Jets , they still remain in first place in the AFC North . The team dropped to 0 -- 1 on the season without Roethlisberger as a starter and their seven - game home winning streak was snapped . Week 9 : at Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Nine : Pittsburgh Steelers at Baltimore Ravens -- Game summary Total Steelers 0 0 0 14 14 Ravens 7 8 21 at M&T Bank Stadium , Baltimore , Maryland Date : November 6 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 71,286 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BAL -- Mike Wallace 95 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 1 : 07 . Ravens 7 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 96 yards , 0 : 43 . Second quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 49 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Ravens 10 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 43 yards , 1 : 41 . Third quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 42 - yard field goal , 4 : 50 . Ravens 13 -- 0 .",
"23": "Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 1 : 30 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Chris Moore 14 - yard return of blocked punt ( Joe Flacco -- Steve Smith Sr. pass ) , 13 : 36 . Ravens 21 -- 0 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 23 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 8 : 38 . Ravens 21 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 58 . PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger 4 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 48 . Ravens 21 -- 14 . Drive : 7 plays , 65 yards , 1 : 20 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 23 / 45 , 264 yards , TD , INT BAL -- Joe Flacco -- 18 / 30 , 241 yards , TD , INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 14 rushes , 32 yards BAL -- Terrance West -- 15 rushes , 21 yards Top receivers PIT -- Eli Rogers -- 6 receptions , 103 yards BAL -- Mike Wallace -- 6 receptions , 124 yards , TD Coming off of the bye week , the Steelers traveled to Baltimore to take on their division rival Ravens . The game received much hype , including QB Ben Roethlisberger returning from injury . Through the first half it was all Ravens when Joe Flacco found Mike Wallace on a 95 - yard touchdown pass to move up 7 -- 0 in the first quarter . This was followed by Justin Tucker 's 49 - yard field goal in the second to make it 10 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Ravens went back to work as Tucker went for a 42 - yard field goal to make it 13 -- 0 . In the fourth quarter , Chris Moore blocked a punt and returned it 14 yards for a touchdown with a ( successful two - point conversion ) to make it 21 -- 0 . Later on in the game , the Steelers finally got on the board as Roethlisberger found Antonio Brown on a 23 - yard touchdown pass making the score 21 -- 7 .",
"24": "They wrapped up the scoring later on when Roethlisberger ran for a touchdown himself from 4 yards out making the final score 21 -- 14 . With their third straight loss , the Steelers fell to 4 -- 4 and move into a tie with the Ravens for the lead in the AFC North . The loss was also the Steelers ' fourth straight loss to the Ravens as well as the fourth straight year losing to their top division rivals in Baltimore . Week 10 : vs. dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week Ten : Dallas Cowboys at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Cowboys 10 10 12 35 Steelers 12 12 30 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : November 13 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST Game weather : 56 ° F ( 13 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 67,737 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 2 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 9 : 54 . Steelers 6 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 38 yards , 3 : 51 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 37 - yard field goal , 5 : 17 . Steelers 6 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 42 yards , 4 : 37 . PIT -- Eli Rogers 3 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 1 : 13 . Steelers 12 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 04 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 83 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 0 : 12 . Steelers 12 -- 10 . Drive : 2 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 01 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 53 - yard field goal , 11 : 04 . Cowboys 13 -- 12 . Drive : 6 plays , 25 yards , 3 : 24 .",
"25": "PIT -- Chris Boswell 39 - yard field goal , 4 : 43 . Steelers 15 -- 13 . Drive : 10 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 21 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 25 - yard field goal , 13 : 10 . Steelers 18 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 50 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 46 - yard field goal , 5 : 35 . Steelers 18 -- 16 . Drive : 14 plays , 46 yards , 7 : 35 . DAL -- Dez Bryant 50 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 35 . Cowboys 23 -- 18 . Drive : 3 plays , 49 yards , 1 : 48 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 1 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 7 : 51 . Steelers 24 -- 23 . Drive : 6 plays , 46 yards , 3 : 05 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 14 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 1 : 55 . Cowboys 29 -- 24 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 56 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 15 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 0 : 42 . Steelers 30 -- 29 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 13 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 32 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 0 : 09 . Cowboys 35 -- 30 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 33 .",
"26": "Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 22 / 32 , 319 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 37 / 46 , 408 yards , 3 TD Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 21 rushes , 114 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 17 rushes , 57 yards , TD Top receivers DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 6 receptions , 116 yards , TD PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 14 receptions , 154 yards , TD The Steelers traveled home to take on the Cowboys . They would draw first blood in the first quarter when Ben Roethlisberger threw a 2 - yard touchdown pass to Le'Veon Bell ( with a failed 2 - point conversion ) for a 6 -- 0 lead . The Cowboys got on the board when Dan Bailey kicked a 37 - yard field goal for a 6 -- 3 game . The Steelers pulled away as Roethlisberger found Eli Rogers on a 3 - yard touchdown pass for a 12 -- 3 game . The Cowboys came within two points as Dak Prescott found Ezekiel Elliott on an 83 - yard touchdown pass to make the score 12 -- 10 . In the second quarter , the Cowboys took the lead as Bailey kicked a 53 - yard field goal for a 13 -- 12 game . The Steelers wrapped up the scoring of the first half when Chris Boswell kicked a 39 - yard field goal taking a 15 -- 13 halftime lead . After the break , the Steelers went back to work as Boswell nailed a 25 - yard field goal to move ahead by 5 , 18 -- 13 . The Cowboys then scored on two consecutive drives : Bailey nailed a 46 - yard field goal to make the score 18 -- 16 , and Prescott found Dez Bryant on a 50 - yard touchdown pass to retake the lead 23 -- 18 . The Steelers retook the lead in the fourth quarter when Bell ran for a 1 - yard touchdown ( with a failed two - point conversion ) to make the score 24 -- 23 .",
"27": "Though the Cowboys pushed back into the lead when Elliott ran for a 14 - yard touchdown ( with a failed 2 - point conversion ) to make the score 29 -- 24 , the Steelers moved back into the lead with Roethlisberger 's 15 - yard touchdown pass to Antonio Brown ( with a failed two - point conversion ) for a 30 -- 29 game . However , the Boys were able to complete the comeback when Elliott ran for a 32 - yard touchdown ( with a failed two - point conversion ) to make the final score 35 -- 30 . With their fourth straight loss , the Steelers fell to 4 -- 5 and second place in the AFC North . Week 11 : at Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Week Eleven : Pittsburgh Steelers at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Steelers 11 7 24 Browns 0 0 6 9 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : November 20 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 32 - yard field goal , 2 : 28 . Steelers 3 -- 0 . Drive : 16 plays , 82 yards , 9 : 18 . Second quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 33 - yard field goal , 4 : 43 . Steelers 6 -- 0 . Drive : 16 plays , 68 yards , 9 : 28 . PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 1 - yard run ( Ben Roethlisberger -- David Johnson pass ) , 0 : 00 . Steelers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 59 yards , 1 : 51 . Third quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 24 - yard field goal , 8 : 05 . Steelers 14 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 48 yards , 5 : 00 .",
"28": "PIT -- Chris Boswell 22 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Steelers 17 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 71 yards , 8 : 02 . Fourth quarter CLE -- Gary Barnidge 14 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( kick failed , wide right ) , 9 : 45 . Steelers 17 -- 9 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 18 . PIT -- Javon Hargrave fumble recovery in the end zone ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 3 : 36 . Steelers 24 -- 9 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 23 / 36 , 167 yards CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 7 / 14 , 128 yards , INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 28 rushes , 146 yards , TD CLE -- Josh McCown -- 2 rushes , 11 yards Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 8 receptions , 76 yards CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 5 receptions , 97 yards After a tough home game against the Cowboys , the Steelers traveled to Cleveland for Game 1 against the Browns . In the first half , it was all Steelers starting in the first quarter when Chris Boswell made a 32 - yard field goal for a 3 -- 0 lead . They would increase their lead in the second quarter when Boswell made a 33 - yard field goal followed up by Le'Veon Bell running for a 1 - yard touchdown with a successful two - point conversion to make it 6 -- 0 and then 14 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Browns finally got on the board as Cody Parkey made a 24 - yard field goal to make the score 14 -- 3 . The Steelers however pulled away as Boswell kicked a 22 - yard field goal making it 17 -- 3 . In the fourth quarter , the Browns drew closer as backup QB Josh McCown threw a 14 - yard touchdown pass to Gary Barnidge ( with a failed PAT ) to make the score 17 -- 9 .",
"29": "However , later on , the Steelers sealed the game when Javon Hargrave recovered a fumble in the end zone to make the final score 24 -- 9 . With their four - game losing streak coming to a stop , the Steelers improved to 5 -- 5 . Also , they move back into a tie on top of the AFC North due to the Ravens ' loss to the Cowboys . The defense -- which had only 13 sacks going into this game -- managed to get eight in this game alone , as Cody Kessler and Josh McCown each got sacked four times . Week 12 : at Indianapolis Colts ( edit ) Thanksgiving Day game Week Twelve : Pittsburgh Steelers at Indianapolis Colts -- Game summary Total Steelers 14 7 0 7 28 Colts 0 7 0 0 7 at Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis , Indiana Date : November 24 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 66,583 Referee : Walt Coleman TV announcers ( NBC ) : Mike Tirico , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 5 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 9 : 10 . Steelers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 52 yards , 4 : 19 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 25 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 06 . Steelers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 58 yards , 3 : 02 . Second quarter IND -- Donte Moncrief 5 - yard pass from Scott Tolzien ( Adam Vinatieri kick ) , 13 : 02 . Steelers 14 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 47 yards , 3 : 04 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 33 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 9 : 00 . Steelers 21 -- 7 .",
"30": "Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 02 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter PIT -- Antonio Brown 22 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 30 . Steelers 28 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 64 yards , 2 : 21 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 14 / 20 , 221 yards , 3 TD IND -- Scott Tolzien -- 22 / 36 , 205 yards , TD , 2 INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 23 rushes , 120 yards , TD IND -- Jordan Todman -- 3 rushes , 37 yards Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 5 receptions , 91 yards , 3 TD IND -- T.Y. Hilton -- 3 receptions , 54 yards After winning over the Browns , the Steelers traveled further west to take on the Colts in a rematch of 2015 's 45 -- 10 blowout win . The Steelers struck first in the first quarter when Le'Veon Bell ran for a 5 - yard touchdown to take a 7 -- 0 lead . This would be followed by Ben Roethlisberger finding Antonio Brown on a 25 - yard touchdown pass later on in the quarter to make it 14 -- 0 . The Colts got on the board in the second quarter when QB Scott Tolzien , starting in place of the injured Andrew Luck , found Donte Moncrief on a 5 - yard touchdown pass to make it 14 -- 7 . However , the Steelers pulled away as Roethlisberger found Brown again this time on a 33 - yard touchdown pass for a 21 -- 7 lead at halftime . After a scoreless third quarter , the Steelers sealed the game with the only points in the second half when Roethlisberger found Brown again this time on a 22 - yard touchdown pass and the eventual final score of 28 -- 7 . With the win , the Steelers improved to 6 -- 5 . Roethlisberger 's record as a starter improved to 1 -- 1 on Thanksgiving Day . Week 13 : vs.",
"31": "New York Giants ( edit ) Week Thirteen : New York Giants at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Giants 0 0 7 7 14 Steelers 5 9 7 24 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : December 4 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST Game weather : 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 65,825 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Penalty on Ereck Flowers enforced in the end zone for a safety , 3 : 04 . Steelers 2 -- 0 . PIT -- Randy Bullock 44 - yard field goal , 0 : 04 . Steelers 5 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 38 yards , 3 : 00 . Second quarter PIT -- Antonio Brown 22 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 7 : 10 . Steelers 11 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 40 yards , 1 : 11 . PIT -- Randy Bullock 34 - yard field goal , 0 : 24 . Steelers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 15 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 52 . Third quarter NYG -- Rashad Jennings 13 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 6 : 30 . Steelers 14 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 17 yards , 0 : 42 . PIT -- Ladarius Green 20 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Randy Bullock kick ) , 3 : 09 . Steelers 21 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 88 yards , 3 : 21 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Randy Bullock 38 - yard field goal , 1 : 39 . Steelers 24 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 48 yards , 5 : 17 .",
"32": "NYG -- Sterling Shepard 1 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 0 : 26 . Steelers 24 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 52 yards , 1 : 13 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 24 / 39 , 195 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 24 / 36 , 289 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers NYG -- Paul Perkins -- 7 rushes , 38 yards PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 29 rushes , 118 yards Top receivers NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 10 receptions , 100 yards PIT -- Ladarius Green -- 6 receptions , 110 yards , TD After two straight road wins , the Steelers returned home for a duel against the Giants . In the first quarter , the Steelers drew first blood when a penalty was called on Ereck Flowers giving them a safety and a 2 -- 0 lead . They would increase their lead later on when Randy Bullock kicked a 44 - yard field goal to make it 5 -- 0 . In the second quarter , they pulled further ahead when Ben Roethlisberger found Antonio Brown on a 22 - yard touchdown pass ( with a failed two - point conversion ) to make the score 11 -- 0 . Bullock put up a 38 - yard field goal to make it 14 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Giants finally got on the board when Eli Manning found Rashad Jennings on a 13 - yard touchdown pass to make it 14 -- 7 . Though the Steelers pulled away when Roethlisberger found Ladarius Green on a 20 - yard touchdown pass to make it 21 -- 7 . They would increase their lead in the fourth quarter when Bullock put up a 38 - yard field goal for a 24 -- 7 game . The Giants then wrapped the scoring of the game up when Manning found Sterling Shepard on a 1 - yard touchdown pass to make the final score 24 -- 14 . With their third straight win , the Steelers improved to 7 -- 5 . Roethlisberger 's record against Manning also improved to 3 -- 1 .",
"33": "They have now recorded at least one victory at Heinz Field against each of the 31 other franchises . Week 14 : at buffalo Bills ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Pittsburgh Steelers at Buffalo Bills -- Game summary Total Steelers 7 7 7 6 27 Bills 0 7 0 13 20 at New Era Field , Orchard Park , New York Date : December 11 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 27 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) , snow showers Game attendance : 69,657 Referee : Pete Morelli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 3 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 6 : 00 . Steelers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 71 yards , 3 : 06 . Second quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 7 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 12 : 00 . Steelers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 61 yards , 5 : 14 . BUF -- Sammy Watkins 8 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 7 : 07 . Steelers 14 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 7 yards , 1 : 27 . Third quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 5 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 28 . Steelers 21 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 33 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 37 - yard field goal , 9 : 57 . Steelers 24 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 29 yards , 3 : 34 . BUF -- Charles Clay 40 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( kick failed , hit left upright ) , 7 : 27 . Steelers 24 -- 13 . Drive : 5 plays , 82 yards , 2 : 30 .",
"34": "PIT -- Chris Boswell 39 - yard field goal , 3 : 38 . Steelers 27 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 54 yards , 3 : 49 . BUF -- LeSean McCoy 3 - yard run ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 1 : 25 . Steelers 27 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 13 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 17 / 31 , 220 yards , 3 INT BUF -- Tyrod Taylor -- 15 / 25 , 228 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 38 rushes , 236 yards , 3 TD BUF -- Mike Gillislee -- 2 rushes , 34 yards Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 5 receptions , 78 yards BUF -- LeSean McCoy -- 6 receptions , 81 yards The Steelers traveled to Orchard Park , NY to take on the Bills . They struck first in the first quarter when Le'Veon Bell ran for a 3 - yard touchdown to make the score 7 -- 0 for the only score of the period . They increased their lead in the second quarter when Bell ran for a 7 - yard touchdown to make the score 14 -- 0 . The Bills got on the board when Tyrod Taylor found Sammy Watkins on an 8 - yard touchdown pass to make it 14 -- 7 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Steelers moved ahead by double digits again when Bell ran for his third touchdown of the game from 5 yards out to make the score 21 -- 7 . In the fourth quarter , they increased their lead when Chris Boswell nailed a 37 - yard field goal to make the score 24 -- 7 . The Bills drew closer when Taylor found Charles Clay on a 40 - yard touchdown pass ( with a failed PAT ) to make the score 24 -- 13 . Though the Steelers moved ahead by two touchdowns again when Boswell kicked another field goal from 39 yards out to make it 27 -- 13 . The Bills wrapped up the scoring of the game when LeSean McCoy ran for a 3 - yard touchdown and the final score of 27 -- 20 .",
"35": "With their fourth straight win , the Steelers improved to 8 -- 5 . Week 15 : at Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Pittsburgh Steelers at Cincinnati Bengals -- Game summary Total Steelers 6 6 9 24 Bengals 10 10 0 0 20 at Paul Brown Stadium , Cincinnati , Ohio Date : December 18 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 62,096 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter CIN -- Randy Bullock 23 - yard field goal , 7 : 39 . Bengals 3 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 70 yards , 7 : 21 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 45 - yard field goal , 3 : 42 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 28 yards , 3 : 57 . CIN -- Andy Dalton 1 - yard run ( Randy Bullock kick ) , 0 : 00 . Bengals 10 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 64 yards , 3 : 42 . Second quarter CIN -- Jeremy Hill 4 - yard run ( Randy Bullock kick ) , 9 : 02 . Bengals 17 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 82 yards , 4 : 16 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 49 - yard field goal , 5 : 25 . Bengals 17 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 50 yards , 3 : 37 . CIN -- Randy Bullock 22 - yard field goal , 2 : 51 . Bengals 20 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 22 yards , 2 : 34 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 49 - yard field goal , 0 : 06 . Bengals 20 -- 9 .",
"36": "Drive : 11 plays , 54 yards , 2 : 45 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 40 - yard field goal , 10 : 38 . Bengals 20 -- 12 . Drive : 9 plays , 53 yards , 4 : 22 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 49 - yard field goal , 2 : 05 . Bengals 20 -- 15 . Drive : 9 plays , 39 yards , 4 : 18 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 30 - yard field goal , 12 : 25 . Bengals 20 -- 18 . Drive : 6 plays , 22 yards , 2 : 36 . PIT -- Eli Rogers 24 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 7 : 29 . Steelers 24 -- 20 . Drive : 5 plays , 69 yards , 3 : 22 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 21 / 36 , 286 yards , TD CIN -- Andy Dalton -- 16 / 27 , 157 yards , INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 23 rushes , 93 yards CIN -- Jeremy Hill -- 20 rushes , 43 yards , TD Top receivers PIT -- Eli Rogers -- 5 receptions , 75 yards , TD CIN -- Brandon LaFell -- 7 receptions , 91 yards After a hard - fought road game , the Steelers traveled to Cincinnati to take on the Bengals . The Bengals started off the scoring in the first quarter when Randy Bullock kicked a 23 - yard field goal for a 3 -- 0 lead . The Steelers tied it up when Chris Boswell nailed a 45 - yard field goal , leaving the score at 3 -- 3 , but the Bengals regained the lead late in the first quarter on Andy Dalton 's 1 - yard touchdown run to make the score 10 -- 3 . In the second quarter , the Bengals moved up by double digits as Jeremy Hill ran for a 4 - yard touchdown to make it 17 -- 3 .",
"37": "The Steelers drew closer as Boswell made another field goal to make it 17 -- 6 , but Bullock put the Bengals back up by two touchdowns with a 23 - yard field goal to make it 20 -- 6 . The Steelers closed the first half out with their third field goal of the game , as Boswell kicked a 49 - yard effort to make the halftime score 20 -- 9 . Those three points would be the first three of 15 straight as they would shut out the Bengals in the second half , starting with field goals from 40 and 49 yards out to reduce the deficit to 20 -- 15 . In the fourth quarter , the Steelers moved even closer when Boswell kicked his sixth field goal of the game from 30 yards out to make it 20 -- 18 . They completed the comeback attempt when Ben Roethlisberger found Eli Rogers on a 24 - yard touchdown pass with 7 : 29 remaining ; however , the two - point conversion was unsuccessful , which made the score 24 -- 20 , which would end up being the final score . With the win , the Steelers improved to 9 -- 5 . The team also won five games in a row for the first time since 2009 . The Steelers finished the season 5 -- 3 away from home . Week 16 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) NFL on Christmas Day Week Sixteen : Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Ravens 11 10 27 Steelers 7 0 21 31 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : December 25 Game time : 4 : 30 p.m. EST Game weather : 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 66,276 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( NFLN ) : Mike Tirico , Doug Flutie , Tony Dungy , and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Xavier Grimble 20 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 7 : 12 . Steelers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 87 yards , 5 : 17 .",
"38": "BAL -- Justin Tucker 41 - yard field goal , 5 : 50 . Steelers 7 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 22 . Second quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 38 - yard field goal , 0 : 18 . Steelers 7 -- 6 . Drive : 12 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 23 . Third quarter BAL -- Steve Smith Sr. 18 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Joe Flacco -- Steve Smith Sr. pass ) , 13 : 26 . Ravens 14 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 20 yards , 1 : 21 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 35 . Ravens 14 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 65 yards , 3 : 51 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 46 - yard field goal , 1 : 28 . Ravens 17 -- 10 . Drive : 12 plays , 47 yards , 8 : 07 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 23 - yard field goal , 14 : 18 . Ravens 20 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 7 yards , 1 : 19 . PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 7 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 41 . Ravens 20 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 37 . PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 7 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 7 : 16 . Steelers 24 -- 20 . Drive : 6 plays , 90 yards , 2 : 49 . BAL -- Kyle Juszczyk 10 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 1 : 18 . Ravens 27 -- 24 . Drive : 14 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 58 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 4 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 09 .",
"39": "Steelers 31 -- 27 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 09 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco -- 30 / 44 , 262 yards , TD , INT PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 24 / 33 , 279 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT Top rushers BAL -- Kenneth Dixon -- 12 rushes , 57 yards PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 20 rushes , 122 yards , TD Top receivers BAL -- Steve Smith Sr. -- 7 receptions , 79 yards , TD PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 10 receptions , 96 yards , TD After two straight road wins , the Steelers returned home for their second game of the season against the Ravens . The Steelers scored first in the first quarter when Ben Roethlisberger found Xavier Grimble on a 20 - yard touchdown pass and a 7 -- 0 lead . The Ravens closed out the first quarter with a Justin Tucker field goal from 41 yards out for a 7 -- 3 lead . In the second quarter , Tucker kicked another field goal this one from 38 yards out to make the halftime score 7 -- 6 . In the third quarter , the Ravens moved into the lead when Joe Flacco found Steve Smith Sr. on an 18 - yard touchdown pass with a successful two - point conversion to make it 14 -- 7 . The Steelers drew closer when Chris Boswell made a 36 - yard field goal to make it 14 -- 10 . Though the Ravens moved back ahead by a touchdown when Tucker kicked a 46 - yard field goal to make it 17 -- 10 . In the fourth quarter , Tucker kicked a 23 - yard field goal to send the Ravens up by double digits and make the score 20 -- 10 . The Steelers eventually retook the lead with 2 straight touchdowns : Le'Veon Bell ran for one from 7 - yards out followed by Roethlisberger finding Bell on a 7 - yard pass to take the score to 24 -- 20 . The Ravens retook the lead when Kyle Juszczyk ran for a 10 - yard touchdown to make it 27 -- 24 .",
"40": "However , the Steelers completed the comeback when Roethlisberger found Antonio Brown on a 4 - yard pass to make the final score 31 -- 27 . With their four - game losing streak against the Ravens snapped , the Steelers improved to 10 -- 5 and were awarded the AFC North division title . The team also won six games in a row for the first time since 2004 . Week 17 : vs. Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Cleveland Browns at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary OT Total Browns 7 7 0 7 24 Steelers 0 7 0 14 6 27 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : January 1 , 2017 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 55,921 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter CLE -- Seth DeValve 12 - yard pass from Robert Griffin III ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 7 : 48 . Browns 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 18 . Second quarter CLE -- Gary Barnidge 4 - yard pass from Robert Griffin III ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 9 : 21 . Browns 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 67 yards , 5 : 42 . PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 11 - yard pass from Landry Jones ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 31 . Browns 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 37 yards , 1 : 30 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 1 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 13 : 21 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 80 yards , 5 : 01 .",
"41": "PIT -- Demarcus Ayers 11 - yard pass from Landry Jones ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 14 . Steelers 21 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 61 yards , 2 : 20 . CLE -- George Atkinson III 5 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 3 : 28 . Tied 21 -- 21 . Drive : 3 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 46 . Overtime CLE -- Cody Parkey 34 - yard field goal , 7 : 17 . Browns 24 -- 21 . Drive : 17 plays , 65 yards , 7 : 43 . PIT -- Cobi Hamilton 26 - yard pass from Landry Jones , 2 : 57 . Steelers 27 -- 24 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 20 . Top passers CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 29 / 40 , 232 yards , 2 TD , INT PIT -- Landry Jones -- 24 / 37 , 277 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 19 rushes , 152 yards PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 23 rushes , 67 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 7 receptions , 94 yards PIT -- Eli Rogers -- 6 receptions , 61 yards After a tough win , the Steelers stayed home for the last regular season game which would turn out to be Round 2 against the Browns . The Browns struck first in the first quarter when Seth DeValve ran for a 12 - yard touchdown to make it 7 -- 0 for the only score of the period . They made it 14 -- 0 in the second quarter when RG3 found Gary Barnidge on a 4 - yard pass . The Steelers got on the board when backup QB Landry Jones found De'Angelo Williams on an 11 - yard pass to make it 14 -- 7 at halftime .",
"42": "After a scoreless third quarter , the Steelers continued their reign of scoring unanswered points in the fourth when Williams ran for a 1 - yard touchdown to tie the game at 14 -- 14 before taking the lead when Jones found Demarcus Ayers on an 11 - yard pass to make it 21 -- 14 . Though , the Browns would close out regulation , tying the game at 21 -- 21 when George Atkinson III ran for a 5 - yard touchdown . In overtime , the Browns retook the lead when Cody Parkey nailed a 34 - yard field goal to make it 24 -- 21 . The Steelers would eventually score the game - winning touchdown when Jones found Cobi Hamilton on a 26 - yard pass to make the final score 27 -- 24 . With the win , the Steelers finished their season 11 -- 5 . The team also won seven games in a row for the first time since 2004 and finished the season 6 - 2 at home . Postseason ( edit ) See also : 2016 -- 17 NFL playoffs AFC Wild Card playoffs : vs. ( # 6 ) Miami Dolphins ( edit ) AFC Wild Card Playoffs : ( # 6 ) Miami Dolphins at ( # 3 ) Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Dolphins 0 6 12 Steelers 14 6 10 0 30 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : January 8 , 2017 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. EST Game weather : 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 62,726 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook The Steelers had wrapped the regular season up with the # 3 seed and played against the sixth - seeded Dolphins at home . The Steelers would draw first blood with Ben Roethlisberger finding Antonio Brown on 2 consecutive touchdown passes : from 50 and 62 yards out to make the score 14 -- 0 . The Dolphins got on the board later on when Andrew Franks kicked a 40 - yard field goal to make it 14 -- 3 .",
"43": "In the second quarter , the Steelers made the score 20 -- 3 when Le'Veon Bell ran for a 1 - yard touchdown , although Chris Boswell missed his first extra point attempt of the season . The Dolphins closed out the first half when Franks kicked a 47 - yard field goal to make it 20 -- 6 . In the second half , the Steelers scored twice when Boswell nailed a 34 - yard field goal to make it 23 -- 6 . Bell then ran for an 8 - yard touchdown to make it 30 -- 6 . In the fourth quarter , the Dolphins wrapped the scoring of the game up when Matt Moore , who was filling in for the injured Ryan Tannehill found Damien Williams on a 4 - yard pass ( with a failed two - point conversion ) to make the final score 30 -- 12 . AFC Divisional playoffs : at ( # 2 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) AFC Divisional Playoffs : ( # 3 ) Pittsburgh Steelers at ( # 2 ) Kansas City Chiefs -- Game summary Total Steelers 6 6 18 Chiefs 7 0 6 16 at Arrowhead Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri Date : January 15 , 2017 Game time : 8 : 20 p.m. EST / 7 : 20 p.m. CST Game weather : 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) , cloudy with patches of fog Game attendance : 75,678 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 22 - yard field goal , 9 : 38 . Steelers 3 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 66 yards , 5 : 22 . KC -- Albert Wilson 5 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Cairo Santos kick ) , 6 : 09 . Chiefs 7 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 3 : 29 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 38 - yard field goal , 3 : 51 . Chiefs 7 -- 6 .",
"44": "Drive : 7 plays , 55 yards , 2 : 18 . Second quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 18 . Steelers 9 -- 7 . Drive : 14 plays , 53 yards , 6 : 30 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 45 - yard field goal , 0 : 55 . Steelers 12 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 28 yards , 4 : 08 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 43 - yard field goal , 10 : 06 . Steelers 15 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 49 yards , 3 : 42 . KC -- Cairo Santos 48 - yard field goal , 0 : 10 . Steelers 15 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 16 yards , 2 : 50 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 43 - yard field goal , 9 : 49 . Steelers 18 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 45 yards , 5 : 21 . KC -- Spencer Ware 1 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 2 : 43 . Steelers 18 -- 16 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 06 . After blowing out the Dolphins at home , the Steelers traveled to Kansas City to take on the Chiefs . The Steelers scored first in the first quarter when Chris Boswell kicked a 22 - yard field goal for a 3 - 0 lead . The Chiefs moved into the lead when Alex Smith found Albert Wilson on a 5 - yard touchdown pass to make it 7 - 3 . The Steelers came within a point when Boswell kicked a 38 - yard field goal to make it 7 - 6 . In the second quarter , it was all Steelers when Boswell kicked 2 more field goals : from 36 and 45 yards out retaking the lead and changing the score from 9 - 7 to 12 - 7 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Steelers moved further ahead with another field goal by Boswell from 43 yards out to make it 15 - 7 .",
"45": "The Chiefs then moved closer later on in the quarter when Cairo Santos kicked a 48 - yard field goal to make it 15 - 10 . In the fourth quarter , Boswell kicked another 43 yard field goal to move ahead 18 - 10 . The Chiefs tried to rally but came up short when Spencer Ware ran for a 1 - yard touchdown ( with a failed 2 - point conversion ) sealing the win for the Steelers . With the win , the team improved to 13 - 5 overall . They are also the first team since the 2006 Colts to win a playoff game without scoring a single touchdown . Boswell 's six field goals became an NFL playoff record for the most in a single game . AFC Championship : at ( # 1 ) New England Patriots ( edit ) AFC Championship : ( # 3 ) Pittsburgh Steelers at ( # 1 ) New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Steelers 0 9 0 8 17 Patriots 10 7 16 36 at Gillette Stadium , Foxborough , Massachusetts Date : January 22 , 2017 Game time : 6 : 40 p.m. EST Game weather : 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 66,829 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 31 - yard field goal , 13 : 08 . Patriots 3 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 62 yards , 1 : 52 . NE -- Chris Hogan 16 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 2 : 47 . Patriots 10 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 36 . Second quarter PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 5 - yard run ( kick failed , wide left ) , 11 : 31 . Patriots 10 -- 6 . Drive : 13 plays , 84 yards , 6 : 16 .",
"46": "NE -- Chris Hogan 34 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 7 : 43 . Patriots 17 -- 6 . Drive : 9 plays , 82 yards , 3 : 48 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 23 - yard field goal , 1 : 39 . Patriots 17 -- 9 . Drive : 15 plays , 70 yards , 6 : 04 . Third quarter NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 47 - yard field goal , 9 : 59 . Patriots 20 -- 9 . Drive : 9 plays , 55 yards , 3 : 11 . NE -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 2 : 44 . Patriots 27 -- 9 . Drive : 8 plays , 88 yards , 3 : 52 . NE -- Julian Edelman 10 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( kick failed , wide right ) , 1 : 35 . Patriots 33 -- 9 . Drive : 4 plays , 28 yards , 1 : 01 . Fourth quarter NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 26 - yard field goal , 6 : 24 . Patriots 36 -- 9 . Drive : 8 plays , 24 yards , 3 : 5 . PIT -- Cobi Hamilton 30 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Ben Roethlisberger - DeAngelo Williams pass ) , 3 : 36 . Patriots 36 -- 17 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 48 .",
"47": "Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 31 / 47 , 314 yards , TD , INT NE -- Tom Brady -- 32 / 42 , 384 yards , 3 TD Top rushers PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 14 rushes , 34 yards , TD NE -- LeGarrette Blount -- 16 rushes , 47 yards , TD Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 7 receptions , 77 yards NE -- Chris Hogan -- 9 receptions , 180 yards , 2 TD After a tough road win , the Steelers traveled further east to take on the top - seeded Patriots in the AFC Championship Game . The Pats drew first blood when Stephen Gostkowski kicked a 31 - yard field goal for a 3 - 0 lead . This would be followed up by Tom Brady finding Chris Hogan on a 16 - yard pass to make it 10 - 0 . In the second quarter , the Steelers got on the board when DeAngelo Williams ran for a touchdown from 5 yards out ( with a failed PAT ) for a 10 - 6 . The Pats pulled away as Brady and Hogan hooked up again on a 34 - yard pass to make it 17 - 6 . The Steelers closed out the half when Chris Boswell nailed a 23 - yard field goal to make the halftime score 17 - 9 . In the third quarter , the Pats went back to work as Gostowski kicked a 47 - yard field goal to send his team up by double digits again , 20 - 9 . LaGarrette Blount ran up the middle for a 1 - yard touchdown to make it 27 - 9 . Brady later on found Julian Edelman on a 10 - yard pass ( with a failed PAT ) to make it 33 - 9 . In the fourth quarter , the Pats moved even further ahead when Gostkowski kicked a 26 - yard field goal to make it 36 - 9 . The Steelers then wrapped the scoring of the game up when Ben Roethlisberger found Cobi Hamilton on a 30 - yard pass with a successful 2 - point conversion to make the final score 36 - 17 . With the loss , the Steelers ended their season 13 - 6 .",
"48": "Roethlisberger dropped to 3 - 2 in Conference Championship games . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 399 327 W7 Baltimore Ravens 8 8 0 . 500 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 343 321 L2 Cincinnati Bengals 6 9 . 406 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 325 315 W1 Cleveland Browns 15 0 . 063 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 264 452 L1 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders New England Patriots East 14 0 . 875 5 -- 1 11 -- 1 . 439 . 424 W7 Kansas City Chiefs West 12 0 . 750 6 -- 0 9 -- 3 . 508 . 479 W2 Pittsburgh Steelers North 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 . 494 . 423 W7 Houston Texans South 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 . 502 . 427 L1 Wild Cards 5 Oakland Raiders West 12 0 . 750 3 -- 3 9 -- 3 . 504 . 443 L1 6 Miami Dolphins East 10 6 0 . 625 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 455 . 341 L1 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Tennessee Titans South 9 7 0 .",
"49": "563 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 465 . 458 W1 8 Denver Broncos West 9 7 0 . 563 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 549 . 455 W1 9 Baltimore Ravens North 8 8 0 . 500 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 498 . 363 L2 10 Indianapolis Colts South 8 8 0 . 500 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 492 . 406 W1 11 Buffalo Bills East 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 4 -- 8 . 482 . 339 L2 12 Cincinnati Bengals North 6 9 . 406 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 521 . 333 W1 13 New York Jets East 5 11 0 . 313 2 -- 4 4 -- 8 . 518 . 313 W1 14 San Diego Chargers West 5 11 0 . 313 1 -- 5 4 -- 8 . 543 . 513 L5 15 Jacksonville Jaguars South 13 0 . 188 2 -- 4 2 -- 10 . 527 . 417 L1 16 Cleveland Browns North 15 0 . 063 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 . 549 . 313 L1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Kansas City clinched the AFC West division over Oakland based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Houston clinched the AFC South division title over Tennessee based on record vs. division opponents . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee finished ahead of Denver based on head - to - head victory .",
"50": "^ Jump up to : Baltimore finished ahead of Indianapolis based on record vs. conference opponents . ^ Jump up to : The New York Jets finished ahead of San Diego based record vs. common opponents -- the Jets ' cumulative record against Cleveland , Indianapolis , Kansas City and Miami was 1 -- 4 , while San Diego 's cumulative record against the same four teams was 0 -- 5 . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Transactions ( edit ) The Steelers have been involved in the following transactions during the 2016 season : Trades ( edit ) Player Acquired from Traded to Date Trade terms CB Justin Gilbert Cleveland Browns September 3 , 2016 2018 6th Rd . pick Free agents ( edit ) Player Acquired from Lost to Date Contract terms TE Ladarius Green San Diego Chargers March 9 , 2016 4 years / $20 million OT Kelvin Beachum Jacksonville Jaguars March 15 , 2016 5 years / $39.5 million OT Ryan Harris Denver Broncos March 15 , 2016 2 years / $3.9 million DT Steve McLendon New York Jets March 15 , 2016 3 years / $10.5 million LB Sean Spence Tennessee Titans March 16 , 2016 1 year / $2.5 million CB Antwon Blake Tennessee Titans March 17 , 2016 1 year / $1.5 million LB Terence Garvin Washington Redskins March 17 , 2016 1 year / $750,000 RB Jordan Todman Indianapolis Colts March 18 , 2016 1 year / $760,000 LB Steven Johnson Tennessee Titans March 25 , 2016 1 year / $840,000 CB Brandon Boykin Carolina Panthers March 29 , 2016 1 year / $840,000 DE Ricardo Mathews San Diego Chargers March 31 , 2016 1 year / $760,",
"51": "000 FB Will Johnson New York Giants April 4 , 2016 2 years / $2.3 million OT Byron Stingily New York Giants April 11 , 2016 1 year / $780,000 DT Cam Thomas Los Angeles Rams June 6 , 2016 1 year / $760,000 Waivers ( edit ) Player Claimed from Lost to Date QB Zach Mettenberger San Diego Chargers August 31 , 2016 Signings ( edit ) Player Date Contract terms OG Chris Hubbard January 19 , 2016 1 - year extension / $600,000 FB Roosevelt Nix January 19 , 2016 1 - year extension / $525,000 S Jordan Dangerfield January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) OT Matt Feiler January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) C B.J. Finney January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) CB Isaiah Frey January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) TE Xavier Grimble January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) DE Caushaud Lyons January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) RB Rajion Neal January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) WR Shakim Phillips January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) RB Abou Toure January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) S Ray Vinpoal January 19 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) FS Jacob Hagen January 20 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) OT Brian Mihalik January 20 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) K Ty Long January 20 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) RB Daryl Richardson January 20 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) CB Ross Cockrell January 22 , 2016 1 - year extension / $600,000 QB Dustin Vaughan January 22 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) WR Levi Norwood February 2 ,",
"52": "2016 ( Reserve / Future ) WR Issac Blakeney February 5 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) CB Montell Garner February 5 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) WR Tobais Palmer February 5 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) CB Al - Hajj Shabazz February 5 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) OG Cole Manhart February 9 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) LS Greg Warren February 12 , 2016 1 - year extension / $1.06 million LS Matt Dooley February 16 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) DT Lavon Hooks February 16 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) DE Roy Philon February 22 , 2016 ( Reserve / Future ) FS Robert Golden March 7 , 2016 3 - year extension / $5 million WR Darrius Heyward - Bey March 7 , 2016 3 - year extension / $3.8 million CB William Gay March 8 , 2016 3 - year extension / $7.5 million OG Ramon Foster March 9 , 2016 3 - year extension / $9.6 million QB Bruce Gradkowski May 2 , 2016 1 - year / $965,000 WR Demarcus Ayers May 5 , 2016 4 - year / $2.42 million ILB Tyler Matakevich May 5 , 2016 4 - year / $2.4 million OLB Travis Feeney May 6 , 2016 4 - year / $2.44 million RB Brandon Brown - Dukes May 9 , 2016 3 - year / $1.62 million RB Cameron Stingily May 9 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 WR Marcus Tucker May 9 , 2016 3 - year / $1.62 million CB Donald Washington May 9 , 2016 1 - year / $675,000 TE David Johnson May 17 ,",
"53": "2016 1 - year / $760,000 SS Sean Davis May 20 , 2016 4 - year / $4.08 million OT Jerald Hawkins June 2 , 2016 4 - year / $2.87 million LB Kevin Anderson June 7 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 TE Paul Lang June 7 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 LB Mike Reilly June 8 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 CB Artie Burns June 8 , 2016 4 - year / $9.59 million DT Javon Hargrave June 10 , 2016 4 - year / $3.11 million RB Brandon Johnson June 24 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 TE Mandel Dixon July 21 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 RB Christian Powell August 1 , 2016 3 - year / $1.62 million C Valerian Ume - Ezeoke August 1 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 TE Jake Phillips August 3 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 CB Kevin White August 3 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 TE Michael Cooper August 5 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 WR Cobi Hamilton August 5 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 OT Wade Hansen August 14 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 CB Julian Whigham August 14 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 LB Jermauria Rasco August 15 , 2016 2 - year / $990,000 QB Bryn Renner August 20 , 2016 1 - year / $450,000 G Antoine Everett August 20 , 2016 2 - year / $990,000 ILB Vince Williams August 23 ,",
"54": "2016 3 - year extension / $5.5 million TE RaShaun Allen September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad WR Demarcus Ayers September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad RB Brandon Browns - Duke September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad OLB Travis Feeney September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad OT Matt Feiler September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad WR Cobi Hamilton September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad DE Caushaud Lyons September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad DT Johnny Maxey September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad CB Al - Hajj Shabazz September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad RB Cameron Stingily September 4 , 2016 Practice Squad LB Steven Johnson September 4 , 2016 1 - year / $760,000 RB David Cobb September 7 , 2016 Practice Squad OG David DeCastro September 8 , 2016 6 - year extension / $58 million FS Jacob Hagen September 16 , 2016 Practice Squad RB Daryl Richardson October 3 , 2016 Practice Squad FS Jacob Hagen October 11 , 2016 Practice Squad OT Austin Shepherd October 11 , 2016 Practice Squad RB Karlos Williams October 12 , 2016 Practice Squad Cuts ( edit ) Player Date TE Rob Blanchflower February 16 , 2016 OT Kelvin Palmer February 16 , 2016 OT Mitchell Van Dyk February 16 , 2016 OT Micah Hatchie March 1 , 2016 CB Cortez Allen April 15 , 2016 OT Mike Adams May 5 , 2016 K Ty Long May 5 , 2016 RB Abou Toure May 5 , 2016 CB Isaiah Frey May 9 , 2016 RB Rajion Neal May 9 , 2016 WR Tobais Palmer May 9 , 2016 RB Christian Powell May 9 , 2016 TE David Reese May 17 ,",
"55": "2016 LB Tyriq McCord June 7 , 2016 TE Jay Rome June 7 , 2016 K Shaun Suisham June 24 , 2016 TE Matt Spaeth July 21 , 2016 RB Brandon Johnson August 1 , 2016 C Quinton Schooley August 1 , 2016 TE Jake Phillips August 5 , 2016 OT Brian Mihalik August 14 , 2016 DT Roy Philon August 14 , 2016 LS Matt Dooley August 15 , 2016 RB Christian Powell August 20 , 2016 WR Isaac Blackeney August 28 , 2016 TE Michael Cooper August 28 , 2016 P Will Monday August 28 , 2016 DT Khoynin Mosley - Smith August 28 , 2016 DE Giorgio Newberry August 28 , 2016 WR Levi Norwood August 28 , 2016 LB Mike Reilly August 28 , 2016 CB Julian Whigham August 28 , 2016 LB Jordan Zumwalt August 28 , 2016 S Jacob Hagen August 30 , 2016 DT Devaunte Sigler August 30 , 2016 CB Kevin White August 30 , 2016 TE Mandel Dixon September 2 , 2016 OT Wade Hansen September 2 , 2016 QB Dustin Vaughan September 2 , 2016 WR Demarcus Ayers September 3 , 2016 RB Brandon Browns - Duke September 3 , 2016 OG Antoine Everett September 3 , 2016 OLB Travis Feeney September 3 , 2016 CB Montell Garner September 3 , 2016 CB Doran Grant September 3 , 2016 OLB Travis Feeney September 3 , 2016 OT Matt Feiler September 3 , 2016 WR Cobi Hamilton September 3 , 2016 DT Lavon Hooks September 3 , 2016 LB Steven Johnson September 3 ,",
"56": "2016 DE Caushaud Lyons September 3 , 2016 DE Johnny Maxey September 3 , 2016 OLB Jermauria Rasco September 3 , 2016 QB Bryn Renner September 3 , 2016 CB Al - Hajj Shabazz September 3 , 2016 RB Cameron Stingily September 3 , 2016 WR Marcus Tucker September 3 , 2016 SS Ray Vinopal September 3 , 2016 CB Donald Washington September 3 , 2016 RB Cameron Stingily September 7 , 2016 RB Brandon Brown - Dukes September 16 , 2016 RB Daryl Richardson September 29 , 2016 S Jacob Hagen October 3 , 2016 RB David Cobb October 11 , 2016 CB Al - Hajj Shabazz October 15 , 2016 Other ( edit ) Name Date Details TE Heath Miller February 19 , 2016 Retired Kevin Colbert July 28 , 2016 Promoted to team Vice President Omar Khan July 28 , 2016 Promoted to Vice President of Football & Business Administration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/19152186/pittsburgh-steelers-chairman-dan-rooney-dies-age-84 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season .",
"57": "Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 23 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 8",
"58": ") 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980",
"59": "1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994",
"60": "1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance 2016 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina Los Angeles New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season&oldid=831198595 '' Categories : 2016 National Football League season by team Pittsburgh Steelers seasons 2016 in sports in Pennsylvania AFC North championship seasons 2010s in Pittsburgh Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 09 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Denver Broncos - wikipedia Denver Broncos Jump to : navigation , search Denver Broncos Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen trust Chairman Joe Ellis CEO Joe Ellis President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 - 2016 ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) , Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ,",
"1": "2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2001 -- present ) The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust . The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since 2001 , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos have the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe , and the most recently elected member , Terrell Davis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.3.",
"2": "1 1997 - 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2. 3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.4 Ring of Fame 7.5 Super Bowl MVPs 7.6 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Denver Broncos . Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 .",
"3": "On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . 1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 .",
"4": "In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history .",
"5": "The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . 1997 - 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons .",
"6": "After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach .",
"7": "Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 -- 10 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries .",
"8": "This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 -- 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 -- 2005 .",
"9": "Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . 2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler ( who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns ) to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone .",
"10": "Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries ( edit ) Divisional ( edit ) See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders .",
"11": "Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 61 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 -- 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs .",
"12": "Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical ( edit ) Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 -- 89 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times , more than any other NFL team , with the Broncos owning a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers .",
"13": "Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 -- 69 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 -- 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys .",
"14": "The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 -- 15 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 -- 96 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added .",
"15": "From 1969 -- 1971 , and again from 1978 -- 79 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange .",
"16": "When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 -- 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 -- 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 -- 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result .",
"17": "When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 -- 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 -- 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 .",
"18": "The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season . Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) Super Bowl Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 -- 2000 For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! ''",
"19": "every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 -- 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season .",
"20": "In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Chad Kelly 12 Paxton Lynch 13 Trevor Siemian Running backs 22 C.J. Anderson 23 Devontae Booker 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 11 Carlos Henderson 84 Isaiah McKenzie 10 Emmanuel Sanders 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 80 Jake Butt 82 Jeff Heuerman 83 Matt LaCosse 86 Austin Traylor Offensive linemen 72 Garett Bolles T 64 J.J. Dielman G 76 Max Garcia G 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T 65 Ronald Leary G 60 Connor McGovern C 75 Menelik Watson T Defensive linemen 99 Adam Gotsis DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 94 Domata Peko NT 95 Derek Wolfe DE Linebackers 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 56 Shane Ray OLB 57 DeMarcus Walker OLB Defensive backs 20 Jamal Carter SS 25 Chris Harris Jr .",
"21": "CB 39 Michael Hunter CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 34 Will Parks FS 38 Marcus Rios CB 29 Bradley Roby CB 31 Justin Simmons SS 26 Darian Stewart FS 21 Aqib Talib CB 35 Dymonte Thomas S Special teams 9 Riley Dixon P 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists -- Kenny Bell WR ( Future ) 91 Paul Boyette DE ( Future ) 15 River Cracraft WR ( Future ) -- Andreas Knappe OT ( Future ) 19 Jordan Leslie WR ( Future ) 59 Stansly Maponga OLB ( Future ) 30 Jordan Moore SS ( Future ) 89 Brian Parker TE ( Future ) 81 Tim Patrick WR ( Future ) 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G ( Future ) 49 Marcus Rush OLB ( Future ) 69 Jhaustin Thomas DE ( Future ) -- DeShawn Williams DE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 73 Allen Barbre G 28 Jamaal Charles RB 93 Jared Crick DE 51 Todd Davis ILB 85 Virgil Green TE 14 Cody Latimer WR 52 Corey Nelson ILB 17 Brock Osweiler QB 71 Donald Stephenson OT 77 Billy Turner G 97 Billy Winn DE Restricted FAs 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB 16 Bennie Fowler III WR 61 Matt Paradis C Exclusive - Rights FAs 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 96 Shelby Harris DE 43 Joseph Jones ILB 42 Casey Kreiter LS 90 Kyle Peko NT 87 Jordan Taylor WR 68 Elijah Wilkinson OT Rookies in italics Roster updated January 17 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 44 Active , 13 Inactive ,",
"22": "22 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame ( edit ) The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No .",
"23": "Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K ,",
"24": "RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- The Pat Bowlen Trust President / Chairman / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J.",
"25": "Durso Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave Quarterbacks -- Mike Sullivan Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line ( Guards / Centers ) -- Sean Kugler Offensive Line ( Tackles ) -- Chris Strausser Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Marcus Robertson Defensive Backs ( Cornerbacks ) -- Greg Williams Defensive Assistant / Defensive Line -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Pass Rush Specialist -- Vacant Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Luke Richesson Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Eubanks Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region .",
"26": "On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history .",
"27": "As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 .",
"28": "Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) .",
"29": "`` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) .",
"30": "`` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) .",
"31": "`` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) .",
"32": "`` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) .",
"33": "`` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) .",
"34": "`` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Daniel ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` What do you think about the Denver Broncos `` color rush '' uniforms ? `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos .",
"35": "Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) .",
"36": "`` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums",
"37": "Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998",
"38": "2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC",
"39": "East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto",
"40": "Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Colorado Baseball MLB Colorado Rockies PCL Colorado Springs Sky Sox PioL Grand Junction Rockies Pecos Trinidad Triggers Basketball NBA Denver Nuggets ABA Colorado Kings Football NFL Denver Broncos WFA Mile High Blaze Rocky Mountain Thunderkatz IWFL Colorado Freeze Ice hockey NHL Colorado Avalanche ECHL Colorado Eagles WSHL Colorado Jr .",
"41": "Eagles Superior RoughRiders Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Raptors Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures ,",
"42": "Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Sports Authority Field at Mile High Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Broncos&oldid=820790117 '' Categories : Denver Broncos American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Denver Companies based in Arapahoe County , Colorado Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"43": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does zay come to girl meets world
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[
"May 13, 2015",
"Girl Meets the Secret of Life"
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{
"0": "List of girl Meets world episodes - wikipedia List of girl Meets world episodes Jump to : navigation , search Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27 , 2014 to January 20 , 2017 . The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard , Ben Savage , Sabrina Carpenter , Peyton Meyer , August Maturo , Danielle Fishel , and Corey Fogelmanis . The series centers around the life of Riley and her friends and family , particularly their school life , in which Cory is their history teacher . Riley shares a strong relationship with her best friend Maya Hart , who assists her in learning to cope with the social and personal issues of adolescence . Several Boy Meets World cast members reprise their roles in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Special ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3 See also 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) Special April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 30 May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 21 June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) While Corey Fogelmanis becomes listed as a main cast member later in the season , he is a guest star for thirteen episodes . No . overall No.",
"1": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Girl Meets World '' John Whitesell Michael Jacobs June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) 101 5.16 In her bedroom , Riley Matthews and her best friend , Maya Hart , try to sneak out her window to ride the subway , but are stopped by Riley 's parents , Cory and Topanga Matthews . Cory and Topanga give them the permission to ride the subway , but only if they make the world theirs , instead of their parents . On the subway , they meet a handsome boy named Lucas Friar , whom Riley immediately develops a crush on . In history class , Cory assigns the class to write an essay on something they would fight for . Riley and Maya decide to fight for no homework , which leads to accidentally setting off a fire alarm sprinkler . Riley winds up choosing to fight for friendship instead , and Cory and Topanga understand Riley is growing up and they need to be there for her . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Jackée as Evelyn Rand `` Girl Meets Boy '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs July 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) 102 3.23 When Cory 's plan to get his students to communicate face - to - face fails , he takes away their cell phones and assigns the class to prepare a discussion about whether technology has made people better . The whole class has trouble communicating , except for Maya , who is the only one in the class without a smartphone . The group goes to the library to do their research , where Riley and Lucas connect by talking about their interests and Maya discovers that she is a talented artist when given just a pencil and paper . When Riley tells Cory about her conversation with Lucas , he desperately tries to keep them apart and attempts to do so by returning their phones , once he realizes it was he who prompted these emotions into Riley . Cory gives Maya a smartphone , and says to use it to communicate to him if anything beautiful happens in Riley 's life .",
"2": "Cory also buys Maya an art kit , so she can express herself the way she wants to in life . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Danielle Kennedy as Librarian , Taylar Hollomon as Myzell `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' Joel Zwick Cindy Fang July 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 18 ) 104 2.64 Riley becomes jealous when a girl named Missy Bradford starts flirting with Lucas . Consequently , she enlists the help of Maya and Farkle to help her learn to grow up , in hopes that it will make her competition for Missy . After many failed attempts of flirting , Riley discovers that she should enjoy her own age and not hurry to grow up . Meanwhile , Auggie starts acting grown up to impress a girl down the hall named Ava , but Cory and Topanga are not ready for him to grow up yet . Riley tells Auggie that he should enjoy his age and not hurry to grow up either . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Olivia Stuck as Missy , Ava Kolker as Ava `` Girl Meets Father '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes July 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) 106 3.28 Cory struggles with his emotions when Riley wants to attend her first school dance instead of continuing the tradition of the two of them riding the Coney Island Cyclone roller coaster , which they have done every year since Riley was young . Making matters worse , Cory agonizes over Maya 's quitting school after he gives her an F on a quiz . When both girls tell him there is nothing more he can teach them , Cory feels he has lost them , though Topanga assures him that his intentions are good , and he will never give up on those he cares about . He asks Maya to sit down and talk , and shows her that she actually knew all of the answers on the quiz . Cory advises Maya to have confidence in herself , and that she does not need to act as if she does not care . Cory then chaperones the school dance and for the last dance , he chooses to do a father - daughter dance with both Riley and Maya .",
"3": "Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Sari Arambulo as Allison 5 5 `` Girl Meets the Truth '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) 103 2.79 After Riley lies to Farkle that he did a good job in the school play of Romeo and Juliet , Maya tells her that she needs to learn to tell the truth , even if it means hurting others . Soon after , Maya begins wearing a gold locket . When Maya refuses to tell Riley the truth about where it came from , Riley assumes she stole it , which leads to Maya feeling hurt . After Riley finally tells Farkle he was bad in the school play , he thanks her with an unwanted kiss . Soon after , Lucas comes in and tells Riley that Farkle did not steal his first kiss moment with Riley , because his moment will come . Maya admits that she took the locket from a lost and found , and returns the locket to the little girl to whom it belonged . Meanwhile , Topanga antagonizes Cory after he insults her cooking . Guest star : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle 6 6 `` Girl Meets Popular '' Jon Rosenbaum Jeff Menell August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) 111 2.42 Riley gets invited to her first boy - girl party , and expects this to be her ticket to popularity , only to find that it is a `` geek party '' . When Riley realizes that she is adored by the nerds , she decides to become their `` queen '' . By doing so , she reinvents herself to make her something that she is not , only to be popular . Meanwhile , Topanga is knowingly on the wrong side of a case , and channels her inner - former self for motivation to do the right thing . Special guest star : Cloris Leachman as Mrs.",
"4": "Svorski Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Willie Garson as Harrison Miller , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Mekai Curtis as Shumpert , Nathaniel James Potvin as Academic Top Half Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar Note : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter was featured via archive footage in a flashback sequence from the Boy Meets World episode `` Cory 's Alternative Friends '' . 7 7 `` Girl Meets Maya 's Mother '' John Whitesell Matthew Nelson August 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 15 ) 112 4.08 Riley and Maya 's art teacher , Ms. Kossal , comments on Maya 's art work and suggests she show it at the upcoming art fair . On career day , Stuart Minkus , Farkle 's father , visits their school and a battle ensues between him and Topanga . Maya 's mother , Katy Hart , fails to show up until the next day to Maya 's embarrassment , and reveals she is a waitress but aspires to become an actress . When Riley suggests that Katy attend the art fair to see her daughter 's art work , Katy fails to appear again . Riley learns that Katy is afraid of embarrassing Maya ; in response , Katy gives Riley a tuna melt from the diner because she knows Riley will give it to Maya , because it is her favorite . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Lee Norris as Minkus , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal 8 8 `` Girl Meets Smackle '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) 118 2.38 Isadora Smackle , a debate champion from a rival school , seeks the affection of her nemesis , Farkle , but he does not share in that feeling . Smackle turns to Riley and Maya to make her beautiful , but Farkle thinks the makeover is an attempt to get an edge on the upcoming debate on beauty . Even with Lucas joining the debate team to help him out , Farkle soon realizes from Smackle how wrong it is to assume .",
"5": "Smackle quickly realizes that Farkle loves Riley and Maya for who they are and not because they are beautiful . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest star : Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Nathaniel James Potvin as Academic Top Half 9 9 `` Girl Meets 1961 '' Rider Strong Matthew Nelson September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) 114 2.47 Cory 's teaching about the 1960s fails to inspire Riley , Maya , Lucas and Farkle , so he assigns his class a project to research their ancestors of the time . Riley finds out about her great - grandmother Rosie McGee who kept a journal and always saw good in other people . Lucas discovers his great - grandfather Merlin Scoggins was a country singer . Farkle 's research points him to the manager of Greenwich Village 's Café Hey , named Ginsburg , his great - grandfather . He discovers that his grandfather photographed Rosie , Merlin , and a blonde named May Clutterbucket , a young woman whom Maya reluctantly reveals she is related to , because May gave up on things . The four realize they had ancestors who all met that one afternoon , and what they learn about their 1960s counterparts resparks their interest in history . When recording in her journal that May intends to travel to Topanga Canyon , Rosie opines that it is a nice name for something one loves ; implying that , 20 years later , Rhiannon named her daughter Topanga as a result of Rosie 's encounter with May . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 10 10 `` Girl Meets Crazy Hat '' Joel Zwick Lauren Otero September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 107 2.50 Cory splits the class up into two fake companies . The two companies run on completely different principles , one on customer happiness and one on profits . Riley and Maya meet a businesswoman on the subway , who they first assume is a crazy lady , but when she visits them in class , they discover that she has a building named after her .",
"6": "The girls then make a real company , and learn that helping people is better than profits . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Jackée as Evelyn Rand , Ava Kolker as Ava 11 11 `` Girl Meets World of Terror '' Joel Zwick Teresa Kale October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 108 2.23 On Halloween , everyone must confront their greatest fears . Farkle must play baseball in gym class despite being terrified of the ball . Riley goes to a sleepover at Maya 's house despite Maya constantly pointing out that Riley has never stayed for a full night before . Meanwhile , Auggie confronts the monster under his bed . In the end , they all realize that what they are afraid of may not be so frightening after all . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Charlotte Rae as Gammy Hart , Michael D. Roberts as Coach Gleason , Nicolas Bechtel as Monster Under the Bed 12 12 `` Girl Meets the Forgotten '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) 117 2.61 In an effort to teach his students to remember `` the forgotten '' , Cory assigns Riley , Maya , Lucas and Farkle their school service elective when they show a lack of respect for lunch norms . The girls are assigned cafeteria duty and work with Geralyn Thompson , the cafeteria director , while the boys receive janitorial duty and work with janitor Harley Keiner . The four friends quickly learn that these jobs are less than glamorous , and those who do the work every day are not appreciated . After a week of experiencing these jobs , the four become more appreciative . Riley realizes this lesson about the forgotten also extends to home , and thanks her parents for caring for her and Auggie .",
"7": "Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Sonya Eddy as Geralyn Thompson Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 13 13 `` Girl Meets Flaws '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) 116 2.11 Graduation and Awards Night is coming up , and Riley is shocked that she has not been nominated for any awards while her friends have . When Farkle is not present to receive his award , everyone becomes concerned because he never misses class . Suspecting that Farkle is skipping class , Riley , Maya , and Lucas learn that Farkle is being bullied by another student named Billy Ross . To help Farkle , Riley comes up with the idea to have everyone write a label on their forehead , describing their `` flaw '' , and Billy is the only one without a label . After the group confronts Billy over his flaw , he allows Farkle to imprint his label and apologizes to him . The group learns that everybody has something that makes them unique , and these qualities should be respected . On Awards Night , Lucas wins the Athlete Award , Maya wins the `` Griff Hawkins Totally Cool '' Award , and Riley wins the Spirit Award . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Zachary Mitchell as Billy Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 14 14 `` Girl Meets Friendship '' John Whitesell Mark Blutman November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 109 2.21 Cory teaches about government as the election for seventh - grade student council nears . Farkle , Riley and Lucas decide to run , but under different forms of government : Farkle as a dictator , Riley as a princess , and Lucas as a president . Soon , their friendship is put to the test when Maya begins revealing secrets from Lucas ' private life , including that Lucas misses his previous home in Texas .",
"8": "Riley strongly disagrees with Maya 's intentions , and in the end , before the election result is announced , Riley and Maya show a video featuring two of Lucas ' friends from Texas , to emphasize the importance of their friendship . Meanwhile , Auggie 's difficulty sleeping worries Topanga . They quickly realize that he is not sleeping because he wants both of his parents to be there to tuck him in at night , but they both work . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Aramis Knight as Brandon , Ricky Garcia as Asher 15 15 `` Girl Meets Brother '' John Whitesell Randi Barnes & Cindy Fang & Teresa Kale & Lauren Otero November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) 105 2.42 On Cory and Topanga 's 15th anniversary , Auggie needs a babysitter so his parents can have a date night . Meanwhile , Riley is encouraged by Maya to rebel against her parents so they treat her more like an adult . When Riley comes home and says she wants a later curfew , and should be treated more like an adult , Auggie suggests that Riley could babysit him . When Cory and Topanga are unable to get on the subway , they decide to return home to spy on the kids . They find Maya has come over and Auggie and Riley are arguing , because Auggie wants to play with Riley who wants to watch TV . Cory and Topanga sneak into the apartment and watch to see if Riley can make it up to Auggie . Special guest star : Herbie Hancock as himself Guest star : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 16 16 `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' John Whitesell Jeff Menell December 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 05 ) 113 2.49 Cory 's parents , his teenage brother Joshua , and his best friend Shawn Hunter visit for Christmas . Topanga tries to make the perfect holiday dinner to satisfy the guests , especially her mother - in - law . Maya develops a crush on Joshua , while Riley wants to know why Shawn avoids her every time he visits .",
"9": "He admits that after she was born , he felt left behind because his best friend started a family , so he decided to leave New York City . Riley later has Shawn discuss his feelings with her father , and Cory encourages Shawn to find someone and `` begin '' his life . Riley then puts Shawn and Maya together to figure out their life problems , causing Shawn and Maya to realize how much they are like each other . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , William Russ as Alan Matthews , Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 17 17 `` Girl Meets Game Night '' Michael Kelly Cindy Fang & Lauren Otero & Randi Barnes January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) 115 2.64 Family Game Night is a monthly tradition at the Matthews ' apartment , and Cory , Topanga , Riley and Auggie are set to play , with Auggie inviting a special family member , Uncle Josh . Riley 's friends - first attitude gets her into deep trouble , when she invites Maya , Lucas and Farkle to the occasion . Ava eventually shows up as well and takes part in the game with Auggie . Cory stresses the importance of family with the game night , but is agitated over the four extra guests . Maya , on the other hand , is delighted over Josh being there ; he decides to emcee the game after she gets too close . As the game progresses , it becomes evident how the friends interfere . Later , Riley has a chance to win , but realizing from Maya the value of simply playing with her family , she decides to go with the longer version of the game , where even the friends prove to be valuable in getting through it . The group discovers the `` long game '' actually is a game which parallels life .",
"10": "Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews 18 18 `` Girl Meets Master Plan '' Jon Rosenbaum Michael Jacobs January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) 119 2.71 It is Maya 's fourteenth birthday , and Riley and the others have something special planned when Shawn comes to visit . They want to set Shawn up with Maya 's mother . When Maya hears this , she dislikes the idea because she thinks her mom just drives men away and fears this will happen to Shawn . This changes though when Shawn urges Katy to reveal the truth of what happened with Maya 's father . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 19 19 `` Girl Meets Farkle 's Choice '' John Whitesell Mark Blutman February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 110 2.25 Farkle is nominated for a Buggie Award , and is faced with the dilemma of taking either Riley or Maya with him to the ceremony . After he goes on a date with both of them , the girls compete in an attempt to influence him . When it reaches the point which they are fighting over him , Farkle chooses to attend the award show alone because he does not want to see them fight , yet both girls are hurt by his decision . In the end , Riley and Maya show up at the ceremony to support their friend . As for the award itself , Farkle finishes second to Smackle . Meanwhile , Topanga starts a children 's book club ; with Ava and her mother Judy in attendance , and Topanga finally sees where Ava has picked up her attitude and manners .",
"11": "Special guest star : Jane Lynch as herself Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Ava Kolker as Ava , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Reagan Pasternak as Judy Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 20 20 `` Girl Meets First Date '' Rider Strong Susan Estelle Jansen March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 120 2.28 Cory embraces the idea of `` first love '' at the end of the school year , until he realizes Riley is among those experiencing it with Lucas . As Cory desperately tries to keep them apart , Lucas decides he wants to go about things right by asking Cory and Topanga for their blessing to date their daughter . Feeling that Riley is too young to be dating , Cory agrees to the date on the condition that it is a double date , with Maya and Farkle accompanying the two . Meanwhile , Auggie and Ava quickly get `` engaged '' and then `` married '' , but Topanga escorts the `` bride '' out of the Matthews ' apartment . Uncle Josh also pays a visit with plans to attend a pre-college program at NYU all summer . He takes an interest in a tour guide from the university , but being three years older than him , she turns him down . Maya understands what he is going through after experiencing same rejection from him . After Josh leaves the train that Riley , Maya , Farkle , and Lucas are going to their dates on , Riley sees how sad Maya is and Lucas notices too , telling Riley to go comfort her . After , Maya pushes Riley into Lucas ' lap , paralleling the scene in the first episode . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Samantha Boscarino as Sophie Miller Special ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This episode aired between the first and second season as part of Disney Channel 's `` What the What '' special event and is not classified as an episode from either season despite being filmed during season two . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"12": "viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Girl Meets Demolition '' `` Girl Meets What the What '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 207 2.08 Riley and Maya want money to buy clothes , so they go to Demolition , an accessory store , to buy new outfits . The cashier , Aubrey , manipulates the two girls into giving away all their clothes . Riley sees a pretty dress and becomes obsessed over it , so she decides to use a $500 emergency credit card Topanga gave her to buy it , despite Maya 's urging not to . The girls tell Cory what happened and demands to speak to Aubrey , but when he does , she brainwashes him into thinking he looks like Justin Timberlake and he ends up being scammed into buying an expensive outfit . Topanga gets irritated from the circumstance ; Cory then tells Topanga they all spend $1,200 worth of clothes . Enraged , Topanga goes down to Demolition to tell the owners that Aubrey scammed her daughter and husband into buying extravagant items . The owners turn out to be Aubrey 's parents , who are delighted that she scammed someone into giving her money . Later , Aubrey gets a phone call from Evelyn Rand saying she wants the dress Aubrey sold to Riley back for $2,500 , but Aubrey insists on $4,000 . Evelyn arrives and teaches Aubrey a valuable life lesson , causing Aubrey to turn over a new leaf . At the end of the episode , Aubrey goes up to the Matthews apartment , asking Riley and Maya to teach her how to be a better person . Special guest star : Debby Ryan as Aubrey Guest stars : Jackée as Evelyn Rand , Stephanie Erb as Hillary , David Starzyk as Ron Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus Note : This episode is not considered a part of season one , but instead a special episode that was a part of Disney 's `` What the What Weekend '' .",
"13": "Additionally , Disney calls the episode `` Girl Meets What the What '' to tie into the programming event , but the show 's writers and other sources refer to it as `` Girl Meets Demolition '' . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Girl Meets Gravity '' Rider Strong Randi Barnes May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 201 2.05 Riley , Maya , Lucas , and Farkle start their first day of the eighth grade at John Quincy Adams Middle School . After the girls startle their new teacher Mr. Martinez with their rudeness , he quits and Cory replaces him . Riley and Maya then decide to transfer classes , desiring to have a different teacher than Cory . They quickly discover that their new history teacher is very strict , and forces the girls to be separated against their wishes . They also notice that their new classmates are almost identical in both appearance and personalities to Riley , Maya , Farkle and Lucas . The girls later transfer back to Cory 's classroom and restore normalcy . However , the girls are still restless , feeling like their parents are always `` circling '' around them like planets . Riley talks about the Sun , Earth and the Earth 's orbit throughout the episode , and in the end , it is revealed Mrs. Svorski , the former owner of the bakery , has died and Riley was speaking at her funeral . Special guest stars : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny , Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Svorski Guest stars : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Delon de Metz as Mr. Martinez , Senta Moses as Alterna - Cory Note : Corey Fogelmanis is added to the main title sequence . 23 `` Girl Meets the New World '' Joel Zwick Teresa Kale May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 208 2.14 Maya begins to pressure Riley to find out what happened on her date with Lucas .",
"14": "Their classmates at school know that Riley and Lucas kissed , and begin pressuring the two to tell everyone if they are dating . Later on , Riley and Lucas confirm they are dating , telling Cory and Topanga about their kiss , which Cory is shocked about . Things become awkward , and even though Riley and Lucas have strong feelings for each other , they decide to break up and remain friends . Meanwhile , Maya and Farkle get `` engaged '' and then `` married '' . Elsewhere , Topanga becomes frustrated while trying to teach Auggie 's new friend that his name is Dewey , but he thinks his name is pronounced `` Doy '' . Guest star : Cooper Friedman as Dewey 24 `` Girl Meets the Secret of Life '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mark Blutman May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 202 2.60 One of Lucas 's friends from Texas , Zay Babineaux , transfers to John Adams , and alludes to the fact that Lucas acted quite differently back in Texas . This causes Riley significant distress , and she begins to worry that Lucas may not be the right boyfriend for her . After discovering Lucas was expelled from his previous school , a parallel discussion begins in which Cory asks his students what the secret of life is . To further the conversation for the next class , Cory assigns the students to wash a car together and claims by doing so , they will find the secret of life . A disagreement regarding Lucas 's personality in Texas starts after the friends begin spraying each other with water . After they finish washing the car , Zay runs into a bully and Lucas attempts to help his friend out as Riley and Maya watch . Lucas threatens the bully away , and reveals to Riley that the reason he was expelled is because his temper got the best of him when Zay was in trouble . Through Cory 's lesson , the friends then realize that whatever Lucas 's personality was before he came to New York does not matter , as they have all changed him for the better .",
"15": "Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Shak Ghacha as Joey Ricciardella 25 `` Girl Meets Pluto '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 203 2.36 Riley is shocked when Maya tells her that Pluto is no longer considered a planet . Cory asks his students how they think they will be remembered in history , and he suggests creating a class time capsule . Cory then remembers the time capsule that he , Topanga , and Shawn buried fifteen years ago in Philadelphia , causing him to elatedly go out and buy shovels so they can dig it up . Maya and Riley go to Philadelphia with Cory , Topanga , and Shawn to dig up the time capsule in Mr. Feeny 's yard . Shawn reveals his contribution to the time capsule was the contents of his ex-girlfriend Angela 's purse , causing Maya to believe that Shawn does not actually love her mother as she had hoped . Shawn reassures her , telling Maya that he will always be there for her if she needs it . Later , the friends fill their own time capsule with various things that signify importance to them , including Riley 's pluto ball , Farkle 's orange turtleneck and Lucas 's transfer slip . Maya asks her friends to leave so she can put in her contribution , which is a picture of Shawn and her mother together with her on her 14th birthday . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 26 5 `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Michael Jacobs May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) 204 2.20 Riley and Maya get into a huge argument which threatens their friendship . The feud prompts Cory to call on his older brother Eric to mediate , recalling his people skills in settling a feud when they were in college .",
"16": "After Eric arrives at the Matthews ' apartment , he listens to the girls , and Maya reveals a comment Lucas made about her height , which Riley decided to agree with rather than considering how hurtful the comment was to her friend . Eric is later a guest in Cory 's class , and he gathers the students just outside the classroom , where Riley and Maya further discuss their problem . It turns out the other students , including Farkle , Lucas and Zay , are dealing with similar issues for their age . Eric shows them that what they are going through is normal , and they should be supportive of each other even with these issues . Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux 27 6 `` Girl Meets the Tell - Tale - Tot '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale June 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) 205 2.19 Uncle Josh visits Cory and his family again , with great news about being accepted into NYU , to Maya 's delight . There is a welcoming party for Josh at a friend 's dormitory at the university , which Maya is determined to attend . It starts late at night , so Maya pretends to have a sleepover at Riley 's with plans to sneak out . Though Riley knows it is wrong , she decides to accompany Maya , and the two devise a scheme so that Riley 's parents are unaware that they are at this party . Auggie later unfoils the scheme , but keeps quiet . While Riley enjoys her first taste of college life , Maya regrets being there when she sees Josh speaking with other girls and realizes she is not in their league . Josh is startled to see Riley and Maya , and takes the two home after trying to set things straight regarding Maya 's feelings for him . Riley ends up grounded for two weeks for sneaking out , and Auggie is grounded for one week , for not speaking up about his sister .",
"17": "Guest stars : Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Madison McLaughlin as Jasmine , Cynthy Wu as Charlotte , Tajh Bellow as Andrew Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar Note : `` Tell - Tale - Tot '' is in reference to Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , which Cory teaches his class in this episode , with a large tater tot representing one 's conscience . 28 7 `` Girl Meets Rules '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Randi Barnes June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) 211 2.04 Cory gives his entire class detention . While Cory is out of the classroom , the class splits into two separate groups , one led by Riley and the other by Maya . Rileytown represents order and structure ; the quieter students stay with Riley in the classroom . Maya 's group , which represents chaos and rebellion , walks out . Lucas and Farkle follow the rebels and join Mayaville . Each group eventually realizes how much they need the other group to balance things , and Riley and Maya similarly discover how much they need each other . Guest stars : Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern 29 8 `` Girl Meets Hurricane '' William Russ Matthew Nelson June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 209 2.07 After giving Maya `` fatherly advice '' about her needing to dress differently , Shawn buys her a whole new wardrobe of clothes , as a gift from both him and Katy . This gives Maya hope that her mother and Shawn will grow closer . Maya holds on to that hope even when Shawn 's old girlfriend Angela pays a visit . As the two catch up on their past , Angela and Shawn realize what they had for each other has prepared them for what is happening in their lives right now . Angela , already married for four years to a military man , looks to Shawn for advice on starting a family and asks him whether she will be a good mother . She also notices Maya and Katy , and wants Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy .",
"18": "Later , Katy asks Shawn out on a date , and after receiving further advice from his late father Chet who appears to him for the big moment , Shawn accepts . Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Trina McGee as Angela Moore , Blake Clark as Chet Hunter 30 9 `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels Goes to Washington '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mark Blutman July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) 210 2.09 Cory 's students argue that the election is not relevant to their generation because they are unable to vote or influence the events . Quickly after , Eric bursts into the classroom and announces he has been nominated to run for New York senator . Eric explains to the Matthews Family that a man came up to him and claimed he was the only person who could beat his opponent , Senator Graham , though he later discovers he was purposefully chosen by someone who works for his opponent to make Senator Graham look good . Eric decides to use his opponent 's lack of empathy to his advantage , and bases his campaign speech on how he could make the election relevant to everyone , including children , rather than picking on the little guy . At the campaign speech , a man whom Eric met earlier at Topanga 's reveals himself to be Tommy , a little boy that Eric fostered and considered adopting when he was in college . Due to his fantastic speech , Eric wins the election and attempts to become closer to Tommy once again . Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Nicholas Hormann as Senator Graham , Lamont Thompson as Zachary T. Wolff , J.B. Gaynor as TJ Murphy Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 31 10 `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 212 2.37 When Riley 's English teacher retires , a new teacher named Harper Burgess takes his place . She has an unconventional teaching style that inspires the students , especially Maya , but soon gets in trouble with Principal Yancy for using The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller as subject matter .",
"19": "When Cory stands up to defend this new teacher , his job is placed in jeopardy as well . Jonathan Turner is called in to see if she is worthy of being kept as a teacher . He mentions that he taught X-Men to his class , and in regard to To Kill a Mockingbird , mentions that her dad named her Harper Lee Burgess , after the author of the novel . Harper Burgess is kept on as a teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School , and continues to use her unconventional teaching style to inspire students . Guest stars : Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner , Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess , Stuart Pankin as Principal Yancy 32 11 `` Girl Meets Fish '' Michael A . Joseph David J. Jacobs & Michael Jacobs July 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) 121 2.19 When it is Riley 's turn to take care of the class fish , she discovers it is dead . Auggie suspects foul play and investigates the matter . As Riley and Maya pay a visit to Phil 's fish store for a replacement , the rest of the class is gathered at Riley 's apartment for questioning . Farkle , the last to care for the fish , is the first in the hot seat and admits to replacing the fish several times , due to each one dying in separate mishaps . Maya and Lucas are then questioned , only to discover they too replaced the fish multiple times on their watch . In fact , each of the students replaced the fish during their turns to care for it . As for the fish Riley was to look after , it is revealed Auggie fed graham crackers to the fish right before it was handed to Riley , causing it to die . Though the case is solved , Auggie feels awful that he killed the fish , but Riley forgives him and allows him to care for its replacement . The entire class then visits Phil 's fish store for a new class fish , and they hope it will live a long life with proper care . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Hugh Dane as Phil Note : This episode was filmed during the first season , but was held back and later aired during the second season for Disney Channel 's `` Whodunit ? ''",
"20": "special event . Corey Fogelmanis is credited as `` also starring '' after the episode 's opening credits sequence since it is the season one opening , even though he is in the season two opening credits . 33 12 `` Girl Meets Yearbook '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 214 2.33 When Riley and Farkle dislike what their school yearbook says about them , they decide to change their personalities because they believe students are making fun of their quirkiness . Farkle , who is unique enough to have his own category in the yearbook , transforms into a regular guy named Donnie Barnes . Riley becomes increasingly uncomfortable when she is voted the person who would be `` most likely to smile themselves to death . '' It is also learned that the entirety of their class views Maya and Lucas as boyfriend and girlfriend , despite the two being completely unaware of where the idea came from . Unable to deal with how other people view her , Riley assumes a morose alter - ego named Morosha M. Black . Riley 's change deeply affects Maya , who in turn seeks to become her best friend and emulate her . Lucas is not pleased about these changes in his friends , who are letting what others say affect them , and he wants them to be themselves again . Cory 's history lesson about Iceland and Greenland , and how people settled in Greenland because of its name , then perished , serves as a reminder to the class not to be misguided by what others say . Guest star : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 34 13 `` Girl Meets Semi-Formal '' Joel Zwick Will Friedle August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) 216 2.20 Riley is forced to examine her relationship with Lucas when another boy named Charlie Gardner asks her to a big semi-formal dance . Charlie asks Riley on a date and seems like the perfect date to Riley , but Lucas assumes he and Riley were going together .",
"21": "Meanwhile , newly elected Senator Eric reunites with his old friend Jack Hunter when he comes to Eric , on behalf of a large corporation that wants to build a pipeline . Eric recognizes that Jack has lost his way , and tries to save his friend by showing him a simpler way of life , which leads to him meeting Riley at the semi-formal dance . Maya and Lucas dance together and share an awkward moment when Lucas denies that they are dancing , fumbling over his words , which Maya questions . Riley dances with Farkle and Charlie while still confused of her true feelings . Special guest star : Sheppard as themselves Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Matthew Lawrence as Jack Hunter , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner , Phil Morris as Agent LaChance Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 35 14 `` Girl Meets Creativity '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Matthew Nelson August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) 218 2.26 The group learns that the school 's art programs are being canceled due to budget cuts , and Lucas inspires the group to try and save art class , which Maya is passionate about . Though Maya is skeptical to step up against authority , she is eventually convinced with Riley 's help to fight for what she believes in . With Cory 's assistance , the girls reach out to Superintendent Turner , who says that he is not in favor of cutting arts either , but claims the school 's budget is very limited . Still not satisfied with Turner 's answer , Maya and her friends go to the school board meeting and show the board members how taking away the arts actually will affect students . After a creative demonstration by the five friends , the school board agrees to think differently about how important the arts are , while also making the promise that they will work out the budget cuts without cutting any art programs . Guest stars : Diana Maria Riva as Chairperson Sanchez , Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Aisha Kabia as Ms.",
"22": "Kossal 36 15 `` Girl Meets Farkle '' `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' Willie Garson Mark Blutman September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) 217 1.85 Results of a school IQ test show Farkle to be a genius , and the Minkuses hold a party for their son at Topanga 's . Isadora Smackle comes to the party and invites Farkle to transfer to Einstein Academy . Later , additional tests identify that Farkle may have Asperger 's syndrome , a form of autism . Though in disbelief at first , Riley , Maya and Lucas help their friend understand the symptoms , one of which is a difficulty understanding love . Farkle tries to explore that by hanging out with Smackle , who shows compassion when he tells her he may have Asperger 's . Smackle later decides to observe Farkle in Cory 's class , and after Farkle confirms he does not have Asperger 's , she feels uncomfortable but realizes he belongs around his friends rather than at Einstein Academy . Seeing how Smackle interacts with everyone , including how she feels being hugged , Riley and Maya deduce she has Asperger 's , and Smackle tells them she was diagnosed with it at the age of five . Farkle shows the same compassion Smackle showed him after discovering this . Guest stars : Lee Norris as Minkus , Kristanna Loken as Jennifer Bassett Minkus , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cyrina Fiallo as Ms. Oben Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 37 16 `` Girl Meets Cory and Topanga '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) 220 2.42 Riley wonders how she will positively impact the world , and feels she will never be as `` perfect '' as her parents . In exploring this question , she and Maya talk to a nun at an orphanage and a clown at the circus , but Riley is reminded about being in her parents ' shadow when she sees them contributing at those places .",
"23": "Maya suggests Riley tell some stories she remembers about her parents ' young days , and the two see Cory and Topanga at their age . As Riley sees a little of both of her parents in her , and their quirks , she is reminded by the younger Topanga that she is unique . Guest stars : Ken Hudson Campbell as Jingles the Clown , Diona Reasonover as Sister Mary Beth 38 17 `` Girl Meets Rileytown '' Michael A . Joseph Lauren Otero September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 223 2.62 Maya describes Riley 's place of uniqueness as `` Rileytown '' , but mere mention of that word causes Riley to become irate and call Maya a `` bully '' . At the same time , the two girls and the rest of Cory 's class learn how to resolve conflicts . With the Aaron Burr - Alexander Hamilton conflict as the class example , Riley decides to challenge Maya to a duel , and they carry it out at Topanga 's , using ice cream as their weaponry . After Maya backs out , Riley ice - creams her . Maya becomes aware that something is wrong with Riley , and Farkle , recalling when he was bullied , thinks someone is bullying Riley . Maya talks to Riley and wants her to open up about what is going on . Riley explains that she is being bullied by someone sending her threatening text messages , and that the term `` Rileytown '' caused her to feel different and humiliated , causing her to take it out on Maya . Farkle , Lucas , and Zay come to talk to her as well , saying she can come to them if something is bothering her , which is further discussed in her father 's class . The bully has been taking videos of Riley at school which include Riley giving herself `` award ceremonies '' every Friday , and threatens to send the rest of the school those videos . To confront her unseen bully , Riley shows she is not ashamed of her quirky personality by performing one of her award ceremonies in front of the whole school . The unseen bully realizes that she can no longer damage Riley 's confidence and runs away .",
"24": "Guest star : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 39 18 `` Girl Meets World of Terror 2 '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 215 2.38 Auggie , along with Doy and Ava , narrates the `` Second Annual Scary Time Theater '' which highlights three separate Halloween tales . In the first segment , Riley and Maya both dress up as flapper girls per the suggestion of a ghost whom resides in the bay window . The ghost explains to Riley and Maya that she remains in the bay window because it used to be hers , and she wants the subsequent owners to enjoy the space as much as she did . Riley and Maya struggle to get the ghost out of the bay window , until the ghost mispronounces Doy 's name and he lets out an ear - piercing scream , causing the ghost to leave the window . In the second segment , Riley and Maya inadvertently find the ghost again in a haunted house , and attempt to help her friend , Tessie , become friendly again . The girls are unable to help Tessie and run away in terror . Finally , Riley and Maya believe that Doy has turned them into cartoon characters , though they later discover it the ghost once again , using her magic to influence them . After one last time of watching the girls , the ghost finally decides that it is time to move on , because the girls appreciate the bay window 's true power . Special guest stars : Ross Lynch as Austin Moon , Laura Marano as Ally Dawson Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Brittany Ross as Ghost Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus 40 19 `` Girl Meets Rah Rah '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 222 3.31 After years of failing to make the cheerleading squad , Riley is determined to get on the squad this time , but Coach Kelly shows little faith in her and expects her to quit .",
"25": "Maya , Lucas , Farkle , and Zay attend the tryouts to support her , though even they have their doubts of her succeeding . Riley manages to get through the three days of tryouts , even with the mistakes and injuries , but when she is finally cut , she is faced with deciding whether to give up on cheerleading . While Cory worries about his daughter 's desire to become a cheerleader , as her teacher , he encourages her to continue pursuing something she is passionate about . Despite Coach Kelly not placing her on the squad initially , Riley 's spirit and persistence pay off . Guest stars : Perez Hilton as himself , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Jennifer Hasty as Coach Kelly , Courtney Schwartz as Samantha , Savannah Winters as Jenkins , Jacqueline A. Benoit as Nurse 41 20 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 1 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Michael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) 224 2.94 Riley and Maya learn that Lucas failed a sheep - riding contest years ago and mistakenly enter him in a bull - riding contest in Texas . When it is revealed how dangerous the event is , Riley tries to convince Lucas to go through with it . However , Maya is completely opposed to the idea and begs him not to participate . This results in Riley realizing Maya 's true feelings for Lucas . Guest stars : M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Tahmus Rounds as Cletis , Madison Mason as McCullough Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews , Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews 42 21 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 2 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Matthew Nelson & Michael Jacobs October 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) 225 2.88 The group spends their first night out in Texas . Zay reunites with his old flame , Vanessa , thanks to Riley and Maya . Meanwhile , Riley begins to understand that Maya had stepped back for the sake of their friendship , and Riley tells Lucas about Maya 's feelings .",
"26": "Lucas pressures Maya to say whether she likes him or not . She denies it , but as she does , Lucas surprises her by trying to kiss her , causing tension and confusion between the two about their true feelings for each other . Special guest stars : Maddie & Tae as themselves Guest stars : M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Chandler Kinney as Vanessa Absent : Ben Savage as Cory Matthews , August Maturo as Auggie Matthews , Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews 43 22 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 3 '' Ben Savage Michael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 227 3.12 Riley has convinced herself that she and Lucas are like brother and sister , in order to give Maya a chance to understand how she really feels about him . Now , Maya and Lucas can not communicate , mirroring Riley and Lucas ' awkwardness when they were dating . Whilst Maya and Lucas are finding it difficult to take a step forward in their relationship until Maya resumes her teasing behavior , which makes Lucas happy . Riley is pursued by Charlie Gardner and she agrees to date him . In the end , Farkle helps Riley realize she still likes Lucas , and they share a long conversation at Topanga 's which results in a hug . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner 44 23 `` Girl Meets the Forgiveness Project '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 221 2.51 When Cory comes up with the idea of a forgiveness project , everyone expresses their feelings on paper to someone they wish to forgive . Riley writes to Auggie and Lucas and Zay write to Farkle , while Maya decides to write to her father , Kermit , who appears at Topanga 's after receiving Maya 's letter . That comes as a shock to Katy , but Maya wants to give Kermit a chance to be part of her life again after he failed to be for the last nine years .",
"27": "As Maya and the rest of Cory 's class miss the point of forgiveness , Cory explains to them that they need to give those they are forgiving an opportunity to show remorse for their wrongdoing before the assignment can even begin . Riley , Lucas , and Zay have little difficulty in forgiving , while Maya 's situation is a different story . Kermit explains to her why he left her and her mother and started a different family . Maya understands what her father did and is no longer angry with him , but she can not forgive him . She tearfully confesses to Cory she failed the assignment , but Cory says he did not expect her to reconcile with her father right away , if ever . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , David Thomas Jenkins as Kermit , Carlos Antonio as Howie 45 24 `` Girl Meets Belief '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 213 2.15 After Maya finds money just outside Cory 's classroom , she wants to buy ice cream with it , but Riley tells her it is not her money . As they go into class , Cory has the class look at each other 's beliefs ; he assigns Riley and Maya to report about Thomas Jefferson , and Lucas and Farkle to report about Joan of Arc . The assignment creates tension among the four because of their differing beliefs , causing them to switch partners . Maya takes a brief break from Riley , because Riley pressures her to believe in something . While the four continue to work on the assignment and discuss their beliefs in Riley 's bedroom , Cory gives them insight about why their beliefs are different , and tells them listening to others helps to form their beliefs . What the four learn about Jefferson and Joan of Arc also influences what they believe . Farkle realizes some things are not scientifically explained , such as his friendships for which he is grateful . Maya tries praying after discovering Riley believes in God , and gives back the money she found earlier . Riley and Lucas question why they need each other , since they are not challenged or learning from each other . Meanwhile , Auggie prays Mrs. Svorski is not alone in heaven by talking to her .",
"28": "46 25 `` Girl Meets the New Year '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 229 2.07 When Harper teaches about Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility in English class , Riley and Maya soon realize their similarities to the novel 's two main characters . Having seen the movie adaptation , Charlie shares with the class that a relationship must have both sense and sensibility to work . Riley is inspired by the novel to host a New Year 's Eve party for all of her friends from school . Meanwhile , Farkle continues to be frustrated with Riley for not telling Lucas how she truly feels about him ; Farkle gives her until midnight on New Year 's Eve to do so , or he will . During his class , Cory teaches the importance of friendship and growth , and how without proper care , feelings can ruin them . At the party , Charlie and the group play a couples game , in which Maya and Lucas are partners . Riley , Maya , and Lucas become uncomfortable as the game progresses . Riley ends the game on her turn and brings everyone up to the roof , minutes before the new year begins . On the rooftop , Riley asks Farkle for more time to confess her true feelings , but he refuses as he does not want lies to cause further damage . Wanting to be with Riley at midnight , Charlie tries to show he cares about her . Riley tells him while that makes sense , a good relationship needs to have sensibility as well , leaving the two alone on separate sides of the roof . Maya , still confused about her feelings , tells Lucas that she wants to start off the new year being nice to him and that she is glad they will be together at midnight . He grins and says that makes up for everything . When the clock strikes midnight , Riley tries to escape just as Farkle yells out the truth , causing Maya and Lucas to be dismayed by the revelation . Everyone leaves except for Riley , Maya , and Lucas . The three sit alone on a bench , confused .",
"29": "Guest stars : Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle 47 26 `` Girl Meets STEM '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 219 1.62 For the mid-term science experiment , Mr. Norton has Riley and her classmates examine a solution by placing a mystery marble into clear liquid , with one person of each boy - girl team dropping the marble and the other working out the scientific calculations . When Riley sees it is only the girls who are putting the marbles into the liquid and leaving the boys to do the science , she is offended and refuses to follow that trend . She gathers the girls into her bedroom to discuss why this is happening , and makes them realize they are not seeing their potential . She also confronts Farkle , her science experiment partner , about his perceived stereotyping of girls ; he takes the blame and apologizes to Riley for not allowing her to pursue her interest in science . While the marble - liquid solution is simply sludge , there is a bigger picture to the experiment which Riley has already figured out . She presents her finding to Mr. Norton , who informs the class it is at their age that girls begin to lose interest in the STEM subjects . The rest of the class can not see their partners due to the beaker of sludge in their way , but Riley and Farkle can see each other crystal clear , because they worked together equally to complete the science . Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton 48 27 `` Girl Meets Money '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Aaron Jacobs & Jeff Menell January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 226 2.20 As Cory teaches his class about the value of money , and Stuart makes a risky investment on new technology for Minkus International , Farkle becomes concerned about being poor . He quickly starts seeing there is greater value to his friendships and family than money and material things can give .",
"30": "Cory goes further into his money lesson by emphasizing there is a large part of the world that is less fortunate , revealing a greater `` secret of life '' : kindness and charity toward others . Cory challenges the class to come up with ideas for using money to help those in need , but this prompts Farkle to leave class immediately and to talk to his father about their relationship and his company 's purpose , saying he needs to do more for the rest of the world . Because of the heartfelt conversation , Stuart begins a charitable organization and looks to give away money for a charitable cause . With help from NBA owner Mark Cuban , Stuart , Cory and Topanga listen to Riley , Lucas , Maya and Farkle about how they would help the less fortunate . Ultimately , on Farkle 's request , Stuart and Mark invest on Maya , who lives in need and appreciates all she has been given . Meanwhile , Auggie worries about his father when he does not receive his whole allowance , but learns the importance of Cory 's contributions as a teacher , despite being paid less than Topanga . Guest stars : Mark Cuban as Mark Cuban , Lee Norris as Minkus 49 28 `` Girl Meets Commonism '' Danielle Fishel Joshua Jacobs & Michael Jacobs February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 206 1.75 Riley and Lucas are two members on the school honor board , which is to decide a case involving Maya and Farkle . Riley , who finds out Maya cheated off Farkle on a test , wants them off the hook for the sake of their friendship , but Lucas disagrees , as does Cory , who oversees the honor board . When Cory 's class learns about communism , Riley defends Maya 's cheating as a form of sharing and feels there is nothing wrong with what she did . The girls and Farkle start embracing the ideals of communism , and disregard their individuality . As Maya and Farkle 's fate is being determined by the honor board , Riley sides with them , and Topanga represents them , but it is revealed that Farkle was not the only one helping Maya to cheat , but Riley as well .",
"31": "After Cory hands back a test where everyone has received excellent scores , but Riley , Maya and Farkle end up with an `` average '' grade , the three realize the importance of being individuals . Meanwhile , Auggie is wondering what to do with his life , but things backfire when he decides to be a lawyer and defend Frankie , the class bully . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Michelle Page as Mrs. Ducksberry , Sanai Victoria as Emma Weathersby 50 29 `` Girl Meets the Bay Window '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 228 1.70 With high school around the corner , Riley decides to change her bedroom bay window and leave her childhood years behind , but Maya objects because of what the bay window has meant to both of them . She also feels reluctant to move on to this next phase of their lives . The girls reflect on when they first became friends , as well as when they first met Farkle , and the two talk to their younger selves about how much they have changed since . In the redecorated bay window , Riley and Maya see themselves as young adults preparing to move away , leaving the bay window behind as both the young and current versions of Riley and Maya watch . Guest stars : Mariah Buzolin as Adult Riley , Ruby Lewis as Adult Maya , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya , Michael Wilder as Young Farkle Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 51 30 `` Girl Meets Legacy '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 230 1.70 Riley and Maya have not discussed their feelings for Lucas since the new year , so he decides to simply stay friends with them for the sake of not hurting either girl . As Cory teaches his class one last time , the group feels that Cory has not given them enough instruction to move forward to high school . Cory admits to being wrong about not allowing them to feel as a natural part of their changing , but sees how much his class has learned while in middle school .",
"32": "For the final lesson , he challenges them to leave a lasting mark for future John Quincy Adams students to remember them by , prompting them to dedicate a new bench in the school hallway . As they graduate and leave middle school behind , they decide for their class prank to steal their school mascot , which shocks Cory . It turns out it is Cory . Through Riley 's call to Superintendent Turner and a heavily - supported petition , Cory is allowed to transfer schools so he can continue to teach Riley and her friends in high school . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Lee Norris as Minkus , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton , Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Girl Meets High School : Part One '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) 301 1.89 The first day at Abigail Adams High School is a new adventure for Riley , Maya , Lucas , Farkle , Zay , and Smackle . The six quickly learn they are no longer leaders , as three seniors -- Thor , Francesca , and Nikki -- confine them to a small section of the school known as the `` hole '' . Although Riley believes the seniors are teaching them a lesson and puts her faith in them , the group feels unimportant in their new school , unable to navigate through it without the older students in their way . Cory , also struggling with his first day in high school as a teacher , informs the group that they are in a bigger world now , but teaches them they need to stick together in exploring it . Unfortunately , a frustrated Lucas gets upset with Riley over where her loyalties stand and he , Farkle , Zay and Smackle decide to go their own way without Riley or Maya . Meanwhile , Ava worries about her parents fighting and needs comforting from Cory , Topanga , and Auggie after her father leaves .",
"33": "Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Luke Benward as Thor , Claudia Lee as Francesca , Ashley Argota as Nikki , Katie Sarife as Marly , Gianna Lepera as Sofia 53 `` Girl Meets High School : Part Two '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 302 2.23 After Lucas and Zay try out for the football team , and Farkle and Smackle seek admission into the intellects club , they realize they are not as strong or smart as the rest of them . The four realize even more they abandoned Riley and Maya for their first days of high school . Riley and Maya discover the real reason Thor , Francesca and Nikki put them and their friends in the `` hole '' : for the sake of their friendship , so they would not go through the same thing as Thor , Francesca and Nikki 's group of friends when beginning high school . Cory teaches his class about how the patriots stuck together for worthy causes like protecting their land , even if massacre was the end result , and the group takes it to heart . Lucas , Farkle , Zay and Smackle make up with Riley and Maya , and they all vow to stick together through the challenges of high school . Meanwhile , Auggie helps Ava deal with her parents ' splitting up by introducing her to his imaginary friend , but Ava begins to value her real friendship with Auggie . Guest stars : Billy Gardell as Coach Bobby Campagnola , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Luke Benward as Thor , Claudia Lee as Francesca , Ashley Argota as Nikki , Katie Sarife as Marly 54 `` Girl Meets Jexica '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mackenzie Yeager June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 303 1.53 Riley is afraid what other students will think about her when she joins the Abigail Adams High School social network with her friends .",
"34": "She develops an alter ego by creating a profile with the name Jexica , who shares all of Riley 's interests and later becomes massively popular at school . After Lucas asks Jexica to become part of his group of friends , Riley comes to school dressed as Jexica but sees many other students dressed as her , too . Jexica 's popularity subsequently tumbles , and Riley finds out that Lucas actually knew she was Jexica all the time . In the end , Riley learns she should not be afraid to express herself on the Internet , regardless of what other people might think ; it only matters what her friends think because they are the ones who really care about her . Meanwhile , Auggie receives an e-mail from a `` prince '' claiming to be his friend and offering him a large sum of money , which leads Cory and Topanga to talk to him about trusting people on the Internet . When Auggie later receives an e-mail from Ava who is London and needs money , he feels he needs to help because they are friends . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Emily Robinson as Amy 55 `` Girl Meets Permanent Record '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 304 1.63 Riley receives a D on her first test in Spanish class , while Maya earns an A and is proud of her rare accomplishment . When Riley hears that a permanent record is kept beginning in high school and how she performed in middle school does not matter , she worries about the impact of her low grade on her future . Cory and Topanga have always known Riley to be a good student , but after talking to her Spanish teacher , Señora Feinstein - Chang , they realize Riley is presented with a new challenge and needs to work on becoming better . Señora Feinstein - Chang assures Riley the D is only one grade and what she does on her next test matters more toward gauging her progress , as does all of her past work , her true `` permanent record '' . After she studies extensively , and demonstrates to Señora Feinstein - Chang in class that she can speak Spanish better , Riley earns an A − on the next Spanish test .",
"35": "Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Anahi Bustillos as Señora Feinstein - Chang 56 5 `` Girl Meets Triangle '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 305 2.13 When Riley and Maya see other girls in school going through their break - up phase , they meet Sage , with whom they share that they like the same boy . Sage tells them they need to make a decision about him , and Farkle and Zay similarly tell Lucas he needs to choose between Riley and Maya . Meanwhile , Maya struggles with her first painting for her new art teacher , Mr. Jackson , as he questions her about what her work is saying , what influences are behind it , and more importantly , who she is . Riley also wonders since she is no longer seeing the rebellious side of her best friend . Maya denies that she has changed , but after Mr. Jackson shows Maya her painting from a different perspective , she realizes how much Riley and her parents have influenced her . As she has become more like Riley , Maya is in need of finding her true self and asks Riley for help , so they go out in search of that . Around the same time , Lucas comes to the Matthews ' apartment ready to reveal his decision about Riley and Maya to them , only to discover they are not there , so Cory , Topanga , and Katy urge him to share this news . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson , Diamond White as Sage Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 57 6 `` Girl Meets Upstate '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) 306 1.73 Riley and Maya visit Shawn at his place in upstate New York . When he hears that Maya has lost a part of herself due to Riley 's influence , Shawn tells the girls how he was similarly affected by Cory , and like Maya , he wants to find his edgy side again .",
"36": "Knowing the girls are with Shawn , Cory comes for a visit as well and sees Shawn is angry at him for changing him too much . Cory reminds Shawn about his quality of `` reckless spontaneity '' to help him through his crisis . This also helps Riley to find Maya , as they head back to the city , to their art classroom at school , where Maya expresses her anger at Riley through a painting . It escalates into a paint fight , which Mr. Jackson walks in on ; he notices Maya 's painting and sees a greater artistic voice in her . Meanwhile , Lucas remains quiet about his choice of Riley or Maya and sits in Riley 's bay window until the girls return , but when he finds out Maya has not been herself lately , the three decide to wait until they know who they are first . Shawn , on the other hand , having rediscovered himself , proposes to Katy , and she accepts . Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 58 7 `` Girl Meets True Maya '' Danielle Fishel Matthew Nelson July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) 307 1.82 Riley is hoping for Maya 's rebellious side to return when Maya reveals she is about to do something big and bad . When the fire alarm goes off at school and money goes missing at Topanga 's , though , the group is surprised Maya is not behind those . Maya is still learning what she has become and visits a park she went to when she was younger , bringing with her a hammer , a brick and some paint . At the park , she confronts two girls from her past , Carla and Renee , who are anticipating to see her vandalize the park , but they do not see the same Maya they knew before . Still , Maya gets caught by Officer James , who brings her back to the Matthews ' apartment and charges her with vandalism . When he shows the group what she did , it becomes clearer that Riley has changed Maya for the better , and Officer James is willing to let the matter go as long as Maya does not get into trouble again .",
"37": "Guest stars : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Reginald VelJohnson as Officer James , Mia Xitlali as Carla , Kylee Russell as Renee 59 8 `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge Part 1 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 312 2.20 Cory takes his class on a field trip to Mount Sun Lodge to experience nature . Riley is aware of her father 's past there and knows why he avoids anything about skiing , but Cory , who is running the nature club at the lodge , hopes history will not repeat . He is chaperoning the trip with his brother Josh , to Maya 's delight , and Topanga . As soon as the group arrives , Riley hurts her foot after falling off the bus , which causes her to miss the hiking trip , but she is content to sit by a bay window at the lodge . As she witnesses the changing season through an autumn leaf that falls on her lap , and after she has given Maya time to find herself , Riley wants the love triangle involving her , Maya and Lucas resolved . The girls imagine their lives with Lucas , with both scenarios playing out to catastrophic endings as the girl left out affects the other 's relationship . The three realize it will continue to take time to make this huge decision . Meanwhile , a young male employee arrives in the lodge and sees Riley at the window . The two begin to talk , including what they see outside . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Curran Walters as Evan 60 9 `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge Part 2 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Aaron Jacobs July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 313 1.78 As a new day begins at Mount Sun Lodge , Riley is in shock after staying awake all night talking to Evan , the young employee who saw her sitting by the window and tells her he wants to be a Sherpa someday .",
"38": "After everyone becomes aware of Evan , an insecure Lucas finds himself sorting through his feelings for both Riley and Maya , while Riley gains more insight about why Maya became more like her . Evan has the group participate in a game using a book Cory remembers from his high school trip to the ski lodge . Evan 's question , a different one from what Cory faced , has the group exploring what makes a meaningful relationship . Soon afterward , Maya engages in a serious conversation with Josh , where her true feelings for him -- and for Lucas -- come out . Josh confesses that he is willing to wait and see what happens with him and Maya . She then talks to Lucas and wants him to tell Riley that he loves her . Lucas does and reveals that he has indeed chosen Riley , while she tells Lucas he has always been her choice . As the ski lodge trip ends , Evan has a friendly greeting from his mother for Cory , which does not please Topanga . Meanwhile , back home , Riley considers Maya her `` extraordinary relationship '' , because Maya protected her from Lucas until knowing he was the right one for her . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Curran Walters as Evan Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 61 10 `` Girl Meets I Do '' Ben Savage Mark Blutman August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 311 2.06 With Shawn and Katy 's wedding approaching , Maya becomes anxious over whether they should be getting married . Her insecurities stem from her father leaving , especially the effect it had on her mother , and she does not want her mother to go through that same experience again with Shawn . She challenges Shawn to prove beyond words that he is ready to be with her mother and nothing will go wrong with their marriage . While Shawn can not guarantee that their marriage will be perfect , he and Katy are willing to take the leap of faith by believing they are right for each other . As the two exchange their vows on the rooftop above the Matthews ' apartment , Maya is willing to do the same . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr.",
"39": "Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus 62 11 `` Girl Meets Sassy Haltertop '' `` Girl Meets the Real World '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) 309 1.56 Cory has his class explore whether people are naturally good or evil , but only Riley is given the assignment of debating the question from the evil point of view . Because of Riley 's optimistic and innocent view of the world , and her inability to see how people could possibly be evil , Maya helps her with the assignment by showing her the world 's problems in the news . It helps Riley prepare for her debate , but in delving into her evil side , she takes it too far when she impulsively eats Zay 's cookie and is in no hurry to apologize for her action . Meanwhile , after hearing about the condition of New York 's beaches from Riley and Maya , Auggie decides he wants to clean up the beach and Topanga takes him . Auggie realizes he can not do the whole task alone but is assured he is making a difference by doing his part . Riley , too , realizes she is making a difference by doing good in the world despite being more in touch with her evil side for the class debate . She apologizes to Zay for what she did and helps a friend , Two Shoes Louie , toward his cause . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Justin Dray as Two Shoes Louie 63 12 `` Girl Meets Bear '' Robin Bronner Mackenzie Yeager August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) 315 1.86 As Maya looks forward to a special offer going on at Paco 's Tacos , and she and Riley are prepared to head over there , Riley discovers her teddy bear is missing . Despite having no face for more than three years because of Auggie , the bear still holds a great deal of sentimental value for Riley .",
"40": "This leads to a frantic search throughout the Matthews apartment , while Maya becomes completely frustrated over having no tacos to enjoy . During the search , Auggie comes across the silver boxing gloves necklace Alan gave to Cory in the Boy Meets World episode `` Kid Gloves '' , which Cory thought was lost forever ; he later gives the necklace to Auggie , hoping he will hold on to it . Otherwise , the search turns out nothing on the missing bear , and Riley eventually comes to terms with the loss . Afterward , the group finally gets to enjoy some tacos , and Riley gives Maya a bobblehead she was wanting all along from Paco 's Tacos . Meanwhile , Zay expresses his appreciation to Maya for being a friend when he first came to New York and hopes she will continue to be there for him , even though Maya is seeking someday to be with Josh . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya , Ocean Maturo as Young Auggie 64 13 `` Girl Meets the Great Lady of New York '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Jeff Menell September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 310 1.42 For cultural week at school , Cory has the class report on their heritage . At first , the reports are superficial , so Cory challenges the class to do deeper research on where they come from . The group learns about each other 's stories and those from people at the booths of the school 's cultural fair . Not everyone 's heritage is a complete or a pleasant story , and Farkle has an incredibly difficult time researching his . Aside from saying he had relatives from Denmark , he stays silent about his story . When he finally opens up -- revealing only one of those relatives , his great - grandfather , survived World War II -- his friends understand how difficult it was for him to talk about it . Meanwhile , Auggie makes a new friend , Raffi , who is from Cuba .",
"41": "Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Andrew Ortega as Raffi 65 14 `` Girl Meets She Do n't Like Me '' Michael A . Joseph Jeff Menell September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 308 1.77 When Riley extends her friendship to a girl in school , she is crushed after the girl rejects her by simply saying she does not like her . It takes a while for Riley to realize she can not control things , which her family and friends are constantly stressing to her . She asks her father to take over her health class because she is uncomfortable with how her health instructor , Mr. Fanucci , teaches , and it becomes a mess for Cory when he has to take Fanucci 's place . When Mr. Fanucci takes back the health class , Riley has accepted she can not control anything , but he clarifies to Riley and the rest of the class that they have control over their own minds and bodies , including the way they react and think to situations they are presented with . When Riley confronts the girl from the beginning of the episode again , Riley lets her know that she likes her anyway . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Brian Scolaro as Mr. Fanucci 66 15 `` Girl Meets World of Terror 3 '' Michael A . Joseph Joshua Jacobs October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 317 1.73 When Cory 's class decides they are too old for Halloween , and they consider their change in attitude over the holiday as nothing major , Cory reminds the class about the consequences even that one small change can have on people . Auggie appears as a ghost to describe a different world , where Riley and Maya had never met to become friends , Lucas is by himself all the time , Farkle and Smackle are no more than archnemeses , and Ava and Doy are hanging out because there is no Auggie .",
"42": "Also , Cory is teaching history as simply names and dates , but Riley believes history is more and relaying that to her father eventually affects his teaching . Cory 's secret of life message , people change people , enters into the alternate world as everyone 's interactions start transforming them , including Riley and Maya becoming friends , and Auggie coming into existence . Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya 67 16 `` Girl Meets Her Monster '' Danielle Fishel Ibrahim Ashmawey & Danielle Fishel November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 316 1.61 Riley and Maya devote a whole weekend to watching every episode of their favorite TV show , Red Planet Diaries , before its finale airs . They have a few more episodes left to watch when Topanga reminds them of their obligations , including school . When Riley fails to show up at the bakery after school to help her mother and continues watching the TV show instead , Topanga grounds her and takes away her media privileges . Riley feels she is `` entitled '' to make her own decisions and stands up to her mother , but she ends up moving out and living with Maya . She eventually returns home and apologizes to her mother for hurting and disobeying her . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Sarah Carpenter as Sarah 68 17 `` Girl Meets Hollyworld '' Ben Savage Mackenzie Yeager November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 318 1.21 Maya has kidnapped a famous international actress , Anastasia Boulangerie , and tells Riley she did so because she is trying to get her mother a role in a movie where she plays herself , but for which Anastasia is auditioning . The girls find out from Katy that Anastasia , whose real name is Bobbie Jo Thibodeaux , is her best friend from their youth in Arkansas and that they have lost touch since Anastasia became famous . Meanwhile , Sarah 's father , director DW Preminger , is casting for that movie , written by his daughter .",
"43": "After Katy auditions for her eponymous role , Anastasia persuades Preminger to give Katy the part . As for the other roles in the movie , Riley , Maya , Lucas , Farkle and Zay are hoping to land the parts related to them , but Preminger rejects them all . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Stephanie Lemelin as Anastasia Boulangerie , Sarah Carpenter as Sarah Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 69 18 `` Girl Meets a Christmas Maya '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) 314 1.20 Maya 's mood about Christmas turns sour knowing it is the first one after her mother and Shawn got married , and she does not want Shawn to see how she and her mother have celebrated before . To boost Maya 's spirits , Riley puts together a play based on A Christmas Carol which she calls `` A Christmas Maya '' . It is revealed from Maya 's past that while her mother could not afford to give her toys for Christmas , she gave her a more enduring present in allowing her to go to school with Riley and to make other friends . The play also has a part about Shawn 's past , to give Maya a better understanding about her future with him . Meanwhile , the group dreads Riley 's annual Secret Santa , because past gift exchanges have always turned out disastrous , and it is no different with the latest gift exchange , until the meaning behind each gift is explained to its recipient . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 70 19 `` World Meets Girl '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson & Geralyn Ricciardella January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 321 1.45 In this special episode , the cast gives the viewers a look behind the scenes of the show .",
"44": "They introduce the writers and crew of the show and give a tour of the studio , the costume and prop departments , and their off - screen school . Later , live audience members take part in a question and answer session with the cast and crew . Bloopers of the show are shown in front of the audience and the cast . Throughout the episode , clips of previous episodes are shown , as well as video messages from fans of the show , all around the world . Fans are chosen in pairs of best friends to sit in the bay window set and discuss what they mean to each other . Near the end of the episode , Ben and Danielle reflect on their experience being on the show . In an emotional moment , Rowan and Sabrina sit in the bay window and remember their first time meeting each other . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Robert Koch as Audience warm - up 71 20 `` Girl Meets Sweet Sixteen '' Danielle Fishel Michael Jacobs January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 319 1.36 Riley wants to celebrate her `` Sweet Sixteen '' early , which gives Cory an idea for an assignment when he teaches the class about one 's personal landmarks . He wants them to think about what will happen in their junior year of high school . Riley feels confident that she and Maya will stay friends for the rest of their lives , and that they will never leave each other , but she becomes worried after realizing the future may lead to the rest of her friends going their separate ways after high school . When Riley decides she will attend the same college as Maya just to stay together , Topanga advises the two that such an arrangement may not work , even though she gave up going to Yale to be with Cory . The class presentations reveal that Farkle and Smackle , Lucas and Zay , and Riley and Maya will still be together in two years . After class , Riley and Maya want to celebrate their lasting friendship at the Matthews ' place , just as Topanga shares news that she has been named a partner for the London office of her law firm , which threatens to separate the two girls .",
"45": "Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle 72 21 `` Girl Meets Goodbye '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 320 1.64 Cory finally teaches his class the lesson which highlights Belgium 's independence in 1831 , which he has purposely held off for a long time , and it carries a profound message for Cory 's class when Riley and Maya await Topanga 's decision regarding whether the Matthews family will leave New York . Meanwhile , Topanga needs guidance with her decision and gathers her family and close friends into the Matthews ' home for advice . During the reunion , Shawn surprises Maya with the papers to adopt her , and Auggie , worried he will be replaced when he discovers he has two Aunt Morgans , learns from them that even though he is the youngest , he is still a vital part of his family . As Riley and her friends gather at Topanga 's , the reality sets in that she is leaving , so they prepare to say goodbye . Auggie and Ava do the same . After reflecting quietly at her bakery , Topanga reveals to her family she is staying in New York , as she is reminded of how Riley 's bay window is a place for her huge decisions , a place Topanga never had growing up , and also is reminded of how much she loves running the bakery . As she speaks , she realizes that her bakery is her `` bay window '' . Cory is then reminded of what he said to Josh when he was younger , at the end of Boy Meets World , about a big world out there , and it resonates with Riley . She and Maya vow to stay friends for the rest of their lives , no matter what the world has in store for them . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr.",
"46": "Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , William Russ as Alan Matthews , Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews , Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner , Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews ( One ) , Lindsay Ridgeway as Morgan Matthews ( Two ) See also ( edit ) List of Girl Meets World characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : From the United States Copyright Office catalog : `` Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) - Basic Search ( search : `` Disney Girl Meets World '' ) `` . United States Copyright Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings '' . The Futon Critic . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 10.10. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 10.17. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 11.21. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 11.28. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"48": "Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 12.5. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 1.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 1.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 2.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 3.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Girl Meets World Sets Week - Long Season 2 Premiere for May '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 4.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 5.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 13 , 2015 ) .",
"49": "`` Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 5.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : 5.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Baron ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"50": "Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 10.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 10.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 11.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 11.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22.",
"53": "2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"54": "Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Girl_Meets_World_episodes&oldid=837547946 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Română 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who designed the earth day flag in 1969
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"0": "Flag of Earth - wikipedia Flag of Earth Jump to : navigation , search This article may be better presented in list format to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Please help improve this article by converting it into a stand - alone or embedded list . ( June 2017 ) Some individuals and organizations have promoted designs for a flag representing the planet Earth , though none have been officially recognized as such by any governmental body . The most widely recognized flags associated with Earth are the flag of the United Nations and the Earth Day flag . Listed below are some of the unofficial contenders for a Flag of Earth : Contents ( hide ) 1 John McConnell 's `` Earth Day '' flag 1.1 One Flag in Space 2 United Nations flag 3 `` World Peace Flag '' of Universal Peace Congress 4 Olympic flag 5 `` World Citizen '' flag of World Service Authority 6 Astrological Symbol of Earth 7 Other private proposals 7.1 James W. Cadle 's `` Flag of Earth '' 7.2 Paul Carroll 's `` World Flag '' 7.3 Oskar Pernefeldt 's `` International Flag of the Planet Earth '' 8 See also 9 References 10 External links John McConnell 's `` Earth Day '' flag ( edit ) The Earth Day flag , John McConnell 's latest proposal McConnell 's original design A flag designed by John McConnell in 1969 for the first Earth Day is a dark blue field charged with The Blue Marble , a famous NASA photo of the Earth as seen from outer space . The first edition of McConnell 's flag used screen - printing and used different colors : ocean and land were blue and the clouds were white . McConnell presented his flag to the United Nations as a symbol for consideration . Because of the political views of its creator and its having become a symbol of Earth Day , the flag is associated with environmental awareness , and the celebration of the global community . It was offered for sale originally in the Whole Earth Catalog , and is the only flag which was endorsed by McConnell . The Blue Marble image was placed in the public domain , and the public nature of this image was the basis of a legal battle that resulted in the invalidation of a trademark and copyright that was originally issued to the Earth Day flag through its original promotional entity , World Equity , Inc .",
"1": "This does not invalidate the official history of McConnell 's flag , only the official documentation that was issued on it . One flag in space ( edit ) The One Flag in Space initiative is an offshoot of the Space Generation Congress ( SGC ) , the Space Generation Advisory Council 's yearly world meeting . It promotes usage of the Blue Marble flag for space exploration ( it does not explicitly mention it being McConnell 's design ) . United Nations flag ( edit ) The Flag of the United Nations Adopted in 1946 , the flag of the United Nations has been used to indicate world unity , although it technically only represents the United Nations itself . It has a geographical representation of the planet , and its high visibility usage makes it a well - known contender for representing Earth . During the planning for NASA 's moon landings of the 1960s , it was suggested that a UN flag be used in place of the flag of the US . `` World Peace flag '' of Universal Peace Congress ( edit ) Main article : Peace flag § Earth flag Van Kirk 's World Peace Flag James William van Kirk , a minister from Youngstown , Ohio , designed in 1913 a peace flag with rainbow stripes , stars and a globe . With this flag , he twice made a peace tour through Europe . The Universal Peace Congress adopted this flag as its World Peace Flag . Olympic flag ( edit ) Olympic flag Designed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914 and adopted in Olympic games since 1920 , the Olympic flag represents all mankind and has a white bar with 5 interlocking rings of 5 colors . The five rings represent the five continents . The six colors ( including the white color of the background ) represent all of the world 's nations . `` World Citizen '' flag of World Service Authority ( edit ) World Citizen flag by Garry Davis The World Citizen is a social movement for global citizenship under a proposed world government . In 1953 , one of its activists , Garry Davis , founded the World Service Authority , which sells the World Passport ( a fantasy travel document ) with a proposed flag of the world . Astrological symbol of Earth ( edit ) A blue flag with the astrological Earth symbol at its center .",
"2": "The astrological ( and astronomical ) symbol of Earth is another candidate for Earth 's flag , often depicted with a blue background , with the symbol at its center . Other private proposals ( edit ) James W. Cadle 's `` flag of Earth '' ( edit ) Flag of Earth by James Cadle Another Earth flag was created around the same time in 1970 by a farmer from Homer , Illinois named James W. Cadle . Cadle 's version of the Earth flag consists of a blue circle representing Earth in the center of the flag , a segment of a large yellow circle representing the sun and a small white circle for the moon , all on a black background . It is particularly popular amongst SETI researchers and is used by SETI worldwide . The flag flies at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory and was lowered to half mast when Carl Sagan died . Flag of Earth Co . International was also founded by Cadle which sold the flag . The Flag of Earth became public domain in 2003 . Magic Actions for YouTube used a small thumbnail image of this flag next to a user 's name when the site could n't determine geo - location during a comment post . ( this feature has been removed ) Paul Carroll 's `` World flag '' ( edit ) the combined World Flag in 2006 The World Flag is an international flag created in 1988 by Paul Carroll to act as a symbol to inspire `` positive global change while continuing to embrace and celebrate cultural diversity . '' The current 2008 version of the combined World Flag has a world map 216 flags ; including the flags of every UN member state , the United Nations , and several territories of larger nations . The World Flag has been flown at the UN Headquarters for the A Prayer for Peace event , The World Trade Center , Earth Day in Central Park , and at various other events around the world . Oskar Pernefeldt 's `` International flag of the planet Earth '' ( edit ) Oskar Pernefeldt 's proposal In 2015 a Swedish artist , Oskar Pernefeldt , proposed the `` International Flag of the Planet Earth '' . It was conceived to be used in space expeditions and it has two main purposes : To be used while representing planet Earth . To remind the people of Earth that we share this planet , no matter of national boundaries .",
"3": "That we should take care of each other and the planet we live on . The creators predict that it will be eventually used in Mars landing in 2025 or in a future colony on that planet . The flag is used by space research groups with intent to implanting a base on Mars . The design of the flag consists of seven rings intersecting each other and a deep - blue - sea in the background . The rings are centered on the flag forming a flower in the middle , representing life on Earth . The intersection of the rings represent that all things on Earth are linked directly or indirectly . The rings are organized in a Borromean rings -- like fashion , representing not only the seven continents , but how no part of Earth can be removed without the whole structure collapsing . Finally , the deep - blue represents the ocean and the importance of water for life on Earth . See also ( edit ) Earth symbol Cosmopolitanism Flag of Mars Vexillography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weir ( 2007 ) . Peace , Justice , Care of Earth . Press On Publishing . ISBN 0971749124 . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Earth Flag '' . Earthflag.net . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Copyright Law - Copyrightability - Articles - Copyright Protection Not Available for Earth Flag '' . Jump up ^ Platoff , Anne ( August 2003 ) . `` Where No Flag Has Gone Before : Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon ( NASA Contractor Report 188251 ) '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Corien Glaudemans , ' Een vredesapostel uit Ohio ' , in : Den Haag Centraal , 16 oktober 2009 . Jump up ^ Devere Allen , `` The Fight for Peace '' . 1940 . p. 553 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1303.pdf Jump up ^ Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa - ( Parts II and II ) and Part V ( documents to which visas can not be affixed . Council of the European Union . 1 December 2008 . The World Passport is placed in the latter category . Jump up ^ `` The Flag of Earth - Flown '' . Jump up ^ `` Carl Sagan '' . Xs4all.nl . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cadle , James W. `` James Cadle 's Flag of Earth Home Page '' . North American AstroPhysical Observatory ( NAAPO ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . The Flag of Earth is now 34 - years - old , and on November 1 , 2003 , became part of the public domain . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193016/http://bayimg.com/CApIJAAfa . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vision '' . WorldFlagProject.org . The World Flag Project . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . TheWorldFlag.org . The World Flag Project . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Flags '' . www.australianflagmakers.com.au . Jump up ^ `` The International Flag of the Planet Earth '' . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what the flag of Planet Earth could look like '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pesquisador brasileiro visita estação no deserto que simula planeta Marte , Fantástico , November 12 , 2017 , 4 minutes and 26 seconds of video Jump up ^ `` Nusigma This Could Become the Official Flag of Planet Earth '' . nusigma.in .",
"5": "Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Earth . Authentic Earth Flag Website Official Website Authentic Earth Flag Endorsement John McConell 's Endorsement of earthflag.net as the Authentic Earth Flag . The History of Earth Day and The Authentic Earth Flag by John McConnell Flags of the World James Cadle 's `` Flag of Earth '' description Flag Of Planet Earth Proposal by artist Oskar Pernfeldt ( hide ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo !",
"6": "Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Earth&oldid=833729216 '' Categories : Earth Proposed flags Flags in art Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing cleanup from June 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego Italiano Magyar Mirandés 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Distance - wikipedia Distance Jump to : navigation , search This article is about distance in mathematics , physics , and computation . For other uses , see Distance ( disambiguation ) . Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are . In physics or everyday usage , distance may refer to a physical length , or an estimation based on other criteria ( e.g. `` two counties over '' ) . In most cases , `` distance from A to B '' is interchangeable with `` distance from B to A '' . In mathematics , a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance . A metric is a function that behaves according to a specific set of rules , and is a way of describing what it means for elements of some space to be `` close to '' or `` far away from '' each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and definitions 1.1 Physical distances 1.2 Theoretical distances 2 Distance versus directed distance and displacement 2.1 Directed distance 2.2 Displacement 3 Mathematics 3.1 Geometry 3.2 Distance in Euclidean space 3.3 Variational formulation of distance 3.4 Generalization to higher - dimensional objects 3.5 Algebraic distance 3.6 General metric 3.7 Distances between sets and between a point and a set 3.8 Graph theory 3.9 Other mathematical `` distances '' 4 See also 5 References Overview and definitions ( edit ) Physical distances ( edit ) Airline routes between Los Angeles and Tokyo approximately follow a direct great circle route ( top ) , but use the jet stream ( bottom ) when heading eastwards . Note that the shortest route appears as a curve rather than a straight line because this map is a Mercator projection , which does not scale all distances equally compared to the real spherical surface of the Earth .",
"1": "`` Manhattan distance '' on a grid A physical distance can mean several different things : The length of a specific path traveled between two points , such as the distance walked while navigating a maze A board showing distances near Visakhapatnam The length of the shortest possible path through space between two point that could be taken if there were no obstacles ( usually formalized as Euclidean distance ) The length of the shortest path between two points while remaining on some surface , such as the great - circle distance along the curve of the Earth `` Circular distance '' is the distance traveled by a wheel , which can be useful when designing vehicles or mechanical gears . The circumference of the wheel is 2π × radius , and assuming the radius to be 1 , then each revolution of the wheel is equivalent of the distance 2π radians . In engineering ω = 2πƒ is often used , where ƒ is the frequency . Unusual definitions of distance can be helpful to model certain physical situations , but are also used in theoretical mathematics : `` Manhattan distance '' is a rectilinear distance , named after the number of blocks north , south , east , or west a taxicab must travel on to reach its destination on the grid of streets in parts of New York City . `` Chessboard distance '' , formalized as Chebyshev distance , is the minimum number of moves a king must make on a chessboard to travel between two squares . Distance measures in cosmology are complicated by the expansion of the universe , and by effects described by the theory of relativity such as length contraction of moving objects . Theoretical distances ( edit ) The term `` distance '' is also used by analogy to measure non-physical entities in certain ways . In computer science , there is the notion of the `` edit distance '' between two strings . For example , the words `` dog '' and `` dot '' , which vary by only one letter , are closer than `` dog '' and `` cat '' , which differ by three letters . This idea is used in spell checkers and in coding theory , and is mathematically formalized in several different ways , such as : Levenshtein distance Hamming distance Lee distance Jaro -- Winkler distance N - gram distance In mathematics , a metric space is a set for which distances between all members of the set are defined .",
"2": "In this way , many different types of `` distances '' can be calculated , such as for traversal of graphs , comparison of distributions and curves , and using unusual definitions of `` space '' ( for example using a manifold or reflections ) . The notion of distance in graph theory has been used to describe social networks , for example with the Erdős number or the Bacon number , the number of collaborative relationships away a person is from prolific mathematician Paul Erdős or actor Kevin Bacon , respectively . In psychology , human geography , and the social sciences , distance is often theorized not as an objective metric , but as a subjective experience . Distance versus directed distance and displacement ( edit ) Distance along a path compared with displacement Distance can not be negative , and distance travelled never decreases . Distance is a scalar quantity or a magnitude , whereas displacement is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction . Directed distance is a positive , zero , or negative scalar quantity . The distance covered by a vehicle ( for example as recorded by an odometer ) , person , animal , or object along a curved path from a point A to a point B should be distinguished from the straight - line distance from A to B. For example , whatever the distance covered during a round trip from A to B and back to A , the displacement is zero as start and end points coincide . In general the straight - line distance does not equal distance travelled , except for journeys in a straight line . Directed distance ( edit ) Directed distances are distances with a directional sense . They can be determined along straight lines and along curved lines . A directed distance of a point C from point A in the direction of B on a line AB in a Euclidean vector space is the distance from A to C if C falls on the ray AB , but is the negative of that distance if C falls on the ray BA ( I.e. , if C is not on the same side of A as B is ) . A directed distance along a curved line is not a vector and is represented by a segment of that curved line defined by endpoints A and B , with some specific information indicating the sense ( or direction ) of an ideal or real motion from one endpoint of the segment to the other ( see figure ) .",
"3": "For instance , just labelling the two endpoints as A and B can indicate the sense , if the ordered sequence ( A , B) is assumed , which implies that A is the starting point . Displacement ( edit ) A displacement ( see above ) is a special kind of directed distance defined in mechanics . A directed distance is called displacement when it is the distance along a straight line ( minimum distance ) from A and B , and when A and B are positions occupied by the same particle at two different instants of time . This implies motion of the particle . The distance traveled by a particle must always be greater than or equal to its displacement , with equality occurring only when the particle moves along a straight path . Another kind of directed distance is that between two different particles or point masses at a given time . For instance , the distance from the center of gravity of the Earth A and the center of gravity of the Moon B ( which does not strictly imply motion from A to B) falls into this category . Mathematics ( edit ) See also : Metric ( mathematics ) Geometry ( edit ) In analytic geometry , the distance between two points of the xy - plane can be found using the distance formula . The distance between ( x , y ) and ( x , y ) is given by : d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . ( \\ displaystyle d = ( \\ sqrt ( ( \\ Delta x ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ Delta y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Similarly , given points ( x , y , z ) and ( x , y , z ) in three - space , the distance between them is : d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 + ( Δ z ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 .",
"4": "( \\ displaystyle d = ( \\ sqrt ( ( \\ Delta x ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ Delta y ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ Delta z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z_ ( 2 ) - z_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) These formula are easily derived by constructing a right triangle with a leg on the hypotenuse of another ( with the other leg orthogonal to the plane that contains the 1st triangle ) and applying the Pythagorean theorem . In the study of complicated geometries , we call this ( most common ) type of distance Euclidean distance , as it is derived from the Pythagorean theorem , which does not hold in non-Euclidean geometries . This distance formula can also be expanded into the arc - length formula . Distance in Euclidean space ( edit ) In the Euclidean space R , the distance between two points is usually given by the Euclidean distance ( 2 - norm distance ) . Other distances , based on other norms , are sometimes used instead .",
"5": "For a point ( x , x , ... , x ) and a point ( y , y , ... , y ) , the Minkowski distance of order p ( p - norm distance ) is defined as : 1 - norm distance = ∑ i = 1 n x i − y i ( \\ displaystyle = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left x_ ( i ) - y_ ( i ) \\ right ) 2 - norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n x i − y i 2 ) 1 / 2 ( \\ displaystyle = \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left x_ ( i ) - y_ ( i ) \\ right ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) p - norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n x i − y i p ) 1 / p ( \\ displaystyle = \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left x_ ( i ) - y_ ( i ) \\ right ^ ( p ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / p ) ) infinity norm distance = lim p → ∞ ( ∑ i = 1 n x i − y i p ) 1 / p ( \\ displaystyle = \\ lim _ ( p \\ to \\ infty ) \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left x_ ( i ) - y_ ( i ) \\ right ^ ( p ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / p ) ) = max ( x 1 − y 1 , x 2 − y 2 , ... , x n − y n ) . ( \\ displaystyle = \\ max \\ left ( x_ ( 1 ) - y_ ( 1 ) , x_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 2 ) , \\ ldots , x_ ( n ) - y_ ( n ) \\ right ) . ) p need not be an integer , but it can not be less than 1 , because otherwise the triangle inequality does not hold . The 2 - norm distance is the Euclidean distance , a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem to more than two coordinates .",
"6": "It is what would be obtained if the distance between two points were measured with a ruler : the `` intuitive '' idea of distance . The 1 - norm distance is more colourfully called the taxicab norm or Manhattan distance , because it is the distance a car would drive in a city laid out in square blocks ( if there are no one - way streets ) . The infinity norm distance is also called Chebyshev distance . In 2D , it is the minimum number of moves kings require to travel between two squares on a chessboard . The p - norm is rarely used for values of p other than 1 , 2 , and infinity , but see super ellipse . In physical space the Euclidean distance is in a way the most natural one , because in this case the length of a rigid body does not change with rotation . Variational formulation of distance ( edit ) The Euclidean distance between two points in space ( A = r → ( 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle A = ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( 0 ) ) and B = r → ( T ) ( \\ displaystyle B = ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( T ) ) ) may be written in a variational form where the distance is the minimum value of an integral : D = ∫ 0 T ( ∂ r → ( t ) ∂ t ) 2 d t ( \\ displaystyle D = \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( T ) ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ partial ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( t ) \\ over \\ partial t ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , dt ) Here r → ( t ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( t ) ) is the trajectory ( path ) between the two points . The value of the integral ( D ) represents the length of this trajectory . The distance is the minimal value of this integral and is obtained when r = r ∗ ( \\ displaystyle r = r ^ ( * ) ) where r ∗ ( \\ displaystyle r ^ ( * ) ) is the optimal trajectory . In the familiar Euclidean case ( the above integral ) this optimal trajectory is simply a straight line . It is well known that the shortest path between two points is a straight line .",
"7": "Straight lines can formally be obtained by solving the Euler -- Lagrange equations for the above functional . In non-Euclidean manifolds ( curved spaces ) where the nature of the space is represented by a metric tensor g a b ( \\ displaystyle g_ ( ab ) ) the integrand has to be modified to g a c r _̇ c g a b r _̇ b ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( g ^ ( ac ) ( \\ dot ( r ) ) _ ( c ) g_ ( ab ) ( \\ dot ( r ) ) ^ ( b ) ) ) ) , where Einstein summation convention has been used . Generalization to higher - dimensional objects ( edit ) The Euclidean distance between two objects may also be generalized to the case where the objects are no longer points but are higher - dimensional manifolds , such as space curves , so in addition to talking about distance between two points one can discuss concepts of distance between two strings . Since the new objects that are dealt with are extended objects ( not points anymore ) additional concepts such as non-extensibility , curvature constraints , and non-local interactions that enforce non-crossing become central to the notion of distance . The distance between the two manifolds is the scalar quantity that results from minimizing the generalized distance functional , which represents a transformation between the two manifolds : D = ∫ 0 L ∫ 0 T ( ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ t ) 2 + λ ( ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ s ) 2 − 1 ) ) d s d t ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( D ) ) = \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( L ) \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( T ) \\ left \\ ( ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ partial ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s , t ) \\ over \\ partial t ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \\ lambda \\ left ( ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ partial ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s , t ) \\ over \\ partial s ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - 1 \\ right ) \\ right \\ ) \\ , ds \\ , dt ) The above double integral is the generalized distance functional between two polymer conformation .",
"8": "s ( \\ displaystyle s ) is a spatial parameter and t ( \\ displaystyle t ) is pseudo-time . This means that r → ( s , t = t i ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s , t = t_ ( i ) ) ) is the polymer / string conformation at time t i ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( i ) ) and is parameterized along the string length by s ( \\ displaystyle s ) . Similarly r → ( s = S , t ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s = S , t ) ) is the trajectory of an infinitesimal segment of the string during transformation of the entire string from conformation r → ( s , 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s , 0 ) ) to conformation r → ( s , T ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ( s , T ) ) . The term with cofactor λ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ) is a Lagrange multiplier and its role is to ensure that the length of the polymer remains the same during the transformation . If two discrete polymers are inextensible , then the minimal - distance transformation between them no longer involves purely straight - line motion , even on a Euclidean metric . There is a potential application of such generalized distance to the problem of protein folding This generalized distance is analogous to the Nambu -- Goto action in string theory , however there is no exact correspondence because the Euclidean distance in 3 - space is inequivalent to the spacetime distance minimized for the classical relativistic string . Algebraic distance ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2008 ) This is a metric often used in computer vision that can be minimized by least squares estimation. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) For curves or surfaces given by the equation x T C x = 0 ( \\ displaystyle x ^ ( \\ text ( T ) ) Cx = 0 ) ( such as a conic in homogeneous coordinates ) , the algebraic distance from the point x ′ ( \\ displaystyle x ' ) to the curve is simply x ′ T C x ′ ( \\ displaystyle x ' ^ ( \\ text ( T ) ) Cx ' ) .",
"9": "It may serve as an `` initial guess '' for geometric distance to refine estimations of the curve by more accurate methods , such as non-linear least squares . General metric ( edit ) In mathematics , in particular geometry , a distance function on a given set M is a function d : M × M → R , where R denotes the set of real numbers , that satisfies the following conditions : d ( x , y ) ≥ 0 , and d ( x , y ) = 0 if and only if x = y . ( Distance is positive between two different points , and is zero precisely from a point to itself . ) It is symmetric : d ( x , y ) = d ( y , x ) . ( The distance between x and y is the same in either direction . ) It satisfies the triangle inequality : d ( x , z ) ≤ d ( x , y ) + d ( y , z ) . ( The distance between two points is the shortest distance along any path ) . Such a distance function is known as a metric . Together with the set , it makes up a metric space . For example , the usual definition of distance between two real numbers x and y is : d ( x , y ) = x − y . This definition satisfies the three conditions above , and corresponds to the standard topology of the real line . But distance on a given set is a definitional choice . Another possible choice is to define : d ( x , y ) = 0 if x = y , and 1 otherwise . This also defines a metric , but gives a completely different topology , the `` discrete topology '' ; with this definition numbers can not be arbitrarily close . Distances between sets and between a point and a set ( edit ) d ( A , B) > d ( A , C ) + d ( C , B) Various distance definitions are possible between objects . For example , between celestial bodies one should not confuse the surface - to - surface distance and the center - to - center distance . If the former is much less than the latter , as for a low earth orbit , the first tends to be quoted ( altitude ) , otherwise , e.g. for the Earth -- Moon distance , the latter .",
"10": "There are two common definitions for the distance between two non-empty subsets of a given metric space : One version of distance between two non-empty sets is the infimum of the distances between any two of their respective points , which is the everyday meaning of the word , i.e. d ( A , B ) = inf x ∈ A , y ∈ B d ( x , y ) . ( \\ displaystyle d ( A , B ) = \\ inf _ ( x \\ in A , y \\ in B ) d ( x , y ) . ) This is a symmetric premetric . On a collection of sets of which some touch or overlap each other , it is not `` separating '' , because the distance between two different but touching or overlapping sets is zero . Also it is not hemimetric , i.e. , the triangle inequality does not hold , except in special cases . Therefore only in special cases this distance makes a collection of sets a metric space . The Hausdorff distance is the larger of two values , one being the supremum , for a point ranging over one set , of the infimum , for a second point ranging over the other set , of the distance between the points , and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped . This distance makes the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space itself a metric space . The distance between a point and a set is the infimum of the distances between the point and those in the set . This corresponds to the distance , according to the first - mentioned definition above of the distance between sets , from the set containing only this point to the other set . In terms of this , the definition of the Hausdorff distance can be simplified : it is the larger of two values , one being the supremum , for a point ranging over one set , of the distance between the point and the set , and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped . Graph theory ( edit ) In graph theory the distance between two vertices is the length of the shortest path between those vertices .",
"11": "Other mathematical `` distances '' ( edit ) Canberra distance -- a weighted version of Manhattan distance , used in computer science Energy distance , the statistical distance between probability distributions Kullback -- Leibler divergence , which measures the difference between two probability distributions Mahalanobis distance is used in statistics See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Distance Astronomical system of units Cosmic distance ladder Distance geometry problem Dijkstra 's algorithm Distance matrix Distance measuring equipment ( DME ) Distance - based road exit numbers Engineering tolerance Length Meridian arc Milestone Orders of magnitude ( length ) Proper length Proxemics -- physical distance between people Rangefinder Signed distance function References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Simandan , Dragos ( 2016 ) . `` Proximity , subjectivity , and space : Rethinking distance in human geography '' . Geoforum. 75 : 249 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geoforum. 2016.07. 018 . Jump up ^ SS Plotkin , PNAS. 2007 ; 104 : 14899 -- 14904 , Jump up ^ AR Mohazab , SS Plotkin , `` Minimal Folding Pathways for Coarse - Grained Biopolymer Fragments '' Biophysical Journal , Volume 95 , Issue 12 , Pages 5496 -- 5507 Sources Deza , E. ; Deza , M. ( 2006 ) , Dictionary of Distances , Elsevier , ISBN 0 - 444 - 52087 - 2 . ( hide ) Kinematics ← Integrate . Differentiate → Absement Displacement ( Distance ) Velocity ( Speed ) Acceleration Jerk Jounce Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distance&oldid=815310005 '' Categories : Length Elementary mathematics Metric geometry Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk",
"12": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português",
"13": "Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played nathan scott on one tree hill
|
[
"James Martin Lafferty",
"James Martin Lafferty",
"James Martin Lafferty",
"James Martin Lafferty"
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{
"0": "James Lafferty - wikipedia James Lafferty Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Lafferty , see James Lafferty ( disambiguation ) . James Lafferty Lafferty at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival James Martin Lafferty ( 1985 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Hemet , California , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , director and producer Years active 1997 -- present Relatives Stuart Lafferty ( brother ) James Martin Lafferty ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is an American actor , director and producer . He is best known for his portrayal of Nathan Scott on The CW teen drama television series One Tree Hill from 2003 to 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Other works 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Lafferty was born in Hemet , California to Angelica and Jeffrey Lafferty , who own a local construction company . He has a younger brother , actor Stuart Lafferty . Having worked as an uncredited extra on television shows including Beverly Hills , 90210 and Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , Lafferty received his first significant acting role in a school play when he was ten years old . Lafferty attended Hemet High School ( where he played on the school 's basketball team ) until 2003 , after which he enrolled at California State University , Long Beach . At age eighteen , he moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , having been cast as Nathan Scott in One Tree Hill . Career ( edit ) In 1997 , at age twelve , Lafferty made his small - screen acting debut with a voice - over role in the made - for - television film Annabelle 's Wish . Lafferty has since made guest appearances on television series ' such as Once and Again , Get Real , and Boston Public .",
"1": "In 2002 , Lafferty starred in the ESPN made - for - television film A Season on the Brink , an adaptation of the book of the same name by John Feinstein . The film centered on the 1985 -- 86 season of Indiana University 's college basketball team . In 2003 , Lafferty was cast in his breakout role of Nathan Scott on The WB / The CW teen drama series One Tree Hill . The series follows two estranged half - brothers , Nathan and Lucas Scott , who are put on the same basketball team , jeopardizing Nathan 's position as the star player . In May 2011 , The CW renewed the series for a ninth and final season , for which Lafferty chose to return on a recurring basis rather than in a full - time starring role . Over the course of the later seasons , Lafferty directed four episodes . He received four Teen Choice Award nominations throughout his time on the series . In February 2008 , Lafferty was cast in the straight - to - DVD sequel to the cult film Donnie Darko . Titled S. Darko , the film was released in May 2009 , and received mostly negative reviews from critics . In April 2011 , Lafferty was confirmed to star alongside One Tree Hill castmate Stephen Colletti and brother Stuart Lafferty in a planned adventurous reality television series entitled Wild Life : A New Generation of Wild , for which he was an executive producer . A pilot episode was filmed , however the series failed to find a network . In 2013 , Lafferty was cast in the NBC crime thriller series Crisis , as Mr Nash . This was followed by landing the lead role of Jimmy Adams in the independent movie Waffle Street , alongside Danny Glover , and being cast in a recurring role during the first season of WGN America 's slave drama Underground . In August 2015 , Lafferty directed an episode of the second season of E ! drama series The Royals , and returned to direct a few more episodes during season three . Personal Life ( edit ) Lafferty currently resides in Los Angeles , California . An ardent basketball player , Lafferty was part of the New Orleans basketball team at the 2008 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game alongside Ne - Yo , Terrell Owens , Seth Gilliam , and Master P .",
"2": "The team defeated the Hornets 51 -- 50 . He is a supporting partner of the Wilmington Sea Dawgs . From 2003 to 2008 , Lafferty hosted an annual charity basketball event in Wilmington . In 2009 , he announced that he was canceling the event , stating : `` As a result of constant harassment and gross invasions of privacy via email and telephone , targeting myself , my friends and even my family , I no longer feel comfortable holding a fundraiser in such an intimate setting with fans . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Annabelle 's Wish Buster Holder Voice 2003 Boys on the Run Joe Ferguson 2009 S. Darko Justin Sparrow 2011 The Legend of Hell 's Gate : An American Conspiracy Eigson Howard 2013 Lost on Purpose Fever 2014 Oculus Michael Dumont 2015 Waffle Street Jimmy Adams 2017 Small Town Crime Tony Lama Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Emeril James Lagasse Episode : `` Pilot '' 2001 Boston Public Michael Scott Episode : `` Chapter Eighteen '' 2001 -- 2002 Once and Again Tad 4 episodes 2002 Prep Jackson Unsold television pilot 2002 First Monday Andrew Episode : Pilot 2002 A Season on the Brink Steve Alford Television film 2002 Get Real Billy Episode : `` The Last Weekend '' 2003 -- 2012 One Tree Hill Nathan Scott Main role 2014 Crisis Mr.",
"3": "Nash Recurring role , 8 episodes 2016 Underground Kyle Risdin Recurring role , 6 episodes 2017 Everyone is Doing Great Jeremy Davis Television film Other works ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 -- 2012 One Tree Hill Director 4 episodes Hours Before Executive producer Short film 2015 -- present The Royals Director 4 episodes 2017 Everyone is Doing Great Director , executive producer , co-writer Television film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star -- Male One Tree Hill Nominated 2005 Choice TV Chemistry ( with Chad Michael Murray ) Nominated Choice Scene Stealer -- Male Nominated Choice Parental Unit ( with Bethany Joy Lenz ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fine , Audrey ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Getting to know : James Lafferty '' . Seventeen . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by James Lafferty Dec 25 , 2014 at 9 : 32pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by James Lafferty May 20 , 2016 at 2 : 14am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : The CW Renews Nikita , One Tree Hill , Axes Hellcats '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` James Lafferty cast in ' Donnie Darko ' sequel '' . StarNewsOnline . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Wendy ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Donnie Darko sequel S. Darko starts shooting May 18 '' . ScreenDaily . Jump up ^ `` S. Darko : A Donnie Darko Tale ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Carina ( April 27 , 2011 ) .",
"4": "`` ' One Tree Hill 's James Lafferty and Stephen Colletti leave their comfort zone with ' Wild Life ' '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` James Lafferty Heads to WGN America 's ' Underground ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by James Lafferty Jun 23 , 2016 at 4 : 59pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Stars Win 2008 Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Michaele ( January 26 , 2009 ) . `` One Tree Hill 's James Lafferty Cancels Charity Hoops Event '' . People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Lafferty .",
"5": "James Lafferty on IMDb James Lafferty on Twitter James Lafferty on Instagram VIAF : 9653424 LCCN : no2008061524 ISNI : 0000 0001 1437 620X SUDOC : 161420680 BNF : cb151167040 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Lafferty&oldid=835511024 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors Male models from California American people of Irish descent American television producers American television directors American male television actors Basketball players from California California State University , Long Beach alumni Living people Male actors from California People from Hemet , California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of Most expensive Video Games to Develop - wikipedia List of Most expensive Video Games to Develop Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The following is a list of the most expensive video games ever developed , with a minimum total cost of US $ 50 million and sorted by the total cost adjusted for inflation . Name Year Developer Publisher Platform Development cost ( million US $ ) Marketing cost ( million US $ ) Total cost ( million US $ ) Total cost with 2018 inflation ( million US $ ) Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 2009 Infinity Ward Activision PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 50 200 250 285 Grand Theft Auto V 2013 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 137 128 265 278 Star Wars : The Old Republic 2011 BioWare Electronic Arts , LucasArts PC 200 200 + 218 + Destiny 2014 Bungie Activision PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One < 140 < 140 140 145 Final Fantasy VII Square Square Enix , Sony Computer Entertainment ( PS ) , Eidos Interactive ( PC ) PS , PC 40 - 45 40 - 100 80 - 145 122 - 221 Grand Theft Auto IV 2008 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 100 + 114 + Too Human 2008 Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios Xbox 360 60 - 100 100 114 Max Payne 3 2012 Rockstar Studios Rockstar Games PC , Xbox 360 , PS3 105 105 112 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 80 - 100 100 112 APB : All Points Bulletin Realtime Worlds Electronic Arts , Realtime Worlds , Deep Silver ( PS4 , XB1 ) PC , PS4 ,",
"1": "Xbox One 100 112 Battlefield 4 2013 EA DICE Electronic Arts PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 100 100 105 Deadpool 2013 High Moon Studios Activision PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PC 100 105 Disney Infinity 2013 Avalanche Software , Altron ( 3DS ) Disney Interactive Studios PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Wii U , 3DS , PC 100 105 Tomb Raider 2013 Crystal Dynamics Square Enix PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 100 105 Enter the Matrix 2003 Shiny Entertainment Atari , Inc .",
"2": "GameCube , PC , PS2 , Xbox 20 67 89 Defiance 2013 Trion Worlds , Human Head Studios Trion Worlds PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 80 80 84 The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt 2015 CD Projekt Red CD Projekt PC , Xbox One , PS4 46 35 81 84 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain 2015 Kojima Productions Konami PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 80 80 83 Pokémon Red / Blue Game Freak Nintendo Game Boy 50 50 + 78 + Watch Dogs 2014 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft PC , PS3 , PS4 , Wii U , Xbox 360 , Xbox One 68 68 + 70 + Shenmue 1999 Sega AM2 Sega Dreamcast 47 - 70 47 - 70 69 - 103 Crysis 3 2013 Crytek Electronic Arts PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 66 66 69 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier 2012 Ubisoft Paris , Red Storm Entertainment , Ubisoft Bucharest , Ubisoft Kiev ( PC ) Ubisoft PC , Xbox 360 , PS3 65 65 69 Gran Turismo 5 Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 60 60 67 Rift 2011 Trion Worlds Trion Worlds PC 50 10 - 20 60 - 70 65 - 76 Gears of War : Judgment 2013 Epic Games , People Can Fly Microsoft Studios Xbox 360 60 63 Heavy Rain Quantic Dream Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 , PS4 23.2 32.4 55.6 62 Final Fantasy IX 2000 Square Square PS , PC 40 40 + 57 + E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Atari , Inc .",
"3": "Atari , Inc . Atari 2600 22 56 DC Universe Online 2011 Daybreak Game Company Daybreak Game Company , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox One 50 50 54 L.A. Noire 2011 Team Bondi Rockstar Games PS3 , Xbox 360 , PC 50 50 54 Half - Life 2 Valve Corporation Valve Corporation PC , PS3 , Xbox , Xbox 360 40 40 52 World of Warcraft Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment PC 40 52 Known cancelled projects with a cost of more than 50 million US $ Name Year started Year cancelled Developer Publisher Platform Development Cost ( million US $ ) Marketing Cost ( million US $ ) Total Cost ( million US $ ) Total with 2017 inflation ( million US $ ) Halo MMO Cancelled ? Ensemble Studios Microsoft Game Studios PC 90 90 102 Fable Legends Cancelled 2016 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios PC , Xbox One 75 75 + 76 + This Is Vegas Cancelled ? Surreal Software Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC , PS3 , Xbox 360 40 - 50 40 - 50 45 - 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Funk , John ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` How much did MW2 Cost ? '' . The Escapist . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GTA V dev costs over $137 million , says analyst '' . gamesindustry.biz . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Alan ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` GTA 5 ' Costs $265 Million To Develop And Market , Making It The Most Expensive Video Game Ever Produced : Report '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 .",
"4": "Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars : The Old Republic -- the story behind a galactic gamble '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bungie - Activision contract '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that the total cost was $500 million , but Bungie 's Eric Osborne stated that the budget was `` Nowhere near $500 Million '' `` . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Destiny is a $500 Million Gamble for Activision , says Kotick '' . IGN . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Essential 50 : Final Fantasy VII '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final Fantasy 7 : An oral history '' . Polygon . Jan 9 , 2017 . Retrieved Feb 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Rich ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Final Fantasy 7 retrospective '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Androvitch , Mark ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` GTA IV : Most expensive game ever developed ? '' . Games Industry International . Jump up ^ Mackey , Bob ( August 14 , 2014 ) . Gaming 's Greatest Flops : Too Human . USgamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Payne 3 's Sales May Be Hitting Rockstar Where It Hurts '' . www.gametrailers.com . June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times - `` Red Dead Redempetion '' Brings Old West to Life `` . New York Times .",
"5": "May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schiesel , Seth ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Way Down Deep in the Wild , Wild West '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Realtime Worlds : an inside story '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( March 14 , 2014 ) . EA CCO : Battlefield 4 budget was $100 million . bfcentral . Jump up ^ `` 20 of the Most Expensive Games Ever Made '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Tries Anew to Raise Its Score on Digital Games '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tomb Raider finally achieved profitability `` by the end of last year '' `` . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ( May 16 , 2003 ) . `` ' Enter the Matrix ' : An alignment of the digital planets '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bercovici , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` With ' Defiance , ' Comcast 's Syfy Bets $100 M On Convergence Of TV And Videogames '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CD PROJEKT Group - first half of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Witcher 3 sells 6m copies in six weeks '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` New article on Konami paints a bleak picture '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Joseph Jay ( 2004 ) .",
"6": "Pikachu 's Global Adventure : The Rise and Fall of Pokémon . Duke University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3287 - 6 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mosca , Marco ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Dogs , le très gros budget d'Ubisoft '' . Challenges . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Brandon ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` GDC 2011 : Yu Suzuki : ' Sega Will Probably Let Me Make Shenmue 3 ' '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu Suzuki wants $10 million to make a truly open world Shenmue 3 Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` What 's holding back Crysis 3 ? '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Onyett . `` GC 2008 : Crysis Cost 22 Million to Make '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubisoft discusses next - generation game budgets '' . Eurogamer.net . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Yamauchi : Gran Turismo 5 's Development Cost Hit $60 Million '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Does It Cost To Make A Big Video Game ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.glixel.com/interviews/epics-tim-sweeney-on-vr-and-the-future-of-civilization-w459561 ^ Jump up to : Purchese , Robert ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Heavy Rain cost € 16.7 million to make and made Sony `` more than € 100 million '' `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Alder , Davon ( July 29 , 2000 ) . `` Square Haven News / NTV Tokyo Interviews Hironobu Sakaguchi '' . squarehaven.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` Howard Scott Warshaw '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Alex ; Fritz , Ben ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` DC Universe Online : $50 million gamble aims for audience that World of Warcraft ' ca n't touch ' '' . Hero Complex - movies , comics , pop culture - Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Will L.A. Noire change the game for actors ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : $40 million in , still Steaming forward '' . Eurogamer . March 22 , 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MMO Budget Busters '' . MMOHuts . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Why The Halo MMO Was Cancelled '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : Fable Legends was a $75 M project ' nobody ' wanted to work on '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zelfden , N. Van ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Killing the Video - Game Business ? '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 .",
"8": "Video games portal Lists portal Lists of most expensive items Transport Cars ( auctioned ) Media Books Coins Music videos Records Photographs ( of celebrities ) Paintings ( Indian artists ) Sculptures Video games Films animated non-English Czech Finnish Indian Locations Buildings Stadiums Cities for expatriate employees Domain names Streets U.S. public works projects Sports Contracts Association football transfers British Dutch Romanian Serbian Ukrainian Baseball Basketball Thoroughbreds Social Divorces Companies Mergers and acquisitions Pharmaceutical Video game Most expensive things Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_video_games_to_develop&oldid=837981765 '' Categories : Lists of most expensive things Video game development Video game lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Incomplete lists from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 05 : 50 . About Wikipedia",
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who plays manny in diary of a wimpy kid
|
[
"Wyatt and Dylan Walters",
"Connor and Owen Fielding",
"Wyatt and Dylan Walters",
"Connor and Owen Fielding",
"Wyatt and Dylan Walters"
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{
"0": "List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid as well as the film versions of the first , second , and third book . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . The books are written as the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books . Jeff Kinney was an executive producer . Like the books , the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley , played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days , and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules , and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Greg Heffley 2 Rowley Jefferson 3 Frank Heffley 4 Susan Heffley 5 Manny Heffley 6 Rodrick Heffley 7 Greg 's relatives and other family 7.1 Grandma 7.2 Grandpa Heffley 7.3 Joe Heffley 7.4 Joe Heffley 's Wife 7.5 Joe Heffley 's Children 7.6 Charlie Heffley 7.7 Uncle Cecil 7.8 Loretta Heffley 7.9 Aunt Veronica 7.10 Terrence Heffley 7.11 Gammie Heffley 7.12 Reba Heffley 7.13 Gary Heffley 7.13. 1 First wife : Linda 7.13. 2 Second wife : Charlene 7.13. 3 Third wife : Lydia 7.13. 4 Fourth wife : Sonja 7.14 Aunt Dorothy 7.15 Arthur Heffley 7.16 Great Uncle Bruce 7.17 Byron Heffley 7.18 Nana Heffley 7.19 Aunt Cakey 7.20 Aunt Audra 7.21 Aunt Gretchen 7.22 Malvin and Malcolm 7.23 Meemaw and Peepaw 7.24 Gramma 's sisters 7.25 Lawrence Heffley 7.26 Chester `` Remus '' Heffley 7.27 Georgia 7.28 Benjy Heffley 7.29 Tony and Patricia Heffley 7.30 Uncle Larry 7.31 Martina 7.32 Gerald 8 Rowley 's family 8.1 Mr. Jefferson 8.2 Mrs.",
"2": "Jefferson 8.3 Rowley 's grandfather 9 Other characters 9.1 Fregley 9.2 Preston Mudd 9.3 Max Mudd 9.4 Joe Keery 9.5 Christopher Brownfield 9.6 Holly Elizabeth Hills 9.7 Chirag Gupta 9.8 Patty Farrell 9.9 Heather Hills 9.10 Albert Sandy 9.11 Mr. Ira 9.12 The Snellas 9.13 Scotty Douglas 9.14 Mr. Underwood 9.15 Bill Walter 9.16 Dr. Salazar Kagan 9.17 Lenwood Heath 9.18 Taylor Pringle 9.19 Jordan Jury 9.20 Angie Steadman 9.21 Pete Hosey 9.22 The Warrens 9.23 The Beardos 9.24 Joshie 9.25 Maddox Selsam 10 Pets and Other Animals 10.1 Dogs 10.1. 1 Sweetie 10.1. 2 Nutty 10.1. 3 Killer 10.1. 4 Rudy 10.1. 5 Henry 10.1. 6 Rebel 10.2 Other pets 10.2. 1 Greg 's Fish 10.2. 2 Rodrick 's Fish 10.2. 3 Aunt Gretchen 's pets 10.2. 4 Squirm 10.2. 5 The Pig 11 References Greg Heffley Main article : Greg Heffley Self - drawing of Greg Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel . Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times , including terrorizing kids , trying to steal money from a church collection basket , lying in confession , picking on other students , playing pranks on his best friend , selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others . However , he can also be a kind hearted character . He helps his brother with his homework , gets his friend a date for a dance , helps out , and forgives his friends .",
"3": "Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series . He ca n't stop flirting with girls . But after all , he is a funny kid . Rowley Jefferson Rowley as drawn by Greg Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend . In the first book , Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view , Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist . In Dog Days , they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship , but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth . At the end of The Third Wheel , Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown , a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance . This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck , where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail . At the end of the book , the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again . Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender , such as liking a singer for `` six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids . Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama . Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book , a rare antagonistic move from him . In the movie series , Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos . Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul , where he is only mentioned on one page . . Frank Heffley Francisco `` Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father . He is interested in U.S. history , and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series . Frank is edgy around Rowley , does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games , loathes heavy metal , and adolescents . In Rodrick Rules , during Thanksgiving dinner , Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave . He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw , although ultimately this does not come to fruition , much to Greg 's relief . However , Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days .",
"4": "Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is played by Tom Everett Scott . Susan Heffley Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . Though she is loving and motherly , she sometimes seems naive , absent - minded , embarrassing , and overprotective , apparently thinking she knows about what kids Greg 's age are into when in fact , she does n't . She does n't like technology causing her to have the family to have their differences . She believes that technology is distant to her family . She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers . She and her husband pays far more attention to Manny than their other two sons . She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone . In the online version of the first book , Susan was known as Ann Heffley . Manny Heffley Manny as drawn by Greg Manuel `` Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother . He is an annoying , spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother . He makes a great number of demands and throws temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled . Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school . He frequently damages Greg 's property , and uses his age as an excuse for doing so . Whenever they go on vacations , Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it . The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg . He also takes advantage of his overindulgence . It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends , whom he blames for his misbehavior . Despite his very young age and spoiled attitude , Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have . He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul , but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Mexican men to take them to retrieve their pet pig . He is his grandmother 's favorite , although she denies this .",
"5": "In the three movies based on the first four books , Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding . In the movie , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters . Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel `` Fudge '' Hatcher . Rodrick Heffley Rodrick is Greg 's formerly aggressive older brother . He is the drummer in a garage band called `` Löded Diper '' ( loaded diaper ) , noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities . However , once pop star Max Mudd , Joe Elliott , and Mutt Lange began producing the band 's work , and Joe Keery took over lead vocals , the band became a worldwide hit as they shifted their genre from heavy punk metal to glam pop metal , very much influenced by and in the style of Def Leppard . Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers . Rodrick is infamous for his stereotypical rebellious nature , feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence , only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents . He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life . Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies , as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic . He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and , with Greg 's aid , bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze . His spelling abilities are also poor , and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg . In the books , Rodrick owns and drives a white van , which sports his band 's name written in large black letters , on either side of it and lacks any back seats , the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment . In the movie series , the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van , which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors . In Rodrick Rules , Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime . This haunts him when he returns to school .",
"6": "However , his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people ( à la Chinese Whispers ) , temporarily boosting his popularity . By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules , he is much closer to Greg , and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive . This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16 . In the film series based on the books , Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick . In the film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright . Actually , Rodrick 's name is usually spelled Roderick with an E , but his parents spelled it wrong on the birth certificate . Greg 's relatives and other family Grandma Grandma is Susan 's mother and Greg 's maternal grandmother . Grandma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys ' . Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings , since his dad will not do this when she is around . When she is about to leave , Greg quickly goes to accompany her . Grandpa Heffley Greg 's paternal grandpa is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules . He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as `` Gutbusters '' , which the two boys find boring . Grandpa is a smoker . He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby , which he spends his time watching . In Old School , he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys . Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book `` Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book `` Old School '' . Grandpa dates online . Greg is his favorite . Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named `` Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar . This dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more . It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when he was a boy .",
"7": "Joe Heffley Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle . Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions . When Manny started potty training , Uncle Joe insisted that there was a `` potty monster '' that was about to get him , causing him to fear using the bathroom , forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time . Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing Joe under his breath every time he changed Manny 's diapers because of this . Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle `` Aunt Fwank '' , which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose ; Susan thinks it 's cute . In Dog Days , Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog , but that did not work out . He also mentions that Joe 's dog , Killer ate most of his birthday cake . Joe Heffley 's wife Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt . She does not appear much in the books . Joe Heffley 's children Joe Heffley has at least 3 children , who appear to be a bit older than Manny , and are Greg 's cousins . They all call Frank `` Aunt Fwank . '' Charlie Heffley Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle . He is also Greg 's `` secret weapon '' at Christmas , as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving . However , this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing . For example , Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures , but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead , and Greg got a shoe stuck in his nose . Also , when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes , he received Wonder Woman underwear . Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well . Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps . in the first book , Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box , but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie .",
"8": "In The Last Straw , Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop , hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas , as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas . Uncle cecil Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old . He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son , he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table . He only appears in Hard Luck . Loretta Heffley Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa , Arthur and Reba . She got a thank you note for some pants she gave Greg at Christmas . She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner . She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth . It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her , as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits . Aunt Veronica Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister . Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old , but calls his family members on video chat . When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone ( which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother ) , she started a video chat with him . This startled him , leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet ... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg . Terrence Heffley Terrence , who has a mustache and glasses , is Frank 's second cousin . It is implied that Greg thinks he is ugly . This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age , he looked exactly like him , which is true . Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery . Gammie Heffley Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother , and the unofficial head of the Heffley family . She only appears in The Ugly Truth , as a minor character .",
"9": "She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house . Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make . Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of `` experience '' . When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk , which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up . Gammie loves having visitors for dinner . One day she bought a scratch ticket , and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money . Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her . When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures . When she found this out , she did not really care . She pulled a roast right out of the oven , and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway . Gammie is the mother of Grandpa , Arthur , Reba , and Loretta Heffley . Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before . Reba Heffley Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt . Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas , but she came anyway . She made everyone feel guilty . She only appears in The Ugly Truth . She is stubborn . She and Loretta are identical twins . Reba is the sister of Grandpa , Loretta , and Arthur Heffley . Gary Heffley Garrison `` Gary '' Heffeley is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times . In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job . In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - `` Boston '' was spelled `` Botson '' . Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance . In Double Down , Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone .",
"10": "First wife : Linda Reason for divorce : Job unappealing for her ( Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties ) . Second wife : charlene Reason for divorce : Financial miscommunication ( He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000 . ) Third wife : Lydia Reason for divorce : Unknown , possibly because of a tattoo that used to read `` Lydia '' ( and was later modified to read `` I am not in love with Lydia anymore '' ) . Fourth wife : Sonja Reason for likely divorce : He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying `` MARRY ME SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister . Apparently , there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium . Before Gary could say anything , Sonja turned around and said `` YES , YES ! '' When they divorced , it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech . Aunt Dorothy Dorothy is Greg 's great aunt who always kisses him on the lips . Greg 's mom , Susan , says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him . She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly , much to Greg 's dismay . She appears on the `` Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks : `` Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy ? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old , and that she is actually his great - aunt . Arthur Heffley Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle . He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds . He never has an actual conversation with anybody , but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate . For example , once when he said `` Rrup ? '' , Greg replied `` Umm ... No thank you '' . He wears glasses and a neck tie . Arthur is the brother of Reba , Grandpa , and Loretta Heffley . Great uncle Bruce Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel .",
"11": "Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift , only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death . This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present . In The Third Wheel , Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day , which ends up attracting some old ladies . Byron Heffley Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting , he was sent out to get milk , but hit a pothole halfway home , and got a flat tire . Greg had to get him . He needed supplies , so Greg returned to Gammie 's . Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house . Unfortunately , he forgot about Byron 's tire , and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's . Byron is Arthur Heffley 's son . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Nana Heffley Not much is known about Nana , but according to a young Greg , she smelt like asparagus . She is Greg , Rodrick , and Manny 's paternal grandmother , mother to Frank , Joe and Gary , and Mother - in - law to Susan . She is Grandpa 's wife . It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is `` watching '' him from heaven . Her first appearance was in Double Down . Aunt Cakey Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids . She used to have a dog . She despises kids , and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg . Aunt Audra Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters . She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times . Susan think Audra is wasting her money , but the fortuneteller once told Greg , `` A dark haired woman will try to plant a seed of doubt in your mind . '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album . It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally .",
"12": "Aunt Gretchen Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister . She has two out - of - control twin sons , Malvin and Malcolm . Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets . In Hard Luck , her rabbit ( which everyone thought was a male but was actually female ) has a litter of bunnies , angering Frank . Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete . Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead . Malvin and Malcolm Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons . They are out - of control kids , playing catch with rocks and cement chunks . Malcolm is the wilder . He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself . He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup . This results in Frank angrily making them leave . Meemaw and Peepaw Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters , and are the grandparents of Susan . Their first appearance was in Hard Luck . Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty . Meemaw is dead , while Peepaw is still alive . Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs , and wore a diamond ring , which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations . Before she died , she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book . Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould . Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's `` great Heffley road trip '' . Gramma 's sisters Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick , Greg , and Manny . They are the aunts of Susan Heffley and her sisters . Lawrence Heffley Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling , and therefore is unable to make it to family events . He did , however , appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam . He only appears in The Ugly Truth .",
"13": "Chester `` Remus '' Heffley Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband . It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth . Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book . Georgia Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out . She only appears in Hard Luck . Benjy Heffley Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin . He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences . However , he still is n't potty trained . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Tony and Patricia Heffley Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley . Uncle Larry Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle . Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative , and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since . When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album , Larry helped realize that that the ring was in a plastic egg . This was proved to be true , as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on . Martina Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas , and ended up suing the hotel . She possibly owns a Porsche . Gerald Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California . He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born , and even used to change his diapers . Rowley 's family Mr. Jefferson Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father , and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley . He is extremely rude and paranoid , and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property . He is the strictest father in the series so far . He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it , as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person . Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a `` bad influence '' on his son . It is also shown that Mr.",
"14": "Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley . He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days , where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy . In Rodrick Rules , Greg and Rowley say in their secret language : `` Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa ! '' Greg is then sent home early , and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code . In Dog Days , it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert . When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her , it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it . In `` Old School '' , he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids ( which includes Rowley and Greg ) , much to Greg 's dismay . Later , Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning , which means he and Rowley ( Who had spots on his body ) would be going back home . In the film series , Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film , implying that he is a man of a few words . Mrs. Jefferson Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother . She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover . She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley . Despite this , Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley . Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg , she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him . In day 24 of the online version , it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic . In the first film , Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron , Robert Capron 's real life mother ; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . Rowley 's grandfather Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules . It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday .",
"15": "Because of his no lying policy Greg replies : `` If you 're even alive next year '' . He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules . He is an antagonist . Other characters Fregley Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities . He has been known to perplex others with his behavior , and does not have any known friends . Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions , to his chagrin or aggravation . It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents , and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical , uncontrollable frenzies . Fregley won the `` Student of the Week '' award in `` Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days . In the film adaptions of the books , Fregley is played by Grayson Russell . Preston Mudd Preston Francis Mudd is the name of one of Greg 's friends . He is said to have been the best player in the basketball unit of gym class during sixth grade at Westmore Middle School . He was born April 27th , 1997 . He is currently a member of the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA . He was drafted by the 76ers in the 2015 NBA Draft . He started his career with the Sixers , but also played on the Charlotte Hornets and Portland Trail Blazers before returning to the 76ers on Friday , January 20th , 2017 . His siblings are Chase ( born 3 - 21 - 2001 ) , Marty ( born February 1st , 2004 ) , and Cecilia . His cousin is pop star Max Mudd ( born July 20th , 2001 ) , whose brother is Preston 's fellow 76ers teammate Joe Mudd ( born September 2nd , 1993 ) . Preston 's father is Brandon Mudd , former NBA and MLB player who now is helping Bryan Colangelo serve as general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers . Preston is 7'3 '' and weighs 190 LBS . He is married to Karlie .",
"16": "Max Mudd Max Mudd ( born July 20th , 2001 ) is Preston Mudd 's younger cousin and a world - wide popstar along with his cousins Preston , Chase , Marty , and his friend Christopher Brownfield in their band PW5 . Max Mudd is the lead singer , as well as keyboardist , background vocalist , guitarist , and drummer . He is called the `` Next King of Pop . '' He has a jherri curl like Michael Jackson 's , bears some resemblance to 1984 Michael Jackson in the face , and sounds mostly like Jackson when he sings . He and PW5 have already released three no . 1 albums since October 2016 ( `` Midnight Rider '' , `` Price of Fame '' , and `` Behind the Mask '' ) . He has performed concerts with many artists including Loded Diper , Hall & Oates , and Van Halen . He is set to star in Season 3 of Stranger Things and made a cameo appearance in a Criminal Minds episode . He has co-produced all three of PW5 's albums , as well as Loded Diper 's `` Exploded Diper '' alongside co-producers Joe Elliott and Mutt Lange . Mudd also sang backing vocals and played guitar on some of the tracks . PW5 has the most - streamed song of all - time Behind the Mask ( Michael Jackson song ) , and has won 18 grammy awards over the past two years . Max Mudd is friends with Bruno Mars and has also worked with Def Leppard and The Weeknd on various projects . He is friends with President Donald Trump . Joe Keery Joe Keery is an American actor who also serves as lead singer and a guitarist in Rodrick 's glam pop metal band Loded Diper . They just released their album `` Exploded Diper '' in January and are being called by music critics as the `` Next Def Leppard '' . Christopher Brownfield Chris Brownfield is one of Greg 's friends and is shown to have been a great mosquito magnet while hanging out with Greg in the summer . He is currently the bass guitarist for PW5 . He lives in New York City . He also played bass on Loded Diper 's hit debut album `` Exploded Diper '' .",
"17": "Holly Elizabeth Hills Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates ; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister . She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills . A minor character , she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation . He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail . Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity ( Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley ) , she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness , judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook ( as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg ) . She seldom appears afterwards . Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls , including Holly 's older sister Heather . Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books , Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions , debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted . She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured . The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals , to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual . She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical , spoiled , and selfish . Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship , and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party . The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's , implying that she likes him as well , and she , Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after . Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List . Chirag Gupta Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books . He is characterized by his short stature .",
"18": "Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another , Greg started the `` Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules . During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this . As a result , Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end , which aggravates and shocks him . Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank , it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday , and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus , to pick on Greg . In the movie adaptions , Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley . He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films , appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned . He is depicted as being Indian - American . He is portrayed by Karan Brar . Patty Farrell Patricia `` Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg , which is showcased on a few occasions . It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student . She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz . Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him , and makes him agitated . Motivated by his lust for revenge , he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of `` The Wizard of Oz '' after viewing the movie adaption for the first time . He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale ( whom Patty would be portraying in the play ) with apples , only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production . He winds up re-enacting this scene , despite the script , sending his parents into a rage . She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again . She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare . In the film adaptions of the books , Patty 's role is enhanced slightly . She is depicted as being monstrously demanding . Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal .",
"19": "The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school . She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis . She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him . She is played by Laine MacNeil . Heather Hills Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills , with whom Rodrick is infatuated . A minor character in the books , but the main antagonist in the third film , Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation . However , she seems oblivious to this . A student attending Westmore High School with Rodrick , she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books , during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her . Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series . Similar to her younger sister , Holly , Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . In a modification of the events of the books , she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family . She is spoiled , obnoxious , rude , ignorant , selfish , conceited , ungrateful , unforgiving , cold - hearted , demanding , mistreating her family and acquaintances . Plus , she proves to be even worse than Rodrick . Lovelorn , Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party , and , in an attempt to earn her admiration , Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous , and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's `` Baby '' , which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster . She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh . Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's `` Dinosaur ( film ) '' .",
"20": "Albert Sandy Albert Sandy is a minor character , who talks often about rumors he has heard . The validity of his statements are unconfirmed . One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that `` it was medically impossible for a girl to fart '' . Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted . Albert has appeared in The Last Straw , The Ugly Truth , Old School , and Double Down . Mr. Ira Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff , and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper . He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers , and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic . He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip , much to Greg 's chagrin . The Snellas First appearing in The Last Straw , The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood . They have a lot of children , all of whom are male , with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed , and they are ( from oldest to youngest ) : Shawn , Shane , Sam , Scott , and Seth . In The Last Straw , it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts , to attempt to make the babies laugh . According to Greg , however , no baby has laughed once . Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder . Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families , a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos , and has never won anything ( though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw , the footage is sent , and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it ) . Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth , when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home .",
"21": "The smell was deviled eggs , which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house . Despite trying to find the cause of the smell , the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move . Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them , but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house . In Cabin Fever , it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house . Scotty douglas Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class . In Rodrick Rules , Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant . But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe , he has to fill in for Rowley . Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty , but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley . In the tryouts , Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions . Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character , Creighton The Cretin , except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses . In The Ugly Truth , he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid , yet can not say the slogan right . Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother ( who is supposed to be ugly ) . In The Third Wheel , when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley . Mr. Underwood Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach . In the film series , he is named Coach Malone . Bill Walter Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out , and professional singer , who has a rude attitude . Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle . In the novel Rodrick Rules , he was voted `` Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band .",
"22": "Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle , and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps . In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is the main antagonist . He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason . After performing the song Exploded Diper , Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out . He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink . In the book Greg describes him as unemployed still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old . Also , in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob , as he `` slorks '' pot roast . Walter was replaced in the band by lead singer and guitarist Joe Keery . Dr. salazar Kagan Dr. Kagan , Frank 's dentist , makes his debut in The Ugly Truth . Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist , a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush . Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked . In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge , Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite . Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around . He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken . He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out . His motto is , `` Bad oral health is nothing to smile about . '' Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67 : My Dentist is The Devil . Lenwood Heath Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw . He is a rebellious teenager , who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy . This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater . In the Dog Days film , he is portrayed by Tom Stevens , and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending .",
"23": "Taylor Pringle Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days and does not appear in the books . She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving , and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink , Rodrick embarrasses Greg , prompting Greg to try and tackle him , but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake , destroying it . As a result of this , Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins . She appears again in Dog Days , at the country club 's pool , in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather rudely states `` What do you think I am , a guide book ? Come back to me when you 're drowning . '' . Later , when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board , he becomes nervous , due to it being very high above the water . Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself , due to being scared . When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is `` just a little kid '' , she pressures him to jump . When Greg jumps , he loses his swimsuit on the board , and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her . As a result , Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit , and as he does so , he gets taunted by Patty . Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela . Jordan Jury Only appearing in The Ugly Truth , Jordan Jury is a popular boy in a grade above Greg , who always has blowout parties . Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him . Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party , but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding . However , he later realizes that he is lucky that he could n't go , because the only reason Jordan invited kids in Greg 's grade to the party was to use them as servants .",
"24": "Angie Steadman Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film . She is in seventh grade , has a pink streak of hair , works for the school newspaper , and hates middle school , calling it an `` intellectual wasteland . '' In the film , Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of `` Gladiator '' . She gets along with Rowley , but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper . Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways . In the film , she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz . Pete Hosey Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween . He is an antagonist in the first film . He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version . After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween , Greg yells that he will call the cops , and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house . In the book , Greg and Rowley sneak back home , but in the movie , they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker , before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods . In both the book and the movie , the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley . Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese . Rowley is forced to eat the cheese , but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant . In the movie they are chased off by the coach . The Warrens Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books , the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly . Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens . In stark contrast to Greg , the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty . In the third film , Stan , the father of the family , is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's . He had a childhood rivalry with Frank , that they appear to have gotten over as adults .",
"25": "Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him . In the movie , Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers , and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party . They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . The Beardos Only appearing in The Long Haul , the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book . They are a couple with three sons . The Heffleys indirectly met them during their road trip , though only Greg knows who they are . Their first encounter is at a motel , where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children , who then tells his father on him , causing Greg to fear running into them again . Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called `` Soak Central . '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central , and that he got the number wrong . Their belongings were actually there . The Beardos were known for driving a purple van , similar to the Heffleys ' minivan . The family 's real surname is unknown , as Greg himself does not who they are . It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard . In the film adaption of The Long Haul , Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln , and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent . Joshie Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol . Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls , but Rowley ignores him , saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who `` discovered '' Joshie . Maddox Selsam Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of nowhere . He is not allowed to have any screen time , and does not have a TV at his house . He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin . He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school .",
"26": "Pets and other animals Dogs Sweetie Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days . Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog , Nutty . Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book . Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps . Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human . Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds . He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep . Nutty Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age . Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway . Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm . Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch . Killer Killer is Joe Heffley 's family dog . In Dog Days , he wreaks havoc by eating part of Greg 's birthday cake . Rudy Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog . He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him , opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing . It is not known how Rudy died . Henry Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer . Rebel Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard . He only appears in Hard Luck . Other pets Greg 's fish In Dog Days , Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store . He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it . Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish , who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day . Rodrick 's fish Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days , because it was described as aggressive .",
"27": "Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish , which it ate . The fish has not appeared since Dog Days , with no further mention of its eventual fate . Aunt Gretchen 's pets Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck , while she is sightseeing . Her pets include three dogs , two cats , a mouse , a parakeet , a turtle , a snake , a lizard , and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away . Squirm Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine . It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk . The pig The Heffley 's pet pig has appeared in all books except The Getaway since The Long Haul , in which Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog . To the annoyance of Greg , the pig exhibits extraordinary intelligence and gains human characteristics . One running gag is that despite not having opposable thumbs , the pig opens objects such as soda cans or a jar full of candy corn . References Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ All about Jeff Kinney ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw .",
"28": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_characters&oldid=836911164 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is the citrus bowl held this year
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[
"Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida",
"Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida",
"Camping World Stadium"
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{
"0": "Citrus Bowl - wikipedia Citrus Bowl Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the game . For the stadium , see Camping World Stadium . For the bowl game previously known as the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl , see Cactus Bowl . Citrus Bowl Citrus Bowl presented by Overton 's Stadium Camping World Stadium Location Orlando , Florida Previous stadiums Florida Field ( 1973 ) Previous locations Gainesville , Florida ( 1973 ) Operated 1947 -- present Conference tie - ins Big Ten , SEC Previous conference tie - ins OVC ( 1947 -- 1967 ) MAC ( 1968 -- 1975 ) SoCon ( 1968 -- 1972 ) SEC ( 1972 -- 1973 ) ACC ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Payout US $ 4,250,000 ( As of 2015 ) Sponsors Florida Citrus Growers Association ( 1983 -- 2002 ) CompUSA ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Ourhouse.com ( 2000 ) Capital One ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Wild Wings ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Overton 's ( 2018 -- present ) Former names Tangerine Bowl ( 1947 -- 1982 ) Florida Citrus Bowl ( 1983 -- 1993 ) CompUSA Florida Citrus Bowl ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Ourhouse.com Florida Citrus Bowl ( 2000 ) Capital One Florida Citrus Bowl ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Capital One Bowl ( 2003 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2016 season matchup LSU vs. Louisville ( LSU 29 -- 9 ) 2017 season matchup Notre Dame vs. LSU ( Notre Dame 21 -- 17 ) The Citrus Bowl , officially the Citrus Bowl presented by Overton 's , boating and marine supply , for sponsorship purposes , is an annual college football bowl game played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida .",
"1": "It was previously known as the Tangerine Bowl ( 1947 -- 1982 ) , the Florida Citrus Bowl ( 1983 -- 2002 ) , the Capital One Bowl ( 2003 -- 2014 ) and the Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl ( 2015 -- 2017 ) . The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports , a non-profit group that also organizes the Camping World Bowl and Florida Classic . Since becoming one of the premier bowls , the Citrus Bowl is typically played at 1 p.m. EST on New Year 's Day , immediately before the Rose Bowl , both of which have been televised on ESPN since 2011 . When January 1 is a Sunday , the game has been played on January 2 or December 31 , to avoid conflicting with the National Football League schedule . As of 2015 , at $4.25 million per team , it has the largest payout of all the non-College Football Playoff ( CFP ) bowls . In nearly every year since 1985 , the game has featured two teams ranked in the Top 25 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conference tie - ins 1.2 Racial integration 1.3 Gainesville 1.4 Mascot Challenge 2 Game results 2.1 Game records 3 MVPs 4 Most appearances 5 Appearances by conference 6 Broadcasting 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Additional sources 9 External links History ( edit ) The game , which began play in 1947 , is one of the oldest of the non-CFP bowls , along with the Gator Bowl and Sun Bowl . By 1952 , the game was dubbed the `` Little Bowl with the Big Heart '' , because all the proceeds from the game went to charity . Before 1968 , the game featured matchups between schools throughout the South , often featuring the Ohio Valley Conference champion or other small colleges , although a few major colleges did play in the bowl during this early era as well . From 1964 through 1967 , it was one of the four regional finals in the College Division ( which became Division II and Division III in 1973 ) , along with the Pecan , Grantland Rice , and Camellia bowls .",
"2": "In 1968 , the Boardwalk Bowl in Atlantic City took over as a regional final , and the Tangerine Bowl became a major college bowl game , featuring teams from the University Division ( which became Division I in 1973 ) . In 1986 , it was one of the bowl games considered for the site of the `` winner take all '' national championship game between Penn State and Miami , before the Fiesta Bowl was eventually chosen . The 1990 season game had national championship implications ; Georgia Tech won the Florida Citrus Bowl , finished 11 -- 0 -- 1 , and were voted the 1990 UPI national champion . The 1997 season game , which featured nearby Florida beating Penn State , holds the game 's attendance record at 72,940 . In 2004 , the bowl bid to become the fifth BCS game , but was not chosen , primarily due to the stadium 's aging condition . In July 2007 , the Orange County Commissioners voted in favor of spending $1.1 billion to build the Amway Center for the Orlando Magic , the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts , and to upgrade the Citrus Bowl stadium . Following the 2014 game , Capital One ceased its sponsorship of the bowl , and moved its sponsorship to the Orange Bowl . Buffalo Wild Wings was announced as the new title sponsor of the bowl game in 2014 . Buffalo Wild Wings had previously been the title sponsor of what is now the Cactus Bowl . In the offseason of 2017 , Buffalo Wild Wings ceased sponsoring the bowl as the search for a new sponsor is ongoing . The 2016 season game was played on December 31 , the first time in 30 years that the game was not played on January 1st or 2nd . Conference tie - ins ( edit ) From 1968 through 1975 , the bowl featured the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) champion against an opponent from the Southern Conference ( 1968 -- 1971 ) , the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , or an at - large opponent ( 1972 , 1975 ) . MAC teams were 6 -- 2 during those games .",
"3": "As the major football conferences relaxed restrictions on post-season play in the mid-1970s , the bowl went to a matchup between two at - large teams from major conferences , with one school typically ( but not always ) from the South . From the 1987 season through the 1991 season , the bowl featured the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) champion against an at - large opponent . ACC teams were 3 -- 2 during those games . From the 1992 season through the 2015 season , the bowl featured an SEC vs. Big Ten matchup -- the SEC won 14 of those games , while the Big Ten won 10 . During the 1990s , the second - place finisher in the SEC typically went to this bowl . Florida coach Steve Spurrier , speaking to the fact that Tennessee occupied that spot three of four years as Florida finished first , famously quipped `` You ca n't spell ' Citrus ' without U-T ! '' Currently , the bowl has tie - ins with the SEC and the Big Ten , holding the first selection after the CFP selection process for both conferences . Since the formation of the CFP , the Citrus Bowl has a chance to occasionally host an ACC team , replacing the Big Ten representative . This will happen the years in which the Orange Bowl is not a CFP semi-final game and selects a Big Ten team to match against their ACC team . This happened following the 2016 season , as the Orange Bowl was not a CFP semi-final and invited Michigan of the Big Ten to face Florida State of the ACC ; the Citrus Bowl then invited Louisville of the ACC to face LSU of the SEC . The next year , Wisconsin was invited to the Orange Bowl , so the SEC 's LSU was pitted against Notre Dame , who received an invite in lieu of an ACC team . Racial integration ( edit ) The undefeated 1955 Hillsdale College football team refused an invitation to the game when bowl officials insisted that Hillsdale 's four African - American players would not be allowed to play in the game . The University at Buffalo 's first bowl bid was to the Tangerine Bowl in 1958 . The Tangerine Bowl Commission hoped that the Orlando High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) , which operated the stadium , would waive its rule that prohibited integrated sporting events .",
"4": "When it refused , the team unanimously voted to skip the bowl because its two black players ( halfback Willie Evans and end Mike Wilson ) would not have been allowed on the field . Buffalo would not be bowl - eligible for another 50 years . During the 2008 season , when the Bulls were on the verge of bowl eligibility , the 1958 team was profiled on ESPN 's Outside the Lines . The 2008 team went on to win the Mid-American Conference title , and played in the International Bowl . By 1966 , the OHSAA 's rule had been changed , and Morgan State of Baltimore , under head coach Earl Banks , became the first historically black college to play in ( and win ) the Tangerine Bowl . Gainesville ( edit ) In early 1973 , construction improvements were planned for the then 17,000 - seat Tangerine Bowl stadium to expand to over 51,000 seats . In early summer 1973 , however , construction was stalled due to legal concerns , and the improvements were delayed . Late in the 1973 season , Tangerine Bowl President Will Gieger and other officials planned to invite the Miami Redskins and the East Carolina Pirates to Orlando for the game . On November 19 , 1973 , East Carolina withdrew its interests , and the bowl was left with one at - large bid . In an unexpected and unprecedented move , game officials decided to invite the Florida Gators , and move the game to Florida Field in Gainesville , the Gators ' home stadium . The larger stadium would be needed to accommodate the large crowd expected . The move required special permission from the NCAA , and special accommodations were made . Both teams would be headquartered in Orlando for the week , and spend most of their time there , including practices , and would be bused up to Gainesville . The participants were greeted with an unexpected event , a near - record low temperature of 25 degrees Fahrenheit ( - 4 degrees Celsius ) . Despite the home - field advantage , in the game nicknamed the `` Transplant Bowl '' , Miami ( OH ) , who found the cold much more to its liking , defeated the Gators 16 -- 7 . One of the players on the victorious Redskins squad was future Gators coach Ron Zook .",
"5": "The one - time moving of the game , and the fears of a permanent relocation , rejuvenated the stalled stadium renovations in Orlando . The game returned to Orlando for 1974 , and within a couple of years , the expansion project was complete . Mascot challenge ( edit ) The `` Capital One Mascot Challenge '' ( formerly known as the `` Capital One National Mascot of the Year '' ) was a contest where fans voted for their favorite college mascot . The contest began in 2002 with the winner being named during the halftime ; the winning school was awarded $20,000 towards their mascot program . With the ending of Capital One 's sponsorship of the Citrus Bowl , the challenge was moved in 2014 to the Orange Bowl with Capital One 's sponsorship of that game . ( show ) List of Capital One Mascot Challenge winners Season Mascot University 2002 Monte ! Monte University of Montana 2003 Cocky ! Cocky University of South Carolina Monte ! Monte University of Montana 2005 Herbie Husker University of Nebraska -- Lincoln 2006 Butch T. Cougar Washington State University 2007 Zippy ! Zippy University of Akron 2008 Cy the Cardinal Iowa State University 2009 The Bearcat ! The Bearcat University of Cincinnati Big Blue ! Big Blue Old Dominion University 2011 Wolfie Jr . University of Nevada , Reno 2012 Raider Red Texas Tech University 2013 Rocky the Bull University of South Florida 2014 Aubie Auburn University Game results ( edit ) Program cover for 1967 game Rankings are based on the AP Poll prior to the game being played . Italics denote a tie game . No . Season Date played Winning team Losing team Notes 1946 January 1 , 1947 Catawba 31 Maryville 6 notes 1947 January 1 , 1948 Catawba 7 Marshall 0 notes 1948 January 1 , 1949 Murray State 21 , Sul Ross State 21 notes 1949 January 2 ,",
"6": "1950 Saint Vincent 7 Emory & Henry 6 notes 5 1950 January 1 , 1951 Morris Harvey 35 Emory & Henry 14 notes 6 1951 January 1 , 1952 Stetson 35 Arkansas State 20 notes 7 1952 January 1 , 1953 East Texas State 33 Tennessee Tech 0 notes 8 1953 January 1 , 1954 Arkansas State 7 , East Texas State 7 notes 9 1954 January 1 , 1955 Omaha 7 Eastern Kentucky 6 notes 10 1955 January 2 , 1956 Juniata 6 , Missouri Valley 6 notes Teams competing from both NCAA College & University divisions 11 1956 January 1 , 1957 West Texas State 20 Mississippi Southern 13 notes 12 1957 January 1 , 1958 East Texas State 10 Mississippi Southern 9 notes 13 1958 December 27 , 1958 East Texas State 26 Missouri Valley 7 notes 14 1959 January 1 , 1960 Middle Tennessee 21 Presbyterian 12 notes 15 1960 December 30 , 1960 The Citadel 27 Tennessee Tech 0 notes 16 1961 December 29 , 1961 Lamar 21 Middle Tennessee 14 notes 17 1962 December 22 , 1962 Houston 49 Miami ( OH ) 21 notes 18 1963 December 28 , 1963 Western Kentucky 27 Coast Guard 0 notes NCAA College Division ( Small College ) East Regional Final 19 1964 December 12 , 1964 East Carolina 14 Massachusetts 13 notes 20 1965 December 11 ,",
"7": "1965 East Carolina 31 Maine 0 notes 21 1966 December 10 , 1966 Morgan State 14 West Chester 6 notes 22 1967 December 16 , 1967 Tennessee -- Martin 25 West Chester 8 notes NCAA University Division ( Major College ) 23 1968 December 27 , 1968 Richmond 49 # 15 Ohio 42 notes 24 1969 December 26 , 1969 # 20 Toledo 56 Davidson 33 notes 25 1970 December 28 , 1970 # 15 Toledo 40 William & Mary 12 notes 26 1971 December 28 , 1971 # 14 Toledo 28 Richmond notes 27 1972 December 29 , 1972 Tampa 21 Kent State 18 notes NCAA Division I 28 1973 December 22 , 1973 # 15 Miami ( OH ) 16 Florida 7 notes 29 December 21 , 1974 # 15 Miami ( OH ) 21 Georgia 10 notes 30 December 20 , 1975 # 12 Miami ( OH ) 20 South Carolina 7 notes 31 1976 December 18 , 1976 # 14 Oklahoma State 49 BYU 21 notes 32 1977 December 23 , 1977 # 19 Florida State 40 Texas Tech 17 notes NCAA Division I-A 33 1978 December 23 , 1978 NC State 30 Pittsburgh 17 notes 34 1979 December 22 , 1979 LSU 34 Wake Forest 10 notes 35 1980 December 20 , 1980 Florida 35 Maryland 20 notes 36 1981 December 19 ,",
"8": "1981 Missouri 19 # 18 Southern Miss 17 notes 37 1982 December 18 , 1982 # 18 Auburn 33 Boston College 26 notes 38 December 17 , 1983 Tennessee 30 # 16 Maryland 23 notes 39 1984 December 22 , 1984 Georgia 17 , # 15 Florida State 17 notes 40 1985 December 28 , 1985 # 17 Ohio State 10 # 9 BYU 7 notes 41 1986 January 1 , 1987 # 10 Auburn 16 USC 7 notes 42 January 1 , 1988 # 14 Clemson 35 # 20 Penn State 10 notes 43 1988 January 2 , 1989 # 9 Clemson 13 # 10 Oklahoma 6 notes 44 1989 January 1 , 1990 # 11 Illinois 31 # 16 Virginia 21 notes 45 1990 January 1 , 1991 # 2 Georgia Tech 45 # 19 Nebraska 21 notes 46 1991 January 1 , 1992 # 14 California 37 # 13 Clemson 13 notes 47 1992 January 1 , 1993 # 8 Georgia 21 # 15 Ohio State 14 notes 48 1993 January 1 , 1994 # 13 Penn State 31 # 6 Tennessee 13 notes 49 1994 January 2 , 1995 # 6 Alabama 24 # 13 Ohio State 17 notes 50 1995 January 1 , 1996 # 3 Tennessee 20 # 4 Ohio State 14 notes 51 January 1 ,",
"9": "1997 # 9 Tennessee 48 # 11 Northwestern 28 notes 52 1997 January 1 , 1998 # 6 Florida 21 # 11 Penn State 6 notes 53 1998 January 1 , 1999 # 15 Michigan 45 # 11 Arkansas 31 notes 54 1999 January 1 , 2000 # 9 Michigan State 37 # 10 Florida 34 notes 55 2000 January 1 , 2001 # 17 Michigan 31 # 20 Auburn 28 notes 56 2001 January 1 , 2002 # 8 Tennessee 45 # 17 Michigan 17 notes 57 2002 January 1 , 2003 # 19 Auburn 13 # 10 Penn State 9 notes 58 2003 January 1 , 2004 # 11 Georgia 34 # 12 Purdue 27 ( OT ) notes 59 January 1 , 2005 # 11 Iowa 30 # 12 LSU 25 notes 60 2005 January 2 , 2006 # 20 Wisconsin 24 # 7 Auburn 10 notes NCAA Division I FBS 61 2006 January 1 , 2007 # 5 Wisconsin 17 # 13 Arkansas 14 notes 62 2007 January 1 , 2008 Michigan 41 # 12 Florida 35 notes 63 2008 January 1 , 2009 # 15 Georgia 24 # 18 Michigan State 12 notes 64 2009 January 1 , 2010 # 11 Penn State 19 # 15 LSU 17 notes 65 January 1 , 2011 # 16 Alabama 49 # 9 Michigan State 7 notes 66 2011 January 2 ,",
"10": "2012 # 9 South Carolina 30 # 20 Nebraska 13 notes 67 2012 January 1 , 2013 # 6 Georgia 45 # 23 Nebraska 31 notes 68 2013 January 1 , 2014 # 9 South Carolina 34 # 19 Wisconsin 24 notes 69 2014 January 1 , 2015 # 16 Missouri 33 # 25 Minnesota 17 notes 70 2015 January 1 , 2016 # 14 Michigan 41 # 19 Florida 7 notes 71 2016 December 31 , 2016 # 20 LSU 29 # 13 Louisville 9 notes 72 2017 January 1 , 2018 # 14 Notre Dame 21 # 17 LSU 17 notes Game records ( edit ) Note : When there is a tie , the most recent one will be listed . Team Scoring Records Performance Year Most points scored ( one team ) 56 , Toledo 1969 Most points scored ( both teams ) 91 , Richmond vs. Ohio 1968 Most points scored ( losing team ) 42 , Ohio 1968 Fewest points scored ( winning team ) 7 , Omaha ( tied with 2 others ) 1955 Fewest points scored ( both teams ) 7 , Catawba vs. Marshall 1948 Fewest points allowed 0 , East Carolina ( tied with 4 others ) 1965 Largest margin of victory 42 , Alabama 2011 Mvps ( edit ) Multiple players were recognized in some games -- detail , where known , is denoted with B ( outstanding back ) , L ( outstanding lineman ) , O ( outstanding offensive player ) , D ( outstanding defensive player ) , or M ( overall MVP ) per contemporary newspaper reports . Game MVP ( s ) Team Pos . Type Jan. 1949 Dale McDaniel Murray State HB Ted Scown Sul Ross State HB Jan.",
"11": "1950 Don Henigin St. Vincent FB Chick Davis Emory & Henry QB Jan. 1951 Pete Anania Morris Harvey QB Charles Hubbard Morris Harvey Jan. 1952 Bill Johnson Stetson QB Jan. 1953 Marvin Brown East Texas State HB Jan. 1954 Bobby Spann Arkansas State QB Jan. 1955 Bill Englehardt Omaha HB Jan. 1956 Barry Drexler Juniata Jan. 1957 Ron Mills West Texas State HB Jan. 1958 Norman Roberts East Texas State Dec. 1958 Sam McCord East Texas State QB Jan. 1960 Bob Waters Presbyterian QB Dec. 1960 Jerry Nettles Citadel QB Dec. 1961 Ralph Stone Lamar HB Dec. 1962 Billy Roland Houston QB Dec. 1963 Sharon Miller Western Kentucky QB Dec. 1964 Bill Cline East Carolina TB Dec. 1965 Dave Alexander East Carolina FB Dec. 1966 Willie Lanier Morgan State LB Dec. 1967 Errol Hook Tennessee -- Martin QB O Gordon Lambert Tennessee -- Martin DE Dec. 1968 Buster O'Brien Richmond QB Walker Gillette Richmond SE Dec. 1969 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB Dan Crockett Toledo WB Dec. 1970 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB O Vince Hubler William & Mary LB Dec. 1971 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB Mel Long Toledo DT Dec. 1972 Freddie Solomon Tampa QB Jack Lambert Kent State LB Dec. 1973 Chuck Varner Miami ( OH ) FB Brad Cousino Miami ( OH ) MG Dec. 1974 Sherman Smith Miami ( OH ) QB Brad Cousino Miami ( OH ) MG John Roudabush Miami ( OH ) LB Dec.",
"12": "1975 Rob Carpenter Miami ( OH ) TB O Jeff Kelly Miami ( OH ) MG Dec. 1976 Terry Miller Oklahoma State HB M , O Phillip Dokes Oklahoma State DT Dec. 1977 Jimmy Jordan Florida State QB M , O Willie Jones Florida State LB Game MVP ( s ) Team Pos . Type Dec. 1978 Ted Brown North Carolina State RB Nathan Ritter North Carolina State O John Stanton North Carolina State MG Dec. 1979 David Woodley LSU QB Jerry Murphree LSU RB O Benjy Thibodeaux LSU DT Dec. 1980 Cris Collinsworth Florida WR Charlie Wysocki Florida RB O David Galloway Florida DT Dec. 1981 Jeff Gaylord Missouri LB Dec. 1982 Randy Campbell Auburn QB Dec. 1983 Johnnie Jones Tennessee RB Dec. 1984 James Jackson Georgia QB Dec. 1985 Larry Kolic Ohio State LB Jan. 1987 Aundray Bruce Auburn LB Jan. 1988 Rodney Williams Clemson QB Jan. 1989 Terry Allen Clemson RB Jan. 1990 Jeff George Illinois QB Jan. 1991 Shawn Jones Georgia Tech QB Jan. 1992 Mike Pawlawski California QB Jan. 1993 Garrison Hearst Georgia RB Jan. 1994 Bobby Engram Penn State WR Jan. 1995 Sherman Williams Alabama RB Jan. 1996 Jay Graham Tennessee RB Jan. 1997 Peyton Manning Tennessee QB Jan. 1998 Fred Taylor Florida RB Jan. 1999 Anthony Thomas Michigan RB Jan. 2000 Plaxico Burress Michigan State WR Jan. 2001 Anthony Thomas Michigan RB Jan. 2002 Casey Clausen Tennessee QB Jan.",
"13": "2003 Ronnie Brown Auburn RB Jan. 2004 David Greene Georgia QB Jan. 2005 Drew Tate Iowa QB Jan. 2006 Brian Calhoun Wisconsin RB Jan. 2007 John Stocco Wisconsin QB Jan. 2008 Chad Henne Michigan QB Jan. 2009 Matthew Stafford Georgia QB Jan. 2010 Daryll Clark Penn State QB Jan. 2011 Courtney Upshaw Alabama LB Jan. 2012 Alshon Jeffery South Carolina WR Jan. 2013 Aaron Murray Georgia QB Jan. 2014 Connor Shaw South Carolina QB Jan. 2015 Markus Golden Missouri DE Jan. 2016 Jake Rudock Michigan QB Dec. 2016 Derrius Guice LSU RB Jan. 2018 Miles Boykin Notre Dame WR Three players have been recognized in multiple games ; Chuck Ealey of Toledo ( 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ) , Brad Cousino of Miami ( OH ) ( 1973 , 1974 ) , and Anthony Thomas of Michigan ( 1999 , 2001 ) . Most appearances ( edit ) Only teams with at least three appearances are listed .",
"14": "Rank Team Appearances Record T1 Georgia 6 4 -- 1 -- 1 T1 Florida 6 2 -- 4 Tennessee 5 4 -- 1 T2 Michigan 5 4 -- 1 T2 Auburn 5 3 -- 2 T2 Penn State 5 2 -- 3 T2 LSU 5 2 -- 3 Miami ( OH ) 3 -- 1 T3 Ohio State 1 -- 3 Toledo 3 -- 0 T4 Clemson 2 -- 1 T4 South Carolina 2 -- 1 T4 Wisconsin 2 -- 1 T4 Michigan State 1 -- 2 T4 Nebraska 0 -- 3 T4 Southern Miss 0 -- 3 Includes two Southern Miss appearances under their former name , Mississippi Southern . Appearances by Conference ( edit ) Reflects games played since 1968 , when the bowl started hosting major college teams . From 1968 through the January 2018 playing , there have been 50 games ( 100 total appearances ) . Rank Conference Appearances Wins Losses Ties Pct . SEC 34 20 13 . 603 Big Ten 26 12 14 0 . 462 ACC 11 6 . 409 T4 MAC 8 6 0 . 750 T4 Independents 8 6 0 . 250 5 Pac - 12 0 . 500 Records are based on a team 's conference affiliation at the time the game was played . For example , Penn State has appeared both as a Big Ten team and as an Independent team . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of Citrus Bowl broadcasters Most editions of the Citrus Bowl have been televised by ABC , who is the current broadcaster .",
"15": "ESPN televised the game in 2011 and 2012 , NBC televised it in 1984 and 1985 , and Mizlou televised it in 1982 . Broadcast information for the bowl 's early years is incomplete . See also ( edit ) List of college bowl games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overton 's Signs On as Presenting Sponsor of Citrus Bowl '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl > Home '' . buffalowildwingscitrusbowl.com . Jump up ^ `` College Bowl Game Payouts '' . Statistic Brain . Jump up ^ `` Capital One to sponsor Orange Bowl '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ Repchak , Matt ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl begins new era for Orlando 's New Year 's Day game '' . Florida Citrus Sports . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmeister , Chris ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` The 14 best Steve Spurrier quotes of now and then '' . SB Nation . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Anson ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Sorting out the ACC Bowl slotting mess , Pitt missed good chance to slide into elite bowl game '' . SB Nation . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 -- via cardiachill.com . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Football Team '' . hillsdalechargers.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Dick ( December 2 , 1955 ) . `` Better Kind Of Glory '' . The Michigan Daily . Ann Arbor , Michigan . p. 4 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 -- via The Michigan Daily Digital Archives . Jump up ^ `` Race Bias Makes Lemon Of Tangerine Bowl Bid '' . New York Age . New York City . December 6 , 1958 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Neal , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` All Or Nothing '' . ESPN .",
"16": "Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Buffalo Football '' . hobbsbrother4 . February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Schmuck , Peter ( December 25 , 2015 ) . `` 1966 Morgan State bowl team that broke barriers to be honored '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Bill ( December 22 , 1973 ) . `` Temp Takes Miami Bounce So Put On The Woolies '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CitrusBowl/status/947961622441709568 Additional sources ( edit ) Orlando Sentinel - Star ( November 20 , 1973 ) ; Various articles - Accessed via microfilm 01 - 03 - 2007 .",
"17": "External links ( edit ) Official website Official website of the Capital One Bowl All American Halftime Show Tangerine / Florida Citrus / Capital One / Citrus Bowl History & conference tie - ins History Stadium Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Southeastern Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Tangerine Bowl 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( Jan ) 1958 ( Dec ) 1960 ( Jan ) 1960 ( Dec ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Florida Citrus Bowl 1984 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Capital One Bowl 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Citrus Bowl 2015 2016 2016 ( Dec ) 2018 Notes There was a game in January and December of 1958 , 1960 , and 2016 . There was no game in 1959 , 1986 or 2017 .",
"18": "NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown !",
"19": "First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citrus_Bowl&oldid=821114865 '' Categories : Citrus Bowl ( game ) College football bowls Recurring sporting events established in 1947 American football in Orlando , Florida 1947 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the woodsman in over the garden wall
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{
"0": "Over the Garden Wall - wikipedia Over the Garden Wall Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Over the Garden Wall ( disambiguation ) . Over the Garden Wall Genre Dark fantasy Adventure Comedy - drama Created by Patrick McHale Based on Tome of the Unknown ( 2013 ) Directed by Nick Cross ( art ) Robert Alvarez , Larry Leichliter , Eddy Houchins , and Ken Bruce ( animation ) Nate Cash ( supervising ) Creative director ( s ) Nate Cash ( episodes 1 -- 6 ) Bert Youn ( episodes 7 -- 10 ) Voices of Elijah Wood Collin Dean Melanie Lynskey Christopher Lloyd Jack Jones Samuel Ramey Composer ( s ) The Blasting Company Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Patrick McHale Producer ( s ) Pernelle Hayes Running time 110 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Audio format Stereo ( Original broadcast ) Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release November 3 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) -- November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) External links Website Over the Garden Wall is an American animated television miniseries created by Patrick McHale for Cartoon Network . The series centers on two half - brothers who travel across a strange forest in order to find their way home , encountering odd and wonderful things on their journey . The show is based on McHale 's animated short film Tome of the Unknown , which was produced as part of Cartoon Network Studios ' shorts development program . The show features Elijah Wood and Collin Dean as the protagonists Wirt and Greg , and Melanie Lynskey as a bluebird named Beatrice . Over the Garden Wall was broadcast throughout the week of November 3 , 2014 to November 7 , 2014 .",
"1": "The show marked the first miniseries on the network , which commenced its production in March 2014 . McHale first envisioned the show in 2004 , and pitched it to the network in 2006 . After working on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack and Adventure Time , the network expressed interest in McHale pitching a pilot . That pilot became the catalyst for Over the Garden Wall . Production of the show was largely handled in Burbank , California , but many of the show 's storyboard artists worked from other U.S. cities , while the program 's animation was outsourced to South Korea . The series ' environment evokes 19th - and 20th - century Americana , while its digital backgrounds are designed to resemble grisaille paintings . Upon its debut , the series received critical acclaim from television critics , with praise focusing on its mood and characters . In 2015 , the series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . Outside of the series , a one - shot comic book adaptation penned by McHale has been produced , with four further issues commissioned . This was eventually expanded into an ongoing series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Final chapters 2 Production 3 Cast 3.1 Main voices 3.2 Various voices 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 4.2 Miniseries ( 2014 ) 5 Broadcast 6 Music 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Critical reception 8.2 Awards and nominations 9 Comic book adaptation 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows two half - brothers , Wirt and Greg ( voiced by Elijah Wood and Collin Dean respectively ) , who become lost in a strange forest called the Unknown . In order to find their way home , the two must travel across the seemingly supernatural forest with the occasional help of the wandering , mysterious and elderly Woodsman ( Christopher Lloyd ) and Beatrice ( Melanie Lynskey ) , an irritable bluebird who travels with the boys in order to find a woman called Adelaide , who can supposedly undo the curse on Beatrice and her family and show the half - brothers the way home .",
"2": "Wirt , the older brother , is a worry - prone teenager and would rather keep to himself than have to make a decision . His three passions are the clarinet , poetry , and architecture but he keeps this private out of fear of being mocked . On the other hand , Greg , the younger brother , is all about play and being carefree , much to Wirt 's chagrin and the danger to himself and others . Greg carries a frog ( Jack Jones ) , whose name is undetermined and who can communicate only through singing . Stalking the main cast is the Beast ( Samuel Ramey ) , an ancient creature who leads lost souls astray until they lose their hope and willpower and turn into `` Edelwood trees '' . Final chapters ( edit ) In the final two episodes , it is revealed that Wirt and Greg are actually two boys from the modern era . Wirt and Greg 's strange appearance stems from the fact that the night they entered the Unknown was Halloween . Wirt , attempting to take back an embarrassing poetry tape he made for a girl he likes , had followed her to a graveyard scary story gathering before a police officer scared him and Greg into jumping over the cemetery 's garden wall . On the other side of the wall , they landed on train tracks where Greg was almost hit by a train . Wirt pushed them both off a hill into a lake / river in an attempt to save him , knocking them both unconscious in the process and sending them to a Limbo - like realm between life and death . At the end of the last episode , Wirt and Greg wake up in a hospital , with Greg telling a story but being cut off before we can hear what it 's about . As the scene ends , Greg 's frog begins to glow , due to having eaten a magic bell in The Unknown , suggesting that there was at least some physical aspect to the story . The series ends with a slow montage of how Wirt and Greg affected the inhabitants of the Unknown . Production ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall was first envisioned in 2004 with a scarier and more adventure - based storyline . Before working as a storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , artist Patrick McHale pitched the show in 2006 , then known under the title Tome of the Unknown .",
"3": "The series would follow two brothers -- Walter and Gregory -- who , after signing themselves into a Faustian deal with a devil named Old Scratch , journey across the Land of the In - Between to track down the pages of a book of forgotten stories . McHale saw it as `` a possible Halloween special '' , but had trouble adapting the premise with a larger story arc . After his work for Flapjack , McHale moved on to co-develop Adventure Time , where he served as creative director , and subsequently as a writer . The network later asked him if he had interest in developing a pilot , which led to him returning to Tome of the Unknown , polishing it and pitching it again to the network . After creating a pilot episode , Tome of the Unknown : Harvest Melody , McHale and the network settled upon the miniseries format for the ensuing series , as McHale felt that it would lead to `` something that felt higher quality than what we could do with a regular series '' . McHale abandoned the original idea centered around chapters of a mystical tome and the series ' title became Over the Garden Wall . Production for Over the Garden Wall commenced in March 2014 . McHale initially envisioned eighteen chapters in the series , but the episode count was brought to ten to accommodate budget and time constraints . Early drafts of episodes from the show 's pitch bible included a skinless witch character and a villain who carves dice from the bones of kidnapped children , as well a running plot throughout four episodes in which Wirt and Gregory are transformed into animals ( Gregory being a duck and Wirt being `` either a bear or a dog ... Nobody can tell which '' ) . The ten episodes marked the first miniseries on the Cartoon Network . The show features Wood ( reprising his role from the short ) , Lynskey , and Dean as the main voice cast . McHale and his crew tried to maintain a balance between frightening imagery and `` episodes that are just light and funny '' . For the music , McHale drew inspiration from `` classic American , opera singing '' . Nick Cross served as art director and Nate Cash as supervising director ; both worked with McHale alongside storyboard artists located in New York and Chicago . This distance proved difficult for McHale , who found it `` particularly daunting considering the idiosyncratic nature of the production '' .",
"4": "The series ' art was inspired by a variety of sources , including the 1890s McLoughlin Brothers board game Game of Frog Pond , illustrations by Gustave Doré for Cervantes 's Don Quixote , old illustrations for the Hans Christian Andersen story `` The Tinderbox '' , the Cheshire Cat illustration by John Tenniel from Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , and the `` Dogville Comedies '' short films . McHale referenced chromolithography , vintage Halloween postcards , magic lantern slides , and photographs of New England foliage to create the show 's style . Cast ( edit ) Greg and Wirt , two half - brothers who act as the miniseries ' main protagonists , along with Beatrice the bluebird and Greg 's pet frog . Main article : List of Over the Garden Wall characters Main voices ( edit ) Elijah Wood as Wirt Collin Dean as Gregory ( Greg ) Melanie Lynskey as Beatrice Christopher Lloyd as the Woodsman Jack Jones as Greg 's Frog Samuel Ramey as the Beast Various voices ( edit ) Emily Brundige as Sara Mark Bodnar as the North Wind John Cleese as Quincy Endicott ; Adelaide Tim Curry as Auntie Whispers Noureen DeWulf as Pumpkin Gal Frank Fairfield as the Toy Maker Chris Isaak as Enoch Shirley Jones as Beatrice 's Mother Janet Klein as Miss Langtree Thomas Lennon as Jimmy Brown Sam Marin as Mr.",
"5": "Langtree Judah Nelson as the Cloud City Reception Committee Bebe Neuwirth as Margueritte Grey Jerron `` Blind Boy '' Paxton as the Highwayman Cole Sanchez as Jason Funderberker Shannyn Sossamon as Lorna Fred Stoller as Fred the Horse Deborah Voigt as Queen of the Clouds Audrey Wasilewski as the Tavern Keeper Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) Miniseries 10 November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Tome of the Unknown : Harvest Melody '' Patrick McHale Patrick McHale Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Larry Leichliter with Robert Alvarez ( timing ) September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) ( Film festivals ) May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) ( Online ) Wirt and Gregory grow tired of walking , so they borrow a car from a romantic songwriter made of vegetables named John Crops . They travel to a town of dancing vegetable people , unknowingly bringing crows and other dangerous animals along with them , but they manage to escape while John Crops finds a lover . Miniseries ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Written and storyboarded by Story by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` The Old Grist Mill '' Steve Wolfhard , Natasha Allegri , and Zac Gorman Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.19 Wirt and Greg , along with a frog that Greg attempts to name , are lost in a forest and are met by a talking bluebird and later a woodsman .",
"6": "They are informed by the old Woodsman that they are lost in the Unknown and warns them of `` The Beast '' . Taking them to his oil mill , Wirt and Greg decide to stay for the night but problems arise when Greg leaves a trail of candy that a wolf , which they mistakenly believe to be the Beast , follows them . Greg knocks out the Woodsman , the two brothers run from the wolf , resulting in the destruction of the mill and the wolf being squeezed and returned to its original form , a dog . The Woodsman , angry at their actions but still forgiving , tells them to follow the path but warns them to beware the Beast , as he and the two brothers go their different ways . The brothers keep on rambling as they walk through the woods as a bluebird watches them in the trees . `` Hard Times at the Huskin ' Bee '' Bert Youn , Aaron Renier , and Patrick McHale Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.19 Beatrice , a talking bluebird , joins the brothers and their frog after they help her out of a bush . The trio arrive in a strange town , Pottsfield , that appears to be deserted . They find that the town is holding their annual harvest festival in a barn , which is disrupted by their arrival . The residents , who seem to be living pumpkins , sentence the trio to a few hours of manual labour . After being freed , the brothers decide to follow Beatrice to a woman named Adelaide , who she claims can help them get home . `` Schooltown Follies '' Jim Campbell and Laura Park Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.24 Wirt and Beatrice come across a school full of animal students being taught by a human teacher , Miss Langtree . She mistakes them for students and tells them to join the class , which Wirt does . Meanwhile , Greg and some of his new - found animal friends are chased by a gorilla and they hide in the school . Greg cheers everyone up by adding molasses to the potatoes that they 're having for lunch .",
"7": "The next day , a benefit concert is organised for the school , which earns enough money to keep it open . Wirt trips over the gorilla , revealing that it was Miss Langtree 's missing fiancé , Jimmy Brown , stuck in a costume . `` Songs of the Dark Lantern '' Pendleton Ward , Bert Youn , and Steve McLeod Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.24 Wirt and Greg visit a tavern to ask for directions to Adelaide 's house . The tavern people warn the brothers about the Beast and reveal that the creature turns people into trees of oil to burn in his lantern . Wirt steals a talking horse named Fred and finds Beatrice unconscious next to the Woodsman , and Wirt and Greg ride off with her . Meanwhile , the Beast reminds the Woodsman that the flame inside his lantern contains his daughter 's soul , and that he must cut down Edelwood trees so the fire can keep her alive . 5 `` Mad Love '' Natasha Allegri and Zac Gorman Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 1.55 Wirt and Greg claim to be the nephews of the wealthy and eccentric Quincy Endicott so they can steal two cents from him to pay for a ferry that will cross the river . In order to distract him , Greg , Greg 's frog , and Fred convince Quincy to search for a ghost he supposedly saw one night . Beatrice reveals to Wirt she was once human , but she and her family were cursed by a bluebird . She explains that Adelaide is the only one who can change them back . Wirt reveals he has a crush on a girl back home named Sara . The groups reunite and discover that the ghost was in fact Quincy 's neighbour and that their two mansions were actually connected . The two embrace each other and award Greg a cent each for his help .",
"8": "6 `` Lullaby in Frogland '' Bert Youn and Nick Edwards Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 1.55 Wirt , Greg , Beatrice , and Greg 's frog sneak aboard the ferry , which is filled with clothed frogs . They disguise themselves as a member of the ferry 's band , which soon starts performing , with Wirt reluctantly playing a bassoon . Greg 's frog unexpectedly starts to sing . When they arrive to their destination , Beatrice , who had been acting strangely throughout the ferry ride , tries to convince them to stay in the Unknown and not to visit Adelaide . That night , Beatrice flies away and is unknowingly followed by Wirt and Greg to Adelaide 's house . Beatrice had originally planned to give them both to Adelaide as slaves in exchange for a pair of scissors that would lift the curse off herself and her family , but she had a change of heart as she grew attached to the brothers . Adelaide attempts to capture Wirt and Greg , but is killed by Beatrice . Beatrice attempts to explain the situation , but Wirt is hurt by her betrayal and runs away with Greg . 7 `` The Ringing of the Bell '' Patrick McHale , Bert Youn , and Tom Herpich Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1.19 Greg , Wirt , and Greg 's frog encounter the Woodsman , who warns them that the Beast is ready to claim them . They run from the Woodsman and come across a lonely cottage in which they come across a young girl named Lorna who warns them to hide , as her care - giver Auntie Whispers is coming . Auntie Whispers uses a bell that can control Lorna with its ringing . Auntie Whispers reminds Lorna that she makes her constantly work so that `` she wo n't become wicked '' . The brothers help Lorna to escape by helping her finish her housework early . Just before they leave , Greg and his frog accidentally awaken Auntie Whispers , who warns them to stay away from Lorna or they will be eaten .",
"9": "Lorna suddenly transforms into a horrific demon . Greg shakes his frog , who has eaten Auntie Whispers ' bell , and Wirt commands the demon to leave Lorna 's body and never return . Lorna decides to stay with Auntie Whispers . After leaving Lorna and Auntie Whispers , Wirt begins to lose hope of ever leaving the Unknown , which pleases the Beast who is watching from afar . 8 `` Babes in the Wood '' Mark Bodnar , Jim Campbell , and Bert Youn Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1.19 The brothers and Greg 's frog sail down a lake , where they hear the Beast 's singing , and Greg remains hopeful while Wirt has given up . They reach land and sleep under a tree for the night . Greg has a dream of an angelic cloud city , where he is welcomed by its residents . The festivities are cut short when the North Wind is released and starts destroying the city , but Greg manages to defeat it . The Queen of the Clouds appears to Greg , allowing him one wish as a reward . He wishes to find his way home , but the Queen informs him he can not return home with Wirt as the Beast has already claimed Wirt , who is covered in Edelwood branches . Greg instead wishes to take Wirt 's place , and leaves with the Beast . Wirt awakens and chases after them , but falls through ice and nearly drowns before being saved by a fishing net . 9 `` Into the Unknown '' Cole Sanchez , Vi Nguyen , and Zac Gorman Cole Sanchez , Bert Youn , Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 Taking place before the events of the first episode , on Halloween , Wirt has just finished making an audio cassette tape for his crush , Sara . He fashions a costume out of an old Santa Claus hat and a marching band cloak .",
"10": "Greg gives the tape to Sara 's friends , who tell Wirt that he should hurry , because another boy , Jason Funderberker , was planning on asking her out at a party that night . Trying to retrieve the tape , they end up at the party . Wirt meets up with Sara , who invites him to go to the graveyard with her and her friends . He declines and tries to get the tape from her jacket . However , Sara comes back for it , leading Wirt and Greg to sneak after her and her friends . At the graveyard , the group is telling ghost stories when Greg tries to cause a distraction for Wirt . A police car pulls up and jokingly tells them off for being in the graveyard , but they take him seriously and run off , with Wirt and Greg scaling a wall at the edge of the graveyard . At the top , Wirt notices Sara finding the tape in her jacket and he panics . They jump off the wall and onto a set of train tracks on the other side . Wirt blames Greg and his stepfather for ruining his life , but Greg pays no attention and picks up a frog in the bushes . A train comes down the tracks , heading straight for them . Wirt and Greg jump out of the way , but roll down a steep hill and into a lake , knocking them both unconscious . Wirt then wakes up after the events of the previous episode , and finds himself in a nest with Beatrice 's family . He thanks them and heads off with Greg 's frog into a snowstorm to look for his brother . 10 `` The Unknown '' Natasha Allegri , Jim Campbell , and Tom Herpich Amalia Levari , Tom Herpich , and Patrick McHale November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 After leaving Wirt with her family , Beatrice navigates through the storm to find Greg , who she sees performing meaningless tasks for the Beast . She is whisked away by the strong wind and crashes into Wirt , who was wandering in the storm holding Greg 's frog , and leads him to where she last saw Greg . As the sun sets , having used up what little Edelwood he had left , the Woodsman ventures into the woods and finds Greg transforming into a new Edelwood tree .",
"11": "The Woodsman attempts to free Greg before fighting the Beast away from the clearing as Wirt and Beatrice arrive . He asks Wirt to return his `` rock fact '' rock that he stole from Mrs. Daniel 's garden for him once he is gone , to which Wirt refuses , and decides to name Greg 's frog `` Jason Funderburker '' to cheer him up as he tries to break the Edelwood branches off . Wirt then sees the Woodsman knocked down at his feet as the Beast appears , offering to keep Greg 's soul alive inside the lantern in exchange for Wirt taking over the Woodsman 's duties in keeping it lit . Wirt is tempted to accept this offer , but he realizes that the flame within the lantern is actually the Beast 's own source of life . After explaining this to everyone in the clearing , Wirt frees Greg and asks for Beatrice to come with them . But she declines as she wants to return home and admit to her family that she is responsible for their curse . Wirt gives Beatrice Adelaide 's magic scissors , which Wirt had kept from their encounter , sheepishly admitting that he had kept them from her out of spite . They head off as the Woodsman , mortified to learn that Edelwood trees grew from the bodies of the lost and that he had never been keeping his daughter alive , resists the Beast 's lies and extinguishes the lantern , ending the Beast 's life once and for all . After Wirt and Beatrice say their goodbyes , Wirt wakes up under the lake and pulls Greg and his frog to the surface , passing out as the police and his friends show up . The brothers are taken by ambulance to the hospital . Wirt wakes up next to Greg , Sara , and her friends . Sara tells Wirt that she had n't listened to the tape yet , as she does n't own a cassette player . Wirt offers for her to listen to it at his house , which she accepts . Back in the Unknown , the Woodsman is sitting on his porch in melancholy when his daughter comes out of his home , having been actually alive the whole time . The other Unknown residents are shown to be living much happier lives as a result of Wirt and Greg 's influence , including Beatrice and her family restored to human form .",
"12": "Greg 's frog plays the piano and sings , and Greg returns the stolen rock back to Mrs. Daniel 's garden . ^ Jump up to : This episode credits the storyboarders separate from the writers ( listed here under Story By for convenience ) Broadcast ( edit ) McHale 's original short , Tome of the Unknown , was screened at the 2014 Santa Barbara International Film Festival , where McHale earned the Bruce Corwin Award for best animated short film . It also received an honorable mention at the 2013 Ottawa International Animation Festival . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International , a preview of the show was screened along with various panels for other shows on the network . Episode 2 was previewed at the 2014 New York Comic Con , which McHale and the main cast attended . The show made its premiere on November 3 , 2014 on Cartoon Network , and ran over five consecutive nights . The entirety of it was published on iTunes preceding its broadcast . The series aired on Cartoon Network in Australia from December 15 to 19 , 2014 and on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland from April 6 to 10 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall ( Original Television Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released September 19 , 2017 Genre Jazz , folk Length 53 : 13 Label Cartoon Network Producer The Blasting Company Various melodies and songs based on pre-1950s music are heard throughout the series . Elijah Wood , the voice actor for Wirt , has said that `` if this show were a record , it would be played on a phonograph '' . Songs from the series include `` Into the Unknown '' , its title song , composed by Patrick McHale and sung by Jack Jones ; `` A Courting Song '' , composed by the Petrojvic Blasting Company and performed by Frank Fairfield ; and `` Come Wayward Souls '' , sung by Samuel Ramey as the Beast . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prelude '' 1 : 33 2 . `` Into the Unknown '' 1 : 28 3 . `` You Have Beautiful Eyes '' 1 : 32 4 .",
"13": "`` Pottsfield CM '' 1 : 31 5 . `` Patient is the Night '' 1 : 28 6 . `` Adelaide Parade '' 1 : 39 7 . `` Money for School '' 1 : 17 8 . `` Ms Langtree 's Lament '' 2 : 28 9 . `` Potatoes & Molasses '' 1 : 12 10 . `` Off to Bed '' 1 : 05 11 . `` The Beast is Out There '' 0 : 46 12 . `` The Highwayman '' 0 : 31 13 . `` A Courting Song '' 1 : 22 14 . `` Endicott Manor '' 1 : 02 15 . `` The Journey Begins '' 0 : 52 16 . `` Half - Moon River '' 0 : 57 17 . `` McLaughlin Bros Jug Band '' 0 : 38 18 . `` Over the Garden Wall '' 1 : 46 19 . `` Send Me a Peach '' 2 : 03 20 . `` Adelaide 's Trap '' 2 : 12 21 . `` Like Ships '' 0 : 30 22 . `` More Bones to Sort '' 0 : 51 23 . `` Old North Wind '' 1 : 04 24 . `` Forward , Oneiroi '' 1 : 33 25 . `` The Fight is Over '' 1 : 18 26 . `` Tiny Star '' 1 : 42 27 . `` Old Black Train '' 2 : 15 28 . `` The Old Mill '' 1 : 24 29 . `` Come Wayward Souls '' 1 : 51 30 . `` Potatus et Molassus '' 2 : 23 31 . `` One is a Bird '' 1 : 39 32 . `` Black Train / End Credits '' 0 : 36 33 .",
"14": "`` The Clouded Annals of History - Bonus Track '' 0 : 35 34 . `` Ca n't You See I 'm Lonely - Bonus Track '' 1 : 19 35 . `` Shine On - Bonus Track '' 2 : 19 36 . `` Everything is Nice and Fine - Bonus Track '' 1 : 21 37 . `` Halloween Halftime - Bonus Track '' 2 : 18 38 . `` Two Old Cat - Bonus Track '' 0 : 57 39 . `` The Jolly Woodsman - Bonus Track '' 0 : 48 40 . `` Tome of the Unknown - Bonus Track '' 0 : 16 The majority of the series ' songs have been officially uploaded to YouTube . On the DVD release they can be heard , along with visuals and without dialogue , in a special feature known as the Composer 's Cut . An extended version of the soundtrack , featuring 32 tracks and totaling around 44 minutes in length , was released in the form of a 180 gram vinyl record by Mondo in August 2016 . The extended soundtrack debuted at the San Diego Comic - Con , with a limited 1,000 copies , featuring a cover designed by Sam Wolfe Connelly . The extended vinyl is also available as a webstore exclusive from Mondo . Home Media ( edit ) The animated miniseries was released on DVD in the United States on September 8 , 2015 from Cartoon Network and Warner Home Video . Two months earlier , on July 8 , 2015 the DVD was released in Australia . The DVD features all ten episodes of the show , commentaries , the original pilot , alternate title cards , and deleted animatics . Other extras on the DVD include the Composer 's Cut , an option wherein a viewer can watch the show with only the visuals and the background music ; and the mini-documentary Behind Over the Garden Wall . On April 6 , 2016 Madman Entertainment released the miniseries on Blu - ray exclusively in Australia and New Zealand with the same bonus content as the DVD release . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Over the Garden Wall was critically acclaimed .",
"15": "Preceding its premiere , Patrick Kevin Day of the Los Angeles Times called it `` funny , creepy '' and , from the premise , `` not as simple as it sounds '' . In TV Guide and also before the premiere , Megan Walsh - Boyle felt that the show 's fictional universe `` sounds like a world worth getting lost in '' . Meredith Woerner of io9 called a preview of the show `` amazing '' , `` weird , and cute and great '' , reflecting `` all the things we love about this oddball animation renaissance we are currently living in '' . Conversely , Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew judged from the same preview that the animation was lacking . While not discounting its storytelling , music , and production design , he felt that production skimped on animation ; he was still looking forward to the series . Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was `` a little too folksy and fairy story '' at times , but that its `` contemporary strangeness wins out '' , and concluded that `` it is throughout something to behold '' . Lloyd later wrote that it evoked `` a kind of artisanal quality '' , both in its design and setting , and though the writing felt `` a little too intent on its own folksiness '' , it became more enjoyable throughout . In the New York Times , Mike Hale also felt the writing was sometimes weak and the stories `` perilously thin '' , but concluded that McHale developed an environment worth visiting . Brian Moylan of The Guardian wrote that the visuals were `` absolutely stunning '' , and that the stories contained `` a certain darkness to it that is both mellow and twee at the same time , with a fair amount of anxiety creeping around the edges '' . Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that Garden Wall was `` an admirable experiment '' , but not one to sustain `` the five - night commitment '' , calling it `` slightly mismatched '' while praising a departure from `` the more abrasive characteristic '' of the network 's primetime content . Kevin McDonough of the Illinois Daily Journal criticized some of the writing , but summed it up as `` an ambitious cartoon '' for both younger and older audiences . Jason Bree of the website Agents of Geek called the miniseries `` the greatest thing Cartoon Network has ever produced '' . Kevin Johnson , writing for The A.V.",
"16": "Club , praised the series , giving it an A , saying that `` with such a perfect blend of mood , atmosphere , story , and characterization , Over the Garden Wall 's 10 - episode run will leave you wanting more , but like every great fairy tale , it 's a story that knows when it 's over . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2015 Annie Award Best Animated TV / Broadcast Production for Children 's Audience Over the Garden Wall Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Directing in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Robert Alvarez , Ken Bruce , and Larry Leichliter Nominated Reuben Award TV Animation Patrick McHale Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Outstanding Animated Program Over the Garden Wall Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Nick Cross Won Ottawa International Animation Festival Best Animated Feature Over the Garden Wall Won 2016 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Animated Over the Garden Wall Nominated Comic book adaptation ( edit ) A one - shot comic book adaptation of the show was announced in October 2014 . Produced by KaBoom ! , an imprint of Boom ! Studios , the comic was released on November 5 , 2014 . The comic was supervised by McHale and was produced as an oversized special . The comic was illustrated by Jim Campbell , a writer / storyboard artist on the television series . A special variant cover , by McHale , was also released . The success of the standalone comic led to further issues being commissioned in May 2015 and began to be released in August 2015 . According to Patrick McHale , the comic books would be similar to the one - shot comic , detailing the events that occurred in between certain episodes and will expand on the miniseries . The success of the series of one - shots led to an ongoing series of comics , serving as both a sequel and prequel to the series , rather than telling adventures that happened between episodes . The stories are told parallel , with half the comic detailing Greg returning to mysterious dreamlands in his sleep . The other half chronicles the Woodsman 's daughter , Anna , and how she became lost in the Unknown .",
"17": "In February 2018 it was announced that a graphic novel will be set for a November 2018 release date it will focus on Wirt and Greg discovering that Beatrice came back with them to the real world but not all is as it seems . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Farrah ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall -- About '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( password - protected ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Farrah ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall -- Characters '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( password - protected ) Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Patrick Kevin ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lost in an animator 's imagination '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . p . D12 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas J. ( Sep 14 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Stars of Animation '' . Animation Magazine : 28 -- 31 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) .",
"18": "The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Orders Over the Garden Wall as First Miniseries '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh - Boyle , Megan ( September 1 -- 14 , 2014 ) . `` Toon In '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital : 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ; Edgar , Sean ( 2017 ) . The Art of Over the Garden Wall . Dark Horse Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 50670 - 376 - 3 .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Nationals : ESPN Continues Win Streak with ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV Media Insights . November 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Masterchef Junior ' Lifts Fox '' . TV Media Insights . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' CMA Awards ' Gives ABC Dominant Victory '' . TV Media Insights . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Network Proves Competitive with Broadcast Nets '' . TV Media Insights . November 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS , ABC Share Night 's Top Honors '' . TV Media Insights . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Winning Films Announced '' . Santa Barbara International Film Festival . February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tito on Ice , Lonely Bones Win Ottawa 's Top Honors '' . Animation Magazine . n.p. Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Teases Over the Garden Wall '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Plans Surprise - Packed NYCC Panel '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Weinstein , Shelli ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network Sets Premiere for Miniseries Over the Garden Wall '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the First Episode of Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GET LOST IN THE UNKNOWN OVER THE GARDEN WALL '' ( Press release ) . Sydney : Turner Broadcasting System . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK April 2015 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` An Interview With the Folks Behind Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall , Premiering Tonight ! '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Maas , Emily ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Video : Creating the Soundtrack for Cartoon Network 's Over the Garden Wall '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ PenzeyMoog , Caitlin ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Mondo exclusive : An Over The Garden Wall soundtrack is coming in August '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiach , Kieran ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Mondo to Debut ' Over the Garden Wall ' Soundtrack Vinyl at San Diego Comic Con ( SDCC 2016 ) '' . Comics Alliance . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Garden Wall Original Television Soundtrack ! '' . Mondo. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network : Over the Garden Wall '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Garden Wall on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McHale , Patrick ( Creator , Writer ) ( September 8 , 2015 ) . Over the Garden Wall ( television miniseries ) . United States , South Korea : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Over the Garden Wall Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall Preview Is Crushingly Charming and Batshit Insane '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` 6 - Minute Preview of CN Mini-Series Over the Garden Wall '' . Cartoon Brew . n.p. Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Picks : Powerless , Craft , Who , PuppyCat , Garden Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the ' Wall ' , a land of enchantment '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . p . D3 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` In a World of Whimsy , a Perilous Journey Home '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C3 .",
"22": "Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall : slapstick for the kids , existential dread for the adults '' . Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Cartoon Network 's Over The Garden Wall '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Kevin ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tune in tonight : Grimm tidings on Cartoon Network '' . Daily Journal . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Bree ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Over the Garden Wall is the Best Thing That the Cartoon Network Has Done - Review '' . Agents of Geek . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Over The Garden Wall '' . The A.V. Club . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 42ND ANNUAL ANNIE AWARDS CATEGORIES AND NOMINEES '' . annieawards.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reuben Awards Winners 2015 Categories '' . The National Cartoonists Society . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners '' ( PDF ) . Television Academy . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas J. ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Roundup : Rig a Zombie , Learn from Stoopid Buddies '' . Animation Magazine . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Pat McHale announces ' Over the Garden Wall ' comic book series '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Elle ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` KaBoom Announces Ongoing ' Over the Garden Wall ' Series '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Garden Wall returns with DISTILLATORIA graphic novel this November '' . The Beat. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Further reading ( edit ) Willsey , Kristiana ( 2016 ) . `` ' All That Was Lost Is Revealed ' : Motifs and Moral Ambiguity in Over the Garden Wall '' . Humanities. 5 ( 3 ) : 51 . doi : 10.3390 / h5030051 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Over the Garden Wall Over the Garden Wall on IMDb Over the Garden Wall at the Big Cartoon DataBase Tome of the Unknown on IMDb Cartoon Network portal Animation portal Television in the United States portal Cartoon portal Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon !",
"24": "( 1995 -- 1997 ) Dexter 's Laboratory ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Big Bag ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Johnny Bravo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Cow and Chicken ( 1997 -- 2004 ) I Am Weasel ( 1997 -- 2000 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 1998 ) ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Ed , Edd n Eddy ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Mike , Lu & Og ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Sheep in the Big City ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Time Squad ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Samurai Jack ( 2001 -- 2017 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Justice League ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ?",
"25": "( 2002 -- 2003 ) Codename : Kids Next Door ( 2002 -- 2008 ) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Evil Con Carne ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Teen Titans ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Duck Dodgers ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Megas XLR ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Justice League Unlimited ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Baby Looney Tunes ( 2004 -- 2006 ) The Batman ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Krypto the Superdog ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Life and Times of Juniper Lee ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Camp Lazlo ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Firehouse Tales ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Sunday Pants ( 2005 ) Robotboy ( 2005 -- 2008 ) My Gym Partner 's a Monkey ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Ben 10 ( 2005 ) ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Squirrel Boy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Class of 3000 ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Out of Jimmy 's Head ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chowder ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Transformers : Animated ( 2007 -- 2009 ) The Mr.",
"26": "Men Show ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ben 10 : Alien Force ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2013 ) The Secret Saturdays ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Othersiders ( 2009 ) BrainRush ( 2009 ) Destroy Build Destroy ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Bobb'e Says ( 2009 ) Dude , What Would Happen ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Scooby - Doo !",
"27": "Mystery Incorporated ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Generator Rex ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Mad ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Regular Show ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Sym - Bionic Titan ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tower Prep ( 2010 ) Hole in the Wall ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Robotomy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Young Justice ( 2010 -- 2013 ) The Problem Solverz ( 2011 -- 2013 ) The Looney Tunes Show ( 2011 -- 2014 ) ThunderCats ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Level Up ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Green Lantern : The Animated Series ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Cartoon Planet ( 2012 -- 2014 ) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange ( 2012 -- 2014 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Ben 10 : Omniverse ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Incredible Crew ( 2013 ) Beware the Batman ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Uncle Grandpa ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mixels ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Over the Garden Wall ( 2014 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Long Live the Royals ( 2015 ) Apple & Onion ( 2018 ) Current Adventure Time ( since 2010 ) The Amazing World of Gumball ( since 2011 ) Teen Titans Go !",
"28": "( since 2013 ) Steven Universe ( since 2013 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( since 2014 ) Clarence ( since 2014 ) Mighty Magiswords ( since 2015 ) We Bare Bears ( since 2015 ) New Looney Tunes ( since 2015 ) Bunnicula ( since 2016 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 2016 ) ( since 2016 ) Ben 10 ( 2016 ) ( since 2016 ) Justice League Action ( since 2016 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( since 2017 ) OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Wacky Races ( since 2017 ) Unikitty ! ( since 2017 ) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe ( since 2017 ) Craig of the Creek ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Summer Camp Island DC Super Hero Girls Victor and Valentino Infinity Train See also : Cartoon Network Studios ( co-productions , films ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program 1970s Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1978 ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 ) 1980s Carlton Your Doorman ( 1980 ) Life Is a Circus , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) Ziggy 's Gift ( 1983 ) Garfield on the Town ( 1984 ) Garfield in the Rough ( 1985 ) Garfield 's Halloween Adventure ( 1986 ) Cathy ( 1987 ) A Claymation Christmas Celebration ( 1988 ) Garfield 's Babes and Bullets / DuckTales ( `` Super DuckTales '' ) ( 1989 ) 1990s The Simpsons ( `` Life on the Fast Lane '' ) ( 1990 ) The Simpsons ( `` Homer vs.",
"29": "Lisa and the 8th Commandment '' ) / Tale Spin ( `` Plunder & Lightning '' ) ( 1991 ) A Claymation Easter ( 1992 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( `` Robin 's Reckoning : Part I '' ) ( 1993 ) The Roman City ( 1994 ) The Simpsons ( `` Lisa 's Wedding '' ) ( 1995 ) Pinky and the Brain ( `` A Pinky and the Brain Christmas '' ) ( 1996 ) The Simpsons ( `` Homer 's Phobia '' ) ( 1997 ) The Simpsons ( `` Trash of the Titans '' ) ( 1998 ) King of the Hill ( `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' ) / Todd McFarlane 's Spawn ( 1999 ) 2000s Program ( Less Than One Hour ) The Simpsons ( `` Behind the Laughter '' ) ( 2000 ) The Simpsons ( `` HOMR '' ) ( 2001 ) Futurama ( `` Roswell That Ends Well '' ) ( 2002 ) The Simpsons ( `` Three Gays of the Condo '' ) ( 2003 ) Samurai Jack ( `` The Birth of Evil '' ) ( 2004 ) South Park ( `` Best Friends Forever '' ) ( 2005 ) The Simpsons ( `` The Seemingly Never - Ending Story '' ) ( 2006 ) South Park ( `` Make Love , Not Warcraft '' ) ( 2007 ) The Simpsons ( `` Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind '' ) ( 2008 ) South Park ( `` Margaritaville '' ) ( 2009 ) Program ( One Hour or More ) Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2000 ) Allosaurus : A Walking With Dinosaurs Special ( 2001 ) Walking with Prehistoric Beasts ( 2002 ) Chased by Dinosaurs ( 2003 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 1 : Chapters 1 - 20 ) ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( Volume 2 : Chapters 21 - 25 ) ( 2005 ) Before the Dinosaurs ( 2006 ) Camp Lazlo ( `` Where 's Lazlo ? ''",
"30": ") ( 2007 ) South Park ( Imaginationland : The Movie ) ( 2008 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( `` Destination : Imagination '' ) ( 2009 ) 2010s Prep & Landing ( 2010 ) Futurama ( `` The Late Philip J. Fry '' ) ( 2011 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole '' ) ( 2012 ) South Park ( `` Raising the Bar '' ) ( 2013 ) Bob 's Burgers ( `` Mazel - Tina '' ) ( 2014 ) Over the Garden Wall ( 2015 ) Archer ( `` The Figgis Agency '' ) ( 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( `` Bob Actually '' ) ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_the_Garden_Wall&oldid=833703927 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television miniseries 2010s American black comedy television series 2010s American comedy television miniseries 2014 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings Boom !",
"31": "Studios titles American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Cartoon Network original programs Cartoon Network Studios series and characters American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated musical television series Halloween television specials Dark fantasy television series Television series about siblings Package films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with login required references or sources Good articles Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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so you think you can dance season 2 judges
|
[
"Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, Mia Michaels, Shane Sparks, Dan Karaty, Brian Friedman"
] |
{
"0": "So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) Season 2 Broadcast from May 25 , 2006 -- 16 August 2006 Judges Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Mia Michaels , Shane Sparks , Dan Karaty , Brian Friedman Host ( s ) Cat Deeley Broadcaster FOX Finals venue CBS Studio Center Website www.fox.com/dance/ Winner Benji Schwimmer Origin Newport Beach , California Genre ( s ) West Coast Swing Runner - up Travis Wall Chronology ◀ 2006 ▶ The second season of So You Think You Can Dance premiered on May 25 , 2006 , with new host Cat Deeley . On August 16 , Benji Schwimmer was announced as the winner of season 2 and received the grand prize of $ 100,000 , a new hybrid SUV , and a one - year contract with Celine Dion 's Las Vegas show , A New Day ... Schwimmer almost did not make the show 's top 20 -- he was officially first runner - up dancer in case any of the male dancers ran into unforeseen difficulties prior to the start of filming . As it happened , for the second year in a row , Hokuto Konishi was unable to get his visa cleared to work in the U.S. in time for the first taping , and he was cut . Schwimmer took his spot in the Top 20 and fared well from the start , garnering consistent praise from the judges and votes from viewers . Schwimmer and fellow grand finalist Donyelle Jones , who were paired as a couple from the first performance episode , became the first contestants in the show 's run to never face elimination from being in the bottom six or bottom 4 dancers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Auditions 1.1 Vegas week 1.2 Top 20 Finalists 1.2. 1 Male Contestants 1.2.",
"1": "2 Female Contestants 2 Finals 2.1 Elimination chart 2.2 Performance nights 2.2. 1 Week 1 ( 14 June 2006 ) 2.2. 2 Week 2 ( 21 June 2006 ) 2.2. 3 Week 3 ( 28 June 2006 ) 2.2. 4 Week 4 ( 5 July 2006 ) 2.2. 5 Week 5 ( 12 July 2006 ) 2.2. 6 Week 6 ( 19 July 2006 ) 2.2. 7 Week 7 ( 26 July 2006 ) 2.2. 8 Week 8 ( 2 August 2006 ) 2.2. 9 Week 9 ( 9 August 2006 ) 2.3 Results shows 2.3. 1 Week 1 ( June 15 , 2006 ) 2.3. 2 Week 2 ( June 22 , 2006 ) 2.3. 3 Week 3 ( June 29 , 2006 ) 2.3. 4 Week 4 ( July 6 , 2006 ) 2.3. 5 Week 5 ( July 13 , 2006 ) 2.3. 6 Week 6 ( July 20 , 2006 ) 2.3. 7 Week 7 ( July 27 , 2006 ) 2.3. 8 Week 8 ( August 3 , 2006 ) 2.3. 9 Week 10 ( Finale ) ( August 16 , 2006 ) 3 Live tour 4 Awards 4.1 2007 Emmy Awards 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Auditions ( edit ) Auditions were held in New York City ; Los Angeles ; Chicago ; and Charleston , South Carolina . Vegas week ( edit ) One hundred and sixteen dancers were invited for a week of training to the Aladdin hotel ( now Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino ) in Las Vegas , Nevada .",
"2": "This training included hip - hop choreography taught by Shane Sparks , samba choreography taught by Mary Murphy with assistance from season 1 contestant Artem Chigvinsev , a contemporary routine taught by Mia Michaels , and training from Brian Friedman , who described his choreography as a fusion of jazz and hip - hop . The original group of dancers was eventually whittled down to 41 , from which the judges chose their top 20 . Dancer ( s ) Thing / style Music Choreographer ( s ) All Hip - hop `` Run It ! '' -- Chris Brown '' Shane Sparks All Samba `` Magalenha '' -- Sérgio Mendes Mary Murphy with Artem Chigvinsev All Contemporary N / A Mia Michaels All Jazz - fusion `` So Sexy '' -- Shanice Brian Friedman All ( individual ) Solo Individual songs chosen by contestant The dancer Top 20 Finalists ( edit ) Male Contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home Town Dance Style Elimination date Placement Benji Schwimmer 22 San Diego , California Swing August 16 , 2006 Winner Travis Wall 18 Quantico , Virginia Contemporary August 16 , 2006 Runner Up Ivan Koumaev 18 Seattle , Washington ( originally from Russia ) Hip Hop August 3 , 2006 Top 6 Ryan Rankine 20 Brooklyn , New York Ballet July 27 , 2006 Top 8 Dmitry Chaplin 23 Rostov - on - Don , Russia Latin Ballroom July 20 , 2006 Top 10 Musa Cooper 28 Camden , New Jersey Hip Hop July 13 , 2006 Top 12 Jaymz Tuaileva 20 Orem , Utah Jazz July 6 , 2006 Top 14 Ben Susak 19 Phoenix , Arizona Contemporary June 29 , 2006 Top 16 Jason Williams 20 Wilmington , North Carolina Hip Hop June 22 , 2006 Top 18 Stanislav Savich 22 Brooklyn ,",
"3": "New York Ballroom June 15 , 2006 Top 20 Female Contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home Town Dance Style Elimination date Placement Donyelle Jones 26 Los Angeles , California Hip Hop / Jazz August 16 , 2006 3rd Place Heidi Groskreutz 24 Newport Beach , California Latin / Swing August 16 , 2006 4th Place Natalie Fotopoulos 22 Tampa , Florida Jazz August 3 , 2006 Top 6 Allison Holker 18 Orem , Utah Contemporary July 27 , 2006 Top 8 Martha Nichols 19 Brooklyn , New York Contemporary July 20 , 2006 Top 10 Ashlee Nino 21 Fort Worth , Texas Hip Hop July 13 , 2006 Top 12 Jessica Fernandez 19 Miami , Florida Ballet July 6 , 2006 Top 14 Aleksandra Wojda 23 Pretoria , South Africa Contemporary June 29 , 2006 Top 16 Joy Spears 19 Killen , Alabama Contemporary June 22 , 2006 Top 18 Erin Ellis 19 Nashville , Tennessee Jazz June 15 , 2006 Top 20 Finals ( edit ) Elimination chart ( edit ) The song played after each female elimination was `` Suddenly I See '' by KT Tunstall , whilst that played after each male elimination was `` It 's the End of the Road '' by Matt Goss .",
"4": "Legend Female Male Bottom 3 couples Bottom 4 contestants Week : 6 / 15 6 / 22 6 / 29 7 / 6 7 / 13 7 / 20 7 / 27 8 / 3 8 / 17 Contestant Result Benji Schwimmer Winner Travis Wall Btm 3 Btm 4 Runner - Up Donyelle Jones 3rd Place Heidi Groskreutz Btm 3 Btm 3 4th Place Ivan Koumaev Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim Natalie Fotopoulos Btm 3 Btm 4 Btm 4 Ryan Rankine Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 4 Elim Allison Holker Btm 3 Btm 3 Dmitry Chaplin Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim Martha Nichols Btm 3 Musa Cooper Elim Ashlee Nino Btm 3 Jaymz Tuaileva Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim Jessica Fernandez Btm 3 Btm 3 Ben Susak Elim Aleksandra Wodja Btm 3 Jason Williams Elim Joy Spears Stanislav Savich Elim Erin Ellis Performance nights ( edit ) Week 1 ( 14 June 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe ,",
"5": "Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Hip - Hop `` 2 Much Booty ( In Da Pants ) '' -- Soundmaster T Shane Sparks Safe Ivan Koumaev Allison Holker Salsa `` El Temblor '' -- La Palabra Alex Da Silva Bottom 3 Jason Williams Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary `` Unwritten '' -- Natasha Bedingfield Tyce Diorio Safe Jaymz Tuaileva Jessica Fernandez 70s Disco `` Disco Inferno '' -- The Trammps Doriana Sanchez Bottom 3 Stanislav Savich Erin Ellis Paso Doble `` Malaquena '' -- Manhattan Pops Orchestra Ron Montez Both eliminated Dmitry Chaplin Joy Spears Hip - Hop `` Hit the Floor '' -- Twista ( ft . Pitbull ) Shane Sparks Safe Ryan Rankine Heidi Groskreutz Viennese Waltz `` Caribbean Blue '' -- Enya Ron Montez Safe Ben Susak Ashlee Nino 80s Disco `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' -- Irene Cara Doriana Sanchez Safe Travis Wall Martha Nichols Broadway `` Steam Heat '' -- The Pointer Sisters Tyce Diorio Safe Musa Cooper Natalie Fotopoulos Mambo `` Nina '' -- Joe Cuba Sextet Alex Da Silva Safe Week 2 ( 21 June 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Shane Sparks and Mia Michaels Guest dancer ( s ) : SickStep Crew ( now Quest Crew ) : `` Canned Heat '' -- Jamiroquai ( Breakdance ) Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Travis Wall Martha Nichols Krump `` Clap Back '' -- Ja Rule Lil ' C Safe Jaymz Tuaileva Jessica Fernandez Foxtrot `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? ''",
"6": "-- Sinéad O'Connor Mary Murphy Safe Ivan Koumaev Allison Holker Hip - Hop `` Touch It '' -- Busta Rhymes Olisa Thompson Cicely Bradley Safe Dmitry Chaplin Joy Spears Samba `` Mas Que Nada '' -- Sérgio Mendes feat . The Black Eyed Peas Mark Weiss Joy Spears eliminated Musa Cooper Natalie Fotopoulos Contemporary `` Closer '' -- Goapele Tovaris Wilson Safe Ryan Rankine Heidi Groskreutz Pop `` Walk Away '' -- Kelly Clarkson Tovaris Wilson Bottom 3 Ben Susak Ashlee Nino American Jive `` Great Balls of Fire '' -- Jerry Lee Lewis Mary Murphy Safe Jason Williams Aleksandra Wojda Hip - Hop `` Wrath of Kane '' -- Big Daddy Kane Olisa Thompson Cicely Bradley Jason Williams eliminated Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Cha - cha `` Cuchi - Cuchi '' -- Los Amigos Invisibles Mark Weiss Safe Week 3 ( 28 June 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Olisa Thompson and Cicely Bradley Guest dancer ( s ) : Hop ,",
"7": "Swing and a Jump : `` Traffic Jam '' -- Bill Elliott ( Lindy Hop ) Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Ben Susak Ashlee Nino Hip - Hop `` Caught Up '' -- Usher Todd Sams Ben Susak eliminated Ryan Rankine Heidi Groskreutz Cuban Rumba `` Rumba del Solar '' -- Angelo Rodriguez Alex Da Silva Safe Dmitry Chaplin Aleksandra Wojda Waltz `` If I Were a Painting '' -- Kenny Rogers Heather Smith Aleksandra Wojda eliminated Ivan Koumaev Allison Holker Argentine Tango `` Libertango '' -- bond Alex Da Silva Safe Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Pop - Jazz `` Put the Needle on It '' -- Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Safe Musa Cooper Natalie Fotopoulos Quickstep `` Zoot Suit Riot '' -- Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Heather Smith Safe Jaymz Tuaileva Jessica Fernandez Contemporary `` Let Go '' -- Frou Frou Brian Friedman Bottom 3 Travis Wall Martha Nichols Hip - Hop `` Just Fine '' -- Chris Brown Todd Sams Safe Week 4 ( 5 July 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty Guest dancer ( s ) : Lil ' C and the Neph Squad : `` Spaz Meter '' -- The J - Squad ( Krump ) Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Ryan Rankine Heidi Groskreutz Hip - Hop `` Give It All You Got '' -- Afro - Rican Shane Sparks Bottom 3 Travis Wall Martha Nichols Salsa `` Tanga '' -- Machito and His Afro - Cubans Ron Montez Safe Dmitry Chaplin Ashlee Nino Contemporary `` Dance , Dance '' -- Fall Out Boy Brian Friedman Safe Musa Cooper Natalie Fotopoulos Disco `` Hot Stuff '' -- Donna Summer Doriana Sanchez Safe Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Viennese Waltz `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? ''",
"8": "-- Bryan Adams Toni Redpath Michael Mead Safe Ivan Koumaev Allison Holker West Coast Swing `` Do n't Happen No More '' -- Pat Benatar Ron Montez Bottom 3 Jaymz Tuaileva Jessica Fernandez Hip - Hop `` I Can Make You Dance '' -- Zapp Shane Sparks Both eliminated Week 5 ( 12 July 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy and Brian Friedman Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Musa Cooper Natalie Fotopoulos Hip - Hop `` Promiscuous '' -- Nelly Furtado ( ft .",
"9": "Timbaland ) Dan Karaty Musa Cooper eliminated Ryan Rankine Heidi Groskreutz Cha - cha `` Sex Bomb '' -- Tom Jones Jean - Marc Généreux Safe Ivan Koumaev Allison Holker Contemporary `` Why '' -- Annie Lennox Tyce Diorio Safe Dmitry Chaplin Ashlee Nino Pop `` Let Me '' -- Rihanna Dan Karaty Ashlee Nino eliminated Travis Wall Martha Nichols Foxtrot `` Witchcraft '' -- Steve Tyrell Jean - Marc Généreux Bottom 3 Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Broadway `` You Ca n't Stop The Beat '' from Hairspray Tyce Diorio Safe Week 6 ( 19 July 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Olisa Thompson , Cicely Bradley and Jean - Marc Généreux Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Ivan Koumaev Martha Nichols Hip - Hop `` Me & U '' -- Cassie Shane Sparks Martha Nichols eliminated Smooth Waltz `` Sandy 's Song '' -- Dolly Parton Toni Redpath Michael Mead Travis Wall Heidi Groskreutz Paso Doble `` The Plaza of Execution '' from The Mask of Zorro Mary Murphy Safe Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion Mia Michaels Ryan Rankine Allison Holker Contemporary `` Ethna '' -- Klement Bonelli Mia Michaels Ryan Rankine in bottom 4 Broadway `` Bye Bye Blackbird '' -- Liza Minnelli Tyce Diorio Dmitry Chaplin Donyelle Jones Lindy Hop `` Sing , Sing , Sing '' - Benny Goodman Nick Williams Kristen Sorci Dmitry Chaplin eliminated Samba `` Hey Mama '' -- The Black Eyed Peas Mary Murphy ( Artem Chigvinsev assisting ) Benji Schwimmer Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz `` Wonderful '' -- India.",
"10": "Arie Tyce Diorio Natalie Fotopoulos in bottom 4 Hip - Hop `` She 's Freaky '' -- Pitbull Shane Sparks Solos : Dancer Style Music Result Donyelle Jones Hip - Hop `` Git It '' -- Bun B feat . Ying Yang Twins Safe Dmitry Chaplin Samba `` Pump It '' -- Black Eyed Peas Eliminated Martha Nichols Jazz `` What You Waiting For ? '' -- Gwen Stefani Eliminated Ivan Koumaev Hip - Hop `` This Luv '' -- Donell Jones Safe Heidi Groskreutz Samba `` Dum Diddly '' -- Black Eyed Peas Safe Travis Wall Contemporary `` Belief '' -- Gavin DeGraw Safe Natalie Fotopoulos Contemporary `` Lamentation '' -- Leah Andreone Bottom 4 Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' -- Wilson Pickett Safe Allison Holker Contemporary `` We Belong '' -- Pat Benatar Safe Ryan Rankine Jazz `` Canned Heat '' -- Jamiroquai Bottom 4 Week 7 ( 26 July 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe ,",
"11": "Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Donyelle Jones Travis Wall Hip - Hop `` London Bridge '' -- Fergie Shane Sparks Travis Wall in bottom 4 Quickstep `` Dancin ' Fool '' -- Barry Manilow Glenn Weiss Allison Holker Ivan Koumaev Argentine Tango `` La Cumparsita '' -- Orquestra Escuela de Tango Alex Da Silva Allison Holker eliminated Hip - Hop `` Sexy Love '' -- Ne - Yo Shane Sparks Natalie Fotopoulos Ryan Rankine Disco `` Turn the Beat Around '' -- Vicki Sue Robinson Doriana Sanchez Natalie Fotopoulos in bottom 4 Ryan Rankine eliminated Contemporary `` I Will Get There '' -- Boys II Men Tyce Diorio Benji Schwimmer Heidi Groskreutz Broadway `` Fake Your Way to the Top '' from Dreamgirls Tyce Diorio Safe Mambo `` Black Mambo '' -- Angel and the Mambokats Alex Da Silva Week 8 ( 2 August 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe ,",
"12": "Mary Murphy and Mia Michaels Couple dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result ( s ) Ivan Koumaev Natalie Fotopoulos Jive `` Route 66 '' -- John Mayer Ron Montez Both eliminated Contemporary `` Everytime We Touch ( Yanou 's Candlelight Mix ) '' -- Cascada Tyce Diorio Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Broadway `` Le Jazz Hot '' -- Julie Andrews Tyce Diorio Safe Hip - Hop `` Hotline '' -- Ciara Shane Sparks Travis Wall Heidi Groskreutz Smooth Waltz `` Flying '' -- Cait Agus Sean Ron Montez Safe Afro - Pop `` W'Happy Mama '' -- Zap Mama Wade Robson Solos : Dancer Style Music Result Travis Wall Contemporary `` You and Me '' -- Lifehouse Safe Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz `` Ooh La La '' -- Goldfrapp Eliminated Ivan Koumaev Hip - Hop `` It Was All In Your Mind '' -- Wade Robson Eliminated Heidi Groskreutz Cha - cha `` I Like It '' -- The Blackout Allstars Safe Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Safe Donyelle Jones Broadway `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from Dreamgirls Safe Week 9 ( 9 August 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy and Brian Friedman Group dance : Top 4 : `` SexyBack '' -- Justin Timberlake ( Pop - Jazz ; Choreographer : Wade Robson ) Duo dances : Couple Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Travis Wall Heidi Groskreutz Disco `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' -- Peaches & Herb Doriana Sanchez Benji Schwimmer Donyelle Jones Viennese Waltz `` I 'll Be '' -- Edwin McCain Jean - Marc Généreux Travis Wall Benji Schwimmer Hip - Hop `` Gyrate '' -- Da Muzicianz feat . Mr.",
"13": "Collipark Shane Sparks Donyelle Jones Heidi Groskreutz Broadway `` Big Spender '' from Sweet Charity Tyce Diorio Lauren Gottlieb assisting Donyelle Jones Travis Wall Contemporary `` Georgia on My Mind '' -- Ray Charles Mia Michaels Benji Schwimmer Heidi Groskreutz Salsa `` La Comay '' -- Sonora Carruseles Alex Da Silva Solos : Dancer Style Music Heidi Groskreutz Cha - cha `` Rie y Llora '' -- Celia Cruz Donyelle Jones Contemporary `` Human '' -- Dionne Farris Travis Wall Contemporary `` Konstantine '' -- Something Corporate Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing `` The House Is Rockin ' '' -- The Brian Setzer Orchestra Results shows ( edit ) Week 1 ( june 15 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 20 : `` Technologic '' -- Daft Punk ( Pop - Jazz ; Choreographer : Brian Friedman ) Musical guest : `` Promiscuous '' -- Nelly Furtado feat . Timbaland Guest dancer ( s ) : Nick Lazzarini : `` Pardon Me '' -- Incubus ( Contemporary ) Bottom 3 couples ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Erin Ellis Contemporary `` Gotta Get Thru This '' -- Daniel Bedingfield Eliminated Stanislav Savich Cha - cha `` Shing A-Tin Tin '' -- Tito Puente Eliminated Allison Holker Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Natasha Bedingfield Safe Ivan Koumaev Hip - Hop `` Ready '' -- Black Rob Safe Jessica Fernandez Ballet `` Dancing '' -- Elisa Safe Jaymz Tuaileva Jazz `` All That I 've Got '' -- The Used Safe Eliminated : Erin Ellis Stanislav Savich New partners : None Week 2 ( june 22 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 18 : `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' -- James Brown ( Funk ;",
"14": "Choreographer : Dan Karaty ) Musical guest : `` SOS '' -- Rihanna Bottom 3 couples ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Joy Spears Contemporary `` Look At Me '' -- Keri Noble Eliminated Dmitry Chaplin Paso Doble `` Plaza of Execution '' -- James Horner Safe Heidi Groskreutz Cha - cha `` I Like It ( Radio Mix ) '' -- Tito Nieves Safe Ryan Rankine Contemporary `` Ai n't No Way '' -- Chris Brown Safe Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary `` Breathe Me '' -- Sia Safe Jason Williams Hip - Hop `` So Sexy '' -- Shanice Eliminated Eliminated : Joy Spears Jason Williams New partners : Dmitry Chaplin and Aleksandra Wojda Week 3 ( june 29 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 16 : `` Poison '' -- Bell Biv DeVoe ( Hip - Hop ; Choreographer : Shane Sparks ) Musical guest : `` Single '' -- Natasha Bedingfield Bottom 3 couples ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Ashlee Nino Popping `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' -- Carl Carlton Safe Ben Susak Contemporary `` Everything '' -- Lifehouse Eliminated Jessica Fernandez Jazz `` Fever '' -- Michael Bublé Safe Jaymz Tuaileva Jazz `` Only One '' -- Yellowcard Safe Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary `` Insensible '' -- Mandalay Eliminated Dmitry Chaplin Samba `` Malagehna '' -- Sérgio Mendes Safe Eliminated : Aleksandra Wojda Ben Susak New partners : Dmitry Chaplin and Ashlee Nino Week 4 ( july 6 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 14 : `` Footloose '' from Footloose ( Jive ;",
"15": "Choreographer : Mary Murphy ) Musical guest : `` Sexy Love '' -- Ne - Yo Bottom 3 couples ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Jessica Fernandez Jazz `` Body Language '' -- Queen Eliminated Jaymz Tuaileva Paso Doble `` The Plaza of Execution '' -- James Horner Eliminated Heidi Groskreutz Jive `` Proud Mary '' -- Ike and Tina Turner Safe Ryan Rankine Contemporary `` Love '' -- Musiq Soulchild Safe Allison Holker Contemporary `` Bitter '' -- Me'shell Ndegeocello Safe Ivan Koumaev Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Let Me Love You '' -- Mario Safe Eliminated : Jessica Fernandez Jaymz Tuaileva New partners : None Week 5 ( july 13 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 12 : `` Born to be Alive '' -- Patrick Hernandez ( Hustle ; Choreographer : Doriana Sanchez ) Musical guest : `` Buttons '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Bottom 3 couples ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Ashlee Nino Popping `` We Do n't Play '' -- Lil Rob Eliminated Dmitry Chaplin Jive `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley Safe Martha Nichols Contemporary `` Still '' -- Jodie Manross Safe Travis Wall Contemporary `` The Blower 's Daughter '' -- Damien Rice Safe Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz `` Some Girls '' -- Rachel Stevens Safe Musa Cooper Breakdance `` Disco Inferno '' -- The Trammps Eliminated Eliminated : Ashlee Nino Musa Cooper New Partners : None : now that it was down to the top 10 , partners were randomly picked and viewers got to vote on individual dancers . Top 10 dancers from So You Think You Can Dance performing a zombie dance to Róisín Murphy 's `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' in Buffalo , New York Week 6 ( july 20 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Note : This week ,",
"16": "the dancers performed the same solo twice Group dance : Top 10 : `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy ( Pop - Jazz ; Choreographer : Wade Robson ) Musical guest : `` Gimme That '' -- Chris Brown Bottom 4 dancers : Dmitry Chaplin Natalie Fotopoulos Martha Nichols Ryan Rankine Eliminated : Martha Nichols Dmitry Chaplin Week 7 ( july 27 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 8 : `` Cell Block Tango '' from Chicago ( musical ) ( Broadway ; Choreographer : Tyce Diorio ) Musical guest : A medley of `` Touch It '' , `` I Love My Chick '' , and `` In the Ghetto '' -- Busta Rhymes Bottom 4 dancers ' solos : Dancer Style Music Result Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz `` Veins '' -- Charlotte Martin Safe Ryan Rankine Contemporary `` Just Fine '' -- Chris Brown Eliminated Allison Holker Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Michael Bublé Eliminated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Gotta Get Thru This ( Acoustic ) '' -- Daniel Bedingfield Safe Eliminated : Allison Holker Ryan Rankine Week 8 ( August 3 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Group dance : `` Hide and Seek '' -- Imogen Heap ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Mia Michaels ) Musical Guest : `` Entourage '' -- Omarion Solos : Natalie Fotopoulos : `` I Would Die for You '' -- Jann Arden Heidi Groskreutz : `` Hey Mama '' -- The Black Eyed Peas Donyelle Jones : `` Buttons '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Travis Wall : `` Flying Without Wings ( A Capella version ) '' -- Westlife Ivan Koumaev : `` I Question Mark '' -- Wade Robson Benji Schwimmer : `` Brown Derby Jump '' -- Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Eliminated : Natalie Fotopoulos Ivan Koumaev Week 10 ( finale ) ( August 16 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Brian Friedman , Shane Sparks , Mia Michaels ,",
"17": "Dan Karaty Musical guests : `` Get Up '' -- Ciara `` London Bridge '' -- Fergie Special guest : Celine Dion , who appeared via videotape to congratulate the winner Group dances : Top 20 `` When You Gonna Give It Up To Me '' -- Sean Paul ( ft . Keyshia Cole ) ( Choreographer : Shane Sparks ) `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy ( Choreographer : Wade Robson ) Top 10 `` Cell Block Tango '' from Chicago ( Choreographer : Tyce Diorio ) Dancers ' choice : ( each of the final four chose to reprise their favorite routine ) Benji Schwimmer : Mambo with Heidi Groskreutz ( `` Black Mambo '' -- Angel and the Mambokats ) Heidi Groskreutz : Contemporary with Travis Wall ( `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion ) Donyelle Jones : Broadway with Benji Schwimmer ( `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' from Hairspray ) Travis Wall : Paso doble with Heidi Groskreutz ( `` The Plaza of Execution '' from The Mask of Zorro ) Judges ' choice : ( four of the judges picked their favorite routine ) Mary Murphy : Samba with Dmitry Chaplin and Natalie Fotopoulos ( `` Magalenha '' -- Sérgio Mendes ) Mia Michaels : Contemporary with Allison Holker and Ivan Koumaev ( `` Why '' -- Annie Lennox ) Brian Friedman : Broadway with Travis Wall and Martha Nichols ( `` Steam Heat '' -- The Pointer Sisters ) Dan Karaty : Hip - hop with Travis Wall and Benji Schwimmer ( `` Gyrate '' -- Da Muzicianz ( ft . Mr. Collipark ) ) Solos : Heidi Groskreutz : `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- Joan Jett Donyelle Jones : `` I 'm Free '' -- Amber Benji Schwimmer : `` Never Knew '' -- The Rocket Summer Travis Wall : `` Wonderful '' -- Annie Lennox Elimination order : Heidi Groskreutz Donyelle Jones Runner - Up : Travis Wall Winner : Benji Schwimmer Live tour ( edit ) In 2006 , the top 10 contestants went on a performance tour ( which is the first sytycd tour ) .",
"18": "Tickets went on sale August 12 Awards ( edit ) 2007 emmy awards ( edit ) Result Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Performers Music Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Top 10 finalists `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Travis Wall Heidi Groskreutz `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . See also ( edit ) List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Recap , Season 2 , Show 205 '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 27 .",
"19": "External links ( edit ) Season 2 show synopses at tvgasm.com Fox.com bios and video clips So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com ( hide ) So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._season_2)&oldid=815543174 '' Categories : 2006 American television seasons So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Íslenska Norsk ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"20": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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4045699259061690237
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historically what has been the significance of code talkers
|
[
"improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II",
"improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II"
] |
{
"0": "Code talker - wikipedia Code talker This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Codetalkers '' redirects here . For the band , see The Codetalkers . For the Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain character , see list of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker . Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime . The term is now usually associated with the United States soldiers during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages . In particular , there were approximately 400 -- 500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages . Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages . Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II . The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater . Code talking , however , was pioneered by Cherokee and Choctaw Indians during World War I . Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II , including Lakota , Meskwaki , and Comanche soldiers . Soldiers of Basque ancestry were also used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Assiniboine code talkers 2 Basque code talkers 3 Cherokee code talkers 4 Choctaw code talkers 5 Comanche code talkers 6 Hopi Code Talkers 7 Meskwaki code talkers 8 Navajo code talkers 9 Nubian code talkers 10 Seminole code talkers 11 Welsh code talkers 12 Wenzhou code talkers 13 Cryptographic properties 14 Post-war recognition 15 Gallery 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Assiniboine code talkers ( edit ) Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II , utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications . The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr. , who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician . Basque code talkers ( edit ) In November 1952 , Euzko Deya magazine reported that in May 1942 , upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp , Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes . His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region . There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima , led by Pedro Arrupe . In China and the Philippines , there was a colony of Basque jai alai players , and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia . The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters ; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia . According to Euzko Deya , on August 1 , 1942 , Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque - coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz , warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands . They also translated the start date , August 7 , for the attack on Guadalcanal .",
"2": "As the war extended over the Pacific , there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers . In 2017 , Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study refuting Euzko Deya 's article . According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla , they could not find Carranza , Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives . They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames , none of them in transmissions . They suggest that Carranza 's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists . Cherokee code talkers ( edit ) The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme . According to the Division Signal Officer , this took place in September 1918 . Their unit was under British command at the time . Choctaw code talkers ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw code talkers During World War I , company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language . He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion . Eventually , fourteen Choctaw men in the Army 's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code . They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in France , during the final large German push of the war . Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service , the tide of the battle had turned . In less than 72 hours , the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack . These soldiers are now known as the Choctaw code talkers . Comanche code talkers ( edit ) Comanche code - talkers of the 4th Signal Company ( U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft . Gordon ) Hugh F. Foster Jr.",
"3": "'s Comanche codebook Adolf Hitler knew about the successful use of code talkers during World War I. He sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II . It proved too difficult for them to learn the many languages and dialects that existed . Because of Nazi German anthropologists ' efforts to learn the languages , the U.S. Army did not implement a large - scale code talker program in the European Theater of the war . Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy , and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division during additional European operations . Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language . Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo , the Comanche code word for tank was `` turtle '' , bomber was `` pregnant airplane '' , machine gun was `` sewing machine '' and Adolf Hitler was referred to as `` crazy white man '' . Two Comanche code - talkers were assigned to each regiment , the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters . Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6 , 1944 , the Comanche began transmitting messages . Some were wounded but none killed . In 1989 , the French government awarded the Comanche code - talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit . On November 30 , 1999 , the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award . Hopi code talkers ( edit ) Hopi men served as Code Talkers in World War II . Meskwaki code talkers ( edit ) Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa . 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941 .",
"4": "Navajo code talkers ( edit ) Alphabets ( English ) Code Language ( English ) Code Language ( Navajo ) Modern spelling Ant Wol - la - chee Wóláchííʼ Bear Shush Shash Cat Moasi Mósí Deer Be Bįįh Elk Dzeh Dzeeh Fox Ma - e Mąʼii Goat Klizzie Tłʼízí Horse Lin Łį́į́ʼ Ice Tkin Tin Jackass Tkele - cho - gi Téliichoʼí Kid Klizzie - yazzi Tłʼízí yázhí Lamb Dibeh - yazzi Dibé yázhí Mouse Na - as - tso - si Naʼastsʼǫǫsí Nut Nesh - chee Neeshchʼííʼ Owl Ne - ash - jah Néʼéshjaaʼ Pig Bi-sodih Bisóodi Q Quiver Ca - yeilth kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh Rabbit Gah Gah Sheep Dibeh Dibé Turkey Than - zie Tązhii U Ute No - da - ih Nóódaʼí V Victor a-keh - di - glini Akʼehdidlíní Weasel Gloe - ih Dlǫ́ʼii X Cross Al - an - as - dzoh Ałnáʼázdzoh Y Yucca Tsah - as - zih Tsáʼásziʼ Z Zinc Besh - do - gliz Béésh dootłʼizh Philip Johnston , a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles , proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II .",
"5": "Johnston , a World War I veteran , was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo . He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently . Because Navajo has a complex grammar , it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na - Dene family to provide meaningful information . It was still an unwritten language , and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code . Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest . Its syntax and tonal qualities , not to mention dialects , made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training . One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II , fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language . Page one of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Page two of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Code Talkers Monument Ocala , Florida Memorial Park Early in 1942 , Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel , the commanding general of Amphibious Corps , Pacific Fleet , and his staff . Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode , transmit , and decode a three - line English message in 20 seconds , versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time . The idea was accepted , with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo . The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942 . This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton , Oceanside , California . The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed - upon English words to represent letters . The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines . As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words -- while in combat -- would be too time - consuming , some terms , concepts , tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo ( for example , the word for `` shark '' being used to refer to a destroyer , or `` silver oak leaf '' to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) . Several of these coinages , such as gofasters referring to running shoes or ink sticks for pens , entered Marine Corps vocabulary .",
"6": "They are commonly used today to refer to the appropriate objects . A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates . The text was for classroom purposes only , and was never to be taken into the field . The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training . Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers ' messages meant ; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual , unrelated nouns and verbs . The Navajo code talkers were commended for their skill , speed , and accuracy demonstrated throughout the war . At the Battle of Iwo Jima , Major Howard Connor , 5th Marine Division signal officer , had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle . These six sent and received over 800 messages , all without error . Connor later stated , `` Were it not for the Navajos , the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima . '' As the war progressed , additional code words were added on and incorporated program - wide . In other instances , informal short - cut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation . To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater , representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code , incorporate new terms into the system , and update their codebooks . These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting . For example , the Navajo word for buzzard , jeeshóóʼ , was used for bomber , while the code word used for submarine , béésh łóóʼ , meant iron fish in Navajo . The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code , Chester Nez , died on June 4 , 2014 . The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after , until it was ended early in the Vietnam War . The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered . Nubian code talkers ( edit ) In the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , Egypt employed Nubian - speaking Nubian people as codetalkers .",
"7": "Seminole code talkers ( edit ) The last surviving Seminole code talker , Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , died on March 31 , 2014 , at the age of 96 . Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war . His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20 , 2013 . Welsh code talkers ( edit ) A system employing Welsh was used by British forces , but not to any great extent during World War II . Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages . Wenzhou code talkers ( edit ) China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino - Vietnamese War . Cryptographic properties ( edit ) Navajo code talkers , Saipan , June 1944 Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages . Additionally , a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life , thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages . Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language . Virtually no books in Navajo had been published . Outside of the language , the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards . It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively . The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March . Kieyoomia , a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army , but not a code talker , was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war . However , since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training , the messages made no sense to him . When he reported that he could not understand the messages , his captors tortured him . The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code .",
"8": "Post-war Recognition ( edit ) The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968 . In 1982 , the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who also named August 14 , 1982 as `` Navajo Code Talkers Day '' . On December 21 , 2000 the U.S. Congress passed , and President Bill Clinton signed , Public Law 106 - 554 , 114 Statute 2763 , which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original twenty - nine World War II Navajo code talkers , and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker ( approximately 300 ) . In July 2001 , U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers ( the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend ) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington , D.C. Gold medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers . On September 17 , 2007 , 18 Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service . On November 15 , 2008 , The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 ( Public Law 110 - 420 ) , was signed into law by President George W. Bush , which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII ( with the exception of the already - awarded Navajo ) with a Congressional Gold Medal , designed as distinct for each tribe , with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next - of - kin . As of 2013 , 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center . One surviving code talker was present , Edmond Harjo .",
"9": "Gallery ( edit ) Code talkers on Bougainville , 1943 Code talkers at work , Australia , July 1943 Code talker on Tarawa , November 1943 Code talker Leslie Hemstreet , Okinawa , 1945 See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . Battle Cry Never So Few Windtalkers Chester Nez Native Americans and World War II Choctaw code talkers of World War I Code - talker paradox Navajo I Navajo language Navajo Nation Navajo people Southern Athabaskan languages United States Army Indian Scouts Security through obscurity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86 '' , Rapid City Journal ( Rapid City , SD ) , 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , David ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Decorated war hero , code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies '' . Great Falls Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal , Ramón de Arrieta , Euzko Deya . La Voz de los Vascos en México 149 ( November 1952 ) , page 22 , México D.F. Jump up ^ `` Egon arretaz egunari '' , Xabier G. Argüello , El País , August 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones , Juan Hernani , El Diario Vasco , December 26 , 1952 , it quotes Revista general de marina . Bibliographic reference in Euskomedia.org . Based on Criptografía , Revista General de Marina , 143 ( November 1952 ) , pages 551 -- 552 . Ministerio de Marina , Madrid Jump up ^ Mikel Rodríguez . `` Gaiak - Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial '' .",
"10": "euskonews.com . Jump up ^ Pedro J. Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla ( 2017 ) . `` El enigma del mito y la historia : Basque Code Talkers en la Segunda Guerra Mundial ' '' . Saibigain . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Jesús J. Hernández , 25 June 2017 , El Correo . Jump up ^ Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 8 , 1997 . U.S. Army , 1932 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NSA Code Talker Exhibit Jump up ^ `` The Comanche Code Talkers '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew J. Seelinger , Army History Research : 124th Signal Battalion Archived February 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Last Meskwaki code talker remembers '' . USA Today . July 4 , 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holm , Tom ( 2007 ) . Code Talkers and Warriors . Chelsea House Pub . ISBN 0791093409 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Clayton ; Johnston , Philip . `` Letter to Commandant , USMC '' . Demonstration in California , 1942 . Northern Arizona University , Cline Library . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navajo Code Talkers : World War II Fact Sheet '' . Naval Historical Center . 1992 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Chester Nez , 93 , Dies ; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 2011 ) . Profiles in Hue . Xlibris Corporation . p. 175 . ISBN 9781456851200 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85 ; Navajo code talker during World War II '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Joseph ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Last of Navajo ' code talkers ' dies in New Mexico '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long - Marginalized Nubians '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Nubia : the Land of Gold - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online '' . English.ahram.org.eg. 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ El Nuba ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` El Nuba Cairo West Magazine '' . Cairowestmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Peaceful Societies '' . Peaceful Societies. 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Code Talkers : Native American Languages in the Military '' . Alpha Omega Translations. 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Attocknie , Dana ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) .",
"12": "`` Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on , loved ones pay respects , honor hero '' . Native American Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96 '' . Tulsa World . 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Dick ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Heath , Tony ( 1996 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue '' . The Independent . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Nanlai Cao ( 4 November 2010 ) . Constructing China 's Jerusalem : Christians , Power , and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7360 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Aikman ( 27 March 2012 ) . Jesus in Beijing : How Christianity Is Transforming China And Changing the Global Balance of Power . Regnery Publishing , Incorporated , An Eagle Publishing Company . pp. 183 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 652 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zhang Zhixiong ( 23 June 2015 ) . Chinese Education in Singapore : An untold story of conflict and change . Zhixiong Zhang . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 09 - 3952 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steger , Isabella ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Do You Dare Try the Devil - Language ? China 's 10 Hardest Dialects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Ching , Frank ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` The winning ways of minority languages '' . South China Morning Post .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` 美剧 称 温州 方言 为 '' 恶魔 之 语 '' FBI 都 甘拜下风 `` . 人民 网. 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 美剧 中 惊 现 '' 恶魔 之 语 `` 温州 话 , 这 是 咋 回 事 ? '' . 澎湃 新闻. 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 美剧 《 盲点 》 称 温州 话 为 '' 恶魔 之 语 '' 温州 话 到底 多 难 懂 ? `` . 观察 者 网. 2015 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 中国 十 大 最 难 懂 方言 温州 话 居 首 '' . Douban.com. 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Paths home page : How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . Yvwiiusdinvnohii.net . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Felicia ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82 '' . The Denver Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Navaho Code Talkers Day '' . Lapahie.com. 1982 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov. 2008 - 11 - 06 .",
"14": "Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years '' . CNN . 2001 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 106 - 554 , see 114 STAT . 2763A -- 311 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers . Retrieved on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 110 - 420 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . References ( edit ) Bibliography Aaseng , Nathan . Navajo Code Talkers : America 's Secret Weapon in World War II . New York : Walker & Company , 1992 . ISBN 0802776272 OCLC 672012184 Durrett , Deanne . Unsung Heroes of World War II : The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers . Library of American Indian History , Facts on File , Inc. , 1998 . ISBN 0816036039 OCLC 38067688 McClain , Salley . Navajo Weapon : The Navajo Code Talkers . Tucson , Arizona : Rio Nuevo Publishers , 2001 . ISBN 1887896325 OCLC 48584920 Meadows , William C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II . Austin : University of Texas Press , 2002 . ISBN 0292798504 OCLC 55896749 Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 12 , 1918 . U.S. Army , 1932 . Gawne , Jonathan . Spearheading D - Day . Paris : Histoire et Collections , 1999 .",
"15": "ISBN 2908182793 OCLC 45700217 Holm , Tom . Code Talkers and Warriors - Native Americans and World War II . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 9340 - 9 David Kahn , The Codebreakers : The Story of Secret Writing , 1967 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83130 - 9 Simon Singh , The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49532 - 5 Web National Museum of the American Indian - Codetalkers Listen online -- The Story of The Code Talkers -- The American Storyteller Radio Journal Samuel Tom Holiday -- 4th Marine Division -- 25th Regiment -- H & S Company Origins of the Navajo Code Talkers Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers ' Dictionary Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers : World War II fact Sheet Northern Arizona University Special Collections , regarding Navajo Codetalkers Teaching with Documents : Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians . U.S. National Archives . `` Semper Fidelis , Code Talkers , '' U.S National Archives . Prologue Magazine : Winter 2001 , Vol. 33 , No. 4 Smithsonian Institution : American Indian Codetalkers Native Americans in the U.S. Army Portal at the United States Army Center of Military History American Indian Code Talker Medals Become Law U.S. Sen. Bingaman : Navajo code talkers page The Navajo Code Talkers : Code Talkers ( Part of the Story ) How Effective Was Navajo Code ? `` One Former Captive Knows '' Captured Navajo Hopi Code Talker Code Talkers Exhibit , Burger King , Kayenta , Navajo Nation Windtalker Navajo Code Talkers Association Code Talkers roll of honour and images External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . ''",
"16": "Library resources about Code talker Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Code Talkers Official website of the Navajo Code talkers Denise Winterman ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` World War One : The original code talkers '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 May 2014 .",
"17": "( hide ) Navajo Nation Politics and institutions Council Council Chamber President Vice President Flag Supreme Court Chapter houses Police Rangers Miss Navajo Culture and education People Language Music Weaving Navajo - Churro sheep Navajo Preparatory School Diné College Press Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park Media Ádahooníłígíí Navajo Times KTNN Radio History The Emergence Dinétah Navajo pueblitos ( 1600s -- 1700s ) Navajo Wars ( 1800s ) Long Walk of the Navajo ( 1864 ) Navajo Scouts ( 1873 -- 1895 ) Livestock Reduction ( 1930s ) Code talkers ( 1940s ) Communities List of Communities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&oldid=805987642 '' Categories : Code talkers Basque language Congressional Gold Medal recipients History of cryptography Native American history Native American United States military personnel Navajo language Pacific theatre of World War II United States Marine Corps in World War II World War II espionage Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing Navajo - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played anna in once upon a time
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{
"0": "Elizabeth Lail - wikipedia Elizabeth Lail Jump to : navigation , search Elizabeth Lail Lail on the set of Once Upon A Time in 2014 Elizabeth Dean Lail ( 1992 - 03 - 25 ) March 25 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Williamson County , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2011 -- present Elizabeth Dean Lail ( born March 25 , 1992 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Anna in the ABC adventure fantasy television series Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Lail was born in Williamson County , Texas , to her parents , Dean Franklin Lail and wife Kay Lurene Surratt . She has one older sister . Lail grew up in Asheboro , North Carolina . After graduating from Asheboro High School in 2009 , she attended the University of North Carolina School of the Arts , graduating in May 2014 . Career ( edit ) Lail mostly worked in student film productions , such as Model Airplane and Without , immediately after graduating from university . She had moved to New York City to pursue stage work when she landed an audition for ABC 's Once Upon a Time , after which she was cast as Anna in the fourth season of the series . Lail was cast in a starring role in the Freeform horror series Dead of Summer playing the role of camp counselor Amy . Filmography ( edit ) Television and film roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 Model Airplane Anna Short film ; as Elizabeth Dean Lail 2014 Without Emily Short film ; as Elizabeth Dean Lail 2014 Once Upon a Time Anna Recurring role ( season 4 ) , 10 episodes 2016 Dead of Summer Amy Hughes Main role 2017 The Blacklist Natalie Luca Episode : `` Natalie Luca '' 2018 You Beck Upcoming television series ; main role References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 .",
"1": "^ Jump up to : `` Person details for Elizabeth Dean Lail '' . Jump up ^ `` Sisters '' . Jump up ^ `` Asheboro native cast as Anna in ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . WGHP Fox 8 . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Logan ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Gets Frozen When Anna and Elsa Visit Storybrooke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Alums Elizabeth Mitchell & Elizabeth Lail Cast in Freeform 's ' Dead of Summer ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ; Denise Petski ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' You ' : Elizabeth Lail To Star In Greg Berlanti Lifetime Drama Series , Two Others Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Elizabeth Lail on IMDb Elizabeth Lail on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Lail&oldid=803026787 '' Categories : 1992 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from North Carolina American film actresses American television actresses People from Asheboro , North Carolina People from Williamson County , Texas University of North Carolina alumni Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 00 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"2": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
1,
0,
2
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[
1,
0,
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2269298549089163701
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who made possible the first reproduction of the human voice on the phonograph
|
[
"Thomas Edison",
"Thomas Edison",
"Thomas Alva Edison",
"Thomas Alva Edison"
] |
{
"0": "Phonograph - wikipedia Phonograph Jump to : navigation , search `` Turntable '' redirects here . For its use as a musical instrument , see Turntablism . For other uses , see Turntable ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Phonogram ( disambiguation ) . Thomas Edison with his second phonograph , photographed by Mathew Brady in Washington , April 1878 Edison wax cylinder phonograph , circa 1899 Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola , circa 1915 A late 20th - century turntable and record The phonograph is a device , invented in 1877 , for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound . In its later forms , it is also called a gramophone ( as a trademark since 1887 , as a generic name in the UK since 1910 ) , or , since the 1940s , a record player . The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved , etched , incised , or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc , called a `` record '' . To recreate the sound , the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it , very faintly reproducing the recorded sound . In early acoustic phonographs , the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn , or directly to the listener 's ears through stethoscope - type earphones . The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison . While other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds , Edison 's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound . His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder . A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill - and - dale groove in the foil . Alexander Graham Bell 's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the graphophone , including the use of wax - coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zig zag groove around the record .",
"1": "In the 1890s , Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center , coining the term gramophone for disc record players , which is predominantly used in many languages . Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system , the stylus or needle , and the sound and equalization systems . The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout most of the 20th century . From the mid-1980s on , phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape , compact disc and other digital recording formats . Records are still a favorite format for some audiophiles and by DJs and turntablists in hip hop music , electronic dance music and other styles . Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances . Some electronic dance music DJs and music producers continue to release their recordings on vinyl records . The original recordings of musicians , which may have been recorded on tape or digital methods , are sometimes re-issued on vinyl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 United Kingdom 1.2 United States 1.3 Australia 2 Early history 2.1 Predecessors to the phonograph 2.2 Phonautograph 2.3 Paleophone 2.4 First phonograph 2.5 Early machines 2.6 Introduction of the disc record 2.7 Oldest surviving recordings 3 Improvements at the Volta Laboratory 3.1 Volta 's early challenge 3.2 Volta Graphophone 3.3 Graphophone commercialization 4 Disc versus cylinder as a recording medium 5 Dominance of the disc record 5.1 First all - transistor phonograph 6 Turntable technology 6.1 Turntable construction 6.2 Turntable drive systems 6.2. 1 Idler - wheel drive system 6.2. 2 Belt drive system 6.2. 3 Direct drive system 6.2. 4 Direct vs belt drive 6.2.",
"2": "5 Pricing 7 Arm systems 7.1 Linear tracking 8 Pickup systems 8.1 Piezoelectric ( crystal / ceramic ) cartridges 8.2 Magnetic cartridges 8.3 Strain gauge cartridges 8.4 Electrostatic cartridges 8.5 Optical readout 9 Stylus 10 Record materials 11 Equalization 12 Phonographs in the 21st century 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Terminology ( edit ) Usage of terminology is not uniform across the English - speaking world ( see below ) . In more modern usage , the playback device is often called a `` turntable '' , `` record player '' , or `` record changer '' . When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup , turntables are often colloquially called `` decks '' . In later electric phonographs ( more often known since the 1940s as record players or , most recently , turntables ) , the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical signal by a transducer , then converted back into sound by a loudspeaker . The term phonograph ( `` sound writing '' ) was derived from the Greek words φωνή ( phonē , `` sound '' or `` voice '' ) and γραφή ( graphē , `` writing '' ) . The similar related terms gramophone ( from the Greek γράμμα gramma `` letter '' and φωνή phōnē `` voice '' ) and graphophone have similar root meanings . The roots were already familiar from existing 19th - century words such as photograph ( `` light writing '' ) , telegraph ( `` distant writing '' ) , and telephone ( `` distant sound '' ) . The new term may have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography , which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand ; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisement for `` Professor Webster 's phonographic class '' , and in 1859 the New York State Teachers Association tabled a motion to `` employ a phonographic recorder '' to record its meetings .",
"3": "Arguably , any device used to record sound or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of `` phonograph '' , but in common practice the word has come to mean historic technologies of sound recording , involving audio - frequency modulations of a physical trace or groove . In the late - 19th and early - 20th centuries , `` Phonograph '' , `` Gramophone '' , `` Graphophone '' , `` Zonophone '' and the like were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes very different ( i.e. cylinder and disc ) machines ; so considerable use was made of the generic term `` talking machine '' , especially in print . `` Talking machine '' had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech , by simulating the workings of the vocal cords , tongue , and lips -- a potential source of confusion both then and now . United kingdom ( edit ) In British English , `` gramophone '' may refer to any sound - reproducing machine using disc records , which were introduced and popularized in the UK by the Gramophone Company . Originally , `` gramophone '' was a proprietary trademark of that company and any use of the name by competing makers of disc records was vigorously prosecuted in the courts , but in 1910 an English court decision decreed that it had become a generic term ; it has been so used in the UK and most Commonwealth countries ever since . The term `` phonograph '' was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records . `` Gramophone '' generally referred to a wind - up machine . After the introduction of the softer vinyl records , 33 ⁄ - rpm LPs ( long - playing records ) and 45 - rpm `` single '' or two - song records , and EPs ( extended - play recordings ) , the common name became `` record player '' or `` turntable '' . Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio ( radiogram ) and , later , might also play audiotape cassettes . From about 1960 , such a system began to be described as a `` hi - fi '' ( high - fidelity , monophonic ) or a `` stereo '' ( most systems being stereophonic by the mid-1960s ) .",
"4": "United States ( edit ) Early phonograph at Deaf Smith County Historical Museum in Hereford , Texas In American English , `` phonograph '' , properly specific to machines made by Edison , was sometimes used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder - playing machines made by others . But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to Emile Berliner 's upstart Gramophone , a very different machine which played discs . `` Talking machine '' was the comprehensive generic term , but in the early 20th century the general public was increasingly applying the word `` phonograph '' indiscriminately to both cylinder and disc machines and to the records they played . By the time of the First World War , the mass advertising and popularity of the Victor Talking Machine Company 's Victrolas ( a line of disc - playing machines characterized by their concealed horns ) was leading to widespread generic use of the word `` victrola '' for any machine that played discs , which were however still called `` phonograph records '' or simply `` records '' , almost never `` victrola records '' . After electrical disc - playing machines started appearing on the market during the second half of the 1920s , usually sharing the same cabinet with a radio receiver , the term `` record player '' was increasingly favored by users when referring to the device . Manufacturers , however , typically advertised such combinations as `` radio - phonographs '' . Portable record players ( no radio included ) , with a latched cover and an integrated power amplifier and loudspeaker , were fairly common as well , especially in schools and for use by children and teenagers . In the years following the Second World War , as `` hi - fi '' ( high - fidelity , monophonic ) and , later , `` stereo '' ( stereophonic ) component sound systems slowly evolved from an exotic specialty item into a common feature of American homes , the description of the record - spinning component as a `` record changer '' ( which could automatically play through a stacked series of discs ) or a `` turntable '' ( which could hold only one disc at a time ) entered common usage . By about 1980 the use of a `` record changer '' , which might damage the stacked discs , was widely disparaged . So , the `` turntable '' emerged triumphant and retained its position to the end of the 20th century and beyond .",
"5": "Through all these changes , however , the discs have continued to be known as `` phonograph records '' or , much more commonly , simply as `` records '' . The brand name Gramophone was not used in the USA after 1901 , and the word fell out of use there , although it has survived in its nickname form , Grammy , as the name of the Grammy Awards . The Grammy trophy itself is a small rendering of a gramophone , resembling a Victor disc machine with a taper arm . Modern amplifier - component manufacturers continue to label the input jack which accepts the output from a modern magnetic pickup cartridge as the `` phono '' input , abbreviated from `` phonograph '' . Boy and toy record player , 1920s Australia ( edit ) In Australian English , `` record player '' was the term ; `` turntable '' was a more technical term ; `` gramophone '' was restricted to the old mechanical ( i.e. , wind - up ) players ; and `` phonograph '' was used as in British English . Early History ( edit ) Predecessors to the phonograph ( edit ) Several inventors devised machines to record sound prior to Thomas Edison 's phonograph , Edison being the first to invent a device that could both record and reproduce sound . The phonograph 's predecessors include Édouard - Léon Scott de Martinville 's phonautograph , and Charles Cros 's paleophone . Recordings made with the phonautograph were intended to be visual representations of the sound and were not to be reproduced as sound until 2008 . Cros 's paleophone was intended to both record and reproduce sound but had not been developed beyond a basic concept at the time of Edison 's successful demonstration of the Phonograph in 1877 . Phonautograph ( edit ) Main article : Phonautograph Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of sound recording . Dictionary illustration of a phonautograph . This version uses a barrel made of plaster of Paris . Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound - producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807 , but the first known device for recording airborne speech , music and other sounds is the phonautograph , patented in 1857 by French typesetter and inventor Édouard - Léon Scott de Martinville .",
"6": "In this device , sound waves travelling through the air vibrated a parchment diaphragm which was linked to a bristle , and the bristle traced a line through a thin coating of soot on a sheet of paper wrapped around a rotating cylinder . The sound vibrations were recorded as undulations or other irregularities in the traced line . Scott 's phonautograph was intended purely for the visual study and analysis of the tracings . Reproduction of the recorded sound was not possible with the original phonautograph . In 2008 , phonautograph recordings made by Scott were played back as sound by American audio historians , who used optical scanning and computer processing to convert the traced waveforms into digital audio files . These recordings , made circa 1860 , include fragments of two French songs and a recitation in Italian . Paleophone ( edit ) Charles Cros , a French poet and amateur scientist , is the first person known to have made the conceptual leap from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to devising a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction . On April 30 , 1877 , he deposited a sealed envelope containing a summary of his ideas with the French Academy of Sciences , a standard procedure used by scientists and inventors to establish priority of conception of unpublished ideas in the event of any later dispute . Cros proposed the use of photoengraving , a process already in use to make metal printing plates from line drawings , to convert an insubstantial phonautograph tracing in soot into a groove or ridge on a metal disc or cylinder . This metal surface would then be given the same motion and speed as the original recording surface . A stylus linked to a diaphragm would be made to ride in the groove or on the ridge so that the stylus would be moved back and forth in accordance with the recorded vibrations . It would transmit these vibrations to the connected diaphragm , and the diaphragm would transmit them to the air , reproducing the original sound .",
"7": "An account of his invention was published on October 10 , 1877 , by which date Cros had devised a more direct procedure : the recording stylus could scribe its tracing through a thin coating of acid - resistant material on a metal surface and the surface could then be etched in an acid bath , producing the desired groove without the complication of an intermediate photographic procedure . The author of this article called the device a `` phonographe '' , but Cros himself favored the word `` paleophone '' , sometimes rendered in French as `` voix du passé '' ( voice of the past ) but more literally meaning `` ancient sound '' , which accorded well with his vision of his invention 's potential for creating an archive of sound recordings that would be available to listeners in the distant future . Cros was a poet of meager means , not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model , and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the public domain free of charge and let others reduce them to practice , but after the earliest reports of Edison 's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3 , 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences , claiming due scientific credit for priority of conception . Throughout the first decade ( 1890 -- 1900 ) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records , the direct acid - etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs , but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich phonographic library he had foreseen . He had died in 1888 at the age of 45 . First phonograph ( edit ) Patent drawing for Edison 's phonograph , May 18 , 1880 Thomas Alva Edison conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to `` play back '' recorded telegraph messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by telephone .",
"8": "He announced his invention of the first phonograph , a device for recording and replaying sound , on November 21 , 1877 ( early reports appear in Scientific American and several newspapers in the beginning of November , and an even earlier announcement of Edison working on a ' talking - machine ' can be found in the Chicago Daily Tribune on May 9 ) , and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29 ( it was patented on February 19 , 1878 as US Patent 200,521 ) . `` In December , 1877 , a young man came into the office of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , and placed before the editors a small , simple machine about which very few preliminary remarks were offered . The visitor without any ceremony whatever turned the crank , and to the astonishment of all present the machine said : `` Good morning . How do you do ? How do you like the phonograph ? '' The machine thus spoke for itself , and made known the fact that it was the phonograph ... '' Edison presented his own account of inventing the phonograph . `` I was experimenting , '' he said , `` on an automatic method of recording telegraph messages on a disk of paper laid on a revolving platen , exactly the same as the disk talking - machine of to - day . The platen had a spiral groove on its surface , like the disk . Over this was placed a circular disk of paper ; an electromagnet with the embossing point connected to an arm traveled over the disk ; and any signals given through the magnets were embossed on the disk of paper . If this disc was removed from the machine and put on a similar machine provided with a contact point , the embossed record would cause the signals to be repeated into another wire . The ordinary speed of telegraphic signals is thirty - five to forty words a minute ; but with this machine several hundred words were possible . '' `` From my experiments on the telephone I knew of how to work a pawl connected to the diaphragm ; and this engaging a ratchet - wheel served to give continuous rotation to a pulley . This pulley was connected by a cord to a little paper toy representing a man sawing wood . Hence , if one shouted : ' Mary had a little lamb , ' etc. , the paper man would start sawing wood .",
"9": "I reached the conclusion that if I could record the movements of the diaphragm properly , I could cause such records to reproduce the original movements imparted to the diaphragm by the voice , and thus succeed in recording and reproducing the human voice . '' `` Instead of using a disk I designed a little machine using a cylinder provided with grooves around the surface . Over this was to be placed tinfoil , which easily received and recorded the movements of the diaphragm . A sketch was made , and the piece - work price , $18 , was marked on the sketch . I was in the habit of marking the price I would pay on each sketch . If the workman lost , I would pay his regular wages ; if he made more than the wages , he kept it . The workman who got the sketch was John Kruesi . I did n't have much faith that it would work , expecting that I might possibly hear a word or so that would give hope of a future for the idea . Kruesi , when he had nearly finished it , asked what it was for . I told him I was going to record talking , and then have the machine talk back . He thought it absurd . However , it was finished , the foil was put on ; I then shouted ' Mary had a little lamb ' , etc . I adjusted the reproducer , and the machine reproduced it perfectly . I was never so taken aback in my life . Everybody was astonished . I was always afraid of things that worked the first time . Long experience proved that there were great drawbacks found generally before they could be got commercial ; but here was something there was no doubt of . '' The music critic Herman Klein attended an early demonstration ( 1881 -- 2 ) of a similar machine . On the early phonograph 's reproductive capabilities he writes `` It sounded to my ear like someone singing about half a mile away , or talking at the other end of a big hall ; but the effect was rather pleasant , save for a peculiar nasal quality wholly due to the mechanism , though there was little of the scratching which later was a prominent feature of the flat disc . Recording for that primitive machine was a comparatively simple matter .",
"10": "I had to keep my mouth about six inches away from the horn and remember not to make my voice too loud if I wanted anything approximating to a clear reproduction ; that was all . When it was played over to me and I heard my own voice for the first time , one or two friends who were present said that it sounded rather like mine ; others declared that they would never have recognised it . I daresay both opinions were correct . '' Early machines ( edit ) Phonograph cabinet built with Edison cement , 1912 . The clockwork portion of the phonograph is concealed in the base beneath the statue ; the amplifying horn is the shell behind the human figure . Edison 's early phonographs recorded onto a thin sheet of metal , normally tinfoil , which was temporarily wrapped around a helically grooved cylinder mounted on a correspondingly threaded rod supported by plain and threaded bearings . While the cylinder was rotated and slowly progressed along its axis , the airborne sound vibrated a diaphragm connected to a stylus that indented the foil into the cylinder 's groove , thereby recording the vibrations as `` hill - and - dale '' variations of the depth of the indentation . Playback was accomplished by exactly repeating the recording procedure , the only difference being that the recorded foil now served to vibrate the stylus , which transmitted its vibrations to the diaphragm and onward into the air as audible sound . Although Edison 's very first experimental tinfoil phonograph used separate and somewhat different recording and playback assemblies , in subsequent machines a single diaphragm and stylus served both purposes . One peculiar consequence was that it was possible to overdub additional sound onto a recording being played back . The recording was heavily worn by each playing , and it was nearly impossible to accurately remount a recorded foil after it had been removed from the cylinder . In this form , the only practical use that could be found for the phonograph was as a startling novelty for private amusement at home or public exhibitions for profit . Edison 's early patents show that he was aware that sound could be recorded as a spiral on a disc , but Edison concentrated his efforts on cylinders , since the groove on the outside of a rotating cylinder provides a constant velocity to the stylus in the groove , which Edison considered more `` scientifically correct '' .",
"11": "Edison 's patent specified that the audio recording be embossed , and it was not until 1886 that vertically modulated engraved recording using wax - coated cylinders was patented by Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter . They named their version the Graphophone . Introduction of the disc record ( edit ) The use of a flat recording surface instead of a cylindrical one was an obvious alternative which thought - experimenter Charles Cros initially favored and which practical experimenter Thomas Edison and others actually tested in the late 1870s and early 1880s . The oldest surviving example is a copper electrotype of a recording cut into a wax disc in 1881 . The commercialization of sound recording technology was initially aimed at use for business correspondence and transcription into writing , in which the cylindrical form offered certain advantages , the storage of large numbers of records seemed unlikely , and the ease of producing multiple copies was not a consideration . In 1887 , Emile Berliner patented a variant of the phonograph which he named the Gramophone . Berliner 's approach was essentially the same one proposed , but never implemented , by Charles Cros in 1877 . The diaphragm was linked to the recording stylus in a way that caused it to vibrate laterally ( side to side ) as it traced a spiral onto a zinc disc very thinly coated with a compound of beeswax . The zinc disc was then immersed in a bath of chromic acid ; this etched a groove into the disc where the stylus had removed the coating , after which the recording could be played . With some later improvements the flat discs of Berliner could be produced in large quantities at much lower cost than the cylinders of Edison 's system . In May 1889 , in San Francisco , the first `` phonograph parlor '' opened . It featured a row of coin - operated machines , each supplied with a different wax cylinder record . The customer selected a machine according to the title that it advertised , inserted a nickel , then heard the recording through stethoscope - like listening tubes . By the mid-1890s , most American cities had at least one phonograph parlor . The coin - operated mechanism was invented by Louis T. Glass and William S. Arnold . The cabinet contained an Edison Class M or Class E phonograph .",
"12": "The Class M was powered by a wet - cell glass battery that would spill dangerous acid if it tipped over or broke . The Class E sold for a lower price and ran on 120V DC . The phenomenon of phonograph parlors peaked in Paris around 1900 : in Pathé 's luxurious salon , patrons sat in plush upholstered chairs and chose from among many hundreds of available cylinders by using speaking tubes to communicate with attendants on the floor below . `` I Am The Edison Phonograph '' This 1906 recording enticed store customers with the wonders of the invention . 2 minutes , 23 seconds . Problems playing this file ? See media help . By 1890 , record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass - produce their product . While the live performers recorded the master phonograph , up to ten tubes led to blank cylinders in other phonographs . Until this development , each record had to be custom - made . Before long , a more advanced pantograph - based process made it possible to simultaneously produce 90 -- 150 copies of each record . However , as demand for certain records grew , popular artists still needed to re-record and re-re - record their songs . Reportedly , the medium 's first major African - American star George Washington Johnson was obliged to perform his `` The Laughing Song '' ( or the separate `` Laughing Coon '' ) literally thousands of times in a studio during his recording career . Sometimes he would sing `` The Laughing Song '' more than fifty times in a day , at twenty cents per rendition . ( The average price of a single cylinder in the mid-1890s was about fifty cents . ) Oldest surviving recordings ( edit ) Frank Lambert 's lead cylinder recording for an experimental talking clock is often identified as the oldest surviving playable sound recording , although the evidence advanced for its early date is controversial . Wax phonograph cylinder recordings of Handel 's choral music made on June 29 , 1888 , at The Crystal Palace in London were thought to be the oldest - known surviving musical recordings , until the recent playback by a group of American historians of a phonautograph recording of Au clair de la lune made on April 9 , 1860 .",
"13": "The 1860 phonautogram had not until then been played , as it was only a transcription of sound waves into graphic form on paper for visual study . Recently developed optical scanning and image processing techniques have given new life to early recordings by making it possible to play unusually delicate or physically unplayable media without physical contact . A recording made on a sheet of tinfoil at an 1878 demonstration of Edison 's phonograph in St. Louis , Missouri has been played back by optical scanning and digital analysis . A few other early tinfoil recordings are known to survive , including a slightly earlier one which is believed to preserve the voice of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes , but as of May 2014 they have not yet been played by this means . These antique tinfoil recordings , which have typically been stored folded , are too fragile to be played back with a stylus without seriously damaging them . Edison 's 1877 tinfoil recording of Mary Had a Little Lamb , not preserved , has been called the first instance of recorded verse . On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the phonograph , Edison recounted reciting Mary Had a Little Lamb to test his first machine . The 1927 event was filmed by an early sound - on - film newsreel camera , and an audio clip from that film 's soundtrack is sometimes mistakenly presented as the original 1877 recording . Wax cylinder recordings made by 19th century media legends such as P.T. Barnum and Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth are amongst the earliest verified recordings by the famous that have survived to the present . Improvements at the Volta Laboratory ( edit ) Main article : Volta Laboratory and Bureau -- Sound recording and phonograph development Alexander Graham Bell and his two associates took Edison 's tinfoil phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil . They began their work at Bell 's Volta Laboratory in Washington , D.C. , in 1879 , and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax . Although Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877 the fame bestowed on him for this invention was not due to its efficiency .",
"14": "Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical , as the tinfoil tore easily , and even when the stylus was properly adjusted , its reproduction of sound was distorted , and good for only a few playbacks ; nevertheless Edison had hit upon the secret of sound recording . However immediately after his discovery he did not improve it , allegedly because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the New York City electric light and power system . Volta 's early challenge ( edit ) Meanwhile , Bell , a scientist and experimenter at heart , was looking for new worlds to conquer after his invention of the telephone . According to Sumner Tainter , it was through Gardiner Green Hubbard that Bell took up the phonograph challenge . Bell had married Hubbard 's daughter Mabel in 1879 while Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Co. , and his organization , which had purchased the Edison patent , was financially troubled because people did not want to buy a machine which seldom worked well and proved difficult for the average person to operate . In 1879 Hubbard got Bell interested in improving the phonograph , and it was agreed that a laboratory should be set up in Washington . Experiments were also to be conducted on the transmission of sound by light , which resulted in the selenium - celled Photophone . Volta Graphophone ( edit ) See also : Graphophone A ' G ' ( Graham Bell ) model Graphophone being played back by a typist after its cylinder had recorded dictation . By 1881 , the Volta associates had succeeded in improving an Edison tinfoil machine to some extent . Wax was put in the grooves of the heavy iron cylinder , and no tinfoil was used . Rather than apply for a patent at that time , however , they deposited the machine in a sealed box at the Smithsonian , and specified that it was not to be opened without the consent of two of the three men . The sound vibrations had been indented in the wax which had been applied to the Edison phonograph . The following was the text of one of their recordings : `` There are more things in heaven and earth , Horatio , than are dreamed of in your philosophy . I am a Graphophone and my mother was a phonograph . '' Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables .",
"15": "The explanation is that in the early experiments , the turntable , with disc , was mounted on the shop lathe , along with the recording and reproducing heads . Later , when the complete models were built , most of them featured vertical turntables . One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable . The machine , although made in 1886 , was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by Chichester Bell . Tainter was granted U.S. Patent 385,886 on July 10 , 1888 . The playing arm is rigid , except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to starting position . While recording or playing , the record not only rotated , but moved laterally under the stylus , which thus described a spiral , recording 150 grooves to the inch . The preserved Bell and Tainter records are of both the lateral cut and the Edison - style hill - and - dale ( up - and - down ) styles . Edison for many years used the `` hill - and - dale '' method on both his cylinders and Diamond Disc records , and Emile Berliner is credited with the invention of the lateral cut , acid - etched Gramophone record in 1887 . The Volta associates , however , had been experimenting with both formats and directions of groove modulation as early as 1881 . The basic distinction between the Edison 's first phonograph patent and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording . Edison 's method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin foil , while Bell and Tainter 's invention called for cutting , or `` engraving '' , the sound waves into a wax record with a sharp recording stylus . Graphophone commercialization ( edit ) A later - model Columbia Graphophone of 1901 Play media Edison - Phonograph playing : Iola by the `` Edison Military Band `` ( video , 3 min 51 s ) In 1885 , when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions , they filed patent applications and began to seek out investors . The Volta Graphophone Company of Alexandria , Virginia , was created on January 6 , 1886 and incorporated on February 3 , 1886 .",
"16": "It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions , one of which became the first Dictaphone . After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington , businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28 , 1887 , in order to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace . The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone , which itself later evolved into Columbia Records . Shortly after American Graphophone 's creation , Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million of an inheritance to gain control of it , as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents . Not long later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company . He then created the North American Phonograph Company to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph . In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit 's mechanical problems and also to resistance from stenographers . A coin - operated version of the Graphophone , U.S. Patent 506,348 , was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with nickel - in - the - slot entertainment phonograph U.S. Patent 428,750 demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass , manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company . The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of dictating machines in business , because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable . But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Edison and the further improvements of Emile Berliner and many others , before the recording industry became a major factor in home entertainment . Disc versus cylinder as a recording medium ( edit ) Discs are not inherently better than cylinders at providing audio fidelity . Rather , the advantages of the format are seen in the manufacturing process : discs can be stamped ; cylinders could not be until 1901 -- 1902 when the gold moulding process was introduced by Edison . Recordings made on a cylinder remain at a constant linear velocity for the entirety of the recording , while those made on a disc have a higher linear velocity at the outer portion of the groove compared to the inner portion . Edison 's patented recording method recorded with vertical modulations in a groove .",
"17": "Berliner utilized a laterally modulated groove . A Victor V phonograph , circa 1907 Though Edison 's recording technology was better than Berliner 's , there were commercial advantages to a disc system since the disc could be easily mass - produced by molding and stamping and it required less storage space for a collection of recordings . Berliner successfully argued that his technology was different enough from Edison 's that he did not need to pay royalties on it , which reduced his business expenses . Through experimentation , in 1892 Berliner began commercial production of his disc records , and `` gramophones '' or `` talking - machines '' . His `` gramophone record '' was the first disc record to be offered to the public . They were five inches ( 12.7 cm ) in diameter and recorded on one side only . Seven - inch ( 17.5 cm ) records followed in 1895 . Also in 1895 Berliner replaced the hard rubber used to make the discs with a shellac compound . Berliner 's early records had poor sound quality , however . Work by Eldridge R. Johnson improved the sound fidelity to a point where it was as good as the cylinder . By 1901 , ten - inch ( 25 cm ) records were marketed by Johnson and Berliner 's Victor Talking Machine Company , and Berliner had sold his interests . By 1908 , a majority of the public demanded double - sided disc recordings , and cylinders fell into disfavor . Edison felt the commercial pressure for disc records , and by 1912 , though reluctant at first , his movement to disc records was in full swing . This was the Edison Disc Record . From the mid-1890s until the early 1920s both phonograph cylinder and disc recordings and machines to play them on were widely mass - marketed and sold . The disc system gradually became more popular because of its cheaper price and better marketing by disc record companies . Edison ceased cylinder manufacture in the autumn of 1929 , and the history of disc and cylinder rivalry was concluded .",
"18": "Dominance of the disc record ( edit ) A 1930s portable wind - up gramophone from EMI ( His Master 's Voice ) Berliner 's lateral disc record was the ancestor of the 78 rpm , 45 rpm , 331⁄3 rpm , and all other analogue disc records popular for use in sound recording through the 20th century . See gramophone record . The 1920s brought improved radio technology and radio sales , bringing many phonograph dealers to near financial ruin . With efforts at improved audio fidelity , the big record companies succeeded in keeping business booming through the end of the decade , but the record sales plummeted during the Great Depression , with many companies merging or going out of business . Record sales picked up appreciably by the late 30s and early 40s , with greater improvements in fidelity and more money to be spent . By this time home phonographs had become much more common , though it was n't until the 1940s that console radio / phono set - ups with automatic record changers became more common . In the 1930s , vinyl ( originally known as vinylite ) was introduced as a record material for radio transcription discs , and for radio commercials . At that time , virtually no discs for home use were made from this material . Vinyl was used for the popular 78 - rpm V - discs issued to US soldiers during World War II . This significantly reduced breakage during transport . The first commercial vinylite record was the set of five 12 '' discs `` Prince Igor '' ( Asch Records album S - 800 , dubbed from Soviet masters in 1945 ) . Victor began selling some home - use vinyl 78s in late 1945 ; but most 78s were made of a shellac compound until the 78 - rpm format was completely phased out . ( Shellac records were heavier and more brittle . ) 33s and 45s were , however , made exclusively of vinyl , with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of polystyrene .",
"19": "Booms in record sales returned after the Second World War , as industry standards changed from 78s to vinyl , long - playing records ( commonly called record albums ) , which could contain an entire symphony , and 45s which usually contained one hit song popularized on the radio -- thus the term `` single '' record -- plus another song on the back or `` flip '' side . An `` extended play '' version of the 45 was also available , designated 45 EP , which provided capacity for longer musical selections , or for two regular - length songs per side . First all - transistor phonograph ( edit ) Philco all - transistor model TPA - 1 phonograph , developed and produced in 1955 Philco all - transistor model TPA - 1 phonograph -- Radio and Television News magazine , issue October 1955 In 1955 , Philco developed and produced the world 's first all - transistor phonograph models TPA - 1 and TPA - 2 , which were announced in the June 28 , 1955 edition of the Wall Street Journal . Philco started to sell these all - transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955 , for the price of $59.95 . The October 1955 issue of Radio & Television News magazine ( page 41 ) , had a full page detailed article on Philco 's new consumer product . The all - transistor portable phonograph TPA - 1 and TPA - 2 models played only 45rpm records and used four 1.5 volt `` D '' batteries for their power supply . The `` TPA '' stands for `` Transistor Phonograph Amplifier '' . Their circuitry used three Philco germanium PNP alloy - fused junction audio frequency transistors . After the 1956 season had ended , Philco decided to discontinue both models , for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes , but by 1961 a $49.95 ( $409.06 in 2016 ) portable , battery - powered radio - phonograph with seven transistors was available . By the 1960s , cheaper portable record players and record changers which played stacks of records in wooden console cabinets were popular , usually with heavy and crude tonearms in the portables . The consoles were often equipped with better quality pick - ups .",
"20": "Even pharmacies stocked 45 rpm records at their front counters . Rock music played on 45s became the soundtrack to the 1960s as people bought the same songs that were played free of charge on the radio . Some record players were even tried in automobiles , but were quickly displaced by 8 - track and cassette tapes . High fidelity made great advances during the 1970s , as turntables became very precise instruments with belt or direct drive , jewel - balanced tonearms , some with electronically controlled linear tracking and magnetic cartridges . Some cartridges had frequency response above 30 kHz for use with CD - 4 quadraphonic 4 channel sound . A high fidelity component system which cost under $1,000 could do a very good job of reproducing very accurate frequency response across the human audible spectrum from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz with a $200 turntable which would typically have less than 0.05 % wow and flutter and very low rumble ( low frequency noise ) . A well - maintained record would have very little surface noise , though it was difficult to keep records completely free from scratches , which produced popping noises . Another characteristic failure mode was groove lock , causing a section of music to repeat , separated by a popping noise . This was so common that a saying was coined : you sound like a broken record , referring to someone who is being annoyingly repetitious . A novelty variation on the standard format was the use of multiple concentric spirals with different recordings . Thus when the record was played multiple times , different recordings would play , seemingly at random . Records themselves became an art form because of the large surface onto which graphics and books could be printed , and records could be molded into unusual shapes , colors , or with images ( picture discs ) . The turntable remained a common element of home audio systems well after the introduction of other media , such as audio tape and even the early years of the compact disc as a lower - priced music format . However , even though the cost of producing CDs fell below that of records , CDs remained a higher - priced music format than either cassettes or records . Thus , records were not uncommon in home audio systems into the early 1990s .",
"21": "By the turn of the 21st century , the turntable had become a niche product , as the price of CD players , which reproduce music free of pops and scratches , fell far lower than high - fidelity tape players or turntables . Nevertheless , there is some increase in interest ; many big - box media stores carry turntables , as do professional DJ equipment stores . Most low - end and mid-range amplifiers omit the phono input ; but on the other hand , low - end turntables with built - in phono pre-amplifiers are widely available . Some combination systems include a basic turntable , a CD player , a cassette deck. and a radio , in a retro - styled cabinet . Records also continue to be manufactured and sold today , albeit in smaller quantities than in the disc phonograph 's heyday . Turntable technology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Polish - made Unitra turntable atop an Electromureș ( Unitra - Diora ) receiver , circa 1979 Low - priced , mass - market turntable Turntable Construction ( edit ) Inexpensive record players typically used a flanged steel stamping for the turntable structure . A rubber disc would be secured to the top of the stamping to provide traction for the record , as well as a small amount of vibration isolation . The spindle bearing usually consisted of a bronze bushing . The flange on the stamping provided a convenient place to drive the turntable by means of an idler wheel ( see below ) . While light and cheap to manufacture , these mechanisms had low inertia , making motor speed instabilities more pronounced . Costlier turntables made from heavy aluminium castings have greater balanced mass and inertia , helping minimize vibration at the stylus , and maintaining constant speed without wow or flutter , even if the motor exhibits cogging effects . Like stamped steel turntables , they were topped with rubber . Because of the increased mass , they usually employed ball bearings or roller bearings in the spindle to reduce friction and noise . Most are belt or direct drive , but some use an idler wheel .",
"22": "A specific case was the Swiss `` Lenco '' drive , which possessed a very heavy turntable coupled via an idler wheel to a long , tapered motor drive shaft . This enabled stepless rotation or speed control on the drive . Because of this feature the Lenco became popular in the late 1950s with dancing schools , because the dancing instructor could lead the dancing exercises at different speeds . By the early 1980s , some companies started producing very inexpensive turntables that displaced the products of companies like BSR . Commonly found in `` all - in - one '' stereos from assorted far - east manufacturers , they used a thin plastic table set in a plastic plinth , no mats , belt drive , weak motors , and often , lightweight plastic tonearms with no counterweight . Most used sapphire pickups housed in ceramic cartridges , and they lacked several features of earlier units , such as auto - start and record - stacking . While not as common now that turntables are absent from the cheap `` all - in - one '' units , this type of turntable has made a strong resurgence in nostalgia - marketed record players . Turntable drive systems ( edit ) From the earliest phonograph designs , many of which were powered by spring - wound mechanisms , a speed governor was essential . Most of these employed some type of flywheel - friction disc to control the speed of the rotating cylinder or turntable ; as the speed increased , centrifugal force caused a brake -- often a felt pad -- to rub against a smooth metal surface , slowing rotation . Electrically powered turntables , whose rotational speed was governed by other means , eventually made their mechanical counterparts obsolete . The mechanical governor was , however , still employed in some toy phonographs ( such as those found in talking dolls ) until they were replaced by digital sound generators in the late 20th century . Many modern players have platters with a continuous series of strobe markings machined or printed around their edge . Viewing these markings in artificial light at mains frequency produces a stroboscopic effect , which can be used to verify proper rotational speed . Additionally , the edge of the turntable can contain magnetic markings to provide feedback pulses to an electronic speed - control system . Idler - wheel drive system ( edit ) Earlier designs used a rubberized idler - wheel drive system .",
"23": "However , wear and decomposition of the wheel , as well as the direct mechanical coupling to a vibrating motor , introduced low - frequency noise ( `` rumble '' ) and speed variations ( `` wow and flutter '' ) into the sound . These systems generally used a synchronous motor which ran at a speed synchronized to the frequency of the AC power supply . Portable record players typically used an inexpensive shaded - pole motor . At the end of the motor shaft there was a stepped driving capstan ; to obtain different speeds , the rubber idler wheel was moved to contact different steps of this capstan . The idler was pinched against the bottom or inside edge of the platter to drive it . Until the 1970s , the idler - wheel drive was the most common on turntables , except for higher - end audiophile models . However , even some higher - end turntables , such as the Lenco , Garrard , EMT , and Dual turntables , used idler - wheel drive . Belt drive system ( edit ) Main article : Belt - drive turntable Belt drives brought improved motor and platter isolation compared to idler - wheel designs . Motor noise , generally heard as low - frequency rumble , is greatly reduced . The design of the belt drive turntable allows for a less expensive motor than the direct - drive turntable to be used . The elastomeric belt absorbs motor vibrations and noise which could otherwise be picked up by the stylus . It also absorbs small , fast speed variations , caused by `` cogging '' , which in other designs are heard as `` flutter . '' The `` Acoustical professional '' turntable ( earlier marketed under Dutch `` Jobo prof '' ) of the 1960s however possessed an expensive German drive motor , the `` Pabst Aussenläufer '' ( `` Pabst outrunner '' ) . As this motor name implied , the rotor was on the outside of the motor and acted as a flywheel ahead of the belt - driven turntable itself . In combination with a steel to nylon turntable bearing ( with molybdenum disulfide inside for lifelong lubrication ) very low wow , flutter and rumble figures were achieved .",
"24": "Direct drive system ( edit ) Main article : Direct - drive turntable See also : Turntablism Direct - drive turntables drive the platter directly without utilizing intermediate wheels , belts , or gears as part of a drive train . The platter functions as a motor armature . This requires good engineering , with advanced electronics for acceleration and speed control . Matsushita 's Technics division introduced the first commercially successful direct drive platter , model SP10 , in 1969 , which was joined by the Technics SL - 1200 turntable , in 1972 . Its updated model , SL - 1200MK2 , released in 1978 , had a stronger motor , a convenient pitch control slider for beatmatching and a stylus illuminator , which made it the long - standing favourite among disc jockeys ( see `` Turntablism '' ) . By the beginnings of the 80s , lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable . Direct vs belt drive ( edit ) The evaluation of the `` best '' drive technology is not clear and more depending on the implementation than on the drive technology itself . Technical measurements show that similarly low flutter ( 0.025 % WRMS ) and rumble ( − 78 dB weighed ) figures are possible for high quality turntables , be they belt drive or direct drive . Pricing ( edit ) Audiophile grade turntables start at a few hundred dollars and range upwards of $100,000 , depending on the complexity and quality of design and manufacture . The common view is that there are diminishing returns with an increase in price -- a turntable costing $1,000 would not sound significantly better than a turntable costing $500 ; nevertheless , there exists a large choice of expensive turntables . Arm systems ( edit ) `` Tonearm '' redirects here . For the musician , see Tonearm ( musician ) . The tone arm ( or tonearm ) holds the pickup cartridge over the groove , the stylus tracking the groove with the desired force to give the optimal compromise between good tracking and minimizing wear of the stylus and record groove . At its simplest , a tone arm is a pivoted lever , free to move in two axes ( vertical and horizontal ) with a counterbalance to maintain tracking pressure . Adjustable counterweight ; the dial below is the anti-skating adjustment .",
"25": "However , the requirements of high - fidelity reproduction place more demands upon the arm design . In a perfect world : The tone arm must track the groove without distorting the stylus assembly , so an ideal arm would have no mass , and frictionless bearings , requiring zero force to move it . The arm should not oscillate following a displacement , so it should either be both light and very stiff , or suitably damped . The arm must not resonate with vibrations induced by the stylus or from the turntable motor or plinth , so it must be heavy enough to be immune to those vibrations , or it must be damped to absorb them . The arm should keep the cartridge stylus tangent to the groove it 's in as it moves across the record , with minimal variation in angle . These demands are contradictory and impossible to realize ( massless arms and zero - friction bearings do not exist in the real world ) , so tone arm designs require engineering compromises . Solutions vary , but all modern tonearms are at least relatively lightweight and stiff constructions , with precision , very low friction pivot bearings in both the vertical and horizontal axes . Most arms are made from some kind of alloy ( the cheapest being aluminium ) , but some manufacturers use balsa wood , while others use carbon fiber or graphite . The latter materials favor a straight arm design ; alloys ' properties lend themselves to S - type arms . The tone arm got its name before the age of electronics . It originally served to conduct actual sound waves from a purely mechanical `` pickup '' called a sound box or reproducer to a so - described `` amplifying '' horn . The earliest electronic record players , introduced at the end of 1925 , had massive electromagnetic pickups that contained a horseshoe magnet , used disposable steel needles , and weighed several ounces . Their full weight rested on the record , providing ample tracking force to overcome their low compliance but causing rapid record wear . The tone arms were rudimentary and remained so even after lighter crystal pickups appeared about ten years later . When fine - grooved vinyl records were introduced in the late 1940s , still smaller and lighter crystal ( later , ceramic ) cartridges with semi-permanent jewel styluses became standard . In the mid-1950s these were joined by a new generation of magnetic cartridges that bore little resemblance to their crude ancestors . Far smaller tracking forces became possible and the balanced arm came into use .",
"26": "Prices varied widely . The well - known and extremely popular high - end S - type SME arm of the 1970 -- 1980 era not only had a complicated design , it was also very costly . On the other hand , even some cheaper arms could be of professional quality : the `` All Balance '' arm , made by the now - defunct Dutch company Acoustical , was only € 30 ( equivalent ) . It was used during that period by all official radio stations in the Dutch Broadcast studio facilities of the NOS , as well as by the pirate radio station Veronica . Playing records from a boat in international waters , the arm had to withstand sudden ship movements . Anecdotes indicate this low - cost arm was the only one capable of keeping the needle firmly in the groove during heavy storms at sea . Quality arms employ an adjustable counterweight to offset the mass of the arm and various cartridges and headshells . On this counterweight , a calibrated dial enables easy adjustment of stylus force . After perfectly balancing the arm , the dial itself is `` zeroed '' ; the stylus force can then be dialed in by screwing the counterweight towards the fulcrum . ( Sometimes a separate spring or smaller weight provides fine tuning . ) Stylus forces of 10 to 20 mN ( 1 to 2 grams - force ) are typical for modern consumer turntables , while forces of up to 50 mN ( 5 grams ) are common for the tougher environmental demands of party deejaying or turntablism . Of special adjustment consideration , Stanton cartridges of the 681EE ( E ) series ( and others like them ) feature a small record brush ahead of the cartridge . The upforce of this brush , and its added drag require compensation of both tracking force ( add 1 gram ) and anti-skating adjustment values ( see next paragraph for description ) . Typical phonograph tonearm Even on a perfectly flat LP , tonearms are prone to two types of tracking errors that affect the sound . As the tonearm tracks the groove , the stylus exerts a frictional force tangent to the arc of the groove , and since this force does not intersect the tone arm pivot , a clockwise rotational force ( moment ) occurs and a reaction skating force is exerted on the stylus by the record groove wall away from center of the disc .",
"27": "Modern arms provide an anti-skate mechanism , using springs , hanging weights , or magnets to produce an offsetting counter-clockwise force at the pivot , making the net lateral force on the groove walls near zero . The second error occurs as the arm sweeps in an arc across the disc , causing the angle between the cartridge head and groove to change slightly . A change in angle , albeit small , will have a detrimental effect ( especially with stereo recordings ) by creating different forces on the two groove walls , as well as a slight timing shift between left / right channels . Making the arm longer to reduce this angle is a partial solution , but less than ideal . A longer arm weighs more , and only an infinitely long ( pivoted ) arm would reduce the error to zero . Some designs ( Burne - Jones , and Garrard `` Zero '' series ) use dual arms in a parallelogram arrangement , pivoting the cartridge head to maintain a constant angle as it moves across the record . Unfortunately this `` solution '' creates more problems than it solves , compromising rigidity and creating sources of unwanted noise . The pivoted arm produces yet another problem which is unlikely to be significant to the audiophile , though . As the master was originally cut in a linear motion from the edge towards the center , but the stylus on the pivoted arm always draws an arc , this causes a timing drift that is most significant when digitizing music and beat mapping the data for synchronization with other songs in a DAW or DJ software unless the software allows building a non-linear beat map . As the contact point of the stylus on the record wanders farther from the linear path between the starting point and center hole , the tempo and pitch tend to decrease towards the middle of the record , until the arc reaches its apex . After that the tempo and pitch increase towards the end as the contact point comes closer to the linear path again . Because the surface speed of the record is lower at the end , the relative speed error from the same absolute distance error is higher at the end , and the increase in tempo is more notable towards the end than the decrease towards the middle . This can be somewhat reduced by a curved arm pivoted so that the end point of the arc stays farther from the linear path than the starting point , or by a long straight arm that pivots perpendicularly to the linear path in the middle of the record .",
"28": "However the tempo droop at the middle can only be completely avoided by a linear tracking arm . Linear tracking ( edit ) Technics SL - Q6 linear tracking turntable If the arm is not pivoted , but instead carries the stylus along a radius of the disc , there is no skating force and little to no cartridge angle error . Such arms are known as linear tracking or tangential arms . These are driven along a track by various means , from strings and pulleys , to worm gears or electromagnets . The cartridge 's position is usually regulated by an electronic servomechanism or mechanical interface , moving the stylus properly over the groove as the record plays , or for song selection . There are long - armed and short - armed linear arm designs . On a perfectly flat record a short arm will do , but once the record is even slightly warped , a short arm will be troublesome . Any vertical motion of the record surface at the stylus contact point will cause the stylus to considerably move longitudinally in the groove . This will cause the stylus to ride non-tangentially in the groove and cause a stereo phase error as well as pitch error everytime the stylus rides over the warp . Also the arm track can come into touch with the record . A long arm will not completely eliminate this problem but will tolerate warped records much better . Early developments in linear turntables were from Rek - O - Kut ( portable lathe / phonograph ) and Ortho - Sonic in the 1950s , and Acoustical in the early 1960s . These were eclipsed by more successful implementations of the concept from the late 1960s through the early 1980s . Of note are Rabco 's SL - 8 , followed by Bang & Olufsen with its Beogram 4000 model in 1972 . These models positioned the track outside the platter 's edge , as did turntables by Harman Kardon , Mitsubishi , Pioneer , Yamaha , Sony , etc . A 1970s design from Revox harkened back to the 1950s attempts ( and , record lathes ) , positioning the track directly over the record . An enclosed bridge - like assembly is swung into place from the platter 's right edge to its middle .",
"29": "Once in place , a short tonearm under this `` bridge '' plays the record , driven across laterally by a motor . The Sony PS - F5 / F9 ( 1983 ) uses a similar , miniaturized design , and can operate in a vertical or horizontal orientation . The Technics SL - 10 , introduced in 1981 , was the first direct drive linear tracking turntable , and placed the track and arm on the underside of the rear - hinged dust cover , to fold down over the record , similar to the SL - Q6 pictured . The earliest Edison phonographs used horizontal , spring - powered drives to carry the stylus across the recording at a pre-determined rate . But , historically as a whole , the linear tracking systems never gained wide acceptance , due largely to their complexity and associated production / development costs . The resources it takes to produce one incredible linear turntable could produce several excellent ones . Some of the most sophisticated and expensive tonearms and turntable units ever made are linear trackers , from companies such as Rockport and Clearaudio . In theory , it seems nearly ideal ; a stylus replicating the motion of the recording lathe used to cut the `` master '' record could result in minimal wear and maximum sound reproduction . In practice , in vinyl 's heyday it was generally too much too late . Since the early 1980s , an elegant solution has been the near - frictionless air bearing linear arm which requires no tracking drive mechanism other than the record groove . This provides a similar benefit as the electronic linear tonearm without the complexity and necessity of servo - motor correction for tracking error . In this case the trade - off is the introduction of pneumatics in the form of audible pumps and tubing . A more elegant solution is the mechanically - driven low - friction design , also driven by the groove . Examples include Souther Engineering ( U.S.A. ) , Clearaudio ( Germany ) , and Aura ( Czech Republic ) . This design places an exceeding demand upon precision engineering due to the lack of pneumatics . Pickup systems ( edit ) Typical magnetic cartridge Historically , most high - fidelity `` component '' systems ( preamplifiers or receivers ) that accepted input from a phonograph turntable had separate inputs for both ceramic and magnetic cartridges ( typically labeled `` CER '' and `` MAG '' ) .",
"30": "One piece systems often had no additional phono inputs at all , regardless of type . Most systems today , if they accept input from a turntable at all , are configured for use only with magnetic cartridges . Manufacturers of high - end systems often have in - built moving coil amplifier circuitry , or outboard head - amplifiers supporting either moving magnet or moving coil cartridges that can be plugged into the line stage . Piezoelectric ( crystal / ceramic ) cartridges ( edit ) Early electronic phonographs used a piezo - electric crystal for pickup ( though the earliest electronic phonographs used crude magnetic pick - ups ) , where the mechanical movement of the stylus in the groove generates a proportional electrical voltage by creating stress within a crystal ( typically Rochelle salt ) . Crystal pickups are relatively robust , and produce a substantial signal level which requires only a modest amount of further amplification . The output is not very linear however , introducing unwanted distortion . It is difficult to make a crystal pickup suitable for quality stereo reproduction , as the stiff coupling between the crystal and the long stylus prevents close tracking of the needle to the groove modulations . This tends to increase wear on the record , and introduces more distortion . Another problem is the hygroscopic nature of the crystal itself : it absorbs moisture from the air and may dissolve . The crystal was protected by embedding it in other materials , without hindering the movement of the pickup mechanism itself . After a number of years , the protective jelly often deteriorated or leaked from the cartridge case and the full unit needed replacement . The next development was the ceramic cartridge , a piezoelectric device that used newer , and better , materials . These were more sensitive , and offered greater compliance , that is , lack of resistance to movement and so increased ability to follow the undulations of the groove without gross distorting or jumping out of the groove . Higher compliance meant lower tracking forces and reduced wear to both the disc and stylus . It also allowed ceramic stereo cartridges to be made . During the 1950s to 1970s , ceramic cartridge became common in low quality phonographs , but better high - fidelity ( or `` hi - fi '' ) systems used magnetic cartridges , and the availability of low cost magnetic cartridges from the 1970s onwards made ceramic cartridges obsolete for essentially all purposes .",
"31": "At the seeming end of the market lifespan of ceramic cartridges , someone accidentally discovered that by terminating a specific ceramic mono cartridge ( the Ronette TX88 ) not with the prescribed 47 kΩ resistance , but with approx. 10 kΩ , it could be connected to the moving magnet ( MM ) input too . The result , a much smoother frequency curve extended the lifetime for this popular and very cheap type . Another popular ceramic stereo cartridge was the Audio Technica model AT66 , which because of its price performance ratio was favoured by many as an alternative to more expensive magnetic cartridges . Magnetic cartridges ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic cartridge There are two common designs for magnetic cartridges , moving magnet ( MM ) and moving coil ( MC ) ( originally called dynamic ) . Both operate on the same physics principle of electromagnetic induction . The moving magnet type was by far the most common and more robust of the two , though audiophiles often claim that the moving coil system yields higher fidelity sound . In either type , the stylus itself , usually of diamond , is mounted on a tiny metal strut called a cantilever , which is suspended using a collar of highly compliant plastic . This gives the stylus the freedom to move in any direction . On the other end of the cantilever is mounted a tiny permanent magnet ( moving magnet type ) or a set of tiny wound coils ( moving coil type ) . The magnet is close to a set of fixed pick - up coils , or the moving coils are held within a magnetic field generated by fixed permanent magnets . In either case , the movement of the stylus as it tracks the grooves of a record causes a fluctuating magnetic field which causes a small electric current to be induced in the coils . This current closely follows the sound waveform cut into the record , and may be transmitted by wires to an electronic amplifier where it is processed and amplified in order to drive a loudspeaker . Depending upon the amplifier design , a phono - preamplifier may be necessary . In most moving magnet designs , the stylus itself is detachable from the rest of the cartridge so it can easily be replaced . There are three primary types of cartridge mounts .",
"32": "The most common type is attached using two small screws to a headshell which then plugs into the tonearm , while another is a standardized `` P - mount '' or `` T4P '' cartridge ( invented by Technics in 1980 and adopted by other manufacturers ) that plugs directly into the tonearm . Many P - mount cartridges come with adapters to allow them to be mounted to a headshell . The third type is used mainly in cartridges designed for DJ use and it has a standard round headshell connector . Some mass market turntables use a proprietary integrated cartridge which can not be upgraded . An alternative design is the moving iron variation on moving magnet used by ADC , Grado , Stanton / Pickering 681 series , Ortofon OM and VMS series , and the MMC cartridge of Bang & Olufsen . In these units , the magnet itself sits behind the four coils and magnetises the cores of all four coils . The moving iron cross at the other end of the coils varies the gaps between itself and each of these cores , according to its movements . These variations lead to voltage variations as described above . Famous brands for magnetic cartridges are : Grado , Stanton / Pickering ( 681EE / EEE ) , B&O ( MM types for its two , non-compatible generations of parallel arm design ) , Shure ( V15 Type I to V ) , Audio - Technica , Nagaoka , Dynavector , Koetsu , Ortofon , Technics , Denon and ADC . Strain gauge cartridges ( edit ) Strain gauge or `` semiconductor '' cartridges do not generate a voltage , but act like a variable resistor , whose resistance directly depends on the movement of the stylus . Thus , the cartridge `` modulates '' an external voltage supplied by the ( special ) preamplifier . These pickups were marketed by Euphonics , Sao Win , and Panasonic / Technics , amongst others . The main advantages ( compared to magnetic carts are ) : The electrical connection from the cartridge to the preamplifier is immune to cable capacitance issues . Being non-magnetic , the cartridge is immune to `` hum '' induced by stray magnetic fields ( same advantage shared with ceramic cartridges ) . The combination of electrical and mechanical advantages , plus the absence of magnetic yoke high - frequency losses , make them especially suitable to reproducing frequencies up to 50 kHz .",
"33": "Technics ( Matsushita Electric ) marketed a line of strain - gauge ( labeled `` semiconductor '' ) cartridges especially intended for Compatible Discrete 4 quadraphonic records , requiring such high frequency response . Bass response down to 0 Hz is possible . By using a suitable mechanical arrangement , VTA ( vertical tracking angle ) stays steady independent of the stylus vertical movements , with the consequent reduction in related distortions . Being a force sensor , the strain - gauge cartridge can also measure the actual VTF ( vertical tracking force ) while in use . The main disadvantage is the need of a special preamplifier that supplies a steady current ( typically 5mA ) to the semiconductor elements and handles a special equalization than the one needed for magnetic cartridges . A high - end strain - gauge cartridge is currently sold by an audiophile company , with special preamplifiers available . Electrostatic cartridges ( edit ) Electrostatic cartridges were marketed by Stax in the 1950 and 1960 years . They needed individual operating electronics or preamplifiers . Optical readout ( edit ) A few specialist laser turntables read the groove optically using a laser pickup . Since there is no physical contact with the record , no wear is incurred . However , this `` no wear '' advantage is debatable , since vinyl records have been tested to withstand even 1200 plays with no significant audio degradation , provided that it is played with a high quality cartridge and that the surfaces are clean . An alternative approach is to take a high - resolution photograph or scan of each side of the record and interpret the image of the grooves using computer software . An amateur attempt using a flatbed scanner lacked satisfactory fidelity . A professional system employed by the Library of Congress produces excellent quality . Stylus ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic cartridge Stylus for jukebox using shellac 78 rpm records , 1940s A smooth - tipped stylus ( in popular usage often called a needle due to the former use of steel needles for the purpose ) is used to play the recorded groove . A special chisel - like stylus is used to engrave the groove into the master record . The stylus is subject to hard wear as it is the only small part that comes into direct contact with the spinning record .",
"34": "In terms of the pressure imposed on its minute areas of actual contact , the forces it must bear are enormous . There are three desired qualities in a stylus : first , that it faithfully follows the contours of the recorded groove and transmits its vibrations to the next part in the chain ; second , that it does not damage the recorded disc ; and third , that it is resistant to wear . A worn - out , damaged or defective stylus tip will degrade audio quality and injure the groove . Different materials for the stylus have been used over time . Thomas Edison introduced the use of sapphire in 1892 and the use of diamond in 1910 for his cylinder phonographs . The Edison Diamond Disc players ( 1912 -- 1929 ) , when properly played , hardly ever required the stylus to be changed . The styli for vinyl records were also made out of sapphire or diamond . A specific case is the specific stylus type of Bang & Olufsen 's ( B&O ) moving magnet cartridge MMC 20CL , mostly used in parallel arm B&O turntables in the 4002 / 6000 series . It uses a sapphire stem on which a diamond tip is fixed by a special adhesive . A stylus tip mass as low as 0.3 milligram is the result and full tracking only requires 1 gram of stylus force , reducing record wear even further . Maximum distortion ( 2nd harmonic ) fell below 0.6 % . Other than the Edison and European Pathé disc machines , early disc players , both external horn and internal horn `` Victrola '' style models , normally used very short - lived disposable needles . The most common material was steel , although other materials such as copper , tungsten , bamboo and cactus were used . Steel needles needed to be replaced frequently , preferably after each use , due to their very rapid wear from bearing down heavily on the mildly abrasive shellac record . Rapid wear was an essential feature so that their imprecisely formed tips would be quickly worn into compliance with the groove 's contours . Advertisements implored customers to replace their steel needles after each record side . Steel needles were inexpensive , e.g. , a box of 500 for 50 US cents , and were widely sold in packets and small tins .",
"35": "They were available in different thicknesses and lengths . Thick , short needles produced strong , loud tones while thinner , longer needles produces softer , muted tones . In 1916 , in the face of a wartime steel shortage , Victor introduced their `` Tungs - Tone '' brand extra-long - playing needle which was advertised to play between 100 and 300 records . It consisted of a brass shank into which a very hard and strong tungsten wire , somewhat narrower than the standard record groove , had been fitted . The protruding wire wore down , but not out , until it was worn too short to use . Later in the 78 rpm era , hardened steel and chrome - plated needles came on the market , some of which were claimed to play 10 to 20 record sides each . When sapphires were introduced for the 78 rpm disc and the LP , they were made by tapering a stem and polishing the tip to a sphere with a radius of around 70 and 25 micrometers respectively . A sphere is not equal to the form of the cutting stylus and by the time diamond needles came to the market , a whole discussion was started on the effect of circular forms moving through a non-circular cut groove . It can be easily shown that vertical , so called `` pinching '' movements were a result and when stereophonic LPs were introduced , unwanted vertical modulation was recognized as a problem . Also , the needle started its life touching the groove on a very small surface , giving extra wear on the walls . Cross-section diagram comparing two common types of stylus . Spherical ( left ) , Elliptical ( right ) . Note the difference in contact area marked in red . The elliptical stylus allows for more groove contact area which increases fidelity , whereas the spherical makes less contact with the groove and generates less fidelity . Another problem is in the tapering along a straight line , while the side of the groove is far from straight . Both problems were attacked together : by polishing the diamond in a certain way that it could be made doubly elliptic. 1 ) the side was made into one ellipse as seen from behind , meaning the groove touched along a short line and 2 ) the ellipse form was also polished as seen from above and curvature in the direction of the groove became much smaller than 25 micrometers e.g. 13 micrometers .",
"36": "With this approach a number of irregularities were eliminated . Furthermore , the angle of the stylus , which used to be always sloping backwards , was changed into the forward direction , in line with the slope the original cutting stylus possessed . These styli were expensive to produce , but the costs were effectively offset by their extended lifespans . The next development in stylus form came about by the attention to the CD - 4 quadraphonic sound modulation process , which requires up to 50 kHz frequency response , with cartridges like Technics EPC - 100CMK4 capable of playback on frequencies up to 100 kHz . This requires a stylus with a narrow side radius , such as 5 μm ( or 0.2 mil ) . A narrow - profile elliptical stylus is able to read the higher frequencies ( greater than 20 kHz ) , but at an increased wear , since the contact surface is narrower . For overcoming this problem , the Shibata stylus was invented around 1972 in Japan by Norio Shibata of JVC , fitted as standard on quadraphonic cartridges , and marketed as an extra on some high - end cartridges . The Shibata - designed stylus offers a greater contact surface with the groove , which in turn means less pressure over the vinyl surface and thus less wear . A positive side effect is that the greater contact surface also means the stylus will read sections of the vinyl which were not touched ( or `` worn '' ) by the common spherical stylus . In a demonstration by JVC records `` worn '' after 500 plays at a relatively very high 4.5 gf tracking force with a spherical stylus , played `` as new '' with the Shibata profile . Other advanced stylus shapes appeared following the same goal of increasing contact surface , improving on the Shibata . Chronologically : `` Hughes '' Shibata variant ( 1975 ) , `` Ogura '' ( 1978 ) , Van den Hul ( 1982 ) . Such a stylus may be marketed as `` Hyperelliptical '' ( Shure ) , `` Alliptic '' , `` Fine Line '' ( Ortofon ) , `` Line contact '' ( Audio Technica ) , `` Polyhedron '' , `` LAC '' , or `` Stereohedron '' ( Stanton ) .",
"37": "A keel - shaped diamond stylus appeared as a byproduct of the invention of the CED Videodisc . This , together with laser - diamond - cutting technologies , made possible the `` ridge '' shaped stylus , such as the Namiki ( 1985 ) design , and Fritz Gyger ( 1989 ) design . This type of stylus is marketed as `` MicroLine '' ( Audio technica ) , `` Micro-Ridge '' ( Shure ) , or `` Replicant '' ( Ortofon ) . It is important to point out that most of those stylus profiles are still being manufactured and sold , together with the more common spherical and elliptical profiles . This is despite the fact that production of CD - 4 quadraphonic records ended by the late 1970s . Record materials ( edit ) Early materials in the 19th century were hardened rubber , wax , and celluloid , but early in the 20th century a shellac compound became the standard . Since shellac is not hard enough to withstand the wear of steel needles on heavy tone arms , filler made of pulverized shale was added . Shellac was also fragile , and records often shattered or cracked . This was a problem for home records , but it became a bigger problem in the late 1920s with the Vitaphone sound - on - disc motion picture `` talkie '' system , developed in 1927 . To solve this problem , in 1930 , RCA Victor made unbreakable records by mixing polyvinyl chloride with plasticisers , in a proprietary formula they called Victrolac , which was first used in 1931 , in motion picture discs , and experimentally , in home records , the same year . However , with Sound - on - film achieving supremacy over sound - on - disc by 1931 , the need for unbreakable records diminished and the production of vinyl home recordings was dropped as well , for the time being . The Victrolac formula improved throughout the 30 's , and by the late - 30s the material , by then called vinylite , was being used in records sent to radio stations for radio program records , radio commercials , and later , DJ copies of phonograph records , because vinyl records could be sent through the mail to radio stations without breaking .",
"38": "During WWII , there was a shortage of shellac , which had to be imported from Asia , and the U.S. government banned production of shellac records for the duration of the war . Vinylite was made domestically , though , and was being used for V - discs during the war . Record company engineers took a much closer look at the possibilities of vinyl , possibly that it might even replace shellac as the basic record material . After the war , RCA Victor and Columbia , by far the two leading records companies in America , perfected two new vinyl formats , which were both introduced in 1948 , when the 33 ⁄ RPM LP was introduced by Columbia and the 45 RPM single was introduced by RCA Victor . For a few years thereafter , however , 78 RPM records continued to be made in shellac until that format was phased out around 1958 . Equalization ( edit ) Early `` acoustical '' record players used the stylus to vibrate a diaphragm that radiated the sound through a horn . Several serious problems resulted from this : The maximum sound level achievable was quite limited , being limited to the physical amplification effects of the horn , The energy needed to generate such sound levels as were obtainable had to come directly from the stylus tracing the groove . This required very high tracking forces that rapidly wore out both the stylus and the record on lateral cut 78 rpm records . Because bass sounds have a higher amplitude than high frequency sounds ( for the same perceived loudness ) , the space taken in the groove by low frequency sounds needed to be large ( limiting playback time per side of the record ) to accommodate the bass notes , yet the high frequencies required only tiny variations in the groove , which were easily affected by noise from irregularities ( wear , contaminates , etc . ) in the disc itself . The introduction of electronic amplification allowed these issues to be addressed . Records are made with boosted high frequencies and reduced low frequencies , which allow for different ranges of sound to be produced ... This reduces the effect of background noise , including clicks or pops , and also conserves the amount of physical space needed for each groove , by reducing the size of the low - frequency undulations . During playback , the high frequencies must be rescaled to their original , flat frequency response -- known as `` equalization '' -- as well as being amplified .",
"39": "A phono input of an amplifier incorporates such equalization as well as amplification to suit the very low level output from a modern cartridge . Most hi - fi amplifiers made between the 1950s and the 1990s and virtually all DJ mixers are so equipped . The widespread adoption of digital music formats , such as CD or satellite radio , has displaced phonograph records and resulted in phono inputs being omitted in most modern amplifiers . Some newer turntables include built - in preamplifiers to produce line - level outputs . Inexpensive and moderate performance discrete phono preamplifiers with RIAA equalization are available , while high - end audiophile units costing thousands of dollars continue to be available in very small numbers . Phono inputs are starting to reappear on amplifiers in the 2010s due to the vinyl revival . Since the late 1950s , almost all phono input stages have used the RIAA equalization standard . Before settling on that standard , there were many different equalizations in use , including EMI , HMV , Columbia , Decca FFRR , NAB , Ortho , BBC transcription , etc . Recordings made using these other equalization schemes will typically sound odd if they are played through a RIAA - equalized preamplifier . High - performance ( so - called `` multicurve disc '' ) preamplifiers , which include multiple , selectable equalizations , are no longer commonly available . However , some vintage preamplifiers , such as the LEAK varislope series , are still obtainable and can be refurbished . Newer preamplifiers like the Esoteric Sound Re-Equalizer or the K-A-B MK2 Vintage Signal Processor are also available . These kinds of adjustable phono equalizers are used by consumers wishing to play vintage record collections ( often the only available recordings of musicians of the time ) with the equalization used to make them . Phonographs in the 21st century ( edit ) A phonograph for record preservation at Fonoteca Nacional ( National Sound Archive of Mexico ) Turntables continue to be manufactured and sold in the 2010s , although in small numbers . While some audiophiles still prefer the sound of vinyl records over that of digital music sources ( mainly compact discs ) , they represent a minority of listeners .",
"40": "As of 2015 the sale of vinyl LP 's has increased 49 -- 50 % percent from the previous year although small in comparison to the sale of other formats which although more units were sold ( Digital Sales , CDs ) the more modern formats experienced a decline in sales . The quality of available record players , tonearms , and cartridges has continued to improve , despite diminishing demand , allowing turntables to remain competitive in the high - end audio market . Vinyl enthusiasts are often committed to the refurbishment and sometimes tweaking of vintage systems . The chart on the right illustrates that users of one enthusiasts ' forum post as many pictures of discontinued gear as they do of current models . Bar Chart created from the number of images posted on www.vinylengine.com galleries , per manufacturer . Updated versions of the 1970s era Technics SL - 1200 ( production ceased in 2010 ) have remained an industry standard for DJs to the present day . Turntables and vinyl records remain popular in mixing ( mostly dance - oriented ) forms of electronic music , where they allow great latitude for physical manipulation of the music by the DJ . In hip hop music and occasionally in other genres , the turntable is used as a musical instrument by DJs , who use turntables along with a DJ mixer to create unique rhythmic sounds . Manipulation of a record as part of the music , rather than for normal playback or mixing , is called turntablism . The basis of turntablism , and its best known technique , is scratching , pioneered by Grand Wizzard Theodore . It was not until Herbie Hancock 's `` Rockit '' in 1983 that the turntablism movement was recognized in popular music outside of a hip hop context . In the 2010s , many hip hop DJs use DJ CD players or digital record emulator devices to create scratching sounds ; nevertheless , some DJs still scratch with vinyl records . The laser turntable uses a laser as the pickup instead of a stylus in physical contact with the disk . It was conceived of in the late 1980s , although early prototypes were not of usable audio quality . Practical laser turntables are now being manufactured by ELPJ . They are favoured by record libraries and some audiophiles since they eliminate physical wear completely .",
"41": "Experimentation is in progress in retrieving the audio from old records by scanning the disc and analysing the scanned image , rather than using any sort of turntable . Although largely replaced since the introduction of the compact disc in 1982 , record albums still sell in small numbers and are available through numerous sources . In 2008 , LP sales grew by 90 % over 2007 , with 1.9 million records sold . USB turntables have a built - in audio interface , which transfers the sound directly to the connected computer . Some USB turntables transfer the audio without equalization , but are sold with software that allows the EQ of the transferred audio file to be adjusted . There are also many turntables on the market designed to be plugged into a computer via a USB port for needle dropping purposes . Responding to longtime calls by fans and disc jockeys , Panasonic Corp. said it is reviving Technics turntables -- the series that remains a de facto standard player supporting nightclub music scenes . The new analog turntable , which would come with new direct - drive motor technologies that Panasonic says would improve the quality of sound , would be released sometime between April 2016 and March 2017 , the Japanese electronics company announced on September 2 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) electronics portal music portal Archéophone , used to convert diverse types of cylinder recordings to modern CD media Audio signal processing Compressed air gramophone List of phonograph manufacturers Talking Machine World Turntablism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Talking Machine '' . Time Inc . June 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tinfoil Phonograph '' . Rutgers University . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Biography of Thomas Edison '' . Gerald Beals . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 03 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ Names `` record player '' and `` turntable '' have gradually become synonymous , however the second one is more associatednwith devices requiring separate amplifiers and loudspeakers . Originally , the term `` turntable '' referred to the part of phonograph 's mechanism providing rotation of the record . Jump up ^ `` Application by the Gramophone Company to register `` Gramophone '' as a trade mark '' ( PDF ) . Reports of Patent , Design and Trade Mark Cases . The Illustrated Official Journal . 1910 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nineteenth - century scientific instruments Archived 2017 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . p. 137 . University of California Press , 1983 Jump up ^ `` Origins of Sound Recording : The Inventors '' . www.nps.gov. 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FirstSounds.org '' . FirstSounds.org. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jody Rosen ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ L'impression du son Archived 2015 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Revue de la BNF , 2009 / 3 ( n ° 33 ) Jump up ^ `` www.phonozoic.net '' . Transcription and translation of October 10 , 1877 article on Cros `` phonographe '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` www.phonozoic.net '' . Transcription and translation of December 3 , 1877 unsealing of April , 1877 Cros deposit . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Patrick Feaster , `` Speech Acoustics and the Keyboard Telephone : Rethinking Edison 's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle , '' ARSC Journal 38 : 1 ( Spring 2007 ) , 10 -- 43 ; Oliver Berliner and Patrick Feaster , `` Letters to the Editor : Rethinking Edison 's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle , '' ARSC Journal 38 : 2 ( Fall 2007 ) , 226 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Scientific American July 25 , 1896 Machine-history.com Archived 2009 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Klein , Herman ( 1990 ) . William R. Moran , ed . Herman Klein and The Gramophone . Amadeus Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 931340 - 18 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Article about Edison and the invention of the phonograph '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ironically , Berliner 's first patent , US 372,786 , illustrated the use of his technique on a cylinder . Jump up ^ University of California . Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project : George W. Washington Archived 2011 - 06 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Special Collections , Donald C. Davidson Library , University of California at Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ `` Experimental Talking Clock '' Archived 2007 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . recording at Tinfoil.com , URL accessed August 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Aaron Cramer , Tim Fabrizio , and George Paul , `` A Dialogue on ' The Oldest Playable Recording , ' '' ARSC Journal 33 : 1 ( Spring 2002 ) , 77 -- 84 ; Patrick Feaster and Stephan Puille , `` Dialogue on ' The Oldest Playable Recording ' ( continued ) , ARSC Journal 33 : 2 ( Fall 2002 ) , 237 -- 242 . Jump up ^ `` Very Early Recorded Sound '' Archived 2014 - 02 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . U.S.",
"44": "National Park Service , URL accessed August 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison '' . Nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Eichler , Jeremy ( 6 April 2014 ) . `` Technology saves echoes of past from silence '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew Rubery , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . Audiobooks , Literature , and Sound Studies . Routledge . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 88352 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas Edison . `` Mary had a little lamb '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 03 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Personal Speech To The Future By P.T. Barnum recorded 1890 Archived 2016 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. ; from archive.org Archived 2013 - 12 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ Othello By Edwin Booth 1890 recorded 1890 Archived 2016 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . from archive.org Archived 2013 - 12 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Newville , Leslie J. Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell 's Volta Laboratory Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , United States National Museum Bulletin , United States National Museum and the Museum of History and Technology , Washington , D.C. , 1959 , No. 218 , Paper 5 , pp. 69 -- 79 . Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org . Jump up ^ The Washington Herald , October 28 , 1937 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , Frank W.",
"45": "& Ferstler , Howard . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound : Volta Graphophone Company Archived 2017 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , CRC Press , 2005 , Vol. 1 , pg. 1167 , ISBN 041593835X , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93835 - 8 Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven . Recording Technology History : Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone Archived 2011 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , originally published at the History Department of , University of San Diego , revised July 6 , 2005 . Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19 , 2009 . Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr 's retirement . Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography . `` Alexander Graham Bell Archived 2010 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Encyclopedia of World Biography . Thomson Gale. 2004 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 from Encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ How the Jukebox Got its Groove Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , June 6 , 2016 , retrieved July 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` cylinder history '' . Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` the early gramophone '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert ( November 17 , 1952 ) . `` First It Said ' Mary ' '' . LIFE : 87 -- 102 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter A Soderbergh , `` Olde Records Price Guide 1900 -- 1947 '' , Wallace -- Homestead Book Company , Des Moines , Iowa , 1980 , pp.",
"46": "193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , `` Phonograph Operated On Transistors to Be Sold by Philco Corp . '' , June 28 , 1955 , page 8 . Jump up ^ `` TPA - 1 M32 R - Player Philco , Philadelphia Stg . Batt. Co. ; USA '' ( in German ) . Radiomuseum.org. 1955 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Philco Radio Gallery -- 1956 '' . Philcoradio.com. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Portable of its Kind ! '' . If ( advertisement ) . November 1961 . p . Back cover . Jump up ^ Rudolf A. Bruil ( 2004 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Rabco SL - 8E SL - 8 : Tangential Tonearm , Servo Control , Parallel Tracking , Functioning , Drawings , Construction , Manual '' . Soundfountain.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Electrostatic cartridges Archived 2014 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Loescher , Long - Term Durability of Pickup Diamonds and Records , Journal of the Audio Engineering Society , vol 22 , issue 10 , pp 800 Jump up ^ Digital Needle -- A Virtual Gramophone Archived 2003 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . URL accessed March 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ You Can Play the Record , but Do n't Touch Archived 2007 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . URL accessed April 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ US Patent 3774918 Jump up ^ `` Johana.com '' ( PDF ) .",
"47": "Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ US Patent 3871664 Jump up ^ US Pat . 4105212 Jump up ^ US Pat . 4365325 ^ Jump up to : `` Vinylengine.com '' . Vinylengine.com. 2009 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ US Patent 4521877 Jump up ^ US Patent 4855989 Jump up ^ Barton , F.C. ( 1932 ( 1931 ) ) . Victrolac Motion Picture Records . Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April 1932 18 ( 4 ) : 452 -- 460 ( accessed at archive.org on 5 August 2011 ) Jump up ^ Powell , James R. , Jr. and Randall G. Stehle . Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 rpm Recordings . Third Edition . 1993 , 2002 , 2007 , Gramophone Adventures , Portage MI . ISBN 0 - 9634921 - 3 - 6 Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Vinyl Sales Grew More Than 50 % In 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Ends Production of SL - 1200 Turntables '' , 10 / 27 / 2010 , mtv news , By Alvin Blanco , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Vinyl sales to hit another high point in 2009 '' . Los Angeles Times Music Blog . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vinyl to USB Conversion '' . recordplayerreviews.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` USB turntable comparison '' . Knowzy.com. 2008 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic to Revive Technics Turntables '' . Wall Street Journal . 2015 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Brady , Erika . `` A Spiral Way : How the Phonograph Changed Ethnography . '' Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1999 . Bruil , Rudolf A. ( January 8 , 2004 ) . `` Linear Tonearms '' Retrieved on July 25 , 2011 . Gelatt , Roland . The Fabulous Phonograph , 1877 -- 1977 . Second rev . ed. , ( being also the ) First Collier Books ed. , in series , Sounds of the Century . New York : Collier , 1977 . 349 p. , ill . ISBN 0 - 02 - 032680 - 7 Heumann , Michael . `` Metal Machine Music : The Phonograph 's Voice and the Transformation of Writing . '' eContact ! 14.3 -- Turntablism ( January 2013 ) . Montréal : CEC . Koenigsberg , Allen . The Patent History of the Phonograph , 1877 -- 1912 . APM Press , 1991 . Reddie , Lovell N. ( 1908 ) . `` The Gramophone And The Mechanical Recording And Reproduction Of Musical Sounds '' . Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution : 209 -- 231 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Various . `` Turntable ( wiki ) : Bibliography . '' eContact ! 14.3 -- Turntablism ( January 2013 ) . Montréal : CEC . Weissenbrunner , Karin .",
"49": "`` Experimental Turntablism : Historical overview of experiments with record players / records -- or Scratches from Second - Hand Technology . '' eContact ! 14.3 -- Turntablism ( January 2013 ) . Montréal : CEC . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Phonograph ( category ) Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Phonograph . Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience Very early recordings from around the world The Birth of the Recording Industry The Cylinder Archive Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project -- Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections , University of California , Santa Barbara , free for download or streamed online . Cylinder players held at the British Library -- information and high - quality images . History of Recorded Sound : Phonographs and Records EnjoytheMusic.com -- Excerpts from the book Hi - Fi All - New 1958 Edition Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph Mario Frazzetto 's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery . Say What ? -- Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law Vinyl Engine -- Information , images , articles and reviews from around the world The Analogue Dept -- Information , images and tutorials ; strongly focused on Thorens brand 45 rpm player and changer at work on YouTube Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.",
"50": "com Physical audio recording formats Analog Phonautogram ( 1857 ) Phonograph cylinder ( 1877 ) Phonograph record ( 1894 ) Wire recording ( 1898 ) Sound - on - film ( 1919 ) Tefifon ( 1936 ) Reel - to - reel tape ( 1940s ) SoundScriber ( 1945 ) Gray Audograph ( 1945 ) Dictabelt ( 1947 ) LP record ( 1948 ) On - the - ribs recordings ( late 1940s ) RCA tape cartridge ( 1958 ) Fidelipac ( 1959 ) Stereo - Pak ( 1962 ) Compact Cassette ( 1963 ) 8 - track ( 1964 ) PlayTape ( 1966 ) Mini-Cassette ( 1967 ) Microcassette ( 1969 ) Steno - Cassette ( 1971 ) Elcaset ( 1976 ) Picocassette ( 1985 ) Digital Soundstream ( 1976 ) X80 / ProDigi ( 1980 ) Compact disc ( 1982 ) DASH ( 1982 ) Digital Audio Tape ( 1987 ) ADAT ( 1991 ) MiniDisc ( 1992 ) NT ( 1992 ) Digital Compact Cassette ( 1992 ) DA - 88 ( 1993 ) High Definition Compatible Digital ( 1995 ) 5.1 Music Disc ( 1997 ) Super Audio CD ( 1999 ) DVD - Audio ( 2000 ) USB flash drive ( as audio format ) ( 2004 ) Hi - MD ( 2004 ) slotMusic ( 2008 ) BD - Audio ( 2008 ) HFPA ( 2013 ) Grooved track audio Machines Phonograph / gramophone Direct - drive turntable Belt - drive turntable Jukebox Seeburg 1000 Formats Phonograph cylinder Phonograph record",
"51": "LP record production Music technology Music technology Mechanical Electrical Electronic and digital Sound recording Audio channel Audio console ( mixing board ) Binaural recording Digital audio workstation ( DAW ) Effects unit Equalizer Headphones Microphone Microphone preamplifier Monitor speaker Multitrack recording Music production Music sequencer Outboard gear Recording media Phonograph record Magnetic tape Compact cassette Compact disc DAT Hard disk MiniDisc MP3 Opus Analog recording 8 - track cartridge Amplifier Cassette deck Comparison of analog and digital recording Experimental musical instrument Phonograph Player piano Reel - to - reel audio tape recording Tape recorder Playback transducers Loudspeaker Headphones Monitor speaker PA system Sound reinforcement system Speaker enclosure Subwoofer Digital audio Digital recording Digital signal processing Live music Audio console Bass amplifier Effects unit Foldback Guitar amplifier Keyboard amplifier PA system Radio Reverberation Sound reinforcement system Electronic music Chiptune Circuit bending Drum machine Electronic drums Electronic musical instrument MIDI MIDI controller Music workstation Sampler Sequencer Sound module Synthesizer Theremin Software Digital audio editor Digital audio workstation GarageBand ProTools Scorewriter Software effect processor Software sampler Software synthesizer Professions Audio engineer DJ Guitar technician Mixing engineer Monitor engineer Piano tuner Record producer Re-recording mixer",
"52": "Sound designer Sound follower Sound operator Sound recording engineer Tape op People and organizations Audio Engineering Society Goji Electronics Institute of Broadcast Sound Lejaren Hiller IRCAM Max Mathews Musical Electronics Library Professional Lighting and Sound Association Robert Moog SMPTE STEIM Related topics Audiophile High fidelity Home audio Home cinema Music store Professional audio store New Interfaces for Musical Expression ( NIME ) Vehicle audio Thomas Edison Discoveries and inventions List of Edison patents Carbon microphone Edison 's Phonograph Doll Edison screw Etheric force Kinetoscope Phonograph Phonomotor Quadruplex telegraph Tasimeter Advancements Consolidated Edison Edison -- Lalande cell Fluoroscopy Incandescent light bulb Movie camera Nickel -- iron battery Thermionic emission Ticker tape Ventures Thomas A. Edison , Inc . Edison and Swan Electric Light Company Edison Gower - Bell Telephone Company of Europe , Ltd . Edison Illuminating Company Edison Machine Works Edison Manufacturing Company Edison Ore - Milling Company Edison Portland Cement Company Edison Records Edison Storage Battery Company Edison Studios General Electric Motion Picture Patents Company Mine Safety Appliances Oriental Telephone Company Monuments Birthplace Black Maria Depot Museum Memorial Tower and Museum National Historical Park State Park Storage Battery Company Building General Electric Research Laboratory Winter Estates Family Charles Edison ( son ) Theodore Miller Edison ( son ) Films Young Tom Edison ( 1940 ) Edison ,",
"53": "the Man ( 1940 ) `` The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace '' ( 1998 ) Literature The Future Eve ( 1886 ) Edison 's Conquest of Mars ( 1898 ) Tales from the Bully Pulpit ( 2004 ) Productions The Execution of Mary Stuart ( 1895 ) The Kiss ( 1896 ) A Night of Terror ( 1911 ) Terms Edisonade Edisonian approach Related Thomas Edison in popular culture War of Currents Pearl Street Station Edison Museum Thomas Edison House Edison Hotel Telephonoscope `` Topsy '' NDL : 00573020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phonograph&oldid=821767180 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 1877 American inventions Audio players Thomas Edison Sound recording Hip hop Hip hop production Turntablism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català",
"54": "Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the longest running uk number 1 single
|
[
"Frankie Laine's \"I Believe\"",
"\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" by Bryan Adams",
"\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\"",
"\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" by Bryan Adams",
"\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" by Bryan Adams"
] |
{
"0": "UK singles chart records and statistics - wikipedia UK singles chart records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The UK Singles Chart was first compiled in 1969 . However the records and statistics listed here date back to 1952 because the Official Charts Company counts a selected period of the New Musical Express chart ( only from 1952 to 1960 ) and the Record Retailer chart from 1960 to 1969 as predecessors for the period prior to 11 February 1969 , where multiples of competing charts coexisted side by side . For example , the BBC compiled its own chart based on an average of the music papers of the time ; many songs announced as having reached number one on BBC Radio and Top of the Pops prior to 1969 may not be listed here as chart - toppers since they do not meet the legacy criteria of the Charts Company .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Most number ones 1.1 Progression of the record 2 Most combined weeks at number one on the UK singles charts 3 Most weeks at number one 3.1 Most weeks at number two 4 Number ones by different artists 5 Most number ones from chart debut 6 Biggest - selling singles 7 Posthumous number ones 8 Lowest selling number one 9 Acts to occupy number one and number two 10 Self - replacement at number one 11 Fastest selling single 12 Biggest selling single not to top the chart 13 Downloads 14 Non-English language number - ones 15 Most weeks on UK Singles Chart by decade 15.1 1950s 15.2 1960s 15.3 1970s 15.4 1980s 15.5 1990s 15.6 2000s 15.7 2010s ( up to and including week ending 17 November 2016 ) 15.8 Top chart acts per year by total weeks on the singles chart 16 Age records 16.1 Youngest 16.2 Oldest 17 Other records 17.1 General 17.2 Most hits without reaching ... 17.3 Weeks on chart by individual singles 17.4 Most singles in a year 17.5 Simultaneously charting song 17.6 Longest time between number one hit singles for an artist 17.7 Album with most original number - one hits 17.8 Biggest drop out of the Top 10 17.9 Singles to have stalled at Number 2 twice 17.10 Longest playing singles to reach Number 1 17.11 Shortest playing single to reach Number 1 17.12 First to ... 18 See also 19 References Most number ones ( edit ) See also : List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones The following is a list of all the acts who are on five or more UK number one songs with an individual credit ( meaning , the main artist or named separately as a featured artist -- being part of a group does not count towards an individual 's total ) .",
"2": "Simply playing or singing on a single without credit will not count , or the top positions would almost certainly belong to session musicians such as Clem Cattini who is reported to have played drums on over 40 number ones . Total Artist 21 Elvis Presley 17 The Beatles 14 Cliff Richard Westlife 13 Madonna 12 The Shadows Take That 9 ABBA Eminem Calvin Harris Rihanna Spice Girls 8 Oasis The Rolling Stones 7 Michael Jackson Elton John McFly George Michael Kylie Minogue Tinie Tempah U2 Robbie Williams 6 Justin Bieber Blondie Boyzone Jess Glynne David Guetta Queen Slade Sam Smith Britney Spears Rod Stewart Sugababes 5 All Saints Bee Gees Beyoncé The Black Eyed Peas David Bowie Cheryl JLS Bruno Mars Ne - Yo Katy Perry The Police Dizzee Rascal Flo Rida Ed Sheeran will.i.am Progression of the record ( edit ) Al Martino was the first act to have a number one single , with `` Here in My Heart '' in November 1952 . Seven months later Eddie Fisher became the first act to have two number one singles , with `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' following `` Outside of Heaven '' . In November 1953 Frankie Laine scored a third number one single with `` Answer Me '' and a fourth with `` A Woman in Love '' in October 1956 . In 1960 `` It 's Now or Never '' gave Elvis Presley his fifth number - one single . He increased the record ten times until June 1965 when `` Crying in the Chapel '' became his 15th number one . The Beatles then took the record with a 16th , `` Get Back '' , and 17th , `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' , their last number one to date . After his death in August 1977 , Elvis scored a 17th chart topper with `` Way Down '' to tie .",
"3": "In 2002 , having been used in a Nike World Cup advertisement , a 1968 Elvis song `` A Little Less Conversation '' was remixed as Elvis vs JXL and went straight to the top for 4 weeks , giving Elvis his 18th number one single . Celebrating the 70th anniversary of his birthday , all of Elvis ' 18 number ones were re-issued in 2005 . Despite being re-issues , they were given different catalogue numbers and therefore count as separate singles , giving Elvis 21 number one singles . ^ Note : The Shadows , or The Drifters as they were originally called , are credited on twelve # 1 singles . Seven of these share credit with Cliff Richard and some lists recognise only their 5 chart - topping singles without Richard . Most combined weeks at number one on the UK singles Charts ( edit ) Rank Artist Weeks at # 1 Elvis Presley 80 The Beatles 69 Cliff Richard 46 The Shadows 44 5 Frankie Laine 32 6 ABBA 31 7 Justin Bieber 30 8 Madonna 29 Take That 9 Drake 26 10 Rihanna 25 11 Ed Sheeran 24 12 Elton John 23 Wet Wet Wet 13 Spice Girls 22 Jump up ^ `` Record - Breakers and Trivia '' . EveryHit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John . `` Clem Cattini , Britain 's record chart topper , keeps that backbeat going strong at 72 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Most weeks at number one ( edit ) The record for most non-consecutive weeks at number one is 18 by Frankie Laine 's `` I Believe '' in 1953 .",
"4": "It spent nine weeks at number one , dropped down for a week , returned to number one for six weeks , dropped down for a further week and returned to number one for a third time for three weeks . It is one of five singles to return to number one more than once , the others being `` Singing the Blues '' by Guy Mitchell in 1957 , `` Happy '' by Pharrell Williams in 2014 , `` What Do You Mean ? '' by Justin Bieber in 2015 and `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber in 2017 . The longest unbroken run at number one is `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' by Bryan Adams , which spent 16 consecutive weeks in 1991 . Below is a table of all singles that have spent 10 or more weeks at the top of the charts : Position Artist Single Year Weeks Frankie Laine `` I Believe '' * 1953 18 weeks Bryan Adams `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' 1991 16 weeks Wet Wet Wet `` Love Is All Around '' 1994 15 weeks Drake ( feat . Wizkid and Kyla ) `` One Dance '' 2016 5 Queen `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' * 1975 / 76 & 1991 / 92 14 weeks Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' * 2017 7 Slim Whitman `` Rose Marie '' 1955 11 weeks Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee ( feat . Justin Bieber ) `` Despacito '' * 2017 9 David Whitfield `` Cara Mia '' 1954 10 weeks Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 Rihanna ( feat . Jay - Z ) `` Umbrella '' 2007 Note : Songs denoted with an asterisk ( * ) spent non-consecutive weeks at number one . Most weeks at number two ( edit ) Johnnie Ray 's `` Such a Night '' spent eight consecutive weeks at number two behind Doris Day 's `` Secret Love '' having spent a single week at the top .",
"5": "`` Terry 's Theme from Limelight '' by Frank Chacksfield spent a total of eight weeks at number two ( in four separate spells ) without ever reaching number one . All - 4 - One 's `` I Swear '' and `` Moves like Jagger '' by Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera both spent seven consecutive weeks at number two without reaching number one . `` These Days '' by Rudimental featuring Jess Glynne , Macklemore and Dan Caplen also spent seven consecutive weeks at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' having spent a single week at the top . Number ones by different artists ( edit ) Currently two songs have reached number one four times by different artists : `` Unchained Melody '' and `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Three of the versions of `` Unchained Melody '' sold over a million copies , while two of the versions of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' achieved this . The lyrics of the Band Aid 30 version were changed to give it relevance to the 2014 Ebola crisis . Numerous artists appear on more than one version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Four artists `` Unchained Melody '' -- Jimmy Young ( 1955 ) , The Righteous Brothers ( 1990 ) , Robson & Jerome ( 1995 ) and Gareth Gates ( 2002 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"6": "-- Band Aid ( 1984 ) , Band Aid II ( 1989 ) , Band Aid 20 ( 2004 ) and Band Aid 30 ( 2014 ) Three artists `` Spirit in the Sky '' -- Norman Greenbaum ( 1971 ) , Doctor and the Medics ( 1986 ) and Gareth Gates and The Kumars ( 2003 ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' -- Gerry & The Pacemakers ( 1963 ) , The Crowd ( 1985 ) and Robson & Jerome ( 1996 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' -- Joe Cocker ( 1968 ) , Wet Wet Wet ( 1988 ) and Sam & Mark ( 2004 ) Two artists `` Answer Me '' -- David Whitfield and Frankie Laine ( 1953 ) `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' -- Perez Prado and Eddie Calvert ( 1955 ) `` Singing the Blues '' -- Guy Mitchell and Tommy Steele ( 1957 ) `` Young Love '' -- Tab Hunter ( 1957 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1973 ) `` Mary 's Boy Child '' -- Harry Belafonte ( 1957 ) and Boney M. ( 1978 ) `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard and The Drifters ( 1959 ) and Cliff Richard and The Young Ones feat . Hank Marvin ( 1986 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' -- Elvis Presley ( 1962 ) and UB40 ( 1993 ) `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher ( 1965 ) and UB40 and Chrissie Hynde ( 1985 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' -- Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra ( 1967 ) and Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) `` Baby Come Back '' -- The Equals ( 1967 ) and Pato Banton feat .",
"7": "UB40 ( 1994 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' -- Louis Armstrong ( 1968 ) and Katie Melua and Eva Cassidy ( 2007 ) `` Dizzy '' -- Tommy Roe ( 1969 ) and Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff ( 1991 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon and Garfunkel ( 1970 ) and Artists for Grenfell ( 2017 ) `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson ( 1972 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' -- Terry Jacks ( 1974 ) and Westlife ( 1999 ) `` Everything I Own '' -- Ken Boothe ( 1974 ) and Boy George ( 1987 ) `` Tragedy '' -- Bee Gees ( 1979 ) and Steps ( 1999 ) `` The Tide Is High '' -- Blondie ( 1980 ) and Atomic Kitten ( 2002 ) `` Uptown Girl '' -- Billy Joel ( 1983 ) and Westlife ( 2001 ) `` The Power of Love '' -- Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( 1984 ) and Gabrielle Aplin ( 2012 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy He 's My Brother '' - The Hollies ( 1988 ) and The Justice Collective ( 2012 ) `` Eternal Flame '' -- The Bangles ( 1989 ) and Atomic Kitten ( 2001 ) `` You Are Not Alone '' -- Michael Jackson ( 1995 ) and The X Factor finalists 2009 ( 2009 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints ( 1998 ) and Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and Pink ( 2001 ) `` Mambo No. 5 '' -- Lou Bega ( 1999 ) and Bob the Builder ( 2001 ) `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' -- Mariah Carey feat .",
"8": "Westlife ( 2000 ) and Steve Brookstein ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- Avicii ( 2013 ) and Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir ( 2014 ) Most number ones from chart debut ( edit ) In 1963 , Gerry & the Pacemakers became the first act to have their first three singles reach number one when `` How Do You Do It ? '' , `` I Like It '' & `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' all hit the top spot . The record was equalled by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984 and five years later by Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers . During 1996 and 1997 , the Spice Girls took their first six singles to number one from `` Wannabe '' to `` Too Much '' . Westlife became the first act to have their first seven singles ( `` Swear It Again '' , `` If I Let You Go '' , `` Flying Without Wings '' , `` I Have a Dream / Seasons in the Sun '' , `` Fool Again '' , `` Against All Odds '' & `` My Love '' ) reach number one in 2000 . Biggest - selling singles ( edit ) See also : List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom Best - selling singles in the UK No . Single Artist Record label Released Chart peak Sales `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Elton John Rocket 000000001997 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1997 4,920,000 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"9": "Band Aid Mercury 000000001984 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1984 3,750,000 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen EMI 000000001975 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1975 2,440,000 `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' Wings Parlophone 000000001977 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1977 2,080,000 5 `` You 're the One That I Want '' John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John RSO 000000001978 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1978 2,050,000 6 `` Relax '' Frankie Goes to Hollywood ZTT 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1984 2,030,000 7 `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' Boney M . Atlantic / Hansa 000000001978 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1978 2,020,000 8 `` She Loves You '' The Beatles Parlophone 000000001963 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1963 1,930,000 9 `` Love Is All Around '' Wet Wet Wet PolyGram 000000001994 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1994 1,860,000 10 `` Mary 's Boy Child -- Oh My Lord '' Boney M . Atlantic / Hansa 000000001978 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1978 1,860,000 ^ Jump up to : The record labels , dates and chart peaks are those given by the OCC . Jump up ^ The sales are those given by the OCC as of 27 June 2013 , except where a more recent OCC figure is available .",
"10": "Posthumous number ones ( edit ) The first artist to score a number one single after their death was Buddy Holly in April 1959 with `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' . Singer Eddie Cochran later made no . 1 after being killed in a taxi crash with `` Three Steps to Heaven '' in June 1960 . Jim Reeves scored a no . 1 single with `` Distant Drums '' in September 1966 , two years after his death in a plane crash . Dying in 1970 , Jimi Hendrix scored his only chart - topping single with `` Voodoo Child '' two months after his death , in November . After this the only other artists to receive one posthumous number one single were : Jackie Wilson , who died of pneumonia in 1984 and hit the top with `` Reet Petite ( The Sweetest Girl in Town ) '' Freddie Mercury , with `` Living on My Own '' in 1993 ( also Queen topped the chart a few weeks after Mercury 's death in 1991 with `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ) Aaliyah , who died aged 22 in a plane crash and hit the top with `` More Than a Woman '' in 2002 George Harrison , who died of lung cancer in 2001 and hit the top in 2002 with `` My Sweet Lord '' , which had previously been a no . 1 single for him in 1971 Tupac Shakur , with `` Ghetto Gospel '' in 2005 The Notorious B.I.G. , with `` Nasty Girl '' in 2006 Eva Cassidy featuring Katie Melua , with `` What a Wonderful World '' in 2007 Harrison took over from Aaliyah at the top , marking the only time in UK chart history one posthumous act has replaced a different posthumous act at number one . Elvis Presley and John Lennon have both accumulated three or more posthumous chart toppers . John Lennon did not have any solo no . 1 singles during his lifetime , but after his death `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' and 1975 song `` Imagine '' went to number one .",
"11": "Lennon became the second act to replace themselves at the top of the UK charts when `` Woman '' took over for a two - week spell at the top . Shortly after this Roxy Music 's version of `` Jealous Guy '' also reached no . 1 , meaning that from December 1980 to March 1981 four out of six chart toppers were written by Lennon . Presley holds the record for the most posthumous chart toppers . Following his death in August 1977 , `` Way Down '' instantly shot to the top for five weeks . Twenty - five years later , an old song called `` A Little Less Conversation '' was remixed by JXL and used in a Nike World Cup advert . It became so popular that it shot straight to the top of the charts and remained there for four weeks . Then in 2005 , RCA decided to re-issue all 18 of his no . 1 singles for his 70th birthday anniversary . `` Jailhouse Rock '' , `` One Night / I Got Stung '' and `` It 's Now or Never '' became three more chart toppers for the superstar , giving him 21 in total of which five were posthumous . In 2007 , the 30th anniversary of his death , one of Presley 's albums reached the top spot . American rapper Tupac Shakur died in September 1996 . His rival , the Notorious B.I.G. , was killed a few months later in 1997 . Neither reached the top of the UK charts during their lifetimes , but in 2005 , Tupac reached number one with `` Ghetto Gospel '' sharing the credit with Elton John . A few months later , in 2006 the Notorious B.I.G. matched this feat with `` Nasty Girl '' ( sharing the credit with Diddy , Nelly , Jagged Edge & Avery Storm ) . Lowest selling number one ( edit ) The lowest weekly sale for a number one single is 17,694 copies held by Orson 's `` No Tomorrow '' in 2006 . The addition of downloads to the UK charts meant that singles could reach number one with no physical copy being released . The first single to achieve this was Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' in early 2006 .",
"12": "Since 2014 , audio streaming has been included in the calculation of chart position , so it is now possible for a single to reach number one without selling any copies ( if it were only available on streaming services ) . In the week ending 24 September 2015 , `` What Do You Mean ? '' by Justin Bieber became the first number one with over half of its chart sales made up of streaming points , with sales of 30,000 and 36,000 points from 3.6 million streams . Since the incorporation of streaming into the singles chart , the Official Charts Company have continued to compile a sales only chart . In week ending 27 April 2017 `` Sign of the Times '' by Harry Styles became the first number one in the sales only chart to sell less than `` No Tomorrow '' by Orson , with 16,686 copies .",
"13": "Acts to occupy number one and number two ( edit ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' ( three weeks in December 1963 ) `` Hello Goodbye '' and `` Magical Mystery Tour '' ( three weeks in December 1967 ) John Travolta -- `` Summer Nights '' ( with Olivia Newton - John ) and `` Sandy '' ( one week in November 1978 ) John Lennon -- `` Imagine '' and : `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' ; `` Woman '' ( both January 1981 ) Madonna -- `` Into the Groove '' and `` Holiday '' ( one week in August 1985 ) Justin Bieber `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' ( one week in November 2015 ) ; `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' ( five non-consecutive weeks in December 2015 and January 2016 ) `` Cold Water '' ( with MØ & Major Lazer ) and `` Let Me Love You '' ( three weeks in August 2016 ) `` Despacito '' ( with Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee ) and `` I 'm the One ( song ) '' ( with DJ Khaled , Lil Wayne , Quavo & Chance the Rapper ) ( four weeks in May and June 2017 ) Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' and : `` Castle on the Hill '' ( five weeks bin January and February 2018 ) ; `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' ( one week in February 2017 ) ; `` Galway Girl '' ( five weeks in March and April 2017 ) `` Perfect '' and `` River '' ( with Eminem ) ( three non-consecutive weeks in December 2017 and January 2018 ) In addition , in the final week that Justin Bieber was at # 1 and # 2 with `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' , `` What Do You Mean '' was at # 3 . For the first three weeks that Ed Sheeran was at # 1 and # 2 with `` Shape of You '' and `` Galway Girl '' , `` Castle on the Hill '' was at # 3 , and for the first of these three weeks Sheeran 's `` Perfect '' , `` New Man '' and `` Happier '' were at # 4 , # 5 and # 6 respectively .",
"14": "Self - replacement at number one ( edit ) Since the inception of the UK Singles Chart in 1952 only five acts have replaced themselves at the top of the UK charts with exactly the same billing ( as opposed to any named artist , for example ' Cliff Richard and the Shadows ' and ' The Shadows ' have had back to back number ones on four occasions ) : The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' replaced `` She Loves You '' ( 12 December 1963 ) John Lennon -- `` Woman '' replaced `` Imagine '' ( 7 February 1981 ) Elvis Presley -- `` One Night / I Got Stung '' replaced `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( 22 January 2005 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' ( 10 December 2015 ) ; `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) replaced `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) ( 18 May 2017 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` River '' ( Eminem featuring Ed Sheeran ) replaced `` Perfect '' ( 25 January 2018 ) Fastest selling single ( edit ) The fastest selling single in chart history is `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John which sold 1.55 million copies in its first week ( it sold 658,000 on the first day of release , 13 September 1997 ) . The fastest selling debut single is `` Anything Is Possible / Evergreen '' by Will Young , which sold 1.11 million copies in its first week on sale . Publicity had built up due to the televised talent contest Pop Idol with 8.7 million people phoning in to vote for the finalists . The fastest selling single by a British group is the Spice Girls `` 2 Become 1 '' which sold over 462,000 copies during its first week on sale and over 763,000 copies in a fortnight . In total , the single sold over 1.1 million copies to date . Biggest selling single not to top the chart ( edit ) The record is held by Wham !",
"15": "with their 1984 Christmas release , `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' , which peaked at number two , being kept off the top by Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . It has sold 1.77 million copies following first week sales of half a million . In December 2017 , a year after George Michael 's death , fans tried to get `` Last Christmas '' to number one , but again it peaked at number two . The biggest selling single to peak at number three is New Order 's `` Blue Monday '' , which has sold over a million copies . However , it garnered its total sales via two further remixes of the track , meaning its one million sales are attributed over all three releases . The biggest selling release to peak at number three is Ed Sheeran 's `` The A Team '' , which has sold over 1,067,000 copies since its 2011 release . The biggest selling single to never make the top 5 is `` Chasing Cars '' by Snow Patrol , which peaked at number 6 and has sold more copies than `` The A Team '' . The biggest selling single not to reach the top 10 is `` Numb '' by Linkin Park which never charted higher than # 14 . Downloads ( edit ) Downloads grew steadily in popularity after first being integrated into the chart in 2004 . In early September the UK Official Download Chart was launched , and a new live recording of Westlife 's `` Flying Without Wings '' was the first number - one. The first number one to chart without ever receiving a UK physical release was Coldplay 's `` Viva la Vida '' in June 2008 . As of 2012 , very few songs are given a physical release , and almost the entire chart is released solely on digital download .",
"16": "On 22 June 2008 , both songs in the top two were there on downloads alone : `` Viva la Vida '' by Coldplay `` Closer '' by Ne - Yo On 31 August 2008 , the top three were download - only at the time : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry `` Pjanoo '' by Eric Prydz `` Disturbia '' by Rihanna On 1 March 2009 , the top four were all download - only : `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' by Kelly Clarkson `` Love Story '' by Taylor Swift `` Poker Face '' by Lady Gaga `` Dead and Gone '' by T.I. ( feat . Justin Timberlake ) By 13 February 2010 , the whole top 9 consisted of download - only songs : `` Fireflies '' by Owl City `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' by Jedward ( feat . Vanilla Ice ) `` If We Ever Meet Again '' by Timbaland ( feat . Katy Perry ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Glee Cast `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' by Alicia Keys `` Replay '' by Iyaz `` Starstrukk '' by 3OH ! 3 ( feat .",
"17": "Katy Perry ) `` One Shot '' by JLS `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Journey Non-English language number - ones ( edit ) `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' -- Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin ( French -- 11 October 1969 for one week ) `` Chanson D'Amour '' -- The Manhattan Transfer ( French / English -- 12 March 1977 for three weeks ) `` Begin the Beguine '' -- Julio Iglesias ( Spanish / English -- 5 December 1981 for one week ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( German / English -- 10 May 1986 for one week ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- 1 August 1987 for two weeks ) `` Sadeness ( Part I ) '' -- Enigma ( French / Latin / English -- 19 January 1991 for one week ) `` The Ketchup Song ( Aserejé ) '' -- Las Ketchup ( Spanish / English -- 19 October 2002 for one week ) `` We No Speak Americano '' -- Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP ( Neapolitan / English -- 31 July 2010 for one week ) `` Gangnam Style '' -- Psy ( Korean / English -- 6 October 2012 for one week ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( Spanish / English -- 18 May 2017 for eleven non-consecutive weeks ) Most weeks on UK singles chart by decade ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) 1 . Elvis Presley 298 weeks 2 . Frankie Laine 268 weeks 3 . Pat Boone 239 weeks 4 . Lonnie Donegan 213 weeks 5 . Perry Como 191 weeks 6 . David Whitfield 189 weeks 7 . Bill Haley & his Comets 173 weeks 8 . Johnnie Ray 163 weeks 9 . Guy Mitchell 153 weeks 10 . Nat `` King '' Cole 147 weeks 1960s ( edit ) 1 . The Shadows 631 weeks 2 . Cliff Richard 537 weeks 3 .",
"18": "Elvis Presley 444 weeks 4 . The Beatles 333 weeks 5 . Roy Orbison 309 weeks 6 . Jim Reeves 292 weeks 7 . Billy Fury 258 weeks 8 . Adam Faith 246 weeks 9 . The Hollies 231 weeks 10 . The Everly Brothers 222 weeks 1970s ( edit ) 1 . Elvis Presley 331 weeks 2 . Elton John 223 weeks 3 . Diana Ross 220 weeks 4 . Paul McCartney / Wings 216 weeks 5 . Rod Stewart 209 weeks 6 . Marc Bolan / T. Rex 196 weeks 7 . David Bowie 196 weeks 8 . Cliff Richard 185 weeks 9 . Hot Chocolate 176 weeks 10 . Abba 173 weeks 1980s ( edit ) Shakin ' Stevens 254 weeks Madonna 252 weeks Michael Jackson 241 weeks Cliff Richard 234 weeks Madness 217 weeks UB40 217 weeks Kool & the Gang 196 weeks 8 . David Bowie 190 weeks 9 . Elton John 190 weeks 10 .",
"19": "Adam Ant ( & the Ants ) 185 weeks 1990s ( edit ) Oasis 282 weeks Madonna 258 weeks Mariah Carey 219 weeks Celine Dion 215 weeks Boyzone 201 weeks Janet Jackson 177 weeks Michael Jackson 175 weeks East 17 / E17 170 weeks Whitney Houston 169 weeks Bryan Adams 163 weeks 2000s ( edit ) Kanye West 320 weeks Rihanna 300 weeks Justin Timberlake 289 weeks Beyoncé 287 weeks Akon 280 weeks Britney Spears 278 weeks Pink 268 weeks Sugababes 265 weeks Girls Aloud 255 weeks Eminem 250 weeks 2010s ( up to and including week ending 17 November 2016 ) ( edit ) Rihanna 782 weeks Ed Sheeran 526 weeks David Guetta 507 weeks Justin Bieber 481 weeks Drake 414 weeks Tinie Tempah 406 weeks Calvin Harris 397 weeks Bruno Mars 385 weeks Nicki Minaj 365 weeks Chris Brown 361 weeks Top chart acts per year by total weeks on the singles chart ( edit ) Year Artist Weeks on chart 1952 Frankie Laine 13 1953 84 1954 66 1955 Ruby Murray 85 1956 Bill Haley & His Comets 110 1957 Elvis Presley 118 1958 Pat Boone 76 1959 Russ Conway 81 1960 The Shadows 107 1961 118 1962 92 1963 116 1964 75 1965 54 1966 Dave Dee , Dozy , Beaky , Mick & Tich 51 1967 Engelbert Humperdinck 97 1968 Tom Jones 58 1969 Marvin Gaye 60 1970 Elvis Presley 59 1971 66 1972 T.",
"20": "Rex 58 1973 David Bowie 55 The Wombles 65 Mud 45 1976 Rod Stewart 48 1977 Elvis Presley 49 1978 John Travolta 60 1979 Donna Summer 46 1980 Madness 46 1981 Adam & The Ants 91 1982 Soft Cell 49 Michael Jackson 60 1984 Frankie Goes to Hollywood 68 1985 Madonna 84 1986 59 41 Kylie Minogue 54 Bobby Brown 52 New Kids on the Block 56 1991 R.E.M 36 1992 Michael Jackson 38 Whitney Houston 50 1994 Mariah Carey 45 1995 Oasis 64 134 Spice Girls 57 1998 Aqua 52 1999 Steps 76 2000 Craig David 58 Shaggy 54 2002 Gareth Gates / Ja Rule 57 2003 Sean Paul 58 Kelis 47 2005 Elvis Presley 81 2006 The Pussycat Dolls 71 2007 Amy Winehouse 119 2008 Rihanna 129 2009 Lady Gaga 150 123 2011 Rihanna 224 2012 151 2013 will.i.am 100 2014 Ed Sheeran 159 2015 173 Totals include all instances where an artist is actually credited as part of the act . Therefore , for example , The Shadows score for their own hits as well as those where they backed Cliff Richard , and Diana Ross scores for both her solo hits and those as Diana Ross & the Supremes .",
"21": "However , Paul McCartney , for example , is not credited for any of The Beatles ' hits as he does not have a separate credit , ( although his hits with Wings do count towards his total as they are classed together in the Guinness Book of Hit Singles ) . Age records ( edit ) Youngest ( edit ) The youngest artist to have a number 1 single is Jimmy Osmond , who was nine years old in 1972 , with `` Long Haired Lover from Liverpool '' . The youngest artist to have a number 1 single in three decades is Britney Spears who was 31 years old when `` Scream & Shout '' became her sixth number one single in 2013 . She had scored one number one in the 1990s and four in the 2000s . The youngest artist to enter at number 1 is Billie Piper who was 15 with `` Because We Want To '' . Oldest ( edit ) The oldest artist to have a number 1 single is Tom Jones , who was 68 when `` ( Barry ) Islands in the Stream '' reached the top in 2009 . The oldest female solo artist to have a number 1 single is Cher , who was 52 when her single `` Believe '' reached number 1 . It spent 7 weeks at the top and became the best selling single by a female artist in the UK . The oldest artist to achieve their first number 1 is TV actor Clive Dunn with `` Grandad '' in 1971 on the week of his 51st birthday . Other records ( edit ) General ( edit ) NB : In the following statistics , Elvis Presley 's 17 re-issues in 2005 , which all made the Top 5 , count as separate hits . Most Top 75 hits : Elvis Presley ( 152 ) . Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 131 ) Most Top 40 hits : Elvis Presley ( 128 ) . Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 120 ) Most Top 20 hits : Elvis Presley ( 100 ) . Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 95 ) Most Top 10 hits : Elvis Presley ( 77 ) . Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 66 ) Most Top 5 hits : Elvis Presley ( 54 ) .",
"22": "Runner - up : Madonna ( 44 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits : Westlife ( 22 ) . Runner - up : Elvis Presley ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits : Madonna ( 35 ) Most consecutive Top 5 hits by a group : Westlife ( 22 ) , Runner - up : Girls Aloud ( 20 ) Most consecutive Top 5 hits by a male group : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a female group : Girls Aloud ( 20 ) . Runner - up : Destiny 's Child ( 11 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by male solo : Rick Astley ( 8 ) Most Top 40 hits by a female group : The Supremes ( 30 ) . Runner - up : Bananarama ( 25 ) and Sugababes ( 25 ) Most consecutive Number 1 hits by a group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most consecutive Number 1 hits by a male group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a female group : Spice Girls ( 6 ) Most successful songwriter : Paul McCartney 1695 weeks . Runner - up : John Lennon 1424 weeks Most number ones written ; Paul McCartney and John Lennon ( 33 ) . Runner - up : Madonna ( 13 ) Most weeks on singles chart : Elvis Presley ( 1277 wks ) . Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 1166 weeks ) Most hits without reaching ... ( edit ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching No 1 : Glee Cast ( 100 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching No 1 : Depeche Mode ( 43 ) Most Top 10 hits without reaching No 1 : Bon Jovi ( 18 ) . Runner - up : Janet Jackson ( 17 ) Most No 2 hits without a No 1 : Sash !",
"23": "( 5 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 5 : Chris Rea ( 32 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 5 : Gloria Estefan ( 27 ) Most Top 10 hits without reaching Top 5 : Gloria Estefan ( 5 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 10 : Super Furry Animals ( 21 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 10 : Super Furry Animals ( 19 ) Most Top 20 hits without reaching Top 10 : The Levellers and Super Furry Animals ( 8 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 20 : PJ Harvey ( 15 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 20 : The Almighty ( 8 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 40 : Gorky 's Zygotic Mynci ( 8 ) Most weeks on Top 40 without reaching No 1 : Billy Fury ( 231 weeks ) Weeks on chart by individual singles ( edit ) Most weeks in the chart by a single : Top 100 : `` Mr Brightside '' by The Killers ( > 200 weeks ) Top 75 : `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra ( 124 weeks ) ( 122 weeks when only a top 50 was compiled followed by two more in the top 75 ) Top 40 : `` My Way '' ( 75 weeks ) Longest consecutive run in the chart by a single * Top 100 : `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 95 weeks ) Top 75 : `` Rather Be '' by Clean Bandit and `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 73 weeks ) Top 40 : `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 54 weeks ) Fewest weeks in Top 40 by a No.",
"24": "1 single ( 2 weeks ) : `` A Bridge Over You '' by Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir ( 2015 ) and `` Wake Me Up '' by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 10 single ( 1 week ) `` Weightless '' by Wet Wet Wet `` Leeds Leeds Leeds ( Marching On Together ) '' by Leeds United Team `` Forever Yours '' by Alex Day `` Payphone '' by Precision Tunes Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 20 single : 1 week . Notable acts to have achieved this include The Wedding Present 6 times , Garbage , The Chemical Brothers , Elvis Presley and Red ' N ' White Machines . Most singles in a year ( edit ) Most Top 75 singles in a year : 51 by Glee Cast ( 2011 ) Most singles simultaneously in Top 75 : 27 by Michael Jackson ( 21 solo , 1 with Janet Jackson , 3 as part of The Jackson 5 and 2 as part of The Jacksons ) ( July 2009 ) . Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by solo artist : 224 by Rihanna ( includes 26 with David Guetta , 18 with Eminem , 18 with Kanye West & Drake , 12 with Nicki Minaj and 2 with Coldplay ( 2011 ) ) . Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by a group : 134 by Oasis ( 1996 ) . Simultaneously charting song ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' is the only song to have four versions by different artists charting in the Top 20 at the same time ( Al Hibbler , Les Baxter , Jimmy Young and Liberace in June 1955 ) . `` Hallelujah '' charted in the same week in December 2008 with three artists ( Alexandra Burke at No. 1 , Jeff Buckley at No. 2 , Leonard Cohen at No. 36 ) . It is also the second time in UK single chart where different versions hold the top two spots ( the first being Singing the Blues ) .",
"25": "Longest time between number one hit singles for an artist ( edit ) Tom Jones went 43 years between his second number one `` Green Green Grass Of Home '' in 1966 and his next top hit , `` ( Barry ) Islands in the Stream '' . He had fourteen other singles in the top 10 in that interim time , including four singles to reach the number 2 spot . Album with most original number - one hits ( edit ) There are three albums which have produced four number - one original hits : Westlife by Westlife ( `` Swear It Again , `` If I Let You Go '' , Flying Without Wings `` , and `` Fool Again '' ) , Spice by Spice Girls ( `` Wannabe '' , `` Say You 'll Be There '' , `` 2 Become 1 '' and `` Mama '' / `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ) and B * Witched by B * Witched ( `` C'est la Vie '' , `` Rollercoaster '' , `` To You I Belong '' and `` Blame It on the Weatherman '' ) . Biggest drop out of the top 10 ( edit ) Ten biggest drops out of the Top 10 No . Artist Single Top 10 position Chart position the following week Total drop in places Week - ending date Wham ! `` Last Christmas '' Outside the Top 200 > 198 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' Outside the Top 200 > 196 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 Pogues ft . MacColl , Kirsty Kirsty MacColl `` Fairytale of New York '' 5 Outside the Top 200 > 195 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 Band Aid `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"26": "7 Outside the Top 200 > 193 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 5 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' 9 Outside the Top 200 > 191 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 6 Stevens , Shakin'Shakin ' Stevens `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' 10 Outside the Top 200 > 190 000000002018 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2018 7 Day , Alex Alex Day `` Forever Yours '' 112 108 000000002012 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 2012 8 Leeds United Team & Supporters `` Leeds Leeds Leeds ( Marching On Together ) '' 10 112 102 000000002010 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2010 9 Pogues , The The Pogues `` Fairytale of New York '' 9 107 98 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 10 Wet Wet Wet `` Weightless '' 10 96 86 000000002008 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2008 Some singles have been deleted from the charts due to technicalities , and have thus `` dropped '' out of the Top 10 and the singles chart entirely . Such singles include : `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( 1969 ) , `` Crazy '' by Gnarls Barkley ( 2006 ) and `` Maneater '' by Nelly Furtado ( 2006 ) .",
"27": "Singles to have stalled at number 2 twice ( edit ) This unlucky feat has only been achieved five times in chart history : `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro on the 1st June 1968 then , on reissue , on the 26th April 1975 `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna on the 29th June 1985 then , on reissue , on the 29th March 1991 `` One for Sorrow '' by Steps on the 5th September 1998 then , on reissue , on the 6th October 2001 `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' by Mariah Carey on the 17th December 1994 then , on the 15th December 2017 `` Last Christmas '' by Wham ! on the 15th of December 1984 then , on the 4th January 2018 Additionally , `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' has been a Christmas number two twice , first in 1991 for Diana Ross , and then in 2005 for Westlife featuring Diana Ross . Longest playing singles to reach Number 1 ( edit ) 11 songs have reached number 1 with a longer playing time than `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 5 : 55 ) : `` All Around the World '' by Oasis 9 : 38 `` Mirrors '' by Justin Timberlake 8 : 05 `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf 7 : 48 `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' by Oasis 7 : 21 `` Hey Jude '' by The Beatles 7 : 11 `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa 7 : 05 `` Jesus to a Child '' by George Michael 6 : 51 `` Belfast Child '' by Simple Minds 6 : 39 `` Innuendo '' by Queen 6 : 30 `` Frozen '' by Madonna 6 : 12 `` I 'm Not in Love '' by 10cc 6 : 04 Shortest playing single to reach Number 1 ( edit ) `` What Do You Want ? ''",
"28": "by Adam Faith 1 : 35 ( 1959 ) First to ... ( edit ) Eden Kane ( real name Richard Sarstedt ) and Peter Sarstedt are the first pair of siblings to score no. 1s as solo artists . Eden Kane scored a no . 1 with `` Well I Ask You '' in 1961 and Peter Sarstedt got a no . 1 with `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) '' in 1969 . A third brother Robin Sarstedt ( real name Clive Sarstedt ) made the Top 3 in 1976 with `` My Resistance Is Low '' making them the only set of three brothers to have separate solo Top Three singles . The first song recorded completely in a foreign language to reach number - one on the UK Singles Charts is `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin in 1969 ( French ) . There are only five other foreign language number - one songs which are `` Rock Me Amadeus '' by Falco released in 1986 ( German ) , `` La Bamba '' by Los Lobos released in 1987 ( Spanish ) , `` Sadeness ( Part I ) '' , by Enigma released in 1990 ( Latin / French ) , `` We No Speak Americano '' , by Yolanda Be Cool Vs DCUP , released in 2010 ( Italian / Neapolitan ) and `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy released in 2012 ( Korean ) . ( Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP , both being Australian , both spoke English as their first languages , and `` We No Speak Americano '' even had a title largely in English , but the song was based entirely on a sample of the Italian language `` Tu vuò fà l'americano '' by Renato Carasone and as a result was completely Neapolitan . ) The first artist to reach No. 1 on the UK Official Singles Chart based on both sales and streaming figures was Ariana Grande with `` Problem '' on 6 July 2014 . The first artist to have singles debut at numbers 1 and 2 simultaneously was Ed Sheeran on 13 January 2017 with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' .",
"29": "The first artist to have every song from their album enter the top 20 on the singles chart was Ed Sheeran with ÷ The first female artist to have a top ten single in five consecutive decades is Cher ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s and 2000s ) . Kylie Minogue follows with a top ten single in four consecutive decades ( 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s ) . Melanie C is the first female performer to top the charts as a solo artist , as part of a duo , quartet and quintet . See also ( edit ) List of songs which have spent the most weeks on the UK Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Despacito enters the history books as it returns to the top of the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The songs that spent the longest at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . 2017 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles . Virgin Books . 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Naughty Boy and Sam Smith smash 1 million UK sales with La La La '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Masterton , James ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Hey , What Does It Take '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran topples Harry Styles to reclaim singles top spot '' . Music Week . Jump up ^ `` Acts that have held number 1 and 2 on the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 April 2018 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` The acts who outperformed themselves , knocking their own hit off Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` 60 years of singles charts ... in numbers '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Matt ( 4 March 2002 ) . `` Pop Idol Will faces Top of the Pops ban '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Idol 's career hots up '' . BBC News . BBC . 11 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Classic Christmas Number Ones '' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The million - selling songs that never made it to Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Ask Official Charts : Your questions on Demi , Selena , Britney and more answered '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran caps off a hugely successful 2017 by claiming a new Official Charts record '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 2 January 2015 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Sheeran 's x scores 12th week at No. 1 with sales of 211,168 '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Official Biggest Selling Singles of the decade so far revealed '' . Official Charts Company .",
"31": "Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Download chart waits for youth : while its beginnings may be modest , the new rundown has an important future ahead '' . Music Week . 11 September 2004 . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 22nd June 2008 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 31st August 2008 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 1st March 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 13th of Feb 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Foreign language songs that got to Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud sets chart record '' . BBC News . 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud becomes first single ever to spend one year inside the Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip Dodd , Paul Du Noyer ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of singles . p. 222 . ISBN 0752533371 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Adam Bychawski ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Alexandra Burke , Jeff Buckley storm Christmas charts with ' Hallelujah ' '' . Nme.com . Jump up ^ `` Adam Faith - What do You want ? ( 78rpm - 1959 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie C '' . Peermusic.com . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . UK Music Charts UK Singles Number ones 1950s 1960s",
"32": "1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish Instrumental Simultaneous UK and US Top 10 singles ( By artist ) Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 1900s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most downloaded Most streamed Million - sellers Platinum singles ( pre-2000 ) Platinum singles ( post-2000 ) Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Records UK Albums Number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and US Top 10 albums Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Genre charts Number ones Christian & Gospel Classical ( albums / compilations ) Dance ( singles / albums ) Indie ( singles / albums ) Indie Breakers ( singles / albums ) R&B ( singles / albums ) Rock & Metal ( singles / albums ) Specialist Classical Other charts Current Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Record Store",
"33": "Singles Downloads UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Vodafone Big Top 40 Former 1952 -- 1969 1Xtra Classical Singles EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Net 40 The Network Chart Show NME Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Progressive Record Mirror Subscription Plays Top Pops Related Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart UK Video Charts The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles Music of the United Kingdom Art music Early music ( England Ireland Scotland ) Baroque Classical History of popular music Early popular music 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s & 2010s Traditional genres British folk revival Ballad Carol Children 's song Hornpipe Jig Morris dance Protest song Reel Sea shanty Strathspey War song Work song Contemporary popular genres Folk England Scotland Wales Hip Hop Jazz Pop Popular Rock Soul Schlager Ethnic music Caribbean England Ireland Scotland Wales Media and performance Music awards Brit Awards Classic Brit Awards Gramophone Classical Music Awards Ivor Novello Awards Kerrang !",
"34": "Awards Mercury Prize MOBO Awards Spiral Awards BBC Music Awards Music charts Albums chart Classical charts Compilation chart Dance chart Download chart Indie chart R&B chart Rock chart Singles chart Subscription plays chart Music festivals C2C : Country to Country Cambridge folk Download Edinburgh Eisteddfod Glastonbury Isle of Wight Knebworth Royal National Mòd The Proms Reading and Leeds T in the Park V Music media The Gramophone Kerrang ! Melody Maker Mojo NME Q The Wire National anthem `` God Save the Queen '' Regional music British Isles Birmingham ( Classical music , Jazz , Popular music ) Cardiff Cornwall Liverpool Manchester Northumbria Somerset Sussex Yorkshire Overseas Anguilla Bermuda Cayman Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UK_Singles_Chart_records_and_statistics&oldid=838395422 '' Categories : British record charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from December 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use British English from December 2010 Use dmy dates from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 18 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"35": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "American Idol - Wikipedia American Idol This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see American Idol ( season 16 ) . American Idol Also known as American Idol : The Search for a Superstar ( season 1 ) Genre Reality competition Created by Simon Fuller Directed by Andy Scheer ( 2002 ) Bruce Gowers ( 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 ) Ken Warwick ( 2007 , 2011 -- 2012 ) Bill DeRonde ( 2009 , 2014 -- 2015 ) Gregg Gelfand ( 2010 , 2013 ) Louis J. Horvitz ( 2014 ) Phil Heyes ( 2015 -- 2016 , 2018 - ) Ben Thursby ( 2018 ) Presented by Ryan Seacrest Brian Dunkleman Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson Kara DioGuardi Ellen DeGeneres Jennifer Lopez Steven Tyler Mariah Carey Nicki Minaj Keith Urban Harry Connick Jr . Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Theme music composer Julian Gingell Barry Stone Cathy Dennis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 16 No.",
"1": "of episodes 569 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Fuller ( 2002 -- ) Cecile Frot - Coutaz ( 2002 -- ) Simon Jones ( 2002 -- 03 ) Nigel Lythgoe ( 2002 - 08 , 2011 - 13 , 2016 finale ) Ken Warwick ( 2002 - 13 ) Brian Gadinsky ( 2002 ) Charles Boyd ( 2009 - 16 ) Trish Kinane ( 2013 -- ) Jesse Ignjatovic ( 2014 ) Evan Prager ( 2014 ) Per Blankens ( 2015 ) David Hill ( 2015 - 16 ) Megan Wolflick ( 2015 -- ) Jessica Castro ( 2016 ) Jenniffer Mullin ( 2018 -- ) Phil McIntyre ( 2018 -- ) Running time 22 - 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America 19 Entertainment Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network Fox ( 2002 -- 2016 ) ABC ( 2018 -- ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2002 -- 04 ) HDTV 720p ( 2005 -- ) Original release June 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 11 ) -- present External links Website American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller , produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment , and distributed by FremantleMedia North America . It initially aired on Fox from June 11 , 2002 to April 7 , 2016 for 15 seasons . On March 11 , 2018 , the 16th season made its debut on ABC . It started as an addition to the Idols format that was based on Pop Idol from British television , and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television . The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents , with the winner determined by American viewers using phones , Internet , and SMS text voting .",
"2": "The winners of the first fifteen seasons , as chosen by viewers , are Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard , Fantasia , Carrie Underwood , Taylor Hicks , Jordin Sparks , David Cook , Kris Allen , Lee DeWyze , Scotty McCreery , Phillip Phillips , Candice Glover , Caleb Johnson , Nick Fradiani , and Trent Harmon . American Idol employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants ' performances . The original judges , for seasons one through eight , were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , singer and choreographer Paula Abdul , and music executive and manager Simon Cowell . The judging panel for seasons 13 , 14 , and 15 on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban , Jennifer Lopez , and Harry Connick , Jr . Season 16 brought three entirely new judges : singers Lionel Richie , Katy Perry , and Luke Bryan . The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series . The success of American Idol has been described as `` unparalleled in broadcasting history '' . A rival TV executive said the series was `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' . It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Katharine McPhee , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert , and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . '' For an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 -- 04 television season through the 2010 -- 11 season , either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Judges and hosts 2.1 Judges 2.2 Hosts 3 Selection process 3.1 Contestant eligibility 3.2 Initial auditions 3.3 Hollywood week and Las Vegas round 3.4 Audience voting 3.5 Semi-finals 3.6 Finals 3.7 Season finale 3.8 Rewards for winner and finalists 4 Series overview and season synopses 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 4.10 Season 10 4.11 Season 11 4.12 Season 12 4.13 Season 13 4.14 Season 14 4.15 Season 15 4.16 Season 16 : ABC revival 5 Idol Gives Back 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Geographical , ethnic , and gender bias 7 Controversy 8 Cultural impact 8.1 Television 8.2 Music 8.3 Film and theater 9 Revenue and commercial ventures 9.1 Advertising revenue 9.2 Media sponsorship 9.3 American Idol tour 9.4 Music releases 9.5 Tie - ins 10 Theme park attraction 11 Other broadcasts 12 Spin - offs 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller , which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars . Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain . Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition .",
"4": "He then added other elements , including telephone voting by the viewing public ( which at the time was already in use in shows , such as the Eurovision Song Contest ) , the drama of backstories , and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . Pop Idol debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as showrunner -- the executive producer and production leader -- and Simon Cowell as one of the judges , and was successful with the viewing public . In 2001 , Fuller , Cowell , and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States , but the idea was initially met with poor responses from all the television networks including Fox . However , Rupert Murdoch , head of Fox 's parent company , was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter , Elisabeth , who had seen the British show . Although Fox 's executives wanted to change the format , Murdoch insisted that it should remain the same as the British one . One change was nevertheless made due to the presence of multiple time zones in the United States that made it impractical for the country to vote in the same time period , an additional half - hour results show was therefore added the day following the performance show . The show was renamed American Idol : The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . Cowell was initially offered the job of showrunner , but turned down the offer ; Lythgoe then took over that position . Much to the surprise of Cowell and Fox , it became one of the biggest shows of the summer . With its successful launch in the summer , the show was then moved to January and expanded . The show grew into a phenomenon largely due to its personal engagement with the contestants by prompting the viewers to vote , and the presence of the acid - tongued Cowell as a judge . By 2004 , it had become the most - watched show on U.S. television , a position it then held for seven consecutive seasons . However , after a few years of sharp declining ratings starting in 2012 , with rating falls of over 20 % each season , the network announced that the fifteenth season would be its last , ending its run in April 2016 .",
"5": "In May 2017 , ABC acquired the rights to the series and announced that the program would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . Judges and hosts ( edit ) Judges and host of the current season of American Idol Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Ryan Seacrest Judges ( edit ) The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell . A fourth judge , radio DJ Stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing `` image concerns '' . In the second season , New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . In season eight , Latin Grammy Award - nominated singer - songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge . She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree to terms with the show producers . Emmy Award - winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season , but left after just one season . On January 11 , 2010 , Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011 . Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . They were replaced by three new judges , Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban , who joined Randy Jackson in season 12 . However both Carey and Minaj left after one season , and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr . Lopez , Urban and Connick , Jr. all returned as judges for the show 's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons .",
"6": "On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Katy Perry was the first to be chosen as a judge for the revival series . On September 24 , 2017 , country singer Luke Bryan was announced as the second judge to take the panel . On September 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Lionel Richie would be taking the third and final seat on the judges panel . Guest judges may occasionally be introduced . In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton - John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen . ( show ) Judges timeline Hosts ( edit ) The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of Pop Idol of using two presenters . Dunkleman quit thereafter , making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two . Dunkleman did , however , return in the initial series finale on Fox . Seacrest also returned for Season 16 . Selection process ( edit ) In a series of steps , the show selected the eventual winner out of many tens of thousands of contestants . Contestant eligibility ( edit ) The eligible age - range for contestants was fifteen to twenty - eight years old . The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten . The contestants had to be legal U.S. residents , could not have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons , and must not have held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage ( in previous years by the audition stage ) . Season nine 's Denver audition , at Invesco Field at Mile High . Initial auditions ( edit ) Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts .",
"7": "The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show 's producers . Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city , only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions . Successful contestants then sang in front of producers , where more may be cut . Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood . Between 10 -- 60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood . Hollywood week and Las Vegas round ( edit ) Once in Hollywood , the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds . Until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood . In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . For the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together . In the final round , the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band -- depending on the season . In seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . In season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round . In season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . In seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in Las Vegas , where the contestants performed in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists . At the end of this stage of the competition , 24 to 36 contestants were selected to move on to the semi-final stage . In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night ( four nights ) to make the top twenty . In season thirteen , the Las Vegas round was eliminated and a new round called `` Hollywood or Home '' was added , where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants , those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles , and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood .",
"8": "In season fourteen , a Showcase round was added , where the contestants performed at a LA nightclub or auditorium for the judges and a live audience , and these performances determine who makes into the Top 24 . Audience voting ( edit ) From the semi-finals onward , the fate of the contestants was decided by public vote . During the contestant 's performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant was displayed on the screen . For a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each US time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant 's telephone number , and each call or text message was registered as a vote for that contestant . Viewers were allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . However , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season . The number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc . Semifinals ( edit ) In the first three seasons , the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . In seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . These seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . In season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . In seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all .",
"9": "From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer -- for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . Starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . In seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . In season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . In season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender based on the vote and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . In season fourteen , the top 24 performed at The Fillmore Detroit , starting with the 12 males on one night and then the 12 females on the next night . The following week , the same order went for the top 16 , with four males eliminated , followed by four females based on the vote . Then , on the first night of finals , a similar sequence from the thirteenth season was used to determine the final 12 , with five of each gender based on the vote and two wildcards chosen by the judges . In season fifteen , the top 24 performed at Cathedral of Saint Vibiana in Los Angeles and were split into two groups of twelve and performed twice , one being a solo performance and one being a duet with a former Idol contestant . In each group , the judges chose 7 contestants to advance to the top 14 where the judges chose 4 to advance to the top 10 and remaining 6 contestants were chosen based on the vote . In season sixteen , the show repeated the process of season 15 , however instead of Idol alumnus as duet partners , superstar celebrity singers were used as the duet partners .",
"10": "Finals ( edit ) The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles , in front of a live studio audience . The finals lasted eight weeks in season one . From seasons two to nine and fourteen , the finals lasted eleven weeks . Seasons ten and eleven lasted for twelve weeks , while season twelve lasted for ten weeks . In season season thirteen , the finals lasted thirteen weeks . The finals lasted seven weeks in season fifteen . Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as Michael Jackson , Elvis Presley or The Beatles , or more general themes such as Billboard number - one hits or songs from the contestant 's year of birth . Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . In season ten , Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . Initially the contestants sang one song each week , but this was increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . The most popular contestants were usually not revealed in the results show . Instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes was called to the center of the stage . One of these three was usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining were not necessarily the bottom two . The contestant with the fewest votes was then revealed and eliminated from the competition . A montage of the eliminated contestant 's time on the show was played and they gave their final performance . However , in season six , during the series ' first ever Idol Gives Back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . Moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a `` Judges ' Save '' if they unanimously agreed to . `` The save '' could only be used once , and only up through the top five . In the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week .",
"11": "The `` Fan Save '' was introduced in the fourteenth season . During the finals , viewers were given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 8 . Season finale ( edit ) The finale was the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . For seasons one , three through six , fourteen , and fifteen it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400 . The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6,000 . In seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the Nokia Theater , which holds an audience of over 7,000 . Rewards for winner and finalists ( edit ) The winner received a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with American Idol - affiliated 19 Management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner . All the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , had also received record deals with major labels . However , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . BMG / Sony ( seasons 1 -- 9 ) and UMG ( season 10 -- 15 ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season 's finale . Starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with Big Machine Records . Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as Kelly Clarkson , Clay Aiken , Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo . All top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . Series overview and season synopses ( edit ) Main article : List of American Idol episodes Each season premiered with the audition round , taking place in different cities .",
"12": "The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists , interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants . Each successful contestant received a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood . Based on their performances during the Hollywood round ( Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onward ) , 24 to 36 contestants were selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals . From the semifinals onward the contestants performed their songs live , with the judges making their critiques after each performance . The contestants were voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes was then revealed in the results show typically on the following night . The results shows featured group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers . The Top - three results show also featured the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists . The season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show , where the winner of the season was revealed . With the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onward performed in front of a studio audience . They performed with a full band in the finals . From season four to season nine , and season thirteen onward , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten to season twelve , Ray Chew . Assistance may also have been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene . Starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward . In the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada , but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 1 ) Kelly Clarkson , season one winner The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network . It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman . In the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions . These were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . One semifinalist , Delano Cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show 's age limit .",
"13": "One of the early favorites , Tamyra Gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . The final showdown was between Justin Guarini , one of the early favorites , and Kelly Clarkson . Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's `` Natural Woman '' , and Betty Hutton 's `` Stuff Like That There '' , and eventually won the crown on September 4 , 2002 . In what was to become a tradition , Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film , From Justin to Kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . Starting September 30 , 2006 , this season was repackaged as `` American Idol Rewind '' and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 2 ) Ruben Studdard , season two winner Following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in January 2003 . The number of episodes increased , as did the show 's budget and the charge for commercial spots . Dunkleman left the show , leaving Seacrest as the lone host . Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season .",
"14": "Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation . Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin . Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken . This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . In an interview prior to season five , executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out - performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases . The fourth - place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 3 ) Fantasia Barrino , season three winner Season three premiered on January 19 , 2004 . One of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off - key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention . His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas . All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with Hudson controversially eliminated . Elton John , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes `` incredibly racist '' .",
"15": "The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . The performance of `` Summertime '' by Barrino , later known simply as `` Fantasia '' , at Top 8 was widely praised , and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists , and Fantasia was crowned as the winner . Fantasia released as her coronation single `` I Believe '' , a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray , and DeGarmo released `` Dreams '' . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 4 ) Carrie Underwood , season four winner Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season . The age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice , the two rockers of the show . The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith . Later , an employee of Freemantle Media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show . During the top 11 week , due to a mix - up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night . In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner - up . Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song `` Inside Your Heaven '' , with Underwood 's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .",
"16": "As of 2015 , Underwood has become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S. , selling 16 million albums in the country , while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 5 ) Taylor Hicks , season five winner Season five began on January 17 , 2006 . It remains the highest - rated season in the show 's run so far . Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined . His performance of Live 's version of `` I Walk the Line '' was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live . He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . On May 30 , 2006 , Taylor Hicks was named American Idol , with Katharine McPhee the runner - up . `` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' . Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry ( as lead of the band Daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . Other contestants , such as Hicks , McPhee , Bucky Covington , Mandisa , Kellie Pickler , and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 6 ) Jordin Sparks , season six winner Season six began on Tuesday , January 16 , 2007 . The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . However , on April 18 , Sanjaya was voted off .",
"17": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations . No contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson ) were eliminated the next . Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three . In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being Blake Lewis . Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol . This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the `` coronation song '' . Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 7 ) David Cook , season seven winner Season seven premiered on January 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including Kristy Lee Cook , Brooke White , Michael Johns , and in particular Carly Smithson , had prior recording contracts . Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . For the finals , American Idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on March 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version . Cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised David Cook 's performance . David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . David Archuleta 's performance of John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' was considered by many as one of the best of the season . Jennifer Lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget .",
"18": "Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . This was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts . Idol Gives Back returned on April 9 , 2008 , and raised $64 million for charity . The finalists were Cook and Archuleta . David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S. The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season . From ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the `` coronation song '' . The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 8 ) Kris Allen , season eight winner Season eight premiered on January 13 , 2009 . Mike Darnell , the president of alternative programming for Fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . In the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , Kara DioGuardi , was introduced . This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance . The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . A new feature introduced was the `` Judges ' Save '' , and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . The next week , Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated .",
"19": "The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . It was claimed , and then later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in Arkansas . Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi . This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 9 ) Lee DeWyze , season nine winner Season nine premiered on January 12 , 2010 . The upheaval at the judging panel continued . Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week . One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of `` Pants on the Ground '' became a viral hit song . Crystal Bowersox , who has Type - I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save . The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated . That week , Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first Idol alum to do so . Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21 , 2010 , and raised $45 million . A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . Many figures from the show 's past , including Paula Abdul , made an appearance . The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox . DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale .",
"20": "No new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' , and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's `` Up to the Mountain '' . This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 10 ) Scotty McCreery , season ten winner Season ten of the series premiered on January 19 , 2011 . Many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell ( who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor ) , Kara DioGuardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer . Jimmy Iovine , chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group , the new partner of American Idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé , will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in . Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via Myspace . Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancée received widespread coverage . Medina was cut in the Top 40 round . Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show . The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . In the following week , Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week . Pia Toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants , as well as actor Tom Hanks . The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery , both teenage country singers .",
"21": "McCreery won the competition on May 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol . McCreery released his first single , `` I Love You This Big '' , as his coronation song , and Alaina released `` Like My Mother Does '' . McCreery 's debut album , Clear as Day , became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard 's Soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 11 ) Phillip Phillips , season eleven winner Season 11 premiered on January 18 , 2012 . On February 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 , and that was Jermaine Jones . However , on March 14 , Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . The following week , unlike previous seasons , Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home . Sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . Phillips became the winner , beating Sanchez . Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner - up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted . Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' . Phillips ' `` Home '' has since become the best selling of all coronation songs .",
"22": "Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 12 ) Candice Glover , season twelve winner Season 12 premiered on January 16 , 2013 . Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons . This season 's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson , along with Mariah Carey , Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj . This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ . The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated . For the first time in the show 's history , the top 5 contestants were all female . It was also the first time that the judges ' `` save '' was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . 23 - year - old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner - up spot . Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks . Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show . Glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . Towards the end of the season , Randy Jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on January 15 , 2014 . Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned , though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season . Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr. joined Urban on the panel .",
"23": "Also , Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens , Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger . Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show . This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . In the Top 8 , Sam Woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night . Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner - up . Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 14 ) Nick Fradiani , season fourteen winner The fourteenth season premiered on January 7 , 2015 . Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . Eighth season runner - up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions . Randy Jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . Coca - Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role . The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records . Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham . By winning , Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region . Fradiani released `` Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released `` Champion '' . Jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called `` Forcefield '' . Season 15 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 15 ) Fox announced on May 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol ; as such , the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program 's alumni . Ryan Seacrest returned as host , with Harry Connick Jr. , Keith Urban , and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges .",
"24": "The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years . During the finale episode , President Barack Obama praised the millions of young people that voted for contestants and pitched that they vote in the upcoming election . The farewell season concluded on April 7 , 2016 . Seacrest signed off by saying : `` And one more time -- this is so tough -- we say to you from Hollywood , goodnight America '' , and then he added , `` for now . '' Trent Harmon won the season against runner - up La'Porsha Renae . Harmon released `` Falling '' co-written by Keith Urban as his coronation song . Renae 's `` Battles '' , third - place finisher Dalton Rapattoni 's `` Strike A Match '' and fourth - place finisher MacKenzie Bourg 's `` Roses '' were also released as singles . Season 16 : ABC revival ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 16 ) In early 2017 , Variety reported that Fremantle Media was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network , Fox . A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans . Then , in May 2017 , it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program . Later , ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On May 16 , Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan , that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season . On September 24 , 2017 , Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season . On September 29 , 2017 , Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced . On November 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11 , 2018 . Idol Gives Back ( edit ) Main article : Idol Gives Back Idol Gives Back was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total .",
"25": "Reception ( edit ) U.S. television ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of American Idol . It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest - rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive ( and total ) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall . Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Network Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Fox June 11 , 2002 9.85 Final Performances : September 3 , 2002 18.69 2002 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( performance ) 12.07 30 Season Finale : September 4 , 2002 23.02 Wednesday 9 : 30 pm ( results ) 11.75 25 January 21 , 2003 26.50 Final Performances : May 20 , 2003 25.67 2002 -- 03 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.03 Season Finale : May 21 , 2003 38.06 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( results ) 19.63 7 January 19 , 2004 28.96 Final Performances : May 25 , 2004 25.13 2003 -- 04 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 25.73 Season Finale : May 26 , 2004 28.84 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( results ) 24.31 January 18 , 2005 33.58 Final Performances : May 24 , 2005 28.05 2004 -- 05 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 27.32 Season Finale : May 25 , 2005 30.",
"26": "27 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 26.07 5 January 17 , 2006 35.53 Final Performances : May 23 , 2006 31.78 2005 -- 06 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 31.17 Season Finale : May 24 , 2006 36.38 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 30.16 6 January 16 , 2007 37.44 Final Performances : May 22 , 2007 25.33 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 30.11 Season Finale : May 23 , 2007 30.76 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 30.58 7 January 15 , 2008 33.48 Final Performances : May 20 , 2008 27.06 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 28.80 Season Finale : May 21 , 2008 31.66 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 27.81 8 January 13 , 2009 30.45 Final Performances : May 19 , 2009 23.82 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 26.25 Season Finale : May 20 , 2009 28.84 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 26.77 9 January 12 , 2010 29.95 Final Performances : May 25 , 2010 20.07 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 22.97 Season Finale : May 26 , 2010 24.22 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 21.95 10 January 19 , 2011 26.23 Final Performances : May 24 , 2011 ( Tues ) 20.",
"27": "57 2010 -- 11 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 25.97 Season Finale : May 25 , 2011 ( Wed ) 29.29 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 23.87 11 January 18 , 2012 21.93 Final Performances : May 22 , 2012 ( Tues ) 14.85 2011 -- 12 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.81 Season Finale : May 23 , 2012 ( Wed ) 21.49 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 18.33 12 January 16 , 2013 17.93 Final Performances : May 15 , 2013 12.11 2012 -- 13 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 15.04 7 Season Finale : May 16 , 2013 14.31 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 14.65 9 13 January 15 , 2014 15.19 Final Performances : May 20 , 2014 ( Tues ) 6.76 2013 -- 14 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 11.94 17 Season Finale : May 21 , 2014 ( Wed ) 10.53 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 11.43 22 14 January 7 , 2015 11.20 Final Performances : May 12 , 2015 ( Tues ) 5.55 2014 -- 15 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 10.31 41 Season Finale : May 13 , 2015 ( Wed ) 8.03 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( until March 12 ) 11.55 28 15 January 6 , 2016 10.96 Final Performances : April 6 , 2016 9.",
"28": "70 2015 -- 16 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( until February 24 ) 11.52 19 Season Finale : April 7 , 2016 13.30 Thursday 8 : 00 pm 11.13 23 ABC 16 March 11 , 2018 10.48 Final Performances : May 20 , 2018 N / A 2017 -- 18 Sunday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : May 21 , 2018 N / A Monday 8 : 00 pm ( until April 23 ) American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . The first show drew 9.9 million viewers , giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year . The audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . That episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the in 18 -- 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . The growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million . The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group . The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest - rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour . By season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 -- 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . By season four , American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time , with an average viewership of 26.8 million . The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . Season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol .",
"29": "During this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as NBC 's The Cosby Show . The show was dubbed `` the Death Star '' , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . However , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second - highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . The loss of viewers continued into season seven . The premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated Wednesday show among the 18 -- 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . However , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network . Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 -- 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . In season nine , Idol 's six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million . Nevertheless , American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS ' All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show .",
"30": "In season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 -- 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 -- 49 demo compared to season nine . Later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale -- up 12 % for the adults 18 -- 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season . The demographics also became `` whiter '' over time and less diverse . Nevertheless , in the 2010 -- 11 television season , Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 -- 49 demographic ratings in the United States . Season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor . The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 -- 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 -- 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo , while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 -- 49 demo . The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003 , a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo . For the first time in eight years , American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo , coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football , although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday - Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18 -- 49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 . The loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 -- 49 demo . The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 -- 49 demo .",
"31": "The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 -- 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 -- 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , and never regained its Top 10 position by the series ' end in 2016 . The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of Coca - Cola as the show 's major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . On May 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth - season finale , Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last . Despite these changes , the show 's ratings would decline more sharply . The fourteenth - season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale . The show 's ratings , however , rebounded in its final season , and ended its run in 2016 as Fox 's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons . Critical reception ( edit ) Early reviews were mixed in their assessment . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that `` As TV , American Idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it 's dust - mote inconsequential '' . Others , however , thought that `` the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed '' . It was also described as a `` sadistic musical bake - off '' , and `` a romp in humiliation '' . Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . The product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations -- Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune charged that American Idol is `` a conniving multimedia monster '' that has `` absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil '' .",
"32": "The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that `` The terrorists have won '' and , with a sideswipe at the show 's commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who `` gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' Great American Idol Marketing Mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit . Them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to Fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . '' Some of the later writers about the show were more positive , Michael Slezak , again of Entertainment Weekly , thought that `` for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , Idol provides a once - a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today 's music business . '' Singer Sheryl Crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show `` undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism '' . Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has `` reshaped the American songbook '' , `` led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture '' , and connects `` the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . '' Others focused on the personalities in the show ; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that `` Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . '' Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self - respect . Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show .",
"33": "Usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the `` true art form of music '' , thought that shows like American Idol made it seem `` so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight '' , and that `` television is a lie '' . Musician Michael Feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that American Idol `` is n't really about music . It 's about all the bad aspects of the music business -- the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' I know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves do n't know . ' '' That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' . It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . Elton John , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that `` there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs '' . American Idol revolutionized American pop culture and the pop idol process and has provided an opportunity for many to bypass the small club scene and allow a much larger audience to participate in and select the next potential chart topping performer . The success of the show 's alumni , however , has led to a more positive assessment of the show , and the show was described as having `` proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records '' . While the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format . According to a CMT exec , reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre , `` if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV , Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone '' , and that country music and Idol `` go together well '' . American Idol was nominated for the Emmy 's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won .",
"34": "Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety , Music Or Comedy Series in 2009 , and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition . It won the People 's Choice Award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . It won the first Critics ' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . Geographical , ethnic , and gender bias ( edit ) Throughout the series , eleven of the fifteen Idol winners , including its first five , had come from the Southern United States . A large number of other finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina . In 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States . The show itself was popular in the Southern United States , with households in the Southeastern United States 10 % more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the East Central region , such as Kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . Data from Nielsen SoundScan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South . Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the Southern U.S.",
"35": "is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the Bible Belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South , as well as local pride . According to season five winner Taylor Hicks , who is from the state of Alabama , `` People in the South have a lot of pride ... So , they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . '' For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor . Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... who 's the nicest guy in a popularity contest '' , he says , `` And that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . '' Controversy ( edit ) Main article : American Idol controversies The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career , and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management . Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions , or for being ' ringers ' planted by the producers . A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons , such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records , although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others . Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy .",
"36": "Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . Since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol , and Vote for the Worst . Cultural impact ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for the Fox Broadcasting Company . American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s , and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade , from 2003 to 2012 , breaking records on U.S. television ( dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades ) . The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18 -- 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones , and Idol , for years , had become Fox 's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as Glee and New Girl . The show , its creator Simon Fuller claimed , `` saved Fox '' . The show 's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing - competition shows , such as Rock Star , Nashville Star , The Voice , Rising Star , The Sing - Off , and The X Factor . The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016 . Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance , most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television . Music ( edit ) Main articles : American Idol alumni album sales and American Idol alumni single sales As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history , American Idol had a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment .",
"37": "It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists , such as Kelly Clarkson , Daughtry and Carrie Underwood , as well as others of varying notability . The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016 , with Carrie Underwood winning seven . Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first 10 years , and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016 , with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone . According to Fred Bronson , author of books on the Billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . In 2007 , American Idol alums accounted for 2.1 % of all music sales . Its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , American Idol had become `` a dominant force in radio '' according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer . By 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . At the end of the show 's run , Idol 's contestants have sold more than 60 million albums in the US , resulting in more than 80 Platinum records and 95 Gold records . Its participants have generated more than 450 Billboard No. 1 hits and sold more than 260 million digital downloads . Film and theater ( edit ) Main article : American Idol alumni in film , television and theater The impact of American Idol was also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers . The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on . The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance . Revenue and commercial ventures ( edit ) The American Idol Experience marquee sign The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years .",
"38": "The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . By season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion . Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . Other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature `` Idol '' branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience . Advertising revenue ( edit ) American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $700,000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale . Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000 . Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six . While that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons . However , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . By 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $300,000 . For the relaunched Idol on ABC , it has been reported that a 30 - second spot may cost between $120,000 -- $160,000 . Media sponsorship ( edit ) Ford Motor Company and Coca - Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season . The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one , rising to $35 million by season 7 , and between $50 to $60 million in season 10 .",
"39": "The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and Coca - Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s . iTunes sponsored the show since season seven . American Idol prominent display of its sponsors ' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons . By season six , Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research . The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers -- promotion of AT&T text - messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture , and Coca - Cola has seen its equity increased during the show . Coca - Cola -- Cups bearing logo of Coca - Cola , and occasionally its subsidiary Vitaminwater , are featured prominently on the judges table . Contestants are shown between songs held in the `` Coca - Cola Red Room '' , the show 's equivalent of the green room . ( The Coca - Cola logo however is obscured during rebroadcast in the UK which until 2011 banned product placement . ) Ford -- Contestants appear in the special Ford videos on the results shows , and winners Kelly Clarkson , Taylor Hicks , and Kris Allen have also appeared in commercials for Ford . The final two each won a free Ford Mustang in seasons four , five and six , Ford Escape Hybrid in season seven , Ford Fusion Hybrid in season eight , Ford Fiesta in season nine , and 2013 Ford Fusion in season eleven . In season ten Scotty McCreery chose a Ford F - 150 and Lauren Alaina chose Shelby Mustang . In the red room , there is a glass table with a Ford wheel as its base . AT&T -- AT&T Mobility is promoted as the service provider for text - voting . AT&T created an ad campaign that centered on an air - headed teenager going around telling people to vote . Apple iTunes -- Ryan Seacrest announces the availability of contestants ' performances exclusively via iTunes . Videos are regularly shown of contestants learning their songs by rehearsing with iPods . Previous sponsors include Old Navy and Clairol 's Herbal Essences . In seasons two and three , contestants sometimes donned Old Navy clothing for their performances with celebrity stylist Steven Cojocaru assisting with their wardrobe selection , and contestants received Clairol - guided hair makeovers .",
"40": "In the season seven finale , both David Cook and David Archuleta appeared in `` Risky Business '' - inspired commercials for Guitar Hero , a sponsor of the tour that year . Coca - Cola 's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show 's start . What the Los Angeles Times later called `` missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation '' contributed to Pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States . PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell 's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation . Season 10 American Idol tour , Scotty McCreery performing with Thia Megia , Haley Reinhart and Pia Toscano American Idol tour ( edit ) The top ten ( eleven in the tenth season and five in the fourteenth season ) toured at the end of every season except for the final season . In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . Kellogg 's Pop - Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour . M&M 's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million . However no concert tour was organized after the last season , the only season not to have an associated tour . Music releases ( edit ) Main articles : American Idol compilation series and American Idol Hot 100 singles American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner 's coronation single for sale . For the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . Starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the American Idol official website only . In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor . In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night .",
"41": "19 Recordings , a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records , Arista Records , J Records , Jive Records . In 2005 -- 2007 , BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment . From 2008 to 2010 , Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG . Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music , and In 2010 , Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG 's Interscope - Geffen - A&M Records . Tie - ins ( edit ) American Idol video games American Idol -- PlayStation 2 , PC , Game Boy Advance , mobile phone Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol -- PlayStation 2 Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore -- PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2 -- PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Theme park attraction ( edit ) Main article : The American Idol Experience On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . In this live production , co-produced by 19 Entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members . Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the Idol set . Three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges , critiqued the performances . Audience members then voted for their favorite performer . There were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a `` finals '' show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . The winner of the finals show received a `` Dream Ticket '' that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future American Idol audition . The attraction closed on August 30 , 2014 . American Idol Experience stage Other broadcasts ( edit ) American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States .",
"42": "In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . In Canada , the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and / or CTV Two , in simulcast with Fox . CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014 , Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season . In 2017 , it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season . In Latin America , the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television . In southeast Asia , it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after . In Philippines , it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast ; from 2004 to 2007 on ABC 5 ; 2008 -- 11 on QTV , then GMA News TV ; and since 2012 on ETC . On Philippine television history . In Australia , it aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast . It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2008 and then again in 2013 . Between 2008 and 2012 it aired on Fox8 and from season 13 to 14 ( 2014 -- 15 ) it aired on digital channel , Eleven , a sister channel to Network Ten . Its final season ( 2016 ) aired on Fox8 hours after the original U.S. broadcast . The show enjoyed a lot of popularity in Australia throughout the 2000s before declining in the ratings . In the United Kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2 . As of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast . In Brazil and Israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . In the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . In Italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by La3 .",
"43": "Spin - offs ( edit ) American Juniors American Idol Rewind American Idol Extra The Next Great American Band From Justin to Kelly An American Idol Christmas Idol Camp Idol Wrap See also ( edit ) List of American Idol finalists List of awards and nominations for American Idol contestants References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC officially revives American Idol , chides Fox for canceling '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Official : J. Lo and Harry Connick Jr. join ' American Idol ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved September 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Doris Baltruschat ( 2010 ) . Global Media Ecologies : Networked Production in Film and Television . Routledge . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0415874786 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` For Fox 's Rivals , ' American Idol ' Remains a ' Schoolyard Bully ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years of ' American Idol ' Chart Dominance : Clarkson , Underwood , Daughtry , Fantasia , More '' . Billboard . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 -- 11 Ratings : CBS Tops Viewership , Fox Is No. 1 in Demo and Idol Remains Most - Watched '' . TV Guide . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Armstrong ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nice work for Nasty Nigel Lythgoe '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Simon ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Simon Fuller on how ' Idol ' began '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ `` Pop Idol audience reaches 10 million '' . BBC News . January 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Carter ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` How a Hit Almost Failed Its Own Audition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Masked Scheduler on ' American Idol , ' part 1 : The origin story '' . TV by the Number . March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US starts Pop Idol search '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Watching TV : six decades of American television By Harry Castleman , Walter J. Podrazik Jump up ^ `` The Masked Scheduler on ' American Idol , ' part 2 : Managing a megahit '' . TV by the Numbers . March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 reasons ' American Idol ' may go on nearly forever -- or not '' . USA Today . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Masked Scheduler on ' American Idol , ' part 4 : The decline and end of the FOX run '' . TV by the Numbers . March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol Renewed For Final Season '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Return Set On ABC For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stryker Strikes Out : The Man Who Was Supposed To Be The Fourth ' Idol ' Judge '' . New.music.yahoo.com . January 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 31 , 2002 ) .",
"45": "`` Sitting ' Idol ' TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Sep 3 Kara DioGuardi not returning to ' American Idol ' : It 's ( finally ) official '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Abdul ends her ' Idol ' era '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres is out as ' American Idol ' judge '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell to leave American Idol '' . BBC News . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Adds Jennifer Lopez , Steven Tyler As Judges '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Tyler 's ' Idol ' Departure Influenced Jennifer Lopez 's Own Exit '' . Rolling Stone . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' announces judges : Keith Urban , Nicki Minaj confirmed '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Hyde and Greg Botelhon ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' to get makeover with exits of Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Marc Malkin ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Randy Jackson : I 'm Leaving American Idol '' . E Online .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Jimmy Iovine Out Of ' American Idol ' , Randy Jackson Poised To Replace Him As Mentor Deadline , Retrieved August 23 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : James Hibberd ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : ALL the judges returning for season 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Renewed For Final Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melas , Chloe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is your next American Idol judge '' . CNN . United States : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luke Bryan to Become New ' American Idol ' Judge '' . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan to join American Idol as judges '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim . `` ' American Idol : The Untold Story ' Book Author Richard Rushfield Talks Past ' Idol ' Scandals , Backstage Divas and Season 10 '' . TV Squad . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana . `` Ryan Seacrest returns to American Idol for ABC reboot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 10 Audition Rules '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 4 rules '' . Web.archive.org. April 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Rituals of American Idol Auditions Exposed '' . Thedailybeast.com . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol FAQS '' .",
"47": "Americanidol.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T Wireless and American Idol Set Global Records in Text Messaging ; AT&T Wireless '' . Business Wire . June 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T Announces the Eighth Season of ' American Idol ' Smashes All - Time Record for Fan Engagement through Text Messaging '' . Att.com . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harvesting cash from American Idol TV votes '' . Evening Standard . London . July 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxine Shen ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Adam Really Was in the Bottom 3 '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Contestants -- No Shtupping the Judges '' . Tmz.com . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Idol ' Winners : Not Just Fame but Big Bucks '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Anthony McCartney ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` New ' American Idol ' contract allows for lower payouts , no album guarantees for runners - up '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of being on ' American Idol ' '' . Bankrate.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Christian Voted Off ' American Idol ' While Hospitalized '' . Popdirt.com . August 8 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teen Idol 's Dream . The Advocate . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( January 18 , 2011 ) .",
"48": "`` Fun With Facts : Things You Did n't Know About ' American Idol ' But Were Too Glued To Your TV Set To Ask '' . Yahoo Music Blogs : Reality Rocks . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 ' American Idol ' Hits of All Time '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Moves Past Kelly Clarkson In Top US Album Sales By An American Idol Artist '' . Top40.about.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ EXTRA ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` ' American Idol ' '' . Jump up ^ `` After probe , Paula Abdul to remain on ' Idol ' '' . Today . Associated Press . August 24 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Corey ( February 4 , 2004 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Steps Up Screening Process For Contestants '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Starr Seibel ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` American Idol Outrage : Your Vote Does n't Count '' . Jump up ^ Logan Martin ( January 17 , 2006 ) . `` '' It 's Going to be a Very Strong Season , I Think `` : An Interview with American Idol Producer Nigel Lythgoe '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust , Jillian Mapes , Kevin Rutherford ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Top 24 ' American Idols ' Of All - Time '' . Billboard . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 24 American Idols of All Time '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz over Jennifer Hudson 's ouster from ' American Idol 3 ' continues '' . Realitytvworld.com. April 26 , 2004 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 .",
"49": "Jump up ^ `` Elton John Says ' American Idol ' Vote Is ' Racist ' '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2004 . Retrieved April 29 , 2004 . , Reuters via Yahoo.com , 2004 - 04 - 28 , Retrieved on March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Simon Kept Me in My Place `` : An Interview with John Stevens '' . Foxesonidol.com. April 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell 's Favorite ' Idol ' Moment '' . Extratv.warnerbros.com . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` Mario Vazquez Quits ' Idol ' -- ' It Was n't Right For Me ' Favored finalist drops out ' to focus on personal things . ' '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' A.I. '' Contestant Accused of `` Masturbating '' in Suit `` . Tmz.com . December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood 's ' Inside Your Heaven ' Debuts as Best Selling Song in the Nation and Breaks Chart History '' . PRNewswire . June 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Rewinding the Country Charts : 10 Years Ago , Carrie Underwood Motored to Her First No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : 10 Best Carrie Underwood Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Disqualified Brittenum twins return for ' American Idol 7 ' auditions '' . Realitytvworld.com . August 17 , 2007 .",
"50": "Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Daughtry gets job offer from Fuel '' . USA Today . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Did ' Idol ' Contender Daughtry Go Over The Line With ' Walk The Line ' Cover ? '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV Singing Shows Fail To Create Stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Idol ' Death Star Returns -- Premiere ratings build on last year 's ginormous numbers '' . tv.zap2it.com . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sanjaya on ' Idol ' rocks a faux - hawk '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buh - Bye - Ya , Sanjaya ! '' . Us Weekly . April 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol 's `` Idol Gives Back '' charity special raises $45 million `` . Realitytvworld.com. April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Natalie Finn ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Jordin Sparks Idol Finale '' . E Online . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol Controversy : The Ringers of Season 7 '' . Buddytv.com . January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Idol : Smithson 's Secret Past '' . New.music.yahoo.com . February 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Producer OKs David Hernandez 's Stripper Past ; Show Keeps Mum On Danny Noriega Video '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Chris Cornell defends ' Idol ' contender David Cook '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Contestant David Cook Reportedly Rushed To Hospital After Show '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez says new ' Idol ' judges are ' more collaborative ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley 's ' Hallelujah ' Becomes America 's Number One Digital Song '' . PRNewswire . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Cook -- `` Billie Jean '' -- # 1 Song on iTunes `` . Rickey.org . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , Courtney ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Idol 's ' emotional focus will highlight Abdul '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lythgoe Leaving ' American Idol ' Retrieved on May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kris Allen 's home state cast 38 million ' American Idol ' votes '' . Realitytvworld.com . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conway reacts to Kris ' win '' . Fox16.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 .",
"52": "^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` '' Idol '' producers stand by outcome `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barrie Gunter . I Want to Change My Life : Can Reality TV Competition Shows Trigger Lasting Career Success ? . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9781443864749 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Pants On The Ground video : American Idol 's General Larry Platt is overnight star '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Bowersox : Her First Interview on Diabetes '' . Diabetesmine.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grady Smith ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Crystal Bowersox , Lee DeWyze both dropped by their record label : For ' Idol ' , what a difference a year makes '' . EW . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Accepting Online Auditions This Season '' . Popeater.com . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Medina 's ' American Idol ' Story Recalls Danny Gokey 's '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Us Weekly ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson , Tom Hanks Outraged Over Pia Toscano 's ' Idol ' Elimination Rolling Stone Culture '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol 's ' Scotty McCreery Makes History at No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin O'Donnell ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jermaine Jones : I Did n't Know I Broke American Idol 's Rules '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Bad Kidneys Wo n't Keep Me Off Show '' . TMZ . March 16 , 2012 .",
"53": "Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Surgery wo n't affect Idols tour , Phillips says '' . USA Today . Idol Chatter . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marisa Laudadio ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Phillip Phillips Reveals Details of Year - Long Kidney Crisis '' . People.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillip Phillips ' Idol Record '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Annie Barrett ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Nicki Minaj - Mariah Carey brawl sparked by disagreement over ' country thing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Parker ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Ways ' American Idol ' is Trying to Win You Back '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ `` Louis J. Horvitz To Direct ' American Idol ' This Season '' . Deadline . December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` American Idol ' Celebrates 500th Episode : The Highs and Lows of 13 Seasons '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` American Idol season finale recap : We Just Rocked You '' . Jake Perlman . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : A New Low For ' American Idol ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ Randy Jackson exiting ' American Idol ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved November 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' American Idol ' Season 14 -- One Night a Week Starting Top 10 -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Ends Sponsorship Of ' American Idol ' '' .",
"54": "Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller and Shirley Halperin ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Final Season To Be Four Weeks Shorter Than Last '' . Billboard . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ McKenzie , Joi - Marie ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest Explains Mysterious ' American Idol ' Sign - Off on Series Finale '' . ABC . Jump up ^ Esposito , Jennifer . `` Trent Harmon 's ' Falling ' Written By Keith Urban Will Heat Up Country Radio If He Wins American Idol '' . The Inquistr . Jump up ^ `` Dalton Rapattoni 's `` Strike A Match '' Now Leading Trent , La'Porsha Singles on iTunes Sales Chart `` . Headline Planet . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacKenzie Bourg 's `` Roses '' Reached Top 5 on iTunes Sales Chart ; Trent 's `` Falling '' Now # 4 `` . Headline Planet . July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` NBC in Talk to Revive `` American Idol '' `` . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica . `` American Idol : Revival Reportedly Not Moving Forward '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Reboot Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Officially Returning at ABC '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel , ' American Idol ' : ABC Confirms Plan to Revive Talent Competition Series , Variety , May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` Ryan Seacrest Returns To Host ABC 's ' American Idol ' ; Keeps ' Kelly & Ryan ' Gig '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Date Revealed '' . Variety .",
"55": "Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Return Of ' American Idol ' : Money Never Dies '' . Forbes . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ratings rat race '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Simon 's Final American Idol Down 18 % ; Lowest - Rated Idol Finale '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Idol does not have a ranking for the 2001 -- 2002 season because it aired in the summer of 2002 . If it had aired within the official 2001 -- 2002 U.S. television season , the Wednesday results show would have ranked number 25 and the Tuesday performance show would have ranked number 30 , assuming it would have had the same rating as it did in the summer . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most - Watched TV Programs in 2002 -- 03 '' . Blog.newsok.com . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Groups '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2004 television season '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2005 television season '' . Web.archive.org . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 .",
"56": "Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2006 television season '' . Web.archive.org . May 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Wrapup : CBS and Fox Win , Again '' . Zap2it.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Nielsen Ratings : Weekly Top 20 , David vs. David Finale Scores Big for FOX '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nine of the top 20 shows in 2007 -- 2008 were reality ; Idol 's performance show takes # 1 '' . Realityblurred.com . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Another American Idol Finale Shocker : Not the Lowest Rated ! '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 .",
"57": "Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` tvbythenumbers Jan 25 , 2011 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Season 's Final Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 11 Season Series Rankers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) .",
"58": "`` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Giants - 49ers , ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 18 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' Tops Week 36 Viewing ; ' Modern Family ' is Number One Scripted Program '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 -- 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 34 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 , ' NCIS ' on Top With Total Viewers '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' .",
"59": "TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Ratings Total Audience 2013 -- 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa de Moraes. `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa de Moraes . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` SHOWATCH '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Pop Idol proves ratings hit '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Carter ; Stuart Elliott ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Success of ' American Idol ' To Spawn Many Copycats '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ruben Studdard becomes second ' American Idol ' winner by razor - thin margin '' . Realitytvworld.com . May 22 , 2003 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's sixth season finale averages over 30 million viewers '' . Realitytvworld.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' returns with big plans , deals '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Ominous signs for American Idol '' .",
"61": "LA Times.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouder , David ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Fox wins TV season on strong ' Idol ' finish '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` '' Idol '' tries to keep viewers guessing `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Krukowski , Andrew . `` May Sweeps Sees Record Low Ratings '' . Tvweek.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Idol strong , retains almost 100 % of night one audience '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` NBC 's Winter Olympic coverage breaks ' American Idol 's ratings streak '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven . `` Even in decline , ' Idol ' is TV 's No. 1 show '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings Wednesday : ' American Idol ' Finale Up , Buries Competition ; ABC 's Finales Down vs. Last Year '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ; Vega , Tanzina ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` In Shift , Ads Try to Entice Over-55 Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Masked Scheduler on ' American Idol , ' part 3 : How research and scheduling shaped the show '' . TV by the Numbers . March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' Grapples With Its Own Competition '' .",
"62": "The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' drops again : How low will the ratings go ? '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Finale Down 44 % From Last Year '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hollie McKay ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' at a crossroads : Next season to bring fresh judges , many changes '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Fox Faces Challenge to Make ' American Idol ' Sing '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In season 14 , ' American Idol ' hoping to bounce back '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( July 4 , 2002 ) . `` American Idol 2002 -- 2002 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carina Chocano ( September 4 , 2002 ) . `` How to make an `` American Idol '' `` . Salon.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dan Jewel ( June 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' so needlessly cruel '' . Medialife magazine . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` American Idol : The Search for a Superstar '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Convergence culture : where old and new media collide Buying into American Idol by Henry Jenkins Jump up ^ `` September 11 : ' American Idol ' Seizes the Day '' . The Washington Post . September 4 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Slezak ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Worshiping at the ' Idol ' Church '' .",
"63": "The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Does n't get American Idol '' . Buddytv.com . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ann Powers ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The End Of ' Idol ' : There Are No More Songs Left To Be Sung '' . NPR . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` It 's a Cruel , Cruel World '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` False Idol '' . Ew.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Angus Batey ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Usher : ' The fans want my soul ' '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( August 15 , 2005 ) . `` What price ' Idol ' fame ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Says Carrie Underwood ' Has Not Paid Her Dues ' To Deserve Country Music Award '' . Starpulse.com . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Sir Elton John claims today 's music all sounds the same '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Centellas , Miguel . `` Pop Culture in the Classroom : American Idol , Karl Marx , and Alexis de Tocqueville '' . PS : Political Science & Politics . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' music cred growing '' . MSNBC .",
"64": "Associated Press . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Stark ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and Its Deep Impact On The Country Format '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Sophie A. Schillaci , Michele Amabile Angermiller ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` CMT Execs on Why ' American Idol ' Rules Country and How the Industry is ' Divided ' on Reality Show Success '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Why ' American Idol ' Gets Snubbed by the Emmys ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . PeoplesChoice.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Choice TV Awards : ' American Idol , ' Jim Parsons , Tina Fey Win '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Downey ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Year after year , ' Idol ' has a Southern accent '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodney Ho ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest signs on to continue as ' Idol ' host ; most of the top 6 have Southern ties '' . blogs.ajc.com . Cox Newspapers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neely Tucker ( April 18 , 2006 ) . `` Who Put The Y'all In ' Idol ' ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Harry J Enten ( May 25 , 2012 ) .",
"65": "`` American Idol : why do southerners always seem to win ? '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the South on ' American Idol ' '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' American Idol '' Expert Says Jessica Sanchez Ca n't Win `` . ABC . ABC News . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slaves of Celebrity '' . Salon.com . September 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerensky , Lauren ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` WWealth does n't trickle down to ' Idol ' talent '' . MSNBC . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Fuller : ' American Idol ' Svengali '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . January 20 , 2004 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Idol 's Most Notorious '' . Comcast.net . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 7 Comments By Amy Bonawitz ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Frenchie Davis : `` Idol '' Double Standard ? `` . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` Uncalled For '' . Ew.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two Simons '' . Financial Times . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La , Paul R. ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` ' Idol ' fatigue ? Think again '' . CNN . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 .",
"66": "Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` FOX Sets New Broadcast Industry Record With 8th Consecutive Season Victory Among Adults 18 -- 49 -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` ' American Idol ' zooms from hit show to massive business '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Imitators Find Success As Elusive As A Rave From Simon '' . Mtv . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Rackl ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Still on top , ' American Idol ' honchos rib their rivals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Emily Yahr ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` You may scoff at ' American Idol ' now , but it changed pop culture forever '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Pop culture sings an ` American Idol ' tune : Hit TV show 's influence is embedded , lucrative '' . Startribune.com . March 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` The money tree '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` You may scoff at ' American Idol ' now , but it changed pop culture forever '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jaffer , Murtz ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' pulls off surprises even as it crowns last - ever winner '' . the Star . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Complete List of ' American Idol ' Winners : Where Are They Now ? '' . E Online .",
"67": "Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Makes History as First ' American Idol ' Contestant With 100 Billboard No. 1s '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Chart Achievements '' . Americanidol.com . December 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Nielsen report shows the ' American Idol ' impact on music sales '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Has Massive Impact on Radio Airplay '' . California : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 24 ' American Idols ' Of All - Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol to Receive 2016 Governors Award '' . Jump up ^ `` Can ' American Idol ' Stars Save Broadway '' . Popeater.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Brantley ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` How Broadway Lost Its Voice to ' American Idol ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Talk with Idol vocal coach '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 10 , 2009 ) . `` Despite Lower Ratings , Cash Flow Rises for ' Idol '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ethan ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Blunt but Popular Simon Cowell Will Bow Out of ' American Idol ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Riches '' . Portfolio.com . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brands Take The ' American Idol ' Stage '' . Billboard.biz .",
"68": "May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idol 's big three sponsors paid $35 million each for their brand integration '' . Realityblurred . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Charges Most for Ads '' . The New York Times . September 28 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Spots Going For A Song ( Plus $700,000 ) '' . Adweek.com . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Bucky , Hello Big Bucks ! ' Idol ' Ad Sales $ oar '' . Abcnews.go.com. April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Can ' Idol ' Survive Without Its X Factor , Simon Cowell ? '' . Adage.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` An ' Idol ' Ratings Loss , but Not in Its Pocketbook '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Even in decline , ' American Idol ' ca n't be bought for a song '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ad Prices : ' Idol ' No Match for Football '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller and Shirley Halperin ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol ' Final Season To Be Four Weeks Shorter Than Last '' . Billboard .",
"69": "Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Lara ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` CMO Today : Discovery - Scripps Deal Closes ; Brands Set For ' Idol ' Return ; Light Beer Marketing Face - Off '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( May 23 , 2003 ) . `` Fox Mulls How to Exploit The Mojo of ' American Idol ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Coke builds ' Harmony ' with ' Idol ' '' . Variety . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nielsen Company Measures the American Idol Phenom '' . Nielsen.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Svensson , Peter ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` Wireless Carriers Try To Hook Americans On Text Messaging '' . Crn.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lindstrom , Martin ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Why ' Idol ' Works For Coke - But Not For Ford '' . Adage.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dana Kasser ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Where Are The ' American Idol ' Coke Cups ? -- MTV.com -- February 10 , 2010 '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Torin Douglas ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Product placement ban on British TV lifted '' . BBC . UK . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Style expert Steven Cojocaru to give ' American Idol ' finalists an Old Navy makeover '' . Realitytvworld.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pepsi hopes tapping a big gun will restore market share '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 .",
"70": "Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Pulls the Plug on Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( December 23 , 2006 ) . The Year in Music and Touring 2006 . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Pulls the Plug on Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American Idol ' Season 5 Encores ' '' . California : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' drops Sony , signs with Universal Music Group for distribution deal '' . Los Angeles Times . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios tunes up for debut of American Idol Experience '' . Orlando Sentinel . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Topic Galleries -- '' . Orlandosentinel.com . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dewayne Bevil ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Closing time : Disney moves up end date for American Idol Experience '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World plans American Idol attraction '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Win Big with CTS TV this Fall ! '' . Marketing Magazine . August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say `` Yes '' to YES TV -- YES TV Set to Launch This Fall `` . CTSTV.com . Crossroads Christian Communications . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 .",
"71": "Jump up ^ `` Iconic Music Series AMERICAN IDOL Lands on CTV Two , March 11 '' . Bell Media . 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick . `` Australia 's Network Ten Confirms ' Australian Idol ' Not Returning '' . Jump up ^ `` American Idol : la 12 ° stagione su La3 '' . DTTI Digitale Terrestre . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Idol . Official website American Idol on IMDb American Idol at TV.",
"72": "com American Idol at Rotten Tomatoes American Idol Episodes on Fox TV Guide American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film ,",
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"79": "16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV -- Reality Series TRL ( 2001 ) The Osbournes ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Punk 'd ( 2004 ) American Idol ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Hills ( 2008 -- 09 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2010 ) Jersey Shore ( 2011 ) Punk 'd ( 2012 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Voice ( 2015 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2016 ) VIAF : 215800760 LCCN : no2002092134 GND : 7755665 - 3 MusicBrainz : 9c355987 - ef25 - 4f58 - 883e - 67f5dead35e7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"80": "php?title=American_Idol&oldid=838111919 '' Categories : 2000s American music television series 2002 American television series debuts 2010s American music television series 2016 American television series endings 2018 American television series debuts American Idol Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs Music competitions in the United States Nielsen ratings winners American television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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when did the anti smacking law come in nz
|
[
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{
"0": "Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 - Wikipedia Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 Jump to : navigation , search Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 New Zealand Parliament The purpose of this Act is to amend the principal Act to make better provision for children to live in a safe and secure environment free from violence by abolishing the use of parental force for the purpose of correction . Date of Royal Assent 21 May 2007 Date commenced 21 June 2007 Introduced by Sue Bradford Related legislation Crimes Act 1961 Status : Current legislation The Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( formerly the Crimes ( Abolition of Force as a Justification for Child Discipline ) Amendment Bill ) is an amendment to New Zealand 's Crimes Act 1961 which removed the legal defence of `` reasonable force '' for parents prosecuted for assault on their children . The law was introduced to the New Zealand Parliament as a private members bill by Green Party Member of Parliament Sue Bradford in 2005 , after being drawn from the ballot . It drew intense debate , both in Parliament and from the public . The bill was colloquially referred to by several of its opponents and newspapers as the `` anti-smacking bill '' . The bill was passed on its third reading on 16 May 2007 by 113 votes to eight . The Governor - General of New Zealand granted the bill Royal Assent on 21 May 2007 , and the law came into effect on 21 June 2007 . A citizens - initiated referendum on the issues surrounding the law was held between 30 July and 21 August 2009 , asking `` Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand ? '' Despite widespread criticism of the question 's wording , the referendum was returned with an 87.4 percent `` No '' vote on a turnout of 56.1 percent .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal context 2 Social context 3 Political context 4 Debate and aftermath 5 Reactions and opinions 6 Referendum proposals 6.1 2017 Election 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Legal context ( edit ) Prior to the amendment bill , Section 59 read as follows : 59 Domestic discipline ( 1 ) Every parent of a child and , subject to subsection ( 3 ) , every person in the place of the parent of a child is justified in using force by way of correction towards the child , if the force used is reasonable in the circumstances . ( 2 ) The reasonableness of the force used is a question of fact . ( 3 ) Nothing in subsection ( 1 ) justifies the use of force towards a child in contravention of section 139A of the Education Act 1989 . Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 is the enactment criminalising school corporal punishment , so the third clause prohibited teacher - parents from using force on their own children if it could be interpreted as school corporal punishment . Section 59 now reads as follows : 59 Parental control ( 1 ) Every parent of a child and every person in the place of a parent of the child is justified in using force if the force used is reasonable in the circumstances and is for the purpose of -- ( a ) preventing or minimising harm to the child or another person ; or ( b ) preventing the child from engaging or continuing to engage in conduct that amounts to a criminal offence ; or ( c ) preventing the child from engaging or continuing to engage in offensive or disruptive behaviour ; or ( d ) performing the normal daily tasks that are incidental to good care and parenting . ( 2 ) Nothing in subsection ( 1 ) or in any rule of common law justifies the use of force for the purpose of correction . ( 3 ) Subsection ( 2 ) prevails over subsection ( 1 ) .",
"2": "( 4 ) To avoid doubt , it is affirmed that the Police have the discretion not to prosecute complaints against a parent of a child or person in the place of a parent of a child in relation to an offence involving the use of force against a child , where the offence is considered to be so inconsequential that there is no public interest in proceeding with a prosecution . A consequential amendment was also made to Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 by removing the exemption of parents ( who are not school staff ) administering corporal punishment to their children at school . Adults assaulting children no longer have the legal defence of `` reasonable force '' but `` force ... may ... be for the purposes of restraint ... or , by way of example , to ensure compliance '' , according to the police practice guide . Social context ( edit ) Prior to the repeal of section 59 of the Crimes Act , there were cases of parents who had disciplined their children using a riding crop in one case , and a rubber hose in another , who were not convicted because of the legal justification of `` reasonable force '' . When the law was changed in 2007 , some proponents of the change said it would stop cases of abuse from slipping through the gaps and reduce the infant death rate . Political context ( edit ) When the Private Members Bill was first proposed by Sue Bradford in 2005 , it was known as the Crimes ( Abolition of Force as a Justification for Child Discipline ) Amendment Bill . It was subsequently renamed to the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Bill at the Select Committee stage . The Bill was later backed by the Labour Party and for a time it ' faced a rocky passage through parliament with the main opposition party , National , giving its members a conscience vote on the issue ' . A new section , Clause 4 , was added as part of a political agreement with the Leader of the Opposition , John Key , and the amendment passed by 113 votes to 8 with both major parties voting for the bill . Debate and aftermath ( edit ) Bradford considers that smacking was illegal even before the Act was passed . When an illegal activity is reported to the Police or to Child Youth and Family ( CYF ) , they are required to investigate the reported abuse .",
"3": "Under subsection 4 , The Police have the option of not prosecuting the parents ' where the offence is considered to be so inconsequential that there is no public interest in proceeding with a prosecution . ' Many of the groups who originally supported the change to the Act also said that a law change was not a fully adequate response to protect children from abuse . The New Zealand Anglican Bishops said ' It is essential that changes to section 59 go hand in hand with increased access to high quality public educational programmes , which encourage non-violent discipline and child rearing . ' The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) also put pressure on the New Zealand Government for education and promotion of changing attitudes and parenting practice . In the 2008 Budget the then Labour Government said it was ' providing $446.5 million over the next four years to improve our partnership with community - based social services to help deliver essential services to support children and families , including parenting and family violence programmes , and mentoring at - risk youth . ' This included the `` Are you OK ? '' anti-family - violence campaign . The law change has been described by supporters as aimed at making ' Aotearoa New Zealand ( ... ) a place where children are secure , confident , understand limits and boundaries and behave well -- without physical punishment ' and to ' protect children from assault ' . The first conviction under the new law occurred on 22 November 2007 . In the first five years of the law ( June 2007 -- June 2012 ) there were eight prosecutions for smacking . Reactions and opinions ( edit ) A broad selection of organisations -- including child welfare groups , churches , women 's groups and businesses -- publicly endorsed the bill and made submissions in support of it . Gordon Copeland resigned from the United Future party over the Bill since he did not agree with the party leader Peter Dunne 's support for it . However , Copeland was not re-elected to Parliament at the New Zealand general election , 2008 , although his political vehicle , The Kiwi Party , made that issue paramount in its election campaign . Most public opposition to the Bill came from conservative Christian groups , who believed that it made even `` light smacking '' of children illegal .",
"4": "Multipartisan passage of the bill occurred after an additional clause was added stating that the bill did not remove police discretion on whether to prosecute in `` inconsequential '' cases when it was not in the public interest to do so . During debate on the Bill a poster on the CYFSWatch website threatened Bradford . Google removed the website from its Blogger service soon after . A survey carried out between May and June 2008 showed that more people supported the Act than those who did not . The survey , carried out by UMR Research for the Office of the Children 's Commissioner , polled 750 people , of whom 91 % were aware of the law change and 72 % professed to know `` a lot '' or `` a fair amount '' about the legislation . Results of the questions were : 89 % of respondents agreed that children are entitled to the same protection from assault as adults . 4 % disagreed and 5 % were neutral . 43 % supported the law regarding physical punishment of children , 28 % opposed and 26 % were neutral . 58 % agreed there are certain circumstances when parents may physically punish children . 20 % disagreed with the hypothesis and 20 % were neutral . 30 % agreed that physical punishment should be part of child discipline . 37 % disagreed and 32 % were unsure . Referendum proposals ( edit ) Main article : New Zealand corporal punishment referendum , 2009 Two petitions for citizens initiated referendums related to the bill were launched in February 2007 . The wording for the two referendums was : `` Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand ? '' `` Should the Government give urgent priority to understanding and addressing the wider causes of family breakdown , family violence and child abuse in New Zealand ? '' In February 2008 , the bill having been passed in the meantime , supporters of the referenda claimed that they had collected enough signatures . If 300,000 valid signatures were collected by 1 March 2008 for each of the referendum petitions , they hoped the referenda would be held on the same date as the 2008 general election . The first petition was supported by Family First New Zealand , the ACT Party and The Kiwi Party .",
"5": "The first petition was presented to the Clerk of the House of Representatives on 29 February 2008 , who vetted the signatures along with the Chief Electoral Officer . Of 280,275 signatures required to force a referendum , only 269,500 were confirmed -- a shortfall of 10,775 . A number of signatures were excluded because they were illegible , had incorrect date of birth information , or appeared more than once . The petitioners were required to collect and confirm the requisite number of signatures within two months , to be presented to the Speaker of the House of Representatives . This occurred on 23 June 2008 , when Kiwi Party leader Larry Baldock handed over a petition which claimed to have over 390,000 signatures . The Office of the Clerk of the House had two months to verify the signatures . On 22 August 2008 the Clerk certified that there were enough signatures , and the Government had one month to name a date for a referendum . Under the Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 , Cabinet could delay a vote on the issue for up to a year . The referendum was held from 31 July to 21 August 2009 . The referendum was non-binding ( as specified by New Zealand 's Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 ) , and thus does not compel the government to follow its result . Prime Minister John Key and Leader of the Opposition Phil Goff have said the results of the referendum will not commit them to repealing the law . On 25 August 2009 , the Chief Electoral Officer released the results of the referendum . According to the results , 11.98 % of valid votes were Yes votes , and 87.4 % of votes were No votes . Voter turnout was 56.09 % , and 0.1 % of votes were invalid . The second petition , organised by Larry Baldock , was handed to Parliament on 14 May 2008 . 2017 Election ( edit ) On March 24 , 2017 , it was Reported that New Zealand First and Winston Peters will take to the election a policy of repeal the anti-smacking law passed by the last parliament .",
"6": "They will not enter any coalition or confidence and supply agreement with a party that wishes to ignore the public 's clearly stated view in a referendum on that issue after the New Zealand general election , 2017 See also ( edit ) Child discipline New Zealand blogosphere # CYFS Watch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tourelle , Greg ( 27 March 2007 ) . `` Hundreds protest anti-smacking bill '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Vote : Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Bill -- Third Reading Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Anti-smacking bill becomes law '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . NZPA. 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 59 ( Parental Control ) -- Crimes Act 1961 No 43 ( as of 13 July 2011 ) '' . New Zealand Legislation . Parliamentary Counsel Office . 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Police practice guide for new Section 59 '' ( Press release ) . New Zealand Police . 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Tunnah , Helen ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` Child smacking bill on election agenda '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Jump up ^ `` Children 's issues '' . Green Party of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crimes ( Abolition of Force as a Justification for Child Discipline ) Amendment Bill -- as reported from the Justice and Electoral Committee '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Parliament . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NZ anti-smacking bill likely to pass '' . The Age . Melbourne . AAP. 2 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Removing the loophole : Anglican bishops support repeal of Section 59 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Churches ' Network for Non-violence. 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Budget 2008 : Minister 's Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Minister of Finance . 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign for Action on Family Violence '' . Ministry of Social Development . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Yes Vote -- NZ Referendum on Child Discipline 2009 '' . The Yes Vote Campaign. 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judge tells smack father : ' You ca n't get away with that now ' '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland. 22 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eight prosecutions for smacking in six ( sic ) years of law '' . The New Zealand Herald . APNZ. 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh review of Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 '' . New Zealand Police . 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hands up for the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Bill '' ( PDF ) . Barnados New Zealand . March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Tait , Maggie ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` United Future MP quits party over smacking bill '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Jump up ^ `` Kiwi Party website '' . Jump up ^ Colwill , Jennifer ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` Churches take to streets over smacking bill '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Retrieved 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Colwill , Jennifer ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` The smacking bill - what it says '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Retrieved 16 May 2007 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Collins , Simon ( 22 February 2007 ) . `` Google shuts down Cyfswatch website '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Jump up ^ `` Omnibus Survey Report One year on : Public attitudes and New Zealand 's child discipline law '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Children 's Commissioner . 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Collins , Simon ( 23 February 2007 ) . `` Petition offers voice against Bradford bill '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 300,000 and still counting ! '' ( Press release ) . The Kiwi Party . 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Laugesen , Ruth ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` Referendum looms on smacking law '' . The Sunday Star - Times . Auckland . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ACT Pushes Anti-Smacking Referendum '' ( Press release ) . ACT New Zealand . 4 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti-smacking law petition handed to Parliament '' . 3 News . TV3. 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Tracey ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Smacking petition falls short '' . The Dominion Post . Wellington . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smacking petition runs out of time '' . New Zealand Herald . Auckland . NZPA. 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-smacking petition close to forcing citizen 's referendum '' . 3 News . MediaWorks New Zealand . 28 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 referendum result '' . Elections New Zealand . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 .",
"9": "Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New petition for smacking law referendum '' . Stuff. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NZ First Repeal Of Anti-Smacking Law Welcomed '' ( Press release ) . Family First . 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) New Zealand Legislation : Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 Parliament of New Zealand - Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Bill Children 's Commissioner - Submission on the Crimes ( Abolition of Force as a Justification for Child Discipline ) Amendment Bill The Yes Vote - NZ Referendum on Child Discipline 2009 , a lobby group wishing to prevent changes to the current law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimes_(Substituted_Section_59)_Amendment_Act_2007&oldid=807308027 '' Categories : New Zealand Statutes 2007 in New Zealand law Spanking Corporal punishments Youth in New Zealand Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use New Zealand English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what's the dwarf's name in game of thrones
|
[
"Tyrion Lannister (season 1–present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage",
"Tyrion Lannister",
"Tyrion Lannister",
"Tyrion Lannister",
"Tyrion Lannister"
] |
{
"0": "List of Game of Thrones characters - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the main characters of the novels , see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2016 ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.",
"1": "14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5",
"2": "6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Main Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Main Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Main Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Main Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Main Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Main Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Main Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Main Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Main Kit Harington Jon Snow Main Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Main Maisie Williams Arya Stark Main Richard Madden Robb Stark Main Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Main Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Main Main Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Main Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main Main Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Main Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Main Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Main Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Main John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Main Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Main Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Main Carice van Houten Melisandre Main",
"3": "James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Main Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Main TBA Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Main TBA Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Main Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Main Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Main Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Main Main TBA Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Main TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Main TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Main TBA Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Main Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Main Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Main TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Main Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Main TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Main Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Main Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Main In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man .",
"4": "In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring",
"5": "Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest Recurring Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring",
"6": "Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . In seasons 3 -- 5 , Little Sam is portrayed by uncredited infant extras . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros",
"7": "Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope",
"8": "as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole 's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander",
"9": "Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Hannah John - Kamen as",
"10": "Ornella Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Flashbacks cast Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( season 1 , 6 - 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean in season 1 as an adult , and by Sebastian Croft in season 6 as a child , and Robert Aramayo in season 6 and 7 as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death .",
"11": "He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister .",
"12": "Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect .",
"13": "He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In Season 2 , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of Season 3 , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In season 4 , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing .",
"14": "However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In season 6 , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In Season 7 he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley .",
"15": "Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout Season 2 , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone .",
"16": "In Season 4 , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Lena Headey . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent .",
"17": "Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of season 2 , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season 3 , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season 4 , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head .",
"18": "Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it . After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras .",
"19": "Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in Season 1 , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In season 6 , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand .",
"20": "Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In Season 7 Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jamie she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jamie that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jamie argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him .",
"21": "In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In Season 2 , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree .",
"22": "In the second season 's finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of Season 3 , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 ' Second Sons ' cavalrymen , 8,000 ' Unsullied ' elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied .",
"23": "She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the region , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition .",
"24": "Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season 6 , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with herself and all the khals still inside . She emerges unscathed , and the awed Dothraki accept her as their new leader . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons .",
"25": "In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In Season 7 Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills one . On the ship back to Dragonstone she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard .",
"26": "He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In Season 3 , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so .",
"27": "Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( season 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei .",
"28": "Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . During season 2 , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In Season 3 , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In Season 4 , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage .",
"29": "However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In Season 5 , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality .",
"30": "He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season 6 , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In season 7 he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat .",
"31": "Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch .",
"32": "Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in Season 2 . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans .",
"33": "Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In Season 5 , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell .",
"34": "In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat .",
"35": "That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In season 6 , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season 7 Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight .",
"36": "Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout Season 2 , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the Season 2 finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In Season 3 , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die .",
"37": "The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In Season 4 , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her .",
"38": "Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In Season 5 , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch .",
"39": "Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In season 6 , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In Season 7 Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler .",
"40": "Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity .",
"41": "Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked .",
"42": "They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight .",
"43": "In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching .",
"44": "The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit .",
"45": "Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys .",
"46": "However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek .",
"47": "Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead .",
"48": "Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding .",
"49": "To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction .",
"50": "Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa .",
"51": "His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard .",
"52": "The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls .",
"53": "Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by renegades from the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him .",
"54": "While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys .",
"55": "They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her .",
"56": "He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion .",
"57": "After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) .",
"58": "In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old .",
"59": "Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry .",
"60": "Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days .",
"61": "Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon .",
"62": "He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read .",
"63": "He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves .",
"64": "In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey .",
"65": "In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities .",
"66": "At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames .",
"67": "He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell .",
"68": "Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction .",
"69": "Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light .",
"70": "She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's .",
"71": "Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion .",
"72": "Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters .",
"73": "When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars .",
"74": "Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae .",
"75": "Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden .",
"76": "As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback .",
"77": "But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked .",
"78": "Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak .",
"79": "Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town .",
"80": "When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives .",
"81": "Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him .",
"82": "She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal .",
"83": "While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights .",
"84": "Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat .",
"85": "Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage .",
"86": "Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brienne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process .",
"87": "With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message .",
"88": "Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen .",
"89": "In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers .",
"90": "As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys .",
"91": "Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei be given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' .",
"92": "On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos .",
"93": "Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister left for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar .",
"94": "Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council .",
"95": "In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell .",
"96": "As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested .",
"97": "After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation .",
"98": "After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn .",
"99": "Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin .",
"100": "However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council .",
"101": "On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent .",
"102": "Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . This leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army and Stannis losing the battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell .",
"103": "He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch .",
"104": "Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir .",
"105": "In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her .",
"106": "She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion .",
"107": "Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule .",
"108": "In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun .",
"109": "Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard son , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first .",
"110": "After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 2 , 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . When Theon returned to the Iron Islands , Aeron reinitiated him into the faith of the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron held a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron .",
"111": "Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin .",
"112": "It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed .",
"113": "In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it .",
"114": "In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him .",
"115": "During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Loras continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane .",
"116": "Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers .",
"117": "She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna .",
"118": "In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King .",
"119": "He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria .",
"120": "He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece .",
"121": "At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny .",
"122": "Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up .",
"123": "They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult .",
"124": "Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt .",
"125": "Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena .",
"126": "Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council .",
"127": "The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing .",
"128": "Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North .",
"129": "In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease .",
"130": "He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess .",
"131": "He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen .",
"132": "His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head .",
"133": "It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb .",
"134": "When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one .",
"135": "She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards .",
"136": "When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder .",
"137": "Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover .",
"138": "He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer .",
"139": "In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown .",
"140": "Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat .",
"141": "Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe .",
"142": "Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen .",
"143": "When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy .",
"144": "She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress .",
"145": "The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth .",
"146": "He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego .",
"147": "In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell .",
"148": "Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time .",
"149": "He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch .",
"150": "He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners .",
"151": "He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals .",
"152": "He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees .",
"153": "She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown .",
"154": "Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches .",
"155": "Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark .",
"156": "Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead .",
"157": "In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont .",
"158": "In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown .",
"159": "In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching .",
"160": "When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open .",
"161": "He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him .",
"162": "When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre .",
"163": "Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers .",
"164": "When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral .",
"165": "Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him .",
"166": "In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed .",
"167": "When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker .",
"168": "The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow , is a figure who appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre .",
"169": "Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army .",
"170": "Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov , was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar -- `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands .",
"171": "Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men , proceeds to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process .",
"172": "Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body .",
"173": "Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win , he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf .",
"174": "On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild wolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal .",
"175": "Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheperd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 .",
"176": "Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) .",
"177": "`` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon",
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"179": "php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=822351965 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Pages with too many photos Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays christian in 50 shades of grey
|
[
"James \"Jamie\" Dornan",
"James \"Jamie\" Dornan",
"James \"Jamie\" Dornan",
"James \"Jamie\" Dornan"
] |
{
"0": "Jamie Dornan - wikipedia Jamie Dornan This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Jamie Dornan Dornan in January 2013 James Dornan ( 1982 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1982 ( age 35 ) Holywood , County Down , Northern Ireland Residence Cotswolds , England Hollywood Hills , U.S. Occupation Actor , model , musician Years active 2003 -- present Home town Belfast , Northern Ireland Spouse ( s ) Amelia Warner ( m . 2013 ) Children James `` Jamie '' Dornan ( born 1 May 1982 ) is an Irish actor , model , and musician . He played Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola 's Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) , Sheriff Graham Humbert in the ABC series Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- 2013 ) , serial killer Paul Spector in the BBC Two and RTÉ One crime drama series The Fall ( 2013 -- 2016 ) , and Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades franchise ( 2015 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Dornan was born in Holywood , County Down , Northern Ireland , and grew up in the suburbs of Belfast . He has two older sisters : Liesa , who works for Disney in London , and Jessica , a fashion designer based in Falmouth , England . His father , Professor Jim Dornan , is an obstetrician and gynaecologist who had also considered becoming an actor . Dornan was 16 when his mother , Lorna , died from pancreatic cancer . Dornan is a first cousin , twice removed , of actress Greer Garson . His grandparents on both sides of his family were Methodist lay preachers . He attended and boarded at Methodist College Belfast , where he played rugby and participated in the drama department .",
"1": "He later attended Teesside University but dropped out and moved to London to train as an actor . Career ( edit ) Dornan performed in the folk band Sons of Jim , until it disbanded in 2008 . Sons of Jim supported Scottish singer - songwriter KT Tunstall on tour . Dornan first worked as a model . In 2003 , he modelled for Abercrombie & Fitch . He then modelled for a number of fashion houses and retailers , including Aquascutum , Hugo Boss , and Armani . Notable works include major ad campaigns with Dior Homme and Calvin Klein ( with both Kate Moss and Eva Mendes ) , and he was labelled `` The Golden Torso '' by The New York Times . Dornan 's first acting role in a film was Count Axel Fersen in the Sofia Coppola film Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) . Dornan also appeared in the drama film Shadows in the Sun ( 2009 ) , which starred three - time Academy Award nominee Jean Simmons . In 2008 , he played the lead role of Ed in the Hammer Horror production Beyond the Rave . In 2011 , Dornan appeared in nine episodes of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , playing the role of Sheriff Graham . While Graham from Storybrooke was killed by the town 's mayor Regina ( The Evil Queen ) in the episode `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' , Dornan stated that he would return as the Huntsman from the Enchanted Forest at some point , and he remained a regular on the series . He returned as The Huntsman for the season finale episode , `` A Land Without Magic '' . Dornan stars alongside Gillian Anderson in the Northern Irish drama series The Fall , playing Paul Spector , a serial killer terrorising Belfast . In May 2013 , the show was renewed for a second series halfway through the broadcast of series one . On 23 October 2013 , Dornan was cast as Christian Grey in the film adaptation of Fifty Shades of Grey , replacing Charlie Hunnam . Initially announced to be released on 1 August 2014 , the film was later rescheduled and released on 13 February 2015 . On 27 August 2014 , it was announced that Dornan would play Dr.",
"2": "Allan Pascal in a Miramax film titled The 9th Life of Louis Drax , a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name . It was released on 2 September 2016 . In November 2014 , Dornan was # 3 in People Magazine 's Sexiest Man Alive rankings . In February 2015 , it was confirmed that Dornan had signed up for the second and third installments of the Fifty Shades film franchise . Fifty Shades Darker was released in 2017 , and Fifty Shades Freed is scheduled for 2018 . In March 2015 , it was reported that the BBC drama The Fall will return for a third series , revealing the fate of Dornan 's character . The third season originally aired on RTÉ One and BBC Two from 25 September to 28 October 2016 . In May 2017 , it was reported that Dornan will co-star alongside Peter Dinklage in the HBO television film My Dinner with Hervé . Shooting for the film started in the next month . Personal Life ( edit ) Dornan had a relationship with actress Keira Knightley from 2003 to 2005 . In 2010 , he met English actress and singer - songwriter Amelia Warner and they got engaged in 2012 , and married in 2013 . They have two daughters . He owns houses in Cotswolds , England , and in Hollywood Hills , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Marie Antoinette Axel von Fersen 2008 Beyond the Rave Ed 2009 Shadows in the Sun Joe 2009 X Returns X Short film 2009 Nice to Meet You The Young Man Short film 2014 Flying Home Colin 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Christian Grey 2015 Burnt Leon Sweeney Deleted scenes 2016 Anthropoid Jan Kubiš 2016 The Siege of Jadotville Pat Quinlan 2016 The 9th Life of Louis Drax Dr.",
"3": "Allan Pascal 2017 Fifty Shades Darker Christian Grey 2018 Untogether Nick Post-production 2018 Fifty Shades Freed Christian Grey Post-production 2018 Robin Hood Will Scarlet Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- 2013 Once Upon a Time The Huntsman / Sheriff Graham Humbert 9 episodes 2013 -- 2016 Fall , The The Fall Paul Spector 17 episodes 2014 New Worlds Abe Goffe 4 episodes TBA My Dinner with Hervé Danny Tate Television film Filming Discography ( edit ) Year Single 2005 `` Fairytale '' 2006 `` My Burning Sun '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated work Result Ref . British Academy Television Awards 2014 Best Actor The Fall Nominated British Independent Film Awards 2016 Best Supporting Actor Anthropoid Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards 2014 Breakthrough Award The Fall Won 2015 Best Actor ( Longlisted ) Nominated C21 International Drama Awards 2015 Best Male Performance The Fall Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards 2016 Worst Actor Fifty Shades of Grey Won Worst Screen Combo ( with Dakota Johnson ) Won Irish Film and Television Awards 2014 Best Lead Actor -- Television The Fall Won Rising Star Won 2015 Best Actor in a Lead Role -- Drama Nominated National Television Awards 2016 Drama Performance The Fall Nominated 2017 Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ; Dibdin , Emma ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan : 10 things about the ' 50 Shades of Grey ' star '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Named as New Lead in ' Fifty Shades ' '' . The New York Times . Mr.",
"4": "Dornan , 31 Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Working on Fifty Shades of Grey , Once Upon a Time Producers Want Him Back '' . Us Weekly . Dornan , 31 ^ Jump up to : Randall , Lee ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan on playing a psychopathic killer in The Fall '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Coleman , Maureen ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Tragic past has not stopped Jamie Dornan as he lands `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' role `` . IrishCentral.com . ^ Jump up to : Eyre , Hermione ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` The male Kate Moss : Jamie Dornan '' . London Evening Standard . ^ Jump up to : Mallie , Eamonn ( 14 November 2011 ) . `` Professor Jim Dornan on : life , love , loss , love again and his zest for saving life in the womb '' . EamonnMallie.com . Jump up ^ `` Warning : This Interview Will Make You Fall Totally In Love With Jamie Dornan '' . Marie Claire . 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Sarah ( 7 February 2015 ) . `` The Jamie Dornan I ( almost ) knew ... '' The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Watts , Halina ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan : The serial strangler who says `` sorry '' `` . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Doran , Brendon ( 16 February 2005 ) . `` KT Tunstall at the ICA '' . 2kiwis.com . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kotecki , Nick ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Jamie Dornan poses nude in old Abercrombie & Fitch photo shoot '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Dornan : Work by client '' . Models.com . Retrieved 3 June 2013 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( 9 November 2006 ) . `` The Golden Torso '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McGlinchy , Maggie ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Watch Jamie Dornan And Jimmy Fallon Compare Calvin Klein Ads '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Before ' Fifty Shades ' : We 've Got Your Jamie Dornan Must - See List '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time '' . ABC.com . Jump up ^ `` The Fall 's Jamie Dornan says he is scarred by playing a dark serial killer '' . Evoke.ie. 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Jamie Dornan signs up for lead role alongside Gillian Anderson in BBC Two 's The Fall '' . TVWise . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Dornan has been cast as Christian Grey '' . themoviefiftyshadesofgrey . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` ' 50 Shades of Grey ' : Jamie Dornan cast as new Christian Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Movie Release Date Announced ... But Who 's the Cast ? '' . Extra . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' release moved to Valentine 's Day 2015 '' . EW.com. 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Star Jamie Dornan Boards Thriller ' Ninth Life of Louis Drax ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Sexiest Man Alive 2014 '' . People.com. 27 April 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Fifty Grades of Pay : Jamie Dornan signs on for Shades sequel for a whooping € 6m '' . Evoke.ie. 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Gillian Anderson and Jamie Dornan to return in BBC 's The Fall '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Dinklage and Jamie Dornan Team Up for HBO Film '' . Variety . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/23/peter-dinklage-jamie-dornan-dinner-herve-first-look-photo/ Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 2 August 2009 ) . `` In a taxi with ... model Jamie Dornan '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jamie Dornan , 27 ... Jump up ^ Bell , Stephanie ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan , from The Fall psycho to expectant father '' . Sunday Life . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Baylis , Sheila Cosgrove ; Perry , Simon ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Welcomes a Daughter '' . People . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahjouri , Shakiel ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Star Jamie Dornan On Having Two Daughters : ' It 's The Most Magical Thing ' '' . ET Canada . Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3257802/Jamie-Dornan-splashes-1-75m-secluded-5-bedroom-Cotswolds-mansion-complete-swimming-pool-tennis-court.html Jump up ^ https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/jamie-dornan-midcentury-modern-home Jump up ^ https://www.bifa.film/awards/winners Jump up ^ `` 40th TV & Radio Awards '' .",
"7": "Broadcasting Press Guild. 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actor Award '' . Broadcasting Press Guild. 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` C21 Drama Award Finalists Announced '' . C21 Media . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Vanessa ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Razzie Awards 2016 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards ( 2016 ) '' . National Television Awards . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards ( 2017 ) '' . National Television Awards . nationaltvawards.com . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jamie Dornan .",
"8": "Jamie Dornan on IMDb Jamie Dornan on Models.com VIAF : 305236822 LCCN : no2013089892 ISNI : 0000 0001 3151 2373 GND : 1066355878 BNF : cb169526988 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Dornan&oldid=819348812 '' Categories : 1982 births 20th - century Irish people 21st - century Irish people Living people British male actors British male film actors British male models British male singers British male television actors Alumni of Teesside University People educated at Methodist College Belfast Models from Northern Ireland Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"9": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-9204719170990332384
|
who plays ser davos in game of thrones
|
[
"Liam Cunningham",
"Liam Cunningham",
"Liam Cunningham",
"Liam Cunningham",
"Liam Cunningham"
] |
{
"0": "Liam Cunningham - wikipedia Liam Cunningham Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Liam Cunningham , see Liam Cunningham ( disambiguation ) . Liam Cunningham Cunningham at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International ( 1961 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1961 ( age 56 ) East Wall , Dublin , Ireland Nationality Irish Education St Davids , Artane , Dublin Occupation Actor Director Producer Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Colette Cunningham Children Liam Cunningham ( born 2 June 1961 ) is an Irish stage and screen actor . He is known for playing Davos Seaworth in the HBO epic - fantasy series Game of Thrones . He has been nominated for the London Film Critics ' Circle Award , the British Independent Film Award , has won two Irish Film & Television Awards , and shared a BAFTA with Michael Fassbender , for their crime - drama short film Pitch Black Heist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Cunningham was born in East Wall , which is an inner city area of the Northside of Dublin . He has three sisters and a brother , and was brought up in a Roman Catholic household . Cunningham dropped out of secondary school at 15 and pursued a career as an electrician . In the 1980s , Cunningham moved to Zimbabwe for three years where he maintained electrical equipment at a safari park and trained Zimbabwean electricians . After returning to Ireland , Cunningham became dissatisfied with his work as an electrician and decided to pursue his interest in acting . He attended acting classes and began to work in local theatre . He appeared in a production of `` Studs '' at The Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn , London . Career ( edit ) Liam at the Game of Thrones exhibition in May 2013 Cunningham 's debut film role came in Into the West , where he played a police officer .",
"1": "His on - screen acting continued with roles in War of the Buttons , and A Little Princess , before making his first major break - out role in Jude , playing Phillotson . He continued with character roles in RKO 281 , Falling for a Dancer , Shooting the Past , When the Sky Falls and Stranded . Cunningham came to international prominence with his role as Captain Ryan in the critically acclaimed , independent horror film , Dog Soldiers . Since then , he has starred in acclaimed films roles including , The Wind That Shakes the Barley , Hunger , The Guard , Black Butterflies and The Escapist and in numerous high budget British and American films including The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse , The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor , Clash of the Titans , Centurion , and Harry Brown . On television , he appeared as President Richard Tate in the BBC programme Outcasts . In 2012 , Cunningham joined the main cast for the second season of HBO 's Game of Thrones portraying former smuggler Davos Seaworth , and in 2013 he starred in The Numbers Station alongside John Cusack . He was also cast in season 5 of the BBC series Merlin as a sorcerer . He featured in the music video for `` High Hopes '' by Irish alternative rock band Kodaline from their EP The High Hopes . In April 2013 , he was cast in the seventh season of the hit BBC1 series Doctor Who in the episode `` Cold War '' , where he played Captain Zhukov , the commander of a Russian submarine in 1983 facing one of the Ice Warriors . He guest starred in the second season of the VH1 television series Stay Closer , with Sandra Bullock and Jessica Chastain . Personal life ( edit ) Cunningham currently resides in Dublin with his wife Colette , with whom he has three children , daughter Ellen and sons Liam Jr. and Sean .",
"2": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Public Toilet Short film 1992 Heaven Only Knows Paul Clarke Short film 1992 Into the West Police Officer 1993 The Sea Short film 1994 Undercurrent Greg Laughton 1994 War of the Buttons The Master 1995 A Little Princess Capt . Crewe / Prince Rama 1995 First Knight Sir Agravaine Jude ' Phillotson 1997 The Doherty Brothers Connor Doherty Short film 1997 The Life of Stuff Alex Sneddon 1998 The Tale of Sweety Barrett Detective Bone 1999 A Love Divided Sean Cloney 2000 When the Sky Falls John Cosgrave ( The Runner ) 2001 Revelation Father Ray Connolly 2001 The Island of the Mapmaker 's Wife John Wyndham 2002 Dog Soldiers Capt . Ryan 2002 The Abduction Club John Power 2003 Mystics Sean Foley 2003 The Crooked Man Hamilton The Card Player John Brennan Screwback Harry Short film 2003 The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse Director 2005 Breakfast on Pluto 1st Biker 2006 The Wind That Shakes the Barley Dan 2008 The Escapist Brodie 2008 Hunger Father Dominic Moran 2008 Paris Noir Douglas 2008 The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Mad Dog Maguire 2009 Blood : The Last Vampire Michael Harrison 2009",
"3": "The Tournament Powers 2009 Perrier 's Bounty The Mutt 2009 Harry Brown Sid Rourke Centurion Brick Clash of the Titans Solon The Whistleblower Bill Hynes 2011 Pitch Black Heist Liam Short film Also executive producer 2011 The Guard Francis Sheehy - Skelfington 2011 Black Butterflies Jack Cope 2011 The Silence of Joan The English Captain 2011 War Horse The Army Doctor 2012 Safe House Alec Wade 2013 SLR Elliot Short film 2013 The Numbers Station Grey 2013 Good Vibrations 2014 I Am Here Father Short film 2014 Noble Thomas 2014 Let Us Prey Six 2015 Ladygrey Angus 2015 Dusha shpiona Hillsman 2015 The Childhood of a Leader The Father 2015 Pursuit Fionn 2017 24 Hours to Live Wetzler Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 A Handful of Stars Stapler Television film 1993 Poor Beast in the Rain Danger Doyle Television film 1994 -- 95 Roughnecks Chris",
"4": "13 episodes 1995 Cracker Stuart Grady 2 episodes 1997 Police 2020 DCI Billy O'Connell Pilot 1998 Falling for a Dancer Mossie Sheehan Television film 1999 Shooting the Past Christopher Anderson Television film 1999 Too Rich : The Secret Life of Doris Duke Alec Cunningham - Reid Television film 1999 RKO 281 Gregg Toland Television film 2000 A Likeness in Stone Bill Armstrong Television film 2001 Rebel Heart Michael Malone Television film 2001 Attila Theodoric I 2 episodes 2002 Stranded David Robinson Television film 2003 Final Demand David Milner Television film 2003 Prime Suspect Robert West Episode : `` Part 1 '' Messiah Pace Tierney Episode : `` The Promise '' 2005 Showbands Tony Golden Television film 2005 The Clinic Malcolm Keown 5 episodes 2006 Hotel Babylon Adrian McBride Episode # 1.8 2006 Showbands II Tony Golden Television film 2006 Murphy 's Law Drew Johnstone 3 episodes 2007 Afterlife Jonathan Episode : `` Your Hand in Mine '' 2007 The Wild West Wyatt Earp Episode : `` The Gunfight at the OK Corral '' 2007 Northanger Abbey General Tilney Television film 2007 Anner House Neil Barry Television film 2007 The Catherine Tate Show Father Episode : `` Christmas Special '' 2009 The Street Thomas Miller Episode # 3.",
"5": "1 2011 Outcasts President Richard Tate 8 episodes 2011 Camelot Colfur Episode : `` Justice '' 2011 Strike Back : Project Dawn Daniel Connolly 2 episodes 2012 Saving the Titanic Narrator ( voice ) Documentary 2012 Titanic : Blood and Steel Jim Larkin 5 episodes 2012 -- 19 Game of Thrones Davos Seaworth Main role 2012 Merlin Ruadan 2 episodes 2013 Doctor Who Captain Zhukov Episode : `` Cold War '' 2013 Vera Sam Harper Episode : `` Prodigal Son '' 2015 The Musketeers Belgard Episode : `` The Prodigal Father '' 2017 Philip K.",
"6": "Dick 's Electric Dreams General Olin Episode : `` Human Is '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Squadron 42 Captain Noah White Performance capture Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2013 `` High Hopes '' By Kodaline Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Film / Television Award Result 1999 Falling for a Dancer Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Lead Television Role Nominated 1999 A Love Divided Irish Film and Television Award for Best Male Actor in a Lead Film Role Nominated 2006 Showbands II Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role in Television Nominated 2006 Murphy 's Law Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in Television Nominated 2006 The Wind That Shakes the Barley Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Won 2008 Hunger London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated 2008 Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Won 2008 British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Nominated 2012 Pitch Black Heist BAFTA Award for Best Short Film Won 2012 The Guard Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Nominated 2014 Game of Thrones Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Drama Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Drama Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham signs for next six season of Game of Thrones '' . Independent Women . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Liam Cunningham '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA : Pitch Black Heist '' . Latitude Festival .",
"7": "Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling for an Irish Lad '' . Irish News , Belfast , Northern Ireland , 27 November 1999 -- by Robert McMillen . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Casts Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Numbers Station '' . Matador Pictures . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham cast in BBC 's Merlin '' . Irish Film and Television Network . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kodaline - High Hopes. 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) Liam Cunningham on IMDb VIAF : 85816998 LCCN : nr98001464 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 2665 GND : 124393519 SUDOC : 113729022 BNF : cb14167736r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liam_Cunningham&oldid=832299713 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people Irish male film actors Irish male television actors Irish male stage actors Male actors from Dublin ( city ) 20th - century Irish male actors 21st - century Irish male actors Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Malagasy მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who hit the first home run in the houston astrodome
|
[
"Mickey Mantle",
"Mickey Mantle",
"Mickey Mantle",
"Mickey Mantle",
"Mickey Mantle"
] |
{
"0": "Astrodome - wikipedia Astrodome Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stadium in Houston , Texas . For aeronautical use , see Astrodome ( aeronautics ) .",
"1": "NRG Astrodome Eighth Wonder of the World View of the Astrodome in 2014 Former names Harris County Domed Stadium ( 1965 ) Houston Astrodome ( 1965 -- 2000 ) Reliant Astrodome ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Location 8400 Kirby Drive Houston , Texas 77054 Coordinates 29 ° 41 ′ 6 '' N 95 ° 24 ′ 28 '' W / 29.68500 ° N 95.40778 ° W / 29.68500 ; - 95.40778 Coordinates : 29 ° 41 ′ 6 '' N 95 ° 24 ′ 28 '' W / 29.68500 ° N 95.40778 ° W / 29.68500 ; - 95.40778 Public transit NRG Park Owner Harris County Operator Astrodome USA Record attendance Wrestlemania X-Seven 67,925 Field size Original Left field -- 340 feet ( 104 m ) Left Center Field -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Center field -- 406 feet ( 124 m ) Right Center Field -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Right field -- 340 feet ( 104 m ) Backstop -- 60.5 feet ( 18 m ) Final Left field -- 325 feet ( 99 m ) Left Center Field -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Center field -- 400 feet ( 122 m ) Right Center Field -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Right field -- 325 feet ( 99 m ) Backstop -- 52 feet ( 16 m ) Surface Grass ( 1965 ) Painted Dirt ( 1965 ) AstroTurf ( 1966 -- present ) Construction Broke ground January 3 , 1962 Opened April 9 , 1965 Renovated 1988 , 1989 Closed 2008 Construction cost US $35 million ( $272 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect Hermon Lloyd & W.B. Morgan Wilson , Morris , Crain & Anderson Praeger - Kavanagh - Waterbury Structural engineer Walter P Moore Services engineer I.A.",
"2": "Naman Associates , Inc . John G. Turney & Associates General contractor H.A. Lott , Inc . Tenants Houston Astros ( MLB ) ( 1965 -- 99 ) Houston Cougars ( NCAA ) ( 1965 -- 97 ) Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo ( 1966 -- 2002 ) Houston Stars ( USA / NASL ) ( 1967 -- 68 ) Houston Oilers ( AFL / NFL ) ( 1968 -- 96 ) Bluebonnet Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1968 -- 84 , 1987 ) Houston Rockets ( NBA ) ( 1971 -- 75 ) Houston Texans ( WFL ) ( 1974 ) Houston Hurricane ( NASL ) ( 1978 -- 80 ) Houston Gamblers ( USFL ) ( 1984 -- 85 ) Houston Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2000 -- 01 ) Houston Energy ( WPFL ) ( 2002 -- 06 ) The Astrodome U.S. National Register of Historic Places Texas State Antiquities Landmark The Astrodome The Astrodome Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all NRHP reference # 13001099 Significant dates Added to NRHP January 15 , 2014 Designated TSAL January 27 , 2017 The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply The Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part - time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' .",
"3": "After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the `` Astrolite '' , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 . Although it no longer had any primary tenants , the venue regularly hosted events during the 2000s , and in 2005 , was used as a shelter for residents of New Orleans affected by Hurricane Katrina . The Astrodome was declared non-compliant with fire code by the Houston Fire Department in 2008 and parts of it were demolished in 2013 after several years of disuse . In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2017 , the Texas Historical Commission designated the Astrodome a State Antiquities Landmark .",
"4": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception 1.2 Design and construction 1.3 Opening and reception 1.4 June 15 , 1976 `` The Rainout '' 1.5 Recent history 1.6 Hurricane Katrina 2 Closure 3 Refurbishment plans 3.1 2013 referendum and aftermath 3.2 Astrodome Indoor City Park 3.3 Astrodome Revitalization Project 4 Notable events 4.1 Baseball 4.2 Basketball 4.3 Tennis 4.4 Boxing & WWE 4.5 Concerts 4.6 Motorsports 4.7 In popular culture 5 Awards and recognitions 6 Features 6.1 Scoreboard 6.2 Playing surface 6.3 Seating capacity 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Major League Baseball expanded to Houston in 1960 when the National League agreed to add two teams . The Houston Colt . 45s ( renamed the Astros in 1965 ) were to begin play in 1962 , along with their expansion brethren New York Mets . Roy Hofheinz , a former mayor of Houston , and his group were granted the franchise after they promised to build a covered stadium . It was thought a covered stadium was a must for a major league team to be viable in Houston due to the area 's subtropical climate and hot summers . Game - time temperatures are usually above 97 ° F ( 36 ° C ) in July and August , with high humidity and a likelihood of rain . Hofheinz claimed inspiration for what became the Astrodome when he was on a tour of Rome , where he learned that the builders of the ancient Colosseum installed giant velaria to shield spectators from the Roman sun . The Astrodome was conceived by Hofheinz as early as 1952 , when he and his daughter Dede were rained out once too often at Buffalo Stadium , home of Houston 's minor league baseball team , the Houston Buffs .",
"5": "Hofheinz abandoned his interest in the world 's first air - conditioned shopping mall , The Galleria , and set his sights on bringing major league baseball to Houston . Design and construction ( edit ) The Astrodome was designed by architects Hermon Lloyd & W.B. Morgan , and Wilson , Morris , Crain and Anderson ( Morris Architects ) . Structural engineering and structural design was performed by Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants of Houston . It was constructed by H.A. Lott , Inc. for Harris County , Texas . It stands 18 stories tall , covering 9.5 acres ( 3.8 ha ) . The dome is 710 feet ( 220 m ) in diameter and the ceiling is 208 feet ( 63 m ) above the playing surface , which itself sits 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) below street level . Astrodome Skylights The scoreboard , eventually known as the `` Astrolite '' , was designed by Fair Play Scoreboards of Des Moines , Iowa . Having designed the scoreboard for Dodger Stadium several years prior , team owner Roy Hofheinz was not impressed with the initial proposal for a much more generic type of scoreboard . Project designer Jack Foster teamed up with a creative professional based in Kansas City to create the first animated scoreboard . Its reported cost was $2.1 million . The Dome was completed in November 1964 , six months ahead of schedule . Many engineering changes were required during construction , including the modest flattening of the supposed `` hemispherical roof '' to cope with environmentally induced structural deformation and the use of a new paving process called `` lime stabilization '' to cope with changes in the chemistry of the soil . The air conditioning system was designed by Houston mechanical engineers Israel A. Naman and Jack Boyd Buckley of I.A. Naman + Associates . The multi-purpose stadium , designed to facilitate both football and baseball , is nearly circular and uses movable lower seating areas . It also ushered in the era of other fully domed stadiums , such as the Pontiac Silverdome near Detroit and the Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , as well as the now - demolished Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( now rebuilt as U.S. Bank Stadium ) in Minneapolis , Kingdome in Seattle , and RCA Dome in Indianapolis .",
"6": "To test what effect the enclosed air - conditioned environment might have on the delivery of breaking balls , Satchel Paige , in full Astros uniform , threw the first pitches at the Astrodome on February 7 , 1965 . He later concluded that it was a `` pitcher 's paradise '' , as the lack of wind allowed for sensitive pitches to maneuver more easily . Hofheinz had an opulent apartment in the Dome , which was removed when the facility was remodeled in 1988 . Opening and reception ( edit ) On Opening Day , April 9 , 1965 , a sold - out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees . President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance , as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch . Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors . Dick `` Turk '' Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch . Mickey Mantle had both the first hit ( a single ) and the first home run in the Astrodome . The Astros beat the Yankees that night , 2 - 1 . The Astrodome in 1965 President Johnson stopped at the Astrodome that evening en route to his home in Johnson City and paid his respects to baseball and Astros president Roy Hofheinz , a campaign manager for Johnson in the 1940s , just as the second inning got underway . He and Lady Bird watched the opening night game from behind the glass in Judge Hofheinz ' private box high in right field just to the right of the giant scoreboard . LBJ ate hors d'œuvres and chicken and ice cream while watching the game . `` Roy , I want to congratulate you ; it shows so much imagination '' , he was heard to say . Later , he called the stadium `` massive '' and `` beautiful . '' Although the president 's visit overshadowed all others , dignitaries swarmed through the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' during the three days of the exhibition series and for opening night against the Phillies . The first artist to play the Astrodome was Judy Garland on December 17 , 1965 , where she was paid $43,000 for the one show .",
"7": "The Supremes were her opening act and tickets were priced $1.00 to $7.50 . The dome seated 48,000 , with another 12,000 seats added for this show . Garland appeared on stage at 10 p.m. and sang for 40 minutes , with her set of songs including : `` He 's Got The Whole World In His Hands '' ; `` Just In Time '' ; `` My Kind Of Town , Houston Is '' / `` Houston '' ; `` As Long As He Needs Me '' ; `` Joey , Joey , Joey '' ; `` Do It Again '' ; `` What Now My Love ? '' ; `` By Myself '' ; `` Rock - A-Bye Your Baby '' ; `` San Francisco '' ; `` Chicago '' ; and `` Over The Rainbow . '' Mort Lindsey conducted . June 15 , 1976 `` the rainout '' ( edit ) Ironically , the Astrodome suffered a rainout on June 15 , 1976 . The Astros ' scheduled game against the Pittsburgh Pirates was called when massive flooding in the Houston area prevented all but a few fans from reaching the stadium . Both teams had arrived early for practice , but the umpires were several hours late . At 5pm that day , with only a handful of fans on hand and already several hours behind , the umpires and teams agreed to call the game off . Tables were brought onto the field and the teams ate dinner together . Although the Astros still had a home series with Pittsburgh in August , this game was made up in Pittsburgh in July . Recent history ( edit ) Astrodome interior in 2004 In 1989 , four cylindrical pedestrian ramp columns were constructed outside the Dome for accessibility . This enabled the Astrodome to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . The 1992 Republican National Convention was held at the Astrodome in August of that year . The Astros accommodated the convention by taking a month - long road trip . On August 19 , 1995 , a scheduled preseason game between the Oilers and the San Diego Chargers had to be canceled due to the dilapidated condition of the playing field . Oilers owner Bud Adams demanded a new stadium , but the city of Houston refused to fund it . After years of threats , Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season .",
"8": "Around that time the Astros also threatened to leave the city unless a new ballpark was built . The retractable - roofed Enron Field ( now known as Minute Maid Park ) opened for the 2000 season in downtown Houston . One of the largest crowds in the Astrodome 's history , more than 66,746 fans , came on Sunday , February 26 , 1995 , to see Tejano superstar Selena and her band Los Dinos perform for a sell - out crowd during the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . Selena y Los Dinos performed two consecutive times before at the Astrodome , breaking previous attendance records each time . This was Selena 's last televised concert before she was fatally shot on March 31 , 1995 by her fan club president . NRG Park area , Houston , Texas . Astrodome , with NRG Stadium at center of this 2010 astronaut photo The Astrodome was joined by a new neighbor in 2002 , the retractable - roofed Reliant Stadium ( now known as NRG Stadium ) , which was built to house Houston 's new NFL franchise , the Houston Texans . The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo moved to the new venue in 2003 , leaving the Astrodome without any major tenants . The last concert at the Astrodome was George Strait & the Ace in the Hole Band during the 2002 Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , before a record crowd of 68,266 ; the performance was recorded in For the Last Time : Live from the Astrodome . Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) Survivors of Katrina in the Astrodome , 2005 On August 31 , 2005 , in the wake of Hurricane Katrina , the Harris County Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and the State of Louisiana came to an agreement to allow at least 25,000 evacuees from New Orleans , especially those that were sheltered in the Louisiana Superdome , to move to the Astrodome until they could return home . The evacuation began on September 1 , 2005 . All scheduled events for the final four months of 2005 at the Astrodome were cancelled . Overflow refugees were held in the surrounding Reliant Park complex .",
"9": "There was a full field hospital inside the Reliant Arena , which cared for the entire Katrina evacuee community . The entire Reliant Park complex was scheduled to be emptied of hurricane evacuees by September 17 , 2005 . Originally , the Astrodome was planned to be used to house evacuees until December . However , the surrounding parking lots were needed for the first Houston Texans home game . Arrangements were made to help Katrina evacuees find apartments both in Houston and elsewhere in the United States . By September 16 , 2005 , the last of the hurricane evacuees living in the Astrodome had been moved out either to the neighboring Reliant Arena or to permanent housing north of Houston . As of September 20 , 2005 , the remaining Katrina evacuees were relocated to Arkansas due to Hurricane Rita . Closure ( edit ) In 2008 , the facility was cited for numerous code violations . Since then , only maintenance workers and security guards have been allowed to enter the stadium while it is brought up to code . The city council rejected demolition plans on environmental grounds , over concerns that demolition of the Dome might damage the dense development that today closely surrounds it . Refurbishment plans ( edit ) Houston 's plan to host the 2012 Summer Olympics included renovating the Astrodome for use as a main stadium . Houston became one of the USOC 's bid finalists , but the organization chose New York City as its candidate city and the Games were ultimately awarded to London by the IOC . An aerial view of the Astrodome in 1999 Plans to convert the Astrodome into a luxury hotel were rejected . A proposal to convert the Astrodome into a movie production studio was also considered but rejected . Regardless of the type of renovation , all renovation plans must deal with the problem of occupancy code violations that have basically shuttered the Astrodome for the near future . In June 2013 , a comprehensive plan was unveiled that would have seen the aging structure undergo an almost $200 million renovation into a multi-purpose event / convention facility . The measure would have to have been approved first through a bond election in Harris County for the publicly funded project to go forward or else , officials warned , the iconic structure would be demolished . Voters ended up rejecting the measure on November 5 , 2013 .",
"10": "2013 referendum and aftermath ( edit ) On November 5 , 2013 , voters in Houston turned down a $213 million referendum to renovate and convert the Astrodome into a state - of - the - art convention center and exhibition space known as `` New Dome Experience '' . Until a final disposition is made , Harris County commissioners will not approve demolition of the stadium . `` The building 's still there . There 's no formal plan or authorization to demolish the building , and until somebody brings such a plan to fruition , there 's a chance , '' according to Willie Loston , executive director of the Harris County Sports and Convention Corporation . `` The proposal was rejected by the voters . We 're back to where we were . Square one , '' according to Steve Radack , Harris County commissioner . Three exterior pedestrian ramp towers were demolished on December 8 , 2013 . Around that time , the ramp bridges were disconnected from the main structure and the surrounding grass berms were lowered . The ticket booths were also removed along with the interior seats . The demolition was planned prior to the referendum . Astrodome indoor City Park ( edit ) After the failed bond election of 2013 , the county went back to the drawing board and in August 2014 the County Commissioners Court announced a new plan to save and rejuvenate the Astrodome . The new concept centered around leaving the Dome 's roof intact and converting the Astrodome 's vast central space into a covered semi-climate - controlled city park that could have flexible uses for both public recreation and gatherings such as festivals and concerts . The remainder of the complex would have been redeveloped over time using a combination of public and private funds and include elements such as an educational exploration area to encourage students to learn about the sciences and engineering and possibly meeting , exhibition , and restaurant areas that would not only serve the general public , but could also add value to the Houston Texans ' Game Day Experiences and be used by the Rodeo . A key element of this proposal centered around the ability for the county to proceed with the initial phases of the project using existing funds without having to seek voter approval for an expensive bond referendum . However , this plan failed as well .",
"11": "Astrodome Revitalization project ( edit ) After the failed plans of past years , the Astrodome Revitalization Project was proposed in September 2016 . This plan would turn the dome into a massive underground parking garage . Specifically , the first step would raise the dome floor and use the space underneath that as parking , leaving the floor above for other uses . On September 27 , 2016 , the Harris County Commissioners approved the first part of the plan . This marked a major turning point for the dome as some feared if the plan was n't approved the building would be demolished . On January 27 , 2017 , the Texas Historical Commission voted unanimously to designate the dome a State Antiquities Landmark . Under the designation , the Astrodome may no longer be removed , altered , damaged , salvaged , or excavated without a permit from the commission . Notable events ( edit ) Game of the Century Houston and UCLA play against each other in the 1968 Game of the Century at the Astrodome . The aftermath of Houston 's 71 -- 69 victory over UCLA Baseball ( edit ) The first home run in the Astrodome was hit by Mickey Mantle off of pitcher Turk Farrell on April 9 , 1965 in an exhibition game between the Astros and Yankees . The first official home run was hit by Dick Allen of the Philadelphia Phillies in a game on April 12 of that year -- a 2 -- 0 Astros loss . Lindsey Nelson , an announcer for the visiting New York Mets , broadcast a game on April 28 , 1965 while perched in a gondola suspended from the roof above second base . At the beginning of the 1980 play off series between the Astros and the Phillies , KILT AM radio announced that the Astros number one fan `` Astroman '' would live on top of the Domed stadium and would not come down until the Astros won the World Series . Over the next 10 days Astroman , played by KILT salesman Denver Griffith , lived on top of the Astrodome in a six - man tent . On top of the Astrodome was also a telephone hot line back to KILT radio where Griffith as Astroman would give interviews throughout the day .",
"12": "Astroman was completely cut off and could only get food and drink by lowering a rope with a basket the 18 stories from the top of the Astrodome to the center of the playing field . At one point Griffith got so desperate for food and drink that his mother had to intervene and interrupt an Oilers practice so that the needed supplies could be delivered . Every night a local TV station would sign off with a shot of Astroman on top of the Astrodome waving to a circling news chopper . The 1986 NLCS ended with what at the time was the longest post-season game in history . The Astros lost a 16 - inning Game 6 to the eventual World Series champion New York Mets , 7 - 6 . ( The record was surpassed at the new Minute Maid Park during the 2005 NLDS when the Astros won an 18 - inning game against the Atlanta Braves . The contest featured Roger Clemens in relief for only the second time in his career . ) On October 3 , 1999 , the Astros played their final regular season game at the Astrodome , clinching the NL Central Division title with a 9 -- 4 win over the Dodgers . The final Astros game in the stadium occurred 6 days later when the Braves eliminated the Astros in Game 4 of the Division Series . Basketball ( edit ) The Game of the Century between the University of Houston Cougars and the UCLA Bruins took place at the Astrodome in 1968 before a crowd of 52,963 -- the record for the largest attendance ever at a basketball game until 2003 . The first National Collegiate Athletic Association regular season game broadcast nationwide in prime time , the Game of the Century established college basketball as a sports commodity on television , and paved the way for the modern `` March Madness '' television coverage . The Cougars , coached by Guy V. Lewis , defeated coach John Wooden 's Bruins , led by Lew Alcindor , 71 - 69 behind a 39 - point scoring effort from Elvin Hayes . The Astrodome hosted the 1989 NBA All - Star Game . Attendance was 44,735 and Karl Malone won MVP honors .",
"13": "Tennis ( edit ) The Battle of the Sexes tennis match occurred on September 20 , 1973 , aired on ABC with Billie Jean King defeating the late Bobby Riggs in three straight sets . While more of a publicity stunt than a serious match , it made national headlines and stands as a milestone in the progress of women 's sports . Scenes were filmed here in the 2017 film Battle Of The Sexes which starred Emma Stone & Steve Carell , who respectively played these players . Boxing & WWE ( edit ) Three - time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Muhammad Ali fought Cleveland Williams in the Astrodome in November 1966 . On April 1 , 2001 , the WWE ( then known as the WWF ) hosted WrestleMania X-Seven , which set an all - time record attendance for the Astrodome of 67,925 . Concerts ( edit ) Elvis Presley gave six performances there between February and March 1970 , setting an attendance record with 200,000 over the six shows . He performed there again on March 3 , 1974 , setting a single day attendance record . September 4 , 1992 ; Co-headlining tour of Metallica and Guns N ' Roses with special guest Faith No More . News footage of this concert can be found on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CsH-TnpBdI . Additionally , MTV filmed an episode of Live n ' Loud during the show . Footage from that can also be seen here : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uw3NU8J_zal Motorsports ( edit ) The Astrodome held several motorsports events throughout its lifetime . The AMA Grand National Championship held events starting in 1968 and running for 18 years , utilizing the Short Track and TT Steeplechase track configurations in their visits . The AMA Supercross Championship held its first ever indoor Supercross at the Astrodome in 1974 , won by Jim Pomeroy . In the mid-1980s the Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group held several Stadium Off - Road Racing Series events , showcasing such drivers as Ivan Stewart , Robby Gordon , and Walker Evans .",
"14": "Beginning in the early 1980s , both TNT Motorsports and the United States Hot Rod Association held events showcasing mud bogging , truck and tractor pulling , and monster trucks in the Astrodome . After a buy - out of TNT Motorsports , the USHRA continued holding events that would later transform into the current Monster Jam events . With the opening of NRG Stadium in late 2002 , the events held in early 2002 by AMA Supercross and Monster Jam would be their last in the Astrodome before moving next door for 2003 , where they continue to hold events every year . KTRK - TV Channel 13 Eyewitness News anchorman Dave Ward was injured during a motocross exhibition race ( which also included Channel 13 sports anchor Bob Allen , as well as other local media figures ) in the Astrodome in the early 1970s . Evel Knievel jumped 13 cars two nights in a row , drawing over 100,000 spectators to the Astrodome in January 1971 , and though there was talk of him making an actual jump over the stadium itself sometime in the future , it never happened . The Astro Spiral car jump was performed January 12 , 1972 , by Chick Galiano of J.M. Productions ' Hell Drivers . This stunt was later performed in the 1974 James Bond film The Man With The Golden Gun . In popular culture ( edit ) Robert Altman 's 1970 comedy film Brewster McCloud is set at the Astrodome : the eponymous hero is an eccentric young man who lives at the stadium . The 1972 special Road Company was videotaped here , which starred Dom DeLuise , Bob Hynes and Sheila MacRae . The Astrodome was the setting for the filming of an exhibition game with the fictional Houston Toros in the 1977 movie The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training . The made - for - TV movie Murder at the World Series was filmed here , about a fictional 1977 World Series between the Astros vs. Oakland Athletics . In 2001 , U2 filmed the music video for `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' inside the Astrodome .",
"15": "In 2004 , the Astrodome was the setting of the 1988 5A Football State Championship in the movie Friday Night Lights , between the Permian Panthers and the Carter High Cowboys . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) On June 19 , 2013 , the Astrodome was named to the National Trust for Historic Preservation 's annual list of America 's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places as well as to its National Treasures portfolio . The Astrodome was added to the National Register of Historic Places in January 2014 . The dome celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 9 , 2015 . A time capsule buried under the site at the time of construction was located . However , it was not extricated to celebrate the occasion , based on concerns about the cost and potential to compromise the structure of a retaining wall . This was also one of the very few times that the Astrodome has been open for the public since 2006 . Features ( edit ) Scoreboard ( edit ) Astrolite , the Astrodome 's scoreboard , during a 1969 Astros game . It was the world 's first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was well - renowned for a four - story scoreboard called the `` Astrolite '' , composed of thousands of light bulbs that featured numerous animations . After every Astros home run , the scoreboard featured a minute - long animated celebration of pistols , bulls , and fireworks . The scoreboard remained intact until 1988 when Houston Oilers ( now Tennessee Titans ) owner Bud Adams suggested the removal of the scoreboard to accommodate increased capacity demands for football , baseball and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . Harris County spent $67 million of public funds on renovations . Approximately 15,000 new seats resembling the 1970s rainbow uniform pattern were installed to bring seating capacity to almost 60,000 for football . On September 5 , 1988 , a final celebration commemorating the scoreboard occurred prior to expansion renovations . Playing surface ( edit ) Originally , the stadium 's surface was a Tifway 419 Bermuda grass , specifically bred for indoor use . The dome 's ceiling contained thousands of semitransparent panes made of Lucite .",
"16": "Players quickly complained that glare coming off of the panes made it hard for them to track fly balls ; to solve the problem , two sections of panes were painted white in April . However , within a few months , the grass died from lack of sunlight . For most of the 1965 season , the Astros played on green - painted dirt and dead grass . The clear panels also added a problem when combined with the natural grass . The grass tended to hold , then release moisture , often resulting in rain within the structure , causing games to be delayed while the grounds crews cleaned up the playing surface . The playing surface in 1999 . The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field , ChemGrass , which became known as AstroTurf . Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low , only a limited amount was available at the start of the 1966 season . There was not enough for the entire outfield , so the first phase covered only the traditional grass portion of the infield and foul territory , at a cost of $2 per square foot . It was installed in time to test out during exhibition games against the Dodgers in March . The outfield remained painted dirt until after the All - Star Game . The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break , and on July 19 , the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed for a game with the Phillies , thus covering the entire field with AstroTurf . Groundskeepers dressed as astronauts kept the turf clean with vacuum cleaners between innings . The infield dirt remained in the traditional design , with a large dirt arc , similar to natural grass fields . In 1973 , the Astros installed an all - AstroTurf infield , except for dirt cutouts around the bases . This `` sliding pit '' configuration was introduced by Cincinnati with the opening of Riverfront Stadium on June 30 , 1970 . It was then installed in the new stadiums in Philadelphia in 1971 , and Kansas City in 1973 . The artificial turf fields of Pittsburgh , St. Louis , and San Francisco , all installed in 1970 , were traditionally configured like the Astrodome and later changed to sliding pits . San Francisco converted in 1971 , Pittsburgh in 1973 , and St. Louis in 1978 .",
"17": "Rogers Centre in Toronto was the last park in the majors that had sliding pits ; it opened in 1989 and switched to a traditional dirt skin infield in 2016 . Throughout its history , the Astrodome was known as a pitcher 's park . The power alleys were never shorter than 370 feet ( 113 m ) from the plate ; on at least two occasions they were as far as 390 feet ( 119 m ) . Over time , it gave up fewer home runs than any other park in the National League . The Astrodome 's reputation as a pitcher 's park continued even in the mid-1980s , when the fences were moved in closer than the Metrodome , which was long reckoned as a hitter 's park . Seating capacity ( edit ) Baseball Years Capacity 1965 42,217 1966 -- 1967 46,000 1968 -- 1974 44,500 1975 -- 1981 45,101 1982 -- 1989 47,690 1990 -- 1999 54,816 Football Years Capacity 1965 -- 1983 50,000 1984 -- 1986 50,495 1987 -- 1989 50,594 1990 -- 1991 62,439 1992 -- 1994 62,021 1995 -- 2006 59,969 See also ( edit ) Houston portal Baseball portal National Football League portal National Register of Historic Places portal List of tennis stadiums by capacity National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County , Texas Delta Dome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ballparks by Munsey and Suppes '' . Ballparks.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Register of Historic Places listings for January 31 , 2014 '' . U.S. National Park Service .",
"18": "January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NRG Astrodome - NRG Park '' . Jump up ^ Barks , Joseph V. `` Powering the ( new and improved ) ' Eighth Wonder of the World ' `` , Electrical Apparatus , November 2001 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Astrodome Receives State Antiquities Landmark Designation from Texas Historical Commission '' ( Press release ) . Austin , Texas . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Curt ( 2001 ) . Storied Stadiums . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1187 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros -- Stadium '' . Baseball-statistics.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Michael L. ( September 4 , 1988 ) . `` Astrodome Scoreboard Headed for Scrap Heap '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prominent Houstonians ' ideas on what to do with Dome '' . Houston Chronicle. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dome is Hurlers ' Heaven '' . The San Bernardino Sun . April 11 , 1965 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , Emil ( February 11 , 1965 ) . `` No Real Difference : Baseball Wo n't Change Indoors '' . Corpus Christi Caller - Times . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Conniff , Richard Farewell To An Odd Dome Home Judge Hofheinz 's private Astrodome quarters will soon be just a gaudy memory . Sports Illustrated March 14 , 1988 , Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Braswell , Sean ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : When Texas Opened the 8th Wonder of the World '' . OZY .",
"19": "Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hulsey ( April 9 , 1965 ) . `` First Game In The Astrodome : The Indoor Era Begins '' . AstrosDaily . Jump up ^ John Wilson ( April 24 , 1965 ) . `` Everyone in Orbit Over Astrodome -- LBJ , Plus 188,762 Attend Liftoff of ' Eighth Wonder ' '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ Scott Schechter ( August 25 , 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoffman : Astros made history with a rainout '' . Houston Chronicle . June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holeywell , Ryan ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` When Teams Leave , What Do You Do With the Stadium ? '' . Governing.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mazz - Cuando Tu Te Vayas. wmv '' . Tejanomusicvideos.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stephen ( February 11 , 2003 ) . `` For the Last Time : Live from the Astrodome -- George Strait : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superdome evacuation disrupted after shots fired '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Frank , Thomas ( September 1 , 2005 ) . `` Astrodome to take refugees '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Dahlburg , John - Thor ; Gold , Scott ; La Ganga , Maria L. ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Rita Rattles Coast '' .",
"20": "Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Hit With Code Violations '' . click2houston.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harris County officials consider the future of the Astrodome khou.com Houston '' . Khou.com. April 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Financial crunch may stall effort on Astrodome hotel '' . Houston Chronicle . December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wrigley , Deborah ( 2008 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Proposal suggests turning Astrodome into movie studio abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Liz Austin Peterson ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Broken - down Astrodome may have seen its last rodeo '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fans React to , 4 Million Astrodome Renovation Plan Archived December 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voters strike down proposal to save Astrodome abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Pat ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Astrodome Referendum Will Be On The November Ballot '' . App1.kuhf.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome may see 1 last inning after ' no ' vote '' . CSN Houston . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 3 pedestrian towers razed at Houston Astrodome . Houston Chronicle , December 9 , 2013 .",
"21": "Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russell , Rucks ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Astrodome ramps demolished as clock ticks on its future '' . KHOU - TV , Inc . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Astrodome concept would turn the landmark into an outdoor , usable space '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome parking plan could save Houston 's historic 8th Wonder '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` What $105 million buys for the Astrodome '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astrodome joins Alamo as state antiquities landmark '' . Houston Chronicle . Houston , Texas . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mantle 's NYC '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history - 1965 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Strubel , John ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Life Under the Big Top '' . metsmerizedonline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National spotlight shines on Dome '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome lands on National Register of Historic Places astros.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle . `` Search for Dome time capsule hits a snag '' . Hearst Newspapers .",
"22": "Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Ed ( 1997 ) . Loser Takes All -- Bud Adams , Bad Football , & Big Business . Longview Press . p. 8 . ISBN 1 - 56352 - 432 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astrodome glare fades with paint '' . Tuscaloosa News . ( Alabama ) . Associated Press . April 23 , 1966 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dome needs another coat '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . May 24 , 1965 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Phillip ( 2005 ) . Green Cathedrals . New York City : Walker & Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1562 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Astroturf planned for Houston field '' . Florence ( AL ) Times . Associated Press . March 13 , 1966 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Astroturf looks great , but ... '' Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . March 20 , 1966 . p. 2b . Jump up ^ `` What 's new ? Astroturf '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . March 21 , 1966 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Zippered ' grass ' big hit in Astrodome '' . Daytona Beach Sunday News - Journal . Associated Press . March 20 , 1966 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Phils , Astros plan tonight on artificial grass '' . Reading Eagle . ( Pennsylvania ) . Associated Press . July 19 , 1966 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phil find Farrell , turf unfriendly '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . July 20 , 1966 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ Bruce Nichols ( April 10 , 1985 ) . `` Prototype Astrodome Celebrates 20th Birthday '' .",
"23": "The Spokesman - Review . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Mistake '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 2 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bonkowski ( December 7 , 1992 ) . `` Oilers Entertain Bears With Playoffs on Mind '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Al Carter ( September 18 , 1995 ) . `` Revamped Oilers Fall to Browns 14 - 7 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Further reading ( edit ) Chandler , Adam . `` The Sad Fate ( But Historic Legacy ) of the Houston Astrodome . '' The Atlantic . November 8 , 2013 . Trumpbour , Robert C. , and Kenneth Womack . The Eighth Wonder of the World : The Life of Houston 's Iconic Astrodome ( Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astrodome . Carlton , Harold ( 1968 ) . `` The 8th Wonder of the World -- The Houston Astrodome '' . Sunday Times Magazine . London . Smith , Liz ( April 12 , 1965 ) . `` Giltfinger 's Golden Dome '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2012 . Sarnoff , Nancy ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Astrodome : ' Houston 's Eiffel Tower ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No .",
"24": "TX - 108 , `` Houston Astrodome , 8400 Kirby Drive , Houston , Harris County , TX '' ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Rice Stadium Home of the Houston Oilers 1968 -- 1996 Succeeded by Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Preceded by Colt Stadium Home of the Houston Astros 1965 -- 1999 Succeeded by Minute Maid Park Preceded by Rice Stadium Home of the Bluebonnet Bowl 1968 -- 1984 Succeeded by Rice Stadium Preceded by Cole Field House NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Finals Venue 1971 Succeeded by Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Preceded by Anaheim Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Host of the MLB All - Star Game 1968 1986 Succeeded by Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Preceded by Chicago Stadium Host of the NBA All - Star Game 1989 Succeeded by Miami Arena U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Indoor baseball parks Major League Baseball American League Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Twins ; Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Kingdome ( Mariners ; Seattle , Washington ) Tropicana Field ( Rays ; St.",
"25": "Petersburg , Florida ) National League Astrodome ( Astros ; Houston , Texas ) Olympic Stadium ( Expos ; Montreal , Quebec ) Nippon Professional Baseball Central League Nagoya Dome ( Chunichi Dragons ; Nagoya , Japan ) Tokyo Dome ( Yomiuri Giants ; Tokyo , Japan ) Pacific League Kyocera Dome ( Orix Buffaloes ; Osaka , Japan ) Sapporo Dome ( Hokkaido Nippon - Ham Fighters ; Sapporo , Japan ) Seibu Dome ( Saitama Seibu Lions ; Tokorozawa , Japan ) KBO League Gocheok Sky Dome ( Nexen Heroes ; Seoul , South Korea ) Italics indicate demolished or no longer used for baseball Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J.",
"26": "Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tennessee Titans Founded in 1960 Formerly the Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 96 ) and the Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 98 ) Based and headquartered in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise",
"27": "History in Houston in Tennessee Coaches Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Jeppesen Stadium Rice Stadium Houston Astrodome Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Vanderbilt Stadium Nissan Stadium Culture Bud Adams Luv Ya Blue T - Rac Cheerleaders Lore The Choke Music City Miracle Rivalries Houston Texans Jacksonville Jaguars Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1967 1991 1993 2000 2002 2008 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1999 League championships ( 2 ) 1960 1961 Retired numbers 34 43 63 65 74 Media Broadcasters Titans All Access Titans Preseason Football Titans Radio Network WKRN - TV WTVF WZTV WGFX - FM Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977",
"28": "1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Houston Cougars football Venues Robertson Stadium ( 1946 -- 1950 ,",
"29": "1998 -- 2012 ) Rice Stadium ( 1951 -- 1964 ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1997 ) Reliant Stadium ( 2013 ) BBVA Compass Stadium ( 2013 ) TDECU Stadium ( 2014 -- present ) Bowls and rivalries Bowl games Rice : Bayou Bucket Classic SMU Tulsa Culture & lore Shasta `` Cougar Fight Song '' Spirit of Houston Frontiersmen The Comeback Victory People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 WrestleMania venues Madison Square Garden X XX Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena VII Allstate Arena ( Rosemont , IL ) 13 22 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Pontiac Silverdome III Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall IV V Rogers Centre VI X8 Hoosier Dome VIII Caesars Palace IX XL Center ( Hartford ,",
"30": "CT ) XI Honda Center ( Anaheim ) XII 2000 TD Garden XIV Wells Fargo Center ( Philadelphia ) XV Reliant Astrodome X-Seven Safeco Field XIX Staples Center 21 Ford Field 23 Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) XXIV 33 NRG Stadium XXV University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , AZ ) XXVI Georgia Dome XXVII Hard Rock Stadium XXVIII MetLife Stadium 29 Mercedes - Benz Superdome XXX 34 Levi 's Stadium 31 AT&T Stadium 32 Venues of the Republican National Convention Musical Fund Hall ( 1856 ) Wigwam ( 1860 ) Front Street Theater ( 1864 ) Crosby 's Opera House ( 1868 ) Academy of Music ( 1872 ) Exposition Hall ( Cincinnati ) ( 1876 ) Interstate Exposition Building ( 1880 ) Exposition Hall ( Chicago ) ( 1884 ) Auditorium ( 1888 ) Industrial Exposition Building ( 1892 ) St.",
"31": "Louis Exposition and Music Hall ( 1896 ) Convention Hall ( 1900 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1904 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1908 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1912 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1916 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1920 ) Public Auditorium ( 1924 ) Convention Hall ( 1928 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) Public Auditorium ( 1936 ) Convention Hall ( 1940 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) Convention Hall ( 1948 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) Cow Palace ( 1956 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1960 ) Cow Palace ( 1964 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1968 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) Kemper Arena ( 1976 ) Joe Louis Arena ( 1980 ) Dallas Convention Center ( 1984 ) Louisiana Superdome ( 1988 ) Houston Astrodome ( 1992 ) San Diego Convention Center ( 1996 ) First Union Center ( 2000 ) Madison Square Garden ( 2004 ) Xcel Energy Center ( 2008 ) Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012 ) Quicken Loans Arena ( 2016 ) AMA / FIM World Supercross venues Current ( 2017 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( Anaheim ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Daytona International Speedway ( Daytona Beach ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Oakland Coliseum ( Oakland ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) U.S.",
"32": "Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis ) Former Astrodome ( Houston ) AT&T Park ( San Francisco ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Atlanta ) BC Place ( Vancouver ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CEFCU Stadium ( San Jose ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Charlotte ) Chase Field ( Phoenix ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) EverBank Field ( Jacksonville ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Houlihan 's Stadium ( Tampa ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) Indoor stadiums of the National Football League Current venues Fixed Ford Field ( Detroit ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minnesota ) Retractable AT&T Stadium ( Dallas ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Atlanta ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Arizona ) Defunct venues Astrodome ( Houston ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St.",
"33": "Louis ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minnesota ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Silverdome ( Detroit ) Temporary venues Alamodome ( New Orleans ) Rogers Centre ( Buffalo ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrodome&oldid=819203949 '' Categories : 1965 establishments in Texas Sports venues completed in 1965 Defunct college football venues Defunct multi-purpose stadiums in the United States Covered stadiums in the United States Defunct Major League Baseball venues Defunct National Football League venues Defunct soccer venues in the United States American Football League venues Houston Astros stadiums Houston Rockets venues Hurricane Katrina disaster relief Defunct NCAA bowl game venues Soccer venues in Texas American football venues in Houston Houston Cougars football venues Houston Oilers stadiums United States Football League venues Baseball venues in Houston Wrestling venues in Houston Professional wrestling venues in Texas Rodeo venues in the United States World Football League venues Historic American Engineering Record in Texas North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) stadiums Defunct sports venues in Texas National Register of Historic Places in Houston Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas Houston Gamblers stadiums Sports venues in Houston Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Running time 37 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery .",
"1": "Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and CBS All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season is streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery .",
"2": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek . Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , she was not made a starship captain , in order `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler : A Klingon who undergoes surgery to pose as the human Tyler , chief of security for the USS Discovery . Tyler believes he was held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Voq was initially credited as being portrayed by Javid Iqbal , an invented actor named for Latif 's father , to hide the connection between the characters . Latif described his character as `` a very complex and painful and deep character '' , and noted that `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' with Burnham . Latif 's accent for Voq is Arabic - inspired , and he tried to maintain `` a kind of pharyngealness '' to Tyler 's American accent .",
"3": "Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f -- ked up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 ,",
"4": "2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 10 `` Despite Yourself '' Jonathan Frakes Sean Cochran January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TJ Scott Lisa Randolph January 14 ,",
"5": "2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' Hanelle M. Culpepper Jordon Nardino January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 13 `` What 's Past is Prologue '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' TBA TBA February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . ''",
"6": "The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season .",
"7": "A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons .",
"8": "With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 .",
"9": "The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' .",
"10": "In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions .",
"11": "People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . ''",
"12": "In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . In the series , this role is shown to be an undercover persona used by the Klingon Voq , who was initially credited as being portrayed by the invented actor Javid Iqbal to hide the fact that Latif was portraying both Voq and Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 .",
"13": "We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull .",
"14": "Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . ''",
"15": "He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render .",
"16": "The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter began streaming in January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 .",
"17": "Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days .",
"18": "Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.16 / 10 based on 57 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Wolf Inside '' Sonequa Martin - Green Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Sci - Fi / Fantasy Television Gersha Phillips Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Jason Michael Zimmerman , Aleksandra Kochoska , Ante Dekovic and Mahmoud Rahnama for `` The Vulcan Hello '' Pending Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Phil Prates , Rex Alerta , John Dinh and Karen Cheng Pending Empire Awards Best TV Actor Jason Isaacs Pending GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Star Trek : Discovery Pending Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show .",
"19": "Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development .",
"20": "There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise .",
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"25": "Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek 's Return to the Small Screen Was Ambitious and Emotional , if Not Always Logical '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - star trek : discovery on cbsaa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` A New Star Trek Series Has Been Ordered at CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Fuller 's Original Pitch For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Included Going Beyond TNG Era '' . TrekMovie.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Les Moonves Assures CBS Investors First Six Episodes Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Are `` Terrific '' `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topei , Fred ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Broadcast Network Not Creatively Involved In New Star Trek Streaming Series '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` International Broadcasters Set for New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Meyer Joins New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` CBS ' New ' Star Trek ' Adds Gene Roddenberry 's Son as Exec Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Reveals New ' Star Trek ' Details , Says Series Will ' Eventually ' Revisit Characters '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider.com . United States : Complex Media Inc .",
"27": "Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Announced As Name Of New Series '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trendacosta , Katharine ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Officially Takes Place in the Prime Universe '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Bryan Fuller Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 .",
"28": "Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Filming , Still Getting New Writers '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Sullivan ( @ @ karterhol ) ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` # jasongorn my seat . # diva @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekRoom '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy .",
"29": "Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Park native takes the helm on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery storyline revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Explains Why the New Show is Called Star Trek : Discovery '' . io9 .",
"30": "United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Producer Hints At New Reveal ' Soon , ' Reaffirms Show Is A Prequel '' . TrekMovie.com . May 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producers : Major characters wo n't be safe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to be ' hard PG - 13 ' yet avoid nudity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 .",
"31": "^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Trek : Discovery Producers on Ship 's Design , Show 's Themes '' . TrekMovie.com . United States : Blogger . July 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : ' Prime ' Setting , Gay Character , Heavy Alien Presence and 11 More Spoilers About CBS Reboot '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) .",
"32": "`` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iacovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 .",
"33": "Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Stice & Scoleri 2007 , pp. 124 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Ship Design Still Evolving '' . IGN . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iacovino , Kayla ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Concept Art Details Klingon And Federation Ships '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Eaglemoss ' Ben Robinson on DISCOVERY Model Plans and Future OFFICIAL STARSHIPS Releases '' . TrekCore.com . August 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 .",
"35": "Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz .",
"36": "Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medina , Marcy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees include ' Phantom Thread , ' ' Lady Bird ' and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 .",
"37": "Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dina - Ray ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees : ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Lady Bird ' , ' This Is Us ' Among Those Recognized '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) .",
"38": "`` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki )",
"39": "Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon",
"40": "language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up ,",
"41": "Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Category Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Strange Angel ( TBA ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"42": "php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=822134323 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows CBS All Access original programming CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
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37,
36,
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28,
11,
23,
34,
13,
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40,
38,
25,
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19,
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39,
41,
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[
22,
4,
37,
36,
33
] |
3027462485940199322
|
which movie wins 4 awards in 75th golden globe award
|
[
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri",
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri",
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri",
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri",
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri"
] |
{
"0": "75th Golden Globe Awards - wikipedia 75th Golden Globe Awards Jump to : navigation , search 75th Golden Globe Awards Official poster Date January 7 , 2018 Site The Beverly Hilton , Beverly Hills , California , U.S. Hosted by Seth Meyers Highlights Best Film : Drama Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Best Film : Musical or Comedy Lady Bird Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Best Musical or Comedy Series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Best Miniseries or Television movie Big Little Lies Most awards Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Big Little Lies ( 4 ) Most nominations The Shape of Water ( 7 ) Television coverage Network NBC ← 74th Golden Globes 76th → The 75th Golden Globe Awards honored film and American television of 2017 and was broadcast live on January 7 , 2018 , from The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California beginning at 5 : 00 p.m. PST / 8 : 00 p.m. EST by NBC . The ceremony was produced by Dick Clark Productions in association with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Talk - show host Seth Meyers hosted the ceremony for the first time . Oprah Winfrey was announced as Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award honoree on December 13 , 2017 . The nominees were announced on December 11 , 2017 , by Sharon Stone , Alfre Woodard , Kristen Bell and Garrett Hedlund . Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri won the most awards for the evening with four , including Best Motion Picture -- Drama . The Shape of Water and Lady Bird won two awards each . Big Little Lies , The Handmaid 's Tale and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel were among the television shows that received multiple awards .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Film 1.2 Films with multiple nominations 1.3 Films with multiple wins 1.4 Television 1.5 Programs with multiple nominations 1.6 Programs with multiple wins 2 Ceremony 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Golden Globe Ambassador 2.3 Time 's Up movement 2.4 Activist guests 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 4 In Memoriam 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) The nominees for 75th Golden Globe Awards were announced on December 11 , 2017 . Winners are listed first in boldface .",
"2": "Gary Oldman , Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama winner Frances McDormand , Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama winner James Franco , Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy winner Saoirse Ronan , Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy winner Sam Rockwell , Best Supporting Actor winner Allison Janney , Best Supporting Actress winner Sterling K. Brown , Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama winner Elisabeth Moss , Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama winner Aziz Ansari , Best Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical winner Rachel Brosnahan , Best Actress in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical winner Ewan McGregor , Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film winner Nicole Kidman , Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film winner Alexander Skarsgård , Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film winner Laura Dern , Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film winner Film ( edit ) Best Motion Picture Drama Musical or Comedy Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Call Me by Your Name Dunkirk The Post The Shape of Water Lady Bird The Disaster Artist Get Out The Greatest Showman I , Tonya Best Performance in a Motion Picture -- Drama Actor Actress Gary Oldman -- Darkest Hour as Winston Churchill Timothée Chalamet -- Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman Daniel Day - Lewis -- Phantom Thread as Reynolds Woodcock Tom Hanks -- The Post as Ben Bradlee Denzel Washington -- Roman J. Israel , Esq . as Roman J. Israel Frances McDormand -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri as Mildred Hayes Jessica Chastain -- Molly 's Game as Molly Bloom Sally Hawkins -- The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito Meryl Streep -- The Post as Kay Graham Michelle Williams -- All the Money in the World as Gail Harris Best Performance in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Actor Actress James Franco -- The Disaster Artist as Tommy Wiseau Steve Carell -- Battle of the Sexes as Bobby Riggs Ansel Elgort -- Baby Driver as Baby / Miles Hugh Jackman -- The Greatest Showman as P.T.",
"3": "Barnum Daniel Kaluuya -- Get Out as Chris Washington Saoirse Ronan -- Lady Bird as Christine `` Lady Bird '' McPherson Judi Dench -- Victoria & Abdul as Queen Victoria Helen Mirren -- The Leisure Seeker as Ella Spencer Margot Robbie -- I , Tonya as Tonya Harding Emma Stone -- Battle of the Sexes as Billie Jean King Best Supporting Performance in a Motion Picture -- Drama , Musical or Comedy Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Sam Rockwell -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri as Officer Jason Dixon Willem Dafoe -- The Florida Project as Bobby Hicks Armie Hammer -- Call Me by Your Name as Oliver Richard Jenkins -- The Shape of Water as Giles Christopher Plummer -- All the Money in the World as J. Paul Getty Allison Janney -- I , Tonya as LaVona Golden Mary J. Blige -- Mudbound as Florence Jackson Hong Chau -- Downsizing as Ngoc Lan Tran Laurie Metcalf -- Lady Bird as Marion McPherson Octavia Spencer -- The Shape of Water as Zelda Fuller Other Best Director Best Screenplay Guillermo del Toro -- The Shape of Water Martin McDonagh -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Christopher Nolan -- Dunkirk Ridley Scott -- All the Money in the World Steven Spielberg -- The Post Martin McDonagh -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Guillermo del Toro & Vanessa Taylor -- The Shape of Water Greta Gerwig -- Lady Bird Liz Hannah & Josh Singer -- The Post Aaron Sorkin -- Molly 's Game Best Original Score Best Original Song Alexandre Desplat -- The Shape of Water Carter Burwell -- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Jonny Greenwood -- Phantom Thread John Williams -- The Post Hans Zimmer -- Dunkirk `` This Is Me '' ( Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ) -- The Greatest Showman `` Home '' ( Nick Jonas , Justin Tranter , and Nick Monson ) -- Ferdinand `` Mighty River '' ( Raphael Saadiq , Mary J. Blige ,",
"4": "and Taura Stinson ) -- Mudbound `` Remember Me '' ( Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ) -- Coco `` The Star '' ( Mariah Carey and Marc Shaiman ) -- The Star Best Animated Feature Film Best Foreign Language Film Coco The Boss Baby The Breadwinner Ferdinand Loving Vincent In the Fade ( Germany / France ) A Fantastic Woman ( Chile ) First They Killed My Father ( Cambodia ) Loveless ( Russia ) The Square ( Sweden / Germany / France ) Films with multiple nominations ( edit ) The following seventeen films received multiple nominations : Nominations Films Ref . 7 The Shape of Water 6 The Post Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Lady Bird All the Money in the World Call Me by Your Name Dunkirk The Greatest Showman I , Tonya Battle of the Sexes Coco The Disaster Artist Ferdinand Get Out Molly 's Game Mudbound Phantom Thread Films with multiple wins ( edit ) The following films received multiple wins : Wins Film Ref . Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri The Shape of Water Lady Bird Television ( edit ) Best Series Drama Musical or Comedy The Handmaid 's Tale The Crown Game of Thrones Stranger Things This Is Us The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Black - ish Master of None SMILF Will & Grace Best Performance in a Television Series -- Drama Actor Actress Sterling K. Brown -- This Is Us as Randall Pearson Jason Bateman -- Ozark as Martin `` Marty '' Byrde Freddie Highmore -- The Good Doctor as Dr.",
"5": "Shaun Murphy Bob Odenkirk -- Better Call Saul as Jimmy McGill Liev Schreiber -- Ray Donovan as Ray Donovan Elisabeth Moss -- The Handmaid 's Tale as June Osborne / Offred Caitriona Balfe -- Outlander as Claire Fraser Claire Foy -- The Crown as Queen Elizabeth II Maggie Gyllenhaal -- The Deuce as Eileen `` Candy '' Merrell Katherine Langford -- 13 Reasons Why as Hannah Baker Best Performance in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Actor Actress Aziz Ansari -- Master of None as Dev Shah Anthony Anderson -- Black - ish as Andre `` Dre '' Johnson Sr . Kevin Bacon -- I Love Dick as Dick William H. Macy -- Shameless as Frank Gallagher Eric McCormack -- Will & Grace as Will Truman Rachel Brosnahan -- The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel as Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel Pamela Adlon -- Better Things as Sam Fox Alison Brie -- GLOW as Ruth `` Zoya the Destroya '' Wilder Issa Rae -- Insecure as Issa Dee Frankie Shaw -- SMILF as Bridgette Bird Best Performance in a Miniseries or Television Film Actor Actress Ewan McGregor -- Fargo as Emmit and Raymond `` Ray '' Stussy Robert De Niro -- The Wizard of Lies as Bernie Madoff Jude Law -- The Young Pope as Pope Pius XIII Kyle MacLachlan -- Twin Peaks as Dale Cooper Geoffrey Rush -- Genius as elder Albert Einstein Nicole Kidman -- Big Little Lies as Celeste Wright Jessica Biel -- The Sinner as Cora Tannetti Jessica Lange -- Feud : Bette and Joan as Joan Crawford Susan Sarandon -- Feud : Bette and Joan as Bette Davis Reese Witherspoon -- Big Little Lies as Madeline Martha Mackenzie Best Supporting Performance in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Alexander Skarsgård -- Big Little Lies as Perry Wright David Harbour -- Stranger Things as Chief Jim Hopper Alfred Molina -- Feud : Bette and Joan as Robert Aldrich Christian Slater -- Mr. Robot as Mr. Robot / Edward Alderson David Thewlis -- Fargo as V.M.",
"6": "Varga Laura Dern -- Big Little Lies as Renata Klein Ann Dowd -- The Handmaid 's Tale as Aunt Lydia Chrissy Metz -- This Is Us as Kate Pearson Michelle Pfeiffer -- The Wizard of Lies as Ruth Madoff Shailene Woodley -- Big Little Lies as Jane Chapman Best Miniseries or Television Film Big Little Lies Fargo Feud : Bette and Joan The Sinner Top of the Lake : China Girl Programs with multiple nominations ( edit ) The following fourteen programs received multiple nominations : Nominations Program Ref . 6 Big Little Lies Feud : Bette and Joan Fargo The Handmaid 's Tale This Is Us Black - ish The Crown The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Master of None The Sinner SMILF Stranger Things Will & Grace 13 Reasons Why Programs with multiple wins ( edit ) The following three programs received multiple wins : Wins Program Ref . Big Little Lies The Handmaid 's Tale The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Ceremony ( edit ) During a pre-show event the award for `` Best Podcast '' was announced . The event was streamed live on YouTube . In support of the # metoo and Time 's Up movements , nearly the entire audience wore black . Many of the acceptance speeches specifically mentioned these causes , including that of Oprah Winfrey . Presenters ( edit ) Gal Gadot and Dwayne Johnson with Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Viola Davis and Helen Mirren with Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Zac Efron introduced The Greatest Showman Jennifer Aniston and Carol Burnett with Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy and Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Sarah Paulson introduced The Post Garrett Hedlund and Kerry Washington with Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Roseanne Barr and John Goodman with Best Television Series -- Drama Seth Rogen introduced The Disaster Artist Christina Hendricks and Neil Patrick Harris with Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Mariah Carey and Common with Best Original Score Kelly Clarkson and Keith Urban with Best Original Song Octavia Spencer introduced The Shape of Water Emma Stone and Shirley MacLaine with Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Sharon Stone and J.K.",
"7": "Simmons with Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Sebastian Stan and Allison Janney introduced I , Tonya Amy Poehler and Andy Samberg with Best Animated Feature Film Kate Hudson and Aaron Taylor - Johnson with Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Catherine Zeta - Jones and Kirk Douglas with Best Screenplay Sarah Jessica Parker with Best Foreign Language Film Hugh Grant introduced Dunkirk Darren Criss , Penélope Cruz , Ricky Martin , and Édgar Ramírez with Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Halle Berry introduced Get Out Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington with Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Reese Witherspoon with the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award Natalie Portman and Ron Howard with Best Director Greta Gerwig introduced Lady Bird Emma Watson and Robert Pattinson with Best Miniseries or Television Film Jessica Chastain and Chris Hemsworth with Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Dakota Johnson introduced Call Me by Your Name Salma Hayek introduced Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Alicia Vikander and Michael Keaton with Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon with Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Isabelle Huppert and Angelina Jolie with Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Barbra Streisand with Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Ambassador ( edit ) Previously known as Miss or Mr. Golden Globe , the title was changed this ceremony to Golden Globe Ambassador to better reflect inclusiveness . The inaugural ambassador was Simone Garcia Johnson , daughter of Dwayne Johnson and Dany Garcia . Time 's up movement ( edit ) Due to the Weinstein effect , many attendees wore black in support of the Time 's Up movement , and wore corresponding # MeToo pins . Tarana Burke , who created the `` Me too '' movement in 2006 , attended the awards as a guest of Michelle Williams .",
"8": "Activist guests ( edit ) Activists attended the ceremony as guests , namely : Tarana Burke as a guest of Michelle Williams , Rosa Clemente as a guest of Susan Sarandon , Saru Jayaraman as a guest of Amy Poehler , Billie Jean King as a guest of Emma Stone , Marai Larasi as a guest of Emma Watson , Calina Lawrence as a guest of Shailene Woodley , Ai - jen Poo as a guest of Meryl Streep , and Mónica Ramírez as a guest of Laura Dern . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The ceremony averaged a Nielsen 5.0 ratings / 18 share , and was watched by 19.0 million viewers . The ratings was a five percent decline from the previous ceremony 's viewership of 20.02 million , becoming the lowest since 2012 . In Memoriam ( edit ) No `` In Memoriam '' section was broadcast on television during the ceremony , so the HFPA included a slideshow on their website , and they included the following names : Jerry Lewis Glen Campbell Jeanne Moreau Martin Landau John G. Avildsen Roger Moore Jonathan Demme Christine Kaufmann Richard Hatch John Hurt Mike Connors Mary Tyler Moore Michèle Morgan William Peter Blatty See also ( edit ) 90th Academy Awards 45th Annie Awards 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards 71st British Academy Film Awards 38th Golden Raspberry Awards 21st Hollywood Film Awards 33rd Independent Spirit Awards 22nd Satellite Awards 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 75th Annual Golden Globe Awards '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Celada , Ana Luca ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` We Have a Date - for the 75th Golden Globe Awards ! '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby . `` Seth Meyers to host the 2018 Golden Globes '' . LA Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Meyers to Host 2018 Golden Globe Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"9": "Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Winfrey : Recipient Of The Cecil B. deMille Award 2018 '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah to get top Golden Globe honour '' . BBC News . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three Billboards wins big at Golden Globes and # MeToo movement makes its mark -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro wins the 2018 Golden Globe for Best Director '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2018 : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : Why The Handmaid 's Tale and Big Little Lies had to win '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The full list of nominations for the Golden Globes 2018 '' . Guardian . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The full list of winners of the Golden Globes 2018 '' . The Guardian . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' and ' Big Little Lies ' Lead Golden Globe Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 12 , 2017 ) .",
"10": "`` ' Shape of Water , ' ' Big Little Lies ' lead Golden Globe nominations '' . CNN Entertainment . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Post Team Thrilled Over Six Golden Globe Nominations '' . News 18 . Indo Asian News Service . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg , Streep and Hanks react to the six Golden Globes nominations for ' The Post ' '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Express Web Desk ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : Why Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri could win Best Motion Picture ( Drama ) '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jang , Meena ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ' Wins Best Motion Picture , Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ' wins best motion picture , drama '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Greta Gerwig on ' Lady Bird 's ' four nominations , and her absence in the Golden Globes ' director category '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lady Bird ' Wins Best Picture Comedy , Giving Greta Gerwig Her Moment in the Spotlight '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Egel , Benjy ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lady Bird ' nominated for four Golden Globe awards '' . Sacbee . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Christopher ( December 11 , 2017 ) .",
"11": "`` Golden Globes : ' All the Money in the World ' Lands Three Nominations After Whirlwind Reshoots '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Golden Globes just rewarded a film that made a startling move to emerge from a sexual harassment cloud '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the Money in the World ' Golden Globe nominations preview how awards season responds to sexual misconduct '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' All The Money in the World ' : Christopher Plummer Earns Golden Globe Nomination After Replacing Kevin Spacey '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : Will ' Call Me by Your Name ' be the latest LGBT winner for Best Film ? '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cullum , Erin ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` 15 People Who Were Heartbroken by Call Me by Your Name 's Golden Globes Snubs '' . PopSugar . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Megarry , Daniel ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name was snubbed at the Golden Globes last night '' . Gay Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Golden Globe predictions : Why ' Dunkirk ' can still win Best Film Drama with only 3 nominations '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Greatest Showman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( January 7 , 2018 ) , `` Surprise !",
"12": "Tonya Harding Attends Golden Globes to Celebrate I , Tonya Nominations '' , People , retrieved January 10 , 2018 Jump up ^ Dixon , James Marcus ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Janney ( ' I , Tonya ' ) has 7 Emmys but 0 Golden Globes : How is that even possible ? '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Margot Robbie On What Projects Are Next & How ' I , Tonya ' Speaks To Today 's World -- Golden Globes Reaction '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Golden Globe Nominations : See the Full List '' . Vanity Fair . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew R. ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Golden Globe Nominations : Full List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' and ' Big Little Lies ' are the top winners of a very different kind of Golden Globes awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro gana a Mejor Director en los Globos de Oro '' . Milenio ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro se eleva en Globo '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Big Little Lies , ' ' Three Billboards ' Win Big '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgård Accepts Award for ' Big Little Lies ' Golden Globes 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' dominates Golden Globes nominations , just as HBO renews it for Season 2 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2018 : Complete list of nominees '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Team Says Female - Focused Stories Are ' Good Business ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : ' Three Billboards , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Dominate Politically Charged Show '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Wins Big Again During the Most Political Golden Globes Telecast Ever '' . Adweek . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel wins the 2018 Golden Globe for best TV comedy '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Menetz , David ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : The Mrs. Maisel Team Reacts to Winning an Award for Once '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Globes proved awards shows can be relevant in the era of # MeToo '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` # MeToo , powerful speeches dominate the 75th Golden Globe Awards '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Russian , Ale ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot , Halle Berry , Emma Watson and More Announced as Presenters at 2018 Golden Globes '' . People . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Ashley ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : Roseanne Barr , John Goodman to Present ( Exclusive ) '' . SFGate . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guglielmi , Jodi ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Kate Hudson , Zac Efron and Robert Pattinson Added to List of Presenters '' . People . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Zach ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Aniston and Angelina Jolie at Golden Globes 2018 as presenters '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halle Berry , Carol Burnett among Golden Globe presenters '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Darren Criss , Carol Burnett , Neil Patrick Harris , More Among 2018 Golden Globe Presenters '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Thelma & Louise ' return ! Davis , Sarandon reunite at Globes '' . APNews . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Drysdale , Jennifer ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Golden Globes Presenters : Angelina Jolie , Jennifer Aniston and More '' . ET . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and Christina Hendricks to Present at 2018 Golden Globes '' . ET Online . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ET Online ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and Christina Hendricks to Present at 2018 Golden Globes '' . Yahoo ! Entertainment . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Aniftos , Rania ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mariah Carey , Keith Urban & Common to Present at Golden Globes : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Karen ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Confirmed as Golden Globe Awards Presenter '' . PopCrush . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohwedder , Kristie ( December 2017 ) . `` Who Will Announce The 2018 Golden Globe Nominations ? It 's Always An A-List Affair '' . Bustle . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Stone & Chris Hemsworth To Present At The Golden Globes '' . Access Online . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` I , Tonya Star Allison Janney Presents With a Bird on Her Shoulder at the Golden Globes '' . People . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Emily ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : ' I , Tonya ' Stars Allison Janney and Sebastian Stan to Present '' . US Magazine . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Amy Poehler sets return to Golden Globes as presenter '' . CNN . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( December 29 , 2017 ) .",
"16": "`` Hugh Grant , Amy Poehler , Neil Patrick Harris and more to present at Golden Globes 2018 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Britons Felicity Jones , Hugh Grant and Sting to present awards at Golden Globes '' . Irish Independent . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Lexy ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : Hugh Grant , Ricky Martin , Isabelle Huppert Among First Group of Presenters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penélope Cruz presentará los Globos de Oro junto a Ricky Martin '' . Europa Press ( in Spanish ) . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penélope Cruz y Gal Gadot , entre las presentadoras de los Globos de Oro 2018 '' . Antena 3 Noticias ( in Spanish ) . Madrid . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Pat ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Female Directors Shut Out of Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Greta Gerwig on ' Lady Bird 's ' Golden Globe nominations , and her absence in the director category '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson Will Present at the Golden Globes 2018 '' . Just Jared . December 28 , 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pocock , Emma ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Weekly Round - Up : Emma Watson to Present at Golden Globe Awards , Julie Walters In ' Mary Poppins ' Teaser Photo & More ! '' . The Leaky Cualdron . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ ABC News Radio ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot , Seth Rogen , Chris Hemsworth & more set to present at the Golden Globe Awards '' . News Channel Nebraska . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot And Chris Hemsworth To Present At Golden Globe Awards '' . Comic Book . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander to help present Golden Globes '' . The Local . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Alicia Vikander , Carol Burnett and More To Present at 1 / 7 Golden Globes '' . Broadway World . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Globe Ambassador : Presenting Hollywood 's Next Generation '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's Daughter Simone Garcia Johnson Named Golden Globe Ambassador '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Rock 's daughter Simone Garcia Johnson is 2018 Golden Globe ambassador '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson 's Daughter Simone Named 2018 Golden Globe Ambassador '' . People . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryan Elise ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Miss Golden Globe ' Title Retired as Dwayne Johnson 's Daughter Becomes ' Globe Ambassador ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Hilary ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Rock 's Daughter Will Make History at the Golden Globes '' . Vaniti Fair . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Time 's Up : How a Hollywood Initiative Is Tackling Sexual Predators '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : CNWN Collection . `` Golden Globes 2018 : How to Support the Activists ' Causes '' . Allure . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Sandra E. ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` The Woman Who Created # MeToo Long Before Hashtags '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Yam , Kimberly . `` Here 's What You Should Know About The 8 Activists Who Went To The Golden Globes HuffPost '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Golden Globe Ratings Down From 2017 , Falls To 6 - Year Demo Low '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Ratings : Golden Globes Steady vs. 2017 , NFL - Fueled Fox Comedies Hit Highs '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes viewership down from last year '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) . `` TV Ratings : Golden Globes Down Slightly From 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` No , the Golden Globes Did n't Forget the In Memoriam Segment ... It Just Did n't Air on TV '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefee , Jack ( January 7 , 2018 ) .",
"19": "`` Do The 2018 Golden Globes Have An In Memoriam Segment ? The Stars We Lost Do n't Go Unnoticed '' . Bustle . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Celada , Luca ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Jerry Lewis , Golden Globe Nominee , 1926 - 2017 '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kahana , Yoram ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Glen Campbell , 1936 - 2017 , Forever Rhinestone Cowboy '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Babiana , Ana María ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Jeanne Moreau , 1928 - 2017 , Grande Dame of Cinema '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Babiana , Ana María ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Martin Landau , 1928 - 2017 , Master Actor , Golden Globe Winner '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Babiana , Ana María ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : John G. Avildsen , 1935 - 2017 - Golden Globe Nominee , Champion of the Underdogs '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Celada , Luca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Roger Moore , Our Smiling Bond , 1927 - 2017 '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Babiana , Ana María ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Jonathan Demme ( 1944 - 2017 ) , Eclectic Master , Heart of Gold '' . Golden Globe Awards .",
"20": "Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Karen ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam -- Christine Kaufmann '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kahana , Yoram ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Richard Hatch , Golden Globe Nominee , 1945 - 2017 '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Celada , Luca ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : John Hurt ( 1940 - 2017 ) The Passing of a Master '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kahana , Yoram ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Mike Connors , aka Mannix , Golden Globe Winner , 1925 - 2017 '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Babiana , Ana María ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Mary Tyler Moore , TV Maverick , Golden Globe Winner '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Park , H.J. ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Michèle Morgan , Legendary Star of Hollywood and France '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kahana , Yoran ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` In Memoriam : Golden Globe Winner William Peter Blatty , Soul Searcher , Master of Horror '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 .",
"21": "External links ( edit ) Golden Globes official website 75th Golden Globe Awards on IMDb ( hide ) Golden Globe Awards Current awards ( Film ) Best Film : Drama Best Film : Musical or Comedy Best Actor : Drama Best Actor : Musical or Comedy Best Actress : Drama Best Actress : Musical or Comedy Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Animated Feature Best Director Best Foreign Language Film Best Original Score Best Original Song Best Screenplay Current awards ( Television ) Best TV Series : Drama Best TV Series : Musical or Comedy Best Miniseries or Television Film Best Actor : Drama Series Best Actor : Musical or Comedy Series Best Actor : Miniseries or TV Film Best Actress : Drama Series Best Actress : Musical or Comedy Series Best Actress : Miniseries or TV Film Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Retired awards New Star of the Year -- Actor New Star of the Year -- Actress Best Documentary Ceremonies List of Golden Globe Award ceremonies : 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 ( years are of film release ; ceremonies are following year ) Miscellaneous Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe Ambassador Hollywood Foreign Press Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"22": "php?title=75th_Golden_Globe_Awards&oldid=835140170 '' Categories : 2018 awards in the United States 2018 film awards 2018 in California 2018 television awards 2010s in Los Angeles County Golden Globe Awards January 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-3571188254210519942
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whats the movie called with justin timberlake and time
|
[
"In Time",
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{
"0": "In time - Wikipedia In time Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In time ( disambiguation ) . In Time Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Niccol Produced by Andrew Niccol Marc Abraham Amy Israel Kristel Laiblin Eric Newman Written by Andrew Niccol Starring Justin Timberlake Amanda Seyfried Olivia Wilde Vincent Kartheiser Johnny Galecki Cillian Murphy Matt Bomer Alex Pettyfer Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Zach Staenberg Production company New Regency Strike Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $174 million In Time is a 2011 American dystopian science fiction action thriller film written , directed , and produced by Andrew Niccol . Justin Timberlake , Amanda Seyfried and Cillian Murphy star as people in a society where people stop aging at 25 . Instead , a new economic system uses time as currency , and each person has a clock on their arm that counts down how long they have to live . The film was released on October 28 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Copyright lawsuit 5 Similar works 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2169 , people are genetically engineered to stop aging on their 25th birthday . Everyone then develops a countdown on their forearm set for a year . When the clock reaches zero , that person `` times out '' , or dies . Time has thus become the universal currency , and can be transferred between people or within `` time capsules '' .",
"1": "Two major areas exist within Los Angeles : Dayton , a poor manufacturing area , and New Greenwich , where people have enough time to essentially be immortal . Will Salas is a Dayton factory worker living with his mother Rachel . He rescues a drunken man named Henry Hamilton from an attempted robbery by a gang of time - robbing thugs led by Fortis. Hamilton reveals to Will that the people of New Greenwich hoard most of the time for themselves to live forever , while constantly increasing the cost of living keeps poorer people dying . The next morning , Hamilton transfers 116 years of his time to the sleeping Will , before timing out and falling off a bridge . Raymond Leon , leader of the police - like Timekeepers erroneously assumes that Will played a part in Hamilton 's death . Will visits his best friend Borel . Borel warns him that having so much time within Dayton will get him killed . Will gives Borel ten years in return for their years of friendship before meeting his mother to leave for New Greenwich . Rachel uses all but 90 minutes of her time to pay off a 2 - day loan and finds herself short for a bus fare to get home . She urges the bus driver to lend her 30 minutes , but he refuses and advises her to run . She dies in Will 's arms before he can lend her time . In New Greenwich , Will visits a casino and meets time - loaning businessman Philippe Weis and his daughter Sylvia . While playing poker with Weis , Will comes dangerously close to timing out but eventually wins more than a millennium in a flawless gamble . Sylvia , impressed , invites him to a party in the Weis mansion . Will buys a new sports car and drives himself to the party . After a quick dance , down at their private beach Will tempts Sylvia into a nude moonlit dip in the waves ( her first brush with danger ) . Once back indoors , Will is surprised by the Timekeepers , there to arrest him . Dismissing Will 's claim of innocence , Raymond confiscates all but two hours of his time . When asked why he is investigating a suicide , instead the Timekeeper insinuates he knew Will 's father . Left with little choice , Will takes Sylvia as a hostage and drives back to Dayton .",
"2": "They are ambushed by Fortis ' gang , crash the car and are left with 30 minutes each . Will attempts to get some time back from Borel , but his wife Greta tells him that he has drunk himself to death , blaming Will for the stupidity of his generosity . Sylvia pawns her diamond earrings for extra time , and Will calls Weis to demand a 1,000 year ransom ( to be paid into the time - mission for the desperate ) . When Weis refuses to pay , Will releases Sylvia anyway . She calls Weis from a pay phone , but they are ambushed by Raymond , whom Sylvia shoots in the arm to protect Will . They steal his car , and Will gives Raymond enough time to survive . Will and Sylvia team up and rob Weis ' time banks , giving the extra time capsules to the needy . After a decade reward is offered for their capture , Fortis ' gang tracks them down to a hotel room . Fortis challenges Will to a `` time - duel '' , which Will wins through a trick used by his father . Will shoots the rest of the gang while they are distracted by Fortis ' death . The pair soon realize they can not steal enough time to significantly change anything , as New Greenwich simply raises prices on Daytoners . They rob Weis ' personal vault and obtain a one - million - years capsule . Raymond chases them back to Dayton but is too late to stop them from distributing the stolen time . After chasing them to the city 's outskirts , Raymond reveals that he came from Dayton and intends to stop other Daytoners escaping . He realizes too late that he forgot to collect his daily time allotment and times out . Will and Sylvia , each with just over a minute to live , race to Raymond 's patrol car . Will collects Raymond 's daily share and runs back to Sylvia in a scene reminiscent of his mother 's death . This time , he saves her when her clock only has seconds left . TV reports show factories in Dayton shutting down as everyone has enough time and abandon their jobs to go to New Greenwich . Will and Sylvia continue robbing banks as part of their efforts to crash the system , while the rich attempt to cope with the sudden surge of people infiltrating their zone .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Justin Timberlake as Will Salas Amanda Seyfried as Sylvia Weis Cillian Murphy as Timekeeper Raymond Leon Alex Pettyfer as Fortis Vincent Kartheiser as Philippe Weis Olivia Wilde as Rachel Salas Matt Bomer as Henry Hamilton Johnny Galecki as Borel Collins Pennie as Timekeeper Jaeger Ethan Peck as Constantin Yaya DaCosta as Greta , Borel 's wife Rachel Roberts as Carrera August Emerson as Levi Sasha Pivovarova as Clara Weis ( Sylvia 's grandmother ) Jesse Lee Soffer as Webb Bella Heathcote as Michele Weis ( Sylvia 's mother ) Toby Hemingway as Timekeeper Kors Melissa Ordway as Leila Jessica Parker Kennedy as Edouarda Christoph Sanders as Nixon Jeff Staron as Oris Matt O'Leary as Moser Nick Lashaway as Ekman Ray Santiago as Victa Kris Lemche as Markus Laura Ashley Samuels as Sagita Production ( edit ) Before the film was titled In Time , the names Now and I 'm. mortal were used . On July 12 , 2010 , it was reported that Amanda Seyfried had been offered a lead role . On July 27 , 2010 , it was confirmed that Justin Timberlake had been offered a lead role . On August 9 , 2010 , Cillian Murphy was confirmed to have joined the cast . The first photos from the set were revealed on October 28 , 2010 . 20th Century Fox and New Regency distributed the film , and Marc Abraham and Eric Newman 's Strike Entertainment produced it . In an interview with Kristopher Tapley of InContention.com Roger Deakins stated that he would be shooting the film in digital , which makes this the first film to be shot in digital by the veteran cinematographer . The Dayton scenes were filmed primarily in the Skid Row and Boyle Heights neighborhoods of Los Angeles , while the New Greenwich scenes were filmed primarily in Century City , Bel Air , and Malibu . Although the names of the ghetto - like zone and wealthy enclave reflect Dayton and Greenwich , respectively , the maps used by the Timekeepers are maps of Los Angeles , CA .",
"4": "Using the common device of Future - Retro , the production 's vehicle suppliers assembled a fleet of cars and trucks from used car lots and junkyards . Although an ancient Citroën DS 21 and Cadillac Seville feature , center stage goes to a fleet of seemingly immaculate Dodge Challengers and Lincoln Continentals . The rich drive around in the high gloss Lincolns , all of which have been smoothed , lowered and fitted with oversized disc wheels on low profile rubber . The Dodges are the Time Keeper 's cop cars . These too have been smoothed and externally customized , with grilles front and rear covering the lights , and low profile tires on disc wheels . In stark contrast to the Lincolns , paintwork is matte black . A slim police light - bar is fitted internally , behind the windshield . Externally this fleet looked immaculate but no money was spent on what would not be seen and many of the vehicles had wrecked interiors , with ripped seats , carpets and head - linings . Because the cars had been assembled from many sources and prepared to look identical , the interiors of most were of a color which did not match the black exteriors . The best of the Lincoln Continentals , for instance , whose interior is seen in the production , is trimmed out in blue . The use of future retro is one of many elements that the film seems to share with Niccol 's earlier work , Gattaca . The earlier work also features electrically powered vintage cars ( notably a Rover P6 and again , a Citroën DS ) , as well as buildings of indeterminate age . Gattaca also deals with innate inequalities ( though in its case genetic , rather than longevity ) and the film 's protagonist also seeks to cross the divide that his birthright is supposed to deny him . Similarly , he is pursued by law enforcement officers after being wrongly identified as having committed a murder . Copyright lawsuit ( edit ) On September 15 , 2011 , according to The Hollywood Reporter , a suit was filed by attorneys on behalf of speculative fiction writer Harlan Ellison that the film 's plot was based on his 1965 short story `` ' Repent , Harlequin ! ' Said the Ticktockman '' .",
"5": "The suit , naming New Regency , director Andrew Niccol , and a number of anonymous John Does , appears to base its claim on the similarity that both the completed film and Ellison 's story concern a dystopian future in which people have a set amount of time to live which can be revoked , given certain pertaining circumstances by a recognized authority known as a Timekeeper . Initially , the suit demanded an injunction against the film 's release ; however , Ellison later altered his suit to instead ask for screen credit before ultimately dropping the suit , with both sides releasing the following joint statement : `` After seeing the film In Time , Harlan Ellison decided to voluntarily dismiss the Action . No payment or screen credit was promised or given to Harlan Ellison . The parties wish each other well , and have no further comment on the matter . '' Similar works ( edit ) Many of the elements of In Time can be found in the 1987 short film The Price of Life , made by Chanticleer Films . Its basic premise and storyline are so similar that In Time has been called an unacknowledged remake of the earlier film . The Price of Life was a 38 - minute short film ( story by Stephen Tolkin and Michel Monteaux ) in which a time account is physically linked to every infant at birth , with death automatic when the balance drops to zero . An elite upper - class is portrayed as living hundreds of years or more . The protagonist is given a certain amount of time as an infant , and as a young boy adds days and years to his time account by buying valuables from people and selling them to visiting tourists from the rich enclave . After his sister dies after gambling away her time , the protagonist ( now a young man ) sets out on a journey to the enclave of `` the Old Ones '' in order to save the life of his mother , who is ( literally ) running out of time . He gets there and meets a beautiful older woman who co-opts him into the immortal lifestyle . The movie Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) depicts a city where everyone is destroyed when they reach the age of 30 . The protagonists are Sandmen who hunt Runners trying to avoid destruction .",
"6": "Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 36 % of 152 critics gave the film a positive review ; the rating average is 5.2 out of 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` In Time 's intriguing premise and appealing cast are easily overpowered by the blunt , heavy - handed storytelling . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 53 based on 36 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B - minus '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review with 3 stars out of 4 , noting that the `` premise is damnably intriguing '' , but `` a great deal of this film has been assembled from standard elements '' . Henry Barnes noted that Will is `` one of the 99 % '' and calls the character `` a Rolex Robin Hood '' . Box Office ( edit ) In Time grossed $12 million on its opening weekend , debuting at number three behind Puss in Boots , and Paranormal Activity 3 . The film declined later on during its 14 weekend box office run . The film eventually grossed over $37.5 million in the US and $136.4 million internationally for a worldwide total of $173.9 million . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` In Time ( 2011 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IN TIME ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2011 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Puss in Boots ' to stomp on competition '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Time ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` I 'm . mortal Retitled Now , Adds Alex Pettyfer And Matt Bomer To Cast '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Signs on to I 'm. mortal '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Leading I 'm. mortal ? '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Cillian Murphy to Star in I 'm. mortal '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Timberlake and Seyfried Spotted Filming Their New Thriller '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Justin Timberlake , Cillian Murphy in Talks to Join ' I 'm. mortal '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) . `` TECH SUPPORT INTERVIEW : ' True Grit ' cinematographer Roger Deakins '' . InContention.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq . `` Harlan Ellison Sues Claiming Fox 's ' In Time ' Rips Off Sci - Fi Story ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ellison wants ' In Time ' concessions -- only asks for credit ? '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . August 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 .",
"8": "Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ellison drops lawsuit after watching In Time '' . scifistorm.org. 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The Price of Life at Vimeo Jump up ^ Bryan , Steven ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Does ' In Time ' Owe a Debt to ' American Playhouse 's ' ' The Price of Life ' ? - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eric Volkman ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` In Time ( 2011 ) - vs - Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) '' . Movie Smackdown . Jump up ^ `` In Time ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Time Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Snow Ices Box Office : ' Puss In Boots ' # 1 , ' Paranormal ' # 2 , ' In Time ' # 3 , ' Rum Diary ' # 4 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Time '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Henry Barnes ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` In Time -- review '' . The Guardian .",
"9": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : In Time Official website In Time on IMDb In Time at AllMovie In Time at Box Office Mojo In Time at Rotten Tomatoes In Time at Metacritic Official trailer Andrew Niccol filmography Director / writer Gattaca ( 1997 ) Simone ( 2002 ) Lord of War ( 2005 ) In Time ( 2011 ) The Host ( 2013 ) Good Kill ( 2014 ) Anon ( 2018 ) Writer only The Truman Show ( 1998 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) Marc Abraham Producer A Thousand Acres ( 1997 ) Playing God ( 1997 ) Trippin ' ( 1999 ) The Family Man ( 2000 ) Bring It On ( 2000 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) The Emperor 's Club ( 2002 ) Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Let 's Go to Prison ( 2006 ) Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) In Time ( 2011 ) The Thing ( 2011 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) RoboCop ( 2014 ) The Man with the Iron Fists 2 ( 2014 ) Director Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) I Saw the Light ( 2015 ) Related Eric Newman Strike Entertainment Beacon Pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"10": "php?title=In_Time&oldid=836703955 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s science fiction films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films Dystopian films Films scored by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) Films about time Films set in the 22nd century Films shot in Los Angeles Economics and time Films involved in plagiarism controversies 20th Century Fox films Regency Enterprises films Films directed by Andrew Niccol Films produced by Marc Abraham Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9094942671294087016
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who wrote the poem for whom the bell tolls
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[
"Ernest Hemingway",
"John Donne",
"Ernest Hemingway"
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{
"0": "For Whom the Bell Tolls - wikipedia For Whom the Bell Tolls Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see For Whom the Bell Tolls ( disambiguation ) . For Whom the Bell Tolls First edition cover Author Ernest Hemingway Country United States Language English Genre War novel Publisher Charles Scribner 's Sons Publication date 21 October 1940 For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940 . It tells the story of Robert Jordan , a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War . As a dynamiter , he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia . The novel is regarded as one of Hemingway 's best works , along with The Sun Also Rises , A Farewell to Arms , and The Old Man and the Sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Title 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Main themes 4.1 Imagery 5 Literary significance and critical reaction 5.1 Language 5.2 Narrative style 5.3 Pulitzer Prize controversy 6 Allusions / references to actual events 7 Adaptations and in popular culture 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana , Cuba ; Key West , Florida ; and Sun Valley , Idaho in 1939 . In Cuba , he lived in the Hotel Ambos - Mundos where he worked on the manuscript . The novel was finished in July 1940 at the InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel in New York City and published in October . It is based on Hemingway 's experiences during the Spanish Civil War and features an American protagonist , named Robert Jordan , who fights with Spanish soldiers for the Republicans . The characters in the novel include those who are purely fictional , those based on real people but fictionalized , and those who were actual figures in the war .",
"1": "Set in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range between Madrid and Segovia , the action takes place during four days and three nights . For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book of the Month Club choice , sold half a million copies within months , was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize , and became a literary triumph for Hemingway . Published on 21 October 1940 , the first edition print run was 75,000 copies priced at $2.75 . Title ( edit ) The book 's title is taken from the metaphysical poet John Donne 's series of meditations and prayers on health , pain , and sickness ( written while Donne was convalescing from a nearly fatal illness ) published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions , specifically Meditation XVII . Hemingway quotes part of the meditation ( using Donne 's original spelling ) in the book 's epigraph , which in turn refers to the practice of funeral tolling : No man is an Iland , intire of it selfe ; every man is a peece of the Continent , a part of the maine ; if a Clod bee washed away by the Sea , Europe is the lesse , as well as if a Promontorie were , as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine owne were ; any mans death diminishes me , because I am involved in Mankinde ; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls ; It tolls for thee . The point made by the choice of this title and epigraph is that the Spanish Civil War of 1936 - 1939 , a major topic of debate in Western intellectual and political circles , is not of importance only to Spaniards ; it matters to everyone . Furthermore , the title and epigraph can be interpreted as a reference to the themes of death within the novel , particularly between the characters of Robert Jordan and Anselmo . Plot summary ( edit ) The novel graphically describes the brutality of the civil war in Spain during this time . It is told primarily through the thoughts and experiences of the protagonist , Robert Jordan . It draws on Hemingway 's own experiences in the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance .",
"2": "Jordan is an American who has lived in Spain during the pre-war period , and fights in the International Brigades for the Republic against Francisco Franco 's fascist forces . An experienced dynamiter , he is ordered by a Soviet general to travel behind enemy lines and destroy a bridge with the aid of a band of local anti-fascist guerrillas , in order to prevent enemy troops from responding to an upcoming offensive . On his mission , Jordan meets the rebel Anselmo who brings him to the hidden guerrilla camp and initially acts as an intermediary between Jordan and the other guerrilla fighters . In the camp , Jordan encounters María , a young Spanish woman whose life had been shattered by her parents ' execution and her rape at the hands of the Falangists ( part of the fascist coalition ) at the outbreak of the war . His strong sense of duty clashes with both the unwillingness of the guerrilla leader Pablo to commit to an operation that would endanger himself and his band , and Jordan 's own new - found lust for life which arises from his love for María . Pablo 's wife , Pilar , usurps Pablo 's leadership and pledges the allegiance of the guerrillas to Jordan 's mission . However , when another band of anti-fascist guerrillas , led by El Sordo , is surrounded and killed , Pablo steals the dynamite detonators and exploder , hoping to prevent the demolition and thereby avoid fascist reprisals . Although he disposes of the detonators and exploder by throwing them down a gorge into the river , Pablo regrets abandoning his comrades and returns to assist in the operation . However , the enemy , apprised of the coming offensive , has prepared to ambush it in force and it seems unlikely that the blown bridge will do much to prevent a rout . Regardless of this , Jordan understands that he must still demolish the bridge in an attempt to prevent Fascist reinforcements from overwhelming his allies . Lacking the detonation equipment stolen by Pablo , Jordan plans an alternative method to explode the dynamite by using hand grenades with wires attached so that their pins can be pulled from a distance . This improvised plan is considerably more dangerous because the men must increase their proximity to the explosion .",
"3": "While Pablo , Pilar , and other guerrilla members attack the posts at the two ends of the bridge , Jordan and Anselmo plant and detonate the dynamite , costing Anselmo his life when he is hit by a piece of shrapnel . While escaping , Jordan is maimed when a tank shoots his horse out from under him . Knowing he would only slow his comrades down , he bids goodbye to María and ensures that she escapes to safety with the surviving guerrillas . He refuses an offer from Agustín to shoot him and lies in agony , hoping to kill an enemy officer and delay their pursuit of his comrades before dying . The narrative ends right before Jordan launches his ambush . Characters ( edit ) Robert Jordan -- American university instructor of Spanish language and a specialist in demolitions and explosives . Anselmo -- Elderly guide to Robert Jordan . Golz -- Soviet officer who ordered the bridge 's demolition . Pablo -- Leader of a group of anti-fascist guerrillas . Rafael -- Well - intentioned yet incompetent and lazy guerrilla , and a gypsy . María -- Robert Jordan 's young lover . Pilar -- Pablo 's wife . An aged but strong woman , she is the de facto leader of the guerrilla band . Karkov -- Soviet agent and journalist in Madrid , and a friend of Jordan 's . Agustín -- Foul - mouthed , middle - aged guerrilla . El Sordo -- Leader of a fellow band of guerrillas . Fernando -- Middle - aged guerrilla . Andrés and Eladio -- Brothers and members of Pablo 's band . Primitivo -- Young guerrilla in Pablo 's band . Joaquin -- Enthusiastic teenaged communist , a member of Sordo 's band . Main themes ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Death is a primary preoccupation of the novel . When Robert Jordan is assigned to blow up the bridge , he knows that he will not survive it .",
"4": "Pablo and El Sordo , leaders of the Republican guerrilla bands , see that inevitability also . Almost all of the main characters in the book contemplate their own deaths . Before the operation , Pilar reads Robert Jordan 's palm , and after seeing it , refuses to comment on what she saw , foreshadowing his untimely demise . Hotel Ambos - Mundos ( Hotel of Both - Worlds ) , Havana , Ernest Hemingway 's first residence in Cuba ( 1932 -- 1939 ) where the first chapter of For Whom the Bell Tolls was written . Much of the rest was written later in his home near Havana , Finca Vigía ( Lookout Farm ) Camaraderie and sacrifice in the face of death abound throughout the novel . Robert Jordan , Anselmo and others are ready to do `` as all good men should '' -- that is , to make the ultimate sacrifice . The oft - repeated embracing gesture reinforces this sense of close companionship in the face of death . An incident involving the death of the character Joaquín 's family serves as an example of this theme ; having learned of this tragedy , Joaquín 's comrades embrace and comfort him , saying they now are his family . Surrounding this love for one 's comrades is the love for the Spanish soil . A love of place , of the senses , and of life itself is represented by the pine needle forest floor -- both at the beginning and , poignantly , at the end of the novel -- when Robert Jordan awaits his death feeling `` his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest . '' Suicide always looms as an alternative to suffering . Many of the characters , including Robert Jordan , would prefer death over capture and are prepared to kill themselves , be killed , or kill to avoid it . As the book ends , Robert Jordan , wounded and unable to travel with his companions , awaits a final ambush that will end his life . He prepares himself against the cruel outcomes of suicide to avoid capture , or inevitable torture for the extraction of information and death at the hands of the enemy . Still , he hopes to avoid suicide partly because his father , whom he views as a coward , committed suicide .",
"5": "Robert Jordan understands suicide but does n't approve of it , and thinks that `` you have to be awfully occupied with yourself to do a thing like that . '' The novel explores political ideology and the nature of bigotry . After noticing how he so easily employed the convenient catch - phrase `` enemy of the people , '' Jordan moves swiftly into the subjects and opines , `` To be bigoted you have to be absolutely sure that you are right and nothing makes that surety and righteousness like continence . Continence is the foe of heresy . '' Later in the book , Robert Jordan explains the threat of fascism in his own country . `` Robert Jordan , wiping out the stew bowl with bread , explained how the income tax and inheritance tax worked . ' But the big estates remain . Also , there are taxes on the land , ' he said . ' But surely the big proprietors and the rich will make a revolution against such taxes . Such taxes appear to me to be revolutionary . They will revolt against the government when they see that they are threatened , exactly as the fascists have done here , ' Primitivo said . ' It is possible . ' ' Then you will have to fight in your country as we fight here . ' ' Yes , we will have to fight . ' ' But are there not many fascists in your country ? ' ' There are many who do not know they are fascists but will find it out when the time comes . ' '' In the same conversation Robert Jordan is having with the others , he also realizes how there are populist policies right in America , namely homesteading which was widely used by American settlers to settle the West from 1863 onward : `` Robert Jordan explained the process of homesteading . He had never thought of it before as an agrarian reform . ' That is magnificent , ' Primitivo said . ' Then you have a Communism in your country ? ' ' No . That is done under the Republic . ' '' Divination emerges as an alternative means of perception . Pilar , `` Pablo 's woman , '' is a reader of palms and more . When Robert Jordan questions her true abilities , she replies , `` Because thou art a miracle of deafness ... It is not that thou art stupid . Thou art simply deaf . One who is deaf can not hear music .",
"6": "Neither can he hear the radio . So he might say , never having heard them , that such things do not exist . '' Imagery ( edit ) Hemingway frequently used images to produce the dense atmosphere of violence and death his books are renowned for ; the main image of For Whom the Bell Tolls is the automatic weapon . As he had done in `` A Farewell to Arms '' , Hemingway employs the fear of modern armament to destroy romantic conceptions of the ancient art of war : combat , sportsmanlike competition and the aspect of hunting . Heroism becomes butchery : the most powerful picture employed here is the shooting of María 's parents against the wall of a slaughterhouse . Glory exists in the official dispatches only ; here , the `` disillusionment '' theme of A Farewell to Arms is adapted . The fascist planes are especially dreaded , and when they approach , all hope is lost . The efforts of the partisans seem to vanish and their commitment and their abilities become meaningless , especially the trench mortars that already wounded Lt. Henry ( `` he knew that they would die as soon as a mortar came up '' ) . No longer would the best soldier win , but the one with the biggest gun . The soldiers using those weapons are simple brutes , they lack `` all conception of dignity '' as Fernando remarked . Anselmo insisted , `` We must teach them . We must take away their planes , their automatic weapons , their tanks , their artillery and teach them dignity . '' The novel also contains imagery of soil and earth . This imagery appears rather famously at the start of chapter thirteen . Jordan and María have sex in a meadow in the forest . He feels `` the earth move out and away from under them . '' Then afterwards he asks María , `` Did thee feel the earth move ? '' , to which she responds affirmatively . Variants of this phrase have become a cultural cliché , often used humorously . Literary significance and critical reaction ( edit ) Language ( edit ) Since its publication , the prose style and dialogue in Hemingway 's novel have been the source of controversy and some negative critical reaction . For example , Edmund Wilson , in a tepid review , noted the encumbrance of `` a strange atmosphere of literary medievalism '' in the relationship between Robert Jordan and Maria .",
"7": "This stems in part from a distinctive feature of the novel , namely Hemingway 's extensive use of archaisms , implied literal translations and false friends to convey the foreign ( Spanish ) tongue spoken by his characters . Thus , Hemingway uses the archaic `` thou '' ( particularly in its oblique and possessive form ) to highlight the differences in Spanish between the more formal and archaic , but popular `` vos '' ( singular ) and `` vosotros '' ( plural ) forms from the pronominal `` tú '' ( familiar ) and `` Usted '' ( formal ) . Additionally , much of the dialogue in the novel is an implied direct translation from Spanish , producing an often strained English equivalent . For example , Hemingway uses the construction `` what passes that '' , which is an implied translation of the Spanish construction lo que pasa . This translation extends to the use of linguistic `` false friends '' , such as `` rare '' ( from raro ) instead of `` strange '' and `` syndicate '' ( from sindicato ) instead of trade union . In another odd stylistic variance , Hemingway referenced foul language ( used with some frequency by different characters in the novel ) with `` unprintable '' and `` obscenity '' and substitutes `` muck '' for fuck in the dialogue and thoughts of the characters , although foul language is used freely in Spanish even when its equivalent is censored in English ( e.g. joder , me cago ) . The Spanish expression of exasperation me cago en la leche repeatedly recurs throughout the novel , translated by Hemingway as `` I obscenity in the milk . '' Narrative style ( edit ) The book is written in the third person limited omniscient narrative mode . The action and dialogue are punctuated by extensive thought sequences told from the viewpoint of Robert Jordan . The novel also contains thought sequences of other characters , including Pilar and Anselmo . The thought sequences are more extensive than in Hemingway 's earlier fiction , notably A Farewell to Arms , and are an important narrative device to explore the principal themes of the novel . Pulitzer Prize controversy ( edit ) In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year . The Pulitzer Board agreed .",
"8": "However , Nicholas Murray Butler , president of Columbia University at that time , overrode both because he found the book offensive , and instead no award was given for letters that year . Allusions / references to actual events ( edit ) The novel takes place in late May 1937 during the second year of the Spanish Civil War . References made to Valladolid , Segovia , El Escorial and Madrid suggest the novel takes place within the build - up to the Republican attempt to relieve the siege of Madrid . The earlier battle of Guadalajara and the general chaos and disorder ( and , more generally , the doomed cause of Republican Spain ) serve as a backdrop to the novel : Robert Jordan notes , for instance , that he follows the Communists because of their superior discipline , an allusion to the split and infighting between anarchist and communist factions on the Republican side . The famous and pivotal scene described in Chapter 10 , in which Pilar describes the execution of various fascist figures in her village is drawn from events that took place in Ronda in 1936 . Although Hemingway later claimed ( in a 1954 letter to Bernard Berenson ) to have completely fabricated the scene , he in fact drew upon the events at Ronda , embellishing the event by imagining an execution line leading up to the cliff face . In Ronda , some 500 people , allegedly fascist sympathisers , were thrown into the surrounding gorge by a mob from a house that faced onto the cliffside . A number of actual figures that played a role in the Spanish Civil War are also referenced in the book , including : Andreu Nin , one of the founders of the Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification ( POUM ) , the party mocked by Karkov in Chapter 18 . Mikhail Koltsov , soviet journalist was the Karkov character in the story Indalecio Prieto , one of the leaders of the Republicans , is also mentioned in Chapter 18 . General José Miaja , in charge of the defense of Madrid in October 1936 , and General Vicente Rojo , together with Prieto , are mentioned in Chapter 35 Dolores Ibárruri , better known as La Pasionaria , is extensively described in Chapter 32 .",
"9": "Robert Hale Merriman , leader of the American Volunteers in the International Brigades , and his wife Marion , were well known to Hemingway and served possibly as a model for Hemingway 's own hero . André Marty , a leading French Communist and political officer in the International Brigades , makes a brief but significant appearance in Chapter 42 . Hemingway depicts Marty as a vicious intriguer whose paranoia interferes with Republican objectives in the war . Adaptations and in popular culture ( edit ) A Japanese poster for the 1943 American film version . A film adaptation of Hemingway 's novel , directed by Sam Wood , was released in 1943 starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman . It was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor and Best Actress ; however , only the Greek actress Katina Paxinou won an Oscar for her portrayal of Pilar . In 1959 , a television adaptation , directed by John Frankenheimer , was broadcast in two parts on CBS 's Playhouse 90 , starring Jason Robards and Maria Schell as Robert Jordan and Maria , with Nehemiah Persoff as Pablo , Maureen Stapleton as Pilar , and Eli Wallach as the gypsy Rafael . In 1965 , the BBC produced another adaptation , as a four - part serial ( miniseries in American English ) . In 1978 , the Takarazuka Revue adapted the novel as a musical drama , produced by Star Troupe and starring Ran Ootori as Robert Jordan and Kurara Haruka as Maria . Cosmos Troupe revived the show in 2010 . Metallica 's second album Ride the Lightning ( 1984 ) , features a song entitled `` For Whom the Bell Tolls , '' which can be seen as a lyrical adaptation of a particular scene from the book ( chapter 27 ) . In 1988 , the film of 1943 was rereleased with the inclusion of scenes cut from the original release . The 2012 film Hemingway and Gellhorn depicts Hemingway 's time in Spain during Spanish Civil War when he was completing work on For Whom the Bell Tolls , and his relationship with the American novelist , travel writer and war correspondent Martha Gellhorn , who he credited with having inspired him to write the novel , and to whom he dedicated it .",
"10": "In October 2014 the novel was dramatised in a two part series on BBC Radio 4 . J. Cole 's fourth album 4 Your Eyez Only ( 2016 ) , features a song titled `` For Whom The Bell Tolls '' . In 2014 , power metal band Sabaton , made a cover of the song originally created by Metallica . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century `` Yank '' Levy , writer of Guerrilla Warfare who was in Spain at the time and endorsed this book Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Southam , B.C. , Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1997 ) . Ernest Hemingway : The Critical Heritage . New York : Routledge . pp. 35 -- 40 , 314 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Meyers 1985 , p. 326 Jump up ^ `` Hunting for Hemingway in Yellowstone country News '' . Bozemandailychronicle.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mellow 1992 , p. 516 Jump up ^ One source , however , says he began the book at the Sevilla Biltmore Hotel and finished it at `` Finca Vigia '' Jump up ^ `` History : For Whom the Bell Tolls Written at the Barclay '' . Jump up ^ Meyers 1985 , p. 334 Jump up ^ Meyers 1985 , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : Meyers 1985 , pp. 335 -- 338 Jump up ^ Oliver , p. 106 Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( 1940 ) . For Whom the Bell Tolls . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 338 . Jump up ^ For Whom ( p. 164 ) Jump up ^ For Whom ( pp. 207 , 208 ) Jump up ^ `` The Homestead Act of 1862 '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest . For Whom the Bell Tolls . USA : Scribner , 1968 .",
"11": "223 Jump up ^ For Whom ( p. 251 , chapter 19 ) Jump up ^ For Whom ( p. 330 ) ^ Jump up to : For Whom ( p. 349 ) Jump up ^ Mount , Henry ( 2006 ) . Hemingway 's Tribute to Soil . iUniverse . pp. 132 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 39758 - 7 . Jump up ^ Josephs , Allen ( 1994 ) . For whom the bell tolls : Ernest Hemingway 's undiscovered country . Twayne 's masterwork studies . 138 . Twayne Publishers . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8078 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ammer , Christine ( 2006 ) . The Facts on File dictionary of clichés ( 2nd ed . ) . Infobase Publishing . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6279 - 9 . Jump up ^ Edmund Wilson , `` Return of Ernest Hemingway '' ( Review of For Whom the Bell Tolls ) New Republic , CIII ( Oct. 28 , 1940 ) Jump up ^ E.g. , For Whom ( p. 83 ) Jump up ^ Gladstein , M.R. ( 2006 ) . `` Bilingual Wordplay : Variations on a Theme by Hemingway and Steinbeck '' . The Hemingway Review . 26 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 95 . doi : 10.1353 / hem. 2006.0047 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Edwin ( 11 May 1984 ) . `` Publishing : Pulitzer Controversies '' . The New York Times . p . C26 . Jump up ^ In Chapter 13 , Robert Jordan thinks `` The time for getting back will not be until the fall of thirty - seven . I left in the summer of thirty - six ... '' and then comments on an unusual snowfall in the mountains occurring `` Now ? Almost in June ? ''",
"12": "Jump up ^ Ramon Buckley , `` Revolution in Ronda : The facts in Hemingway 's For Whom the Bell Tolls '' , the Hemingway Review , Fall 1997 Jump up ^ `` A Spanish romance '' . The Olive Press . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ For Whom ( p. vii ) - `` This book is for MARTHA GELLHORN '' . References ( edit ) Baker , Carlos ( 1972 ) . Hemingway : The Writer as Artist ( 4th ed . ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01305 - 5 . Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1985 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 42126 - 4 . Mellow , James R. ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 37777 - 3 . Oliver , Charles M. ( 1999 ) . Ernest Hemingway A to Z : The Essential Reference to the Life and Work . New York : Checkmark . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3467 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : For Whom the Bell Tolls ( in the public domain in Canada ) Hemingway Archives , John F. Kennedy Library Stamberg , Susan . `` Robert Jordan , Hemingway 's Bipartisan Hero . '' NPR . October 14 , 2008 .",
"13": "For Whom the Bell Tolls ( PDF ) Ernest Hemingway Bibliography Novels The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) Posthumous A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) True at First Light ( 1999 ) Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) Short stories `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? ''",
"14": "( 1927 ) `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) In Our Time ( 1925 ) Men Without Women ( 1927 ) Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) Story fragments `` On Writing '' Poetry 88 Poems ( 1979 ) Complete Poems Letters and journalism Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) Adaptations The Sun Also Rises 1957 film 1984 film Opera The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) Ballet `` The Killers '' 1946 film 1956 film 1964 film Bukowski short story A Farewell to Arms 1932 film 1957 film",
"15": "1966 TV series To Have and Have Not 1944 film The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 film 1965 TV series Metallica song The Old Man and the Sea 1958 film 1990 miniseries 1999 film Other film adaptations The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) See also Nick Adams Michigan cottage Idaho house Key West home Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home Finca Vigía , Cuba home Pilar ( boat ) The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) In Love and War ( 1996 film ) Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award Kennedy Library Hemingway collection Family Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) Jack Hemingway ( son ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) Patrick Hemingway ( son ) Gregory Hemingway ( son ) Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) BNF : cb12082141f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls&oldid=800696889 '' Categories : 1940 American novels Novels by Ernest Hemingway Modernist novels Spanish Civil War novels American war novels American novels adapted into films Charles Scribner 's Sons books Novels set in Spain Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with Wikilivres links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
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-2099882460840294879
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where did the idea of a unicorn come from
|
[
"Greek writers of natural history"
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{
"0": "Unicorn - wikipedia Unicorn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Unicorn ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Unicron . Unicorn The gentle and pensive maiden has the power to tame the unicorn , fresco , probably by Domenico Zampieri , c. 1602 ( Palazzo Farnese , Rome ) Grouping Mythology Similar creatures Pegasus , Qilin , Re'em , Indrik , Shadhavar , Camahueto , Karkadann Mythology Worldwide Other name ( s ) Monocerus Of the Unicorn The unicorn is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a single large , pointed , spiraling horn projecting from its forehead . The unicorn was depicted in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and was mentioned by the ancient Greeks in accounts of natural history by various writers , including Ctesias , Strabo , Pliny the Younger , and Aelian . The Bible also describes an animal , the re'em , which some versions translate as unicorn . In European folklore , the unicorn is often depicted as a white horse - like or goat - like animal with a long horn and cloven hooves ( sometimes a goat 's beard ) . In the Middle Ages and Renaissance , it was commonly described as an extremely wild woodland creature , a symbol of purity and grace , which could only be captured by a virgin . In the encyclopedias its horn was said to have the power to render poisoned water potable and to heal sickness . In medieval and Renaissance times , the tusk of the narwhal was sometimes sold as unicorn horn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 1.2. 1 Alicorn 1.3 Entrapment 1.4 Heraldry 1.5 Scotland 1.5.",
"1": "1 Gallery 2 Possible origins 2.1 Fabricated evidence 2.2 Unicorn seals of the Indus Valley Civilization 2.3 Elasmotherium or rhinoceros 2.4 Single - horned goat 2.5 Narwhals 2.6 Oryx 2.7 Eland 2.8 Genetic disorders of horned or antlered animals 3 Similar mythical animals 3.1 Biblical 3.2 Chinese mythology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History In antiquity Unicorn seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Gilt statue of a unicorn on the City Hall , Bristol Unicorns are not found in Greek mythology , but rather in the accounts of natural history , for Greek writers of natural history were convinced of the reality of unicorns , which they believed lived in India , a distant and fabulous realm for them . The earliest description is from Ctesias , who in his book Indika ( `` On India '' ) described them as wild asses , fleet of foot , having a horn a cubit and a half ( 700 mm , 28 inches ) in length , and colored white , red and black . Aristotle must be following Ctesias when he mentions two one - horned animals , the oryx ( a kind of antelope ) and the so - called `` Indian ass '' . Strabo says that in the Caucasus there were one - horned horses with stag - like heads . Pliny the Elder mentions the oryx and an Indian ox ( perhaps a rhinoceros ) as one - horned beasts , as well as `` a very fierce animal called the monoceros which has the head of the stag , the feet of the elephant , and the tail of the boar , while the rest of the body is like that of the horse ; it makes a deep lowing noise , and has a single black horn , which projects from the middle of its forehead , two cubits ( 900 mm , 35 inches ) in length . ''",
"2": "In On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) , Aelian , quoting Ctesias , adds that India produces also a one - horned horse ( iii. 41 ; iv. 52 ) , and says ( xvi. 20 ) that the monoceros ( Greek : μονόκερως ) was sometimes called cartazonos ( Greek : καρτάζωνος ) , which may be a form of the Arabic karkadann , meaning `` rhinoceros '' . Cosmas Indicopleustes , a merchant of Alexandria who lived in the 6th century , made a voyage to India and subsequently wrote works on cosmography . He gives a description of a unicorn based on four brass figures in the palace of the King of Ethiopia . He states , from report , that `` it is impossible to take this ferocious beast alive ; and that all its strength lies in its horn . When it finds itself pursued and in danger of capture , it throws itself from a precipice , and turns so aptly in falling , that it receives all the shock upon the horn , and so escapes safe and sound '' . A one - horned animal ( which may be just a bull in profile ) is found on some seals from the Indus Valley Civilization . Seals with such a design are thought to be a mark of high social rank . Middle Ages and Renaissance Youths riding goats ( a Dionysiac motif in antiquity ) on 12th - century capitals from the abbey of Mozac in the Auvergne . The goats are indistinguishable from unicorns . Virgin Mary holding the unicorn ( c. 1480 ) , detail of the Annunciation with the Unicorn Polyptych , National Museum , Warsaw Wild woman with unicorn , c. 1500 -- 1510 ( Basel Historical Museum ) Medieval knowledge of the fabulous beast stemmed from biblical and ancient sources , and the creature was variously represented as a kind of wild ass , goat , or horse .",
"3": "The predecessor of the medieval bestiary , compiled in Late Antiquity and known as Physiologus ( Φυσιολόγος ) , popularized an elaborate allegory in which a unicorn , trapped by a maiden ( representing the Virgin Mary ) , stood for the Incarnation . As soon as the unicorn sees her , it lays its head on her lap and falls asleep . This became a basic emblematic tag that underlies medieval notions of the unicorn , justifying its appearance in every form of religious art . Interpretations of the unicorn myth focus on the medieval lore of beguiled lovers , whereas some religious writers interpret the unicorn and its death as the Passion of Christ . The myths refer to a beast with one horn that can only be tamed by a virgin ; subsequently , some writers translated this into an allegory for Christ 's relationship with the Virgin Mary . The unicorn also figured in courtly terms : for some 13th - century French authors such as Thibaut of Champagne and Richard de Fournival , the lover is attracted to his lady as the unicorn is to the virgin . With the rise of humanism , the unicorn also acquired more orthodox secular meanings , emblematic of chaste love and faithful marriage . It plays this role in Petrarch 's Triumph of Chastity , and on the reverse of Piero della Francesca 's portrait of Battista Strozzi , paired with that of her husband Federico da Montefeltro ( painted c 1472 - 74 ) , Bianca 's triumphal car is drawn by a pair of unicorns . The Throne Chair of Denmark is made of `` unicorn horns '' -- almost certainly narwhal tusks . The same material was used for ceremonial cups because the unicorn 's horn continued to be believed to neutralize poison , following classical authors . The unicorn , tamable only by a virgin woman , was well established in medieval lore by the time Marco Polo described them as `` scarcely smaller than elephants . They have the hair of a buffalo and feet like an elephant 's . They have a single large black horn in the middle of the forehead ... They have a head like a wild boar 's ... They spend their time by preference wallowing in mud and slime . They are very ugly brutes to look at .",
"4": "They are not at all such as we describe them when we relate that they let themselves be captured by virgins , but clean contrary to our notions . '' It is clear that Marco Polo was describing a rhinoceros . In German , since the 16th century , Einhorn ( `` one - horn '' ) has become a descriptor of the various species of rhinoceros . A Unicorn of the 18th century on an apothecary in Flensburg Alicorn Main article : Unicorn horn The horn itself and the substance it was made of was called alicorn , and it was believed that the horn holds magical and medicinal properties . The Danish physician Ole Worm determined in 1638 that the alleged alicorns were the tusks of narwhals . Such beliefs were examined wittily and at length in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica . False alicorn powder , made from the tusks of narwhals or horns of various animals , has been sold in Europe for medicinal purposes as late as 1741 . The alicorn was thought to cure many diseases and have the ability to detect poisons , and many physicians would make `` cures '' and sell them . Cups were made from alicorn for kings and given as a gift ; these were usually made of ivory or walrus ivory . Entire horns were very precious in the Middle Ages and were often really the tusks of narwhals . Entrapment Maiden with Unicorn , tapestry , 15th century ( Musée de Cluny , Paris ) One traditional method of hunting unicorns involved entrapment by a virgin . The Unicorn Is Penned , Unicorn Tapestries , c. 1495 -- 1505 ( The Cloisters , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York City ) The unicorn throne in Denmark . In one of his notebooks Leonardo da Vinci wrote : The unicorn , through its intemperance and not knowing how to control itself , for the love it bears to fair maidens forgets its ferocity and wildness ; and laying aside all fear it will go up to a seated damsel and go to sleep in her lap , and thus the hunters take it .",
"5": "The famous late Gothic series of seven tapestry hangings The Hunt of the Unicorn are a high point in European tapestry manufacture , combining both secular and religious themes . The tapestries now hang in the Cloisters division of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . In the series , richly dressed noblemen , accompanied by huntsmen and hounds , pursue a unicorn against mille - fleur backgrounds or settings of buildings and gardens . They bring the animal to bay with the help of a maiden who traps it with her charms , appear to kill it , and bring it back to a castle ; in the last and most famous panel , `` The Unicorn in Captivity '' , the unicorn is shown alive again and happy , chained to a pomegranate tree surrounded by a fence , in a field of flowers . Scholars conjecture that the red stains on its flanks are not blood but rather the juice from pomegranates , which were a symbol of fertility . However , the true meaning of the mysterious resurrected unicorn in the last panel is unclear . The series was woven about 1500 in the Low Countries , probably Brussels or Liège , for an unknown patron . A set of six engravings on the same theme , treated rather differently , were engraved by the French artist Jean Duvet in the 1540s . Another famous set of six tapestries of Dame à la licorne ( `` Lady with the unicorn '' ) in the Musée de Cluny , Paris , were also woven in the Southern Netherlands before 1500 , and show the five senses ( the gateways to temptation ) and finally Love ( `` A mon seul desir '' the legend reads ) , with unicorns featured in each piece . Facsimiles of these unicorn tapestries were woven for permanent display in Stirling Castle , Scotland , to take the place of a set recorded in the castle in a 16th - century inventory . A rather rare , late - 15th - century , variant depiction of the hortus conclusus in religious art combined the Annunciation to Mary with the themes of the Hunt of the Unicorn and Virgin and Unicorn , so popular in secular art . The unicorn already functioned as a symbol of the Incarnation and whether this meaning is intended in many prima facie secular depictions can be a difficult matter of scholarly interpretation .",
"6": "There is no such ambiguity in the scenes where the archangel Gabriel is shown blowing a horn , as hounds chase the unicorn into the Virgin 's arms , and a little Christ Child descends on rays of light from God the Father . The Council of Trent finally banned this somewhat over-elaborated , if charming , depiction , partly on the grounds of realism , as no one now believed the unicorn to be a real animal . Shakespeare scholars describe unicorns being captured by a hunter standing in front of a tree , the unicorn goaded into charging ; the hunter would step aside the last moment and the unicorn would embed its horn deeply into the tree ( See annotations of Timon of Athens , Act 4 , scene 3 , c. line 341 : `` wert thou the unicorn , pride and wrath would confound thee and make thine own self the conquest of thy fury '' . ) Heraldry In heraldry , a unicorn is often depicted as a horse with a goat 's cloven hooves and beard , a lion 's tail , and a slender , spiral horn on its forehead ( non-equine attributes may be replaced with equine ones , as can be seen from the following gallery ) . Whether because it was an emblem of the Incarnation or of the fearsome animal passions of raw nature , the unicorn was not widely used in early heraldry , but became popular from the 15th century . Though sometimes shown collared and chained , which may be taken as an indication that it has been tamed or tempered , it is more usually shown collared with a broken chain attached , showing that it has broken free from its bondage . Scotland See also : The Lion and the Unicorn In heraldry the unicorn is best known as the symbol of Scotland . The unicorn was chosen because it was seen as a proud and haughty beast which would rather die than be captured , just as Scots would fight to remain sovereign and unconquered . Two unicorns supported the royal arms of the King of Scots , and since the 1707 union of England and Scotland , the royal arms of the United Kingdom have been supported by a unicorn along with an English lion . Two versions of the royal arms exist : that used in Scotland gives more emphasis to the Scottish elements , placing the unicorn on the left and giving it a crown , whereas the version used in England and elsewhere gives the English elements more prominence .",
"7": "Golden coins known as the unicorn and half - unicorn , both with a unicorn on the obverse , were used in Scotland in the 15th and 16th century . In the same realm , carved unicorns were often used as finials on the pillars of Mercat crosses , and denoted that the settlement was a royal burgh . Certain noblemen such as the Earl of Kinnoull were given special permission to use the unicorn in their arms , as an augmentation of honour . The crest for Clan Cunningham bears a unicorn head . Gallery Unicorns as heraldic charges : Arms of John , King of Hungary ( 16th century ) Arms of the Kruedener family Arms of the County of Roxburgh , Scotland Arms of Saint - Lô , France Arms of Líšnice , Czech Republic Arms of Ramosch , Switzerland Arms of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Germany Arms of Giengen , Germany Arms of Eger , Hungary Unicorns as supporters : Scottish unicorn , flag and shield carved at Edinburgh Castle Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II , as used in England Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II as used in Scotland Coat of arms of Nova Scotia Arms of the Dutch city of Hoorn with a single unicorn as a supporter Possible origins Hunts for an actual animal as the basis of the unicorn myth , accepting the conception of writers in Antiquity that it really existed somewhere at the edge of the known earth , have added a further layer of mythologizing about the unicorn . These have taken various forms , interpreted in a scientific , rather than a wonder - filled manner , to accord with modern perceptions of reality . Fabricated evidence Otto von Guericke 's unicorn skeleton , exhibit near the Zoo , Osnabrück Among numerous finds of prehistoric bones found at Unicorn Cave in Germany 's Harz Mountains , some were selected and reconstructed by the mayor of Magdeburg , Otto Von Guericke , as a unicorn in 1663 ( illustration , right ) . Guericke 's so - called unicorn had only two legs , and was constructed from fossil bones of a woolly rhinoceros and a mammoth , with the horn of a narwhal .",
"8": "The skeleton was examined by Gottfried Leibniz , who had previously doubted the existence of the unicorn , but was convinced by it . Baron Georges Cuvier maintained that , as the unicorn was cloven - hoofed , it must therefore have a cloven skull ( making the growth of a single horn impossible ) ; as if to disprove this , Dr. W. Franklin Dove , a University of Maine professor , artificially fused the horn buds of a calf together , creating the external appearance of a one - horned bull . Unicorn seals of the Indus Valley Civilization Indus valley seals showing ' unicorns ' ( British Museum ) The first objects unearthed from Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro , major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization , were small stone seals inscribed with elegant depictions of animals , including a unicorn - like figure , and marked with Indus script writing which still baffles scholars . These seals are dated back to 2500 B.C. The `` unicorn '' figures on the seals have been interpreted as representations of aurochs -- a type of large wild cattle that formerly inhabited Europe , Asia and North Africa -- or derivatives of aurochs . It is suggested that as the animal is always shown in profile , only one of the two horns is seen . Elasmotherium or rhinoceros The elasmotherium One suggestion is that the unicorn is based on the extinct rhinocerus species Elasmotherium , a huge Eurasian mammal native to the steppes , south of the range of the woolly rhinoceros of Ice Age Europe . Elasmotherium looked little like a horse , but it had a large single horn in its forehead . It became extinct about the same time as the rest of the glacial age megafauna . However , according to the Nordisk familjebok ( Nordic Familybook ) and science writer Willy Ley the animal may have survived long enough to be remembered in the legends of the native European peoples as a huge black bull with a single horn in the forehead . In support of this claim , it has been noted that the 13th century traveller Marco Polo claimed to have seen a unicorn in Java , but his description makes it clear to the modern reader that he actually saw a Javan rhinoceros .",
"9": "More recent findings seem to place humans and the Siberian elasmotherium in the same area at the same time . The fragmentary skull of an Elasmotherium sibiricum was found in Kazakhstan and carbon - dated in 2015 as ca . 30,000 years old . Skulls of modern humans found in the same area date back up to 45,000 years , this meaning that our species and this type of mammal possibly coexisted in Western Siberia for thousands of years . Single - horned goat The connection that is sometimes made with a single - horned goat derives from the vision of Daniel : And as I was considering , behold , a he - goat came from the west over the face of the whole earth , and touched not the ground : and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes . ( Daniel 8 : 5 ) Neo-Pagan antiquities researcher Timothy Zell and his wife Morning Glory also produced artificial unicorns dubbed `` the Living Unicorn '' , remodelling the `` horn buds '' of goat kids in such a way that their horns grew together into a single one . Zell theorized that this process might have been used in the past to create court curiosities and natural herd leaders , because the goat was able to use this long straight horn effectively as a weapon and a tool . Medieval art often depicts unicorns as small , with cloven hooves and beards , sometimes resembling goats more than horses with horns . This process is possible only with animals that naturally have horns . For a time , a few of these unicorns travelled with the Ringling Brothers Circus . Narwhals Male narwhal The unicorn horns often found in cabinets of curiosities and other contexts in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , were very often examples of the distinctive straight spiral single tusks of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) , an Arctic cetacean , as Danish zoologist Ole Worm established in 1638 . They were brought south as a very valuable trade , and sold as horns from the legendary unicorn ; being of ivory , they passed the various tests intended to spot fake unicorn horns . As these ' horns ' were considered to have magic powers , Vikings and other northern traders were able to sell them for many times their weight in gold .",
"10": "Elizabeth I of England kept a `` unicorn horn '' in her cabinet of curiosities , brought back by Arctic explorer Martin Frobisher on his return from Labrador in 1577 . The usual depiction of the spiral unicorn horn in art , derives from these . The truth of the tusk 's origin developed gradually during the Age of Exploration , as explorers and naturalists began to visit regions themselves . In 1555 , Olaus Magnus published a drawing of a fish - like creature with a `` horn '' on its forehead . Oryx One - horned oryx . Oryx are antelopes with two long , thin horns projecting from its forehead . Some have suggested that seen from the side and from a distance , they look something like horses with single horns ( although the ' horn ' projects backward , not forward as in the classic unicorn ) . Conceivably , travellers in Arabia could have derived the tale of the unicorn from these animals . However , classical authors seem to distinguish clearly between oryxes and unicorns . The Peregrinatio in terram sanctam , published in 1486 , was the first printed illustrated travel - book , describing a pilgrimage to Jerusalem , and thence to Egypt by way of Mount Sinai . It featured many large woodcuts by Erhard Reuwich , who went on the trip , mostly detailed and accurate views of cities . The book also contained pictures of animals seen on the journey , including a crocodile , camel , and unicorn -- presumably an oryx , which they could easily have seen on their route . Eland The eland In Southern Africa , the eland have somewhat mystical or spiritual connotations , perhaps at least partly because these very large antelopes will defend themselves against lions and are able to kill these fearsome predators . Eland are very frequently depicted in the rock art of the region , which implies they were viewed as having a strong connection to the other world , and in several languages the word for eland and for dance is the same ; significant because shamans used dance as their means of drawing power from the other world . Eland fat was used when mixing the pigments for these pictographs , and in the preparation of many medicines . This special regard for eland may well have been picked up by early travellers .",
"11": "There is a purported unicorn horn in the castle of the chief of the Clan MacLeod in Scotland , which has been identified as that of an eland . Genetic disorders of horned or antlered animals A new possibility for the inspiration of the unicorn came in 2008 with the discovery of a roe deer in Italy with a single antler . Single - antlered deer are not uncommon ; however , the placement of the horn in the middle is very unusual . Fulvio Fraticelli , scientific director of Rome 's zoo , has said `` Generally , the horn is on one side ( of the head ) rather than being at the center . This looks like a complex case . '' Fraticelli also acknowledges that the placement of the antler could have been the result of some type of trauma in the life of the deer . A similar specimen was filmed in July 2017 near the Sibillini Mountains , in central Italy . Antlers are not horns , although this distinction was not always made historically . Similar mythical animals Biblical The aurochs Unicorn mosaic on a 1213 church floor in Ravenna An animal called the re'em ( Hebrew : רְאֵם ) is mentioned in several places in the Hebrew Bible , often as a metaphor representing strength . `` The allusions to the re'em as a wild , un-tamable animal of great strength and agility , with mighty horn or horns ( Job xxxix. 9 -- 12 ; Ps . xxii. 21 , xxix. 6 ; Num . xxiii. 22 , xxiv. 8 ; Deut . xxxiii. 17 ; comp . Ps . xcii. 11 ) , best fit the aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) . This view is supported by the Assyrian rimu , which is often used as a metaphor of strength , and is depicted as a powerful , fierce , wild mountain bull with large horns . '' This animal was often depicted in ancient Mesopotamian art in profile , with only one horn visible .",
"12": "The translators of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible ( 1611 ) followed the Greek Septuagint ( monokeros ) and the Latin Vulgate ( unicornis ) and employed unicorn to translate re'em , providing a recognizable animal that was proverbial for its un-tamable nature . The American Standard Version translates this term `` wild ox '' in each case . `` God brought them out of Egypt ; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn . '' -- Numbers 23 : 22 `` God brought him forth out of Egypt ; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn . '' -- Numbers 24 : 8 `` His glory is like the firstling of his bullock , and his horns are like the horns of unicorns : with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth . '' -- Deuteronomy 33 : 17 `` Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee , or abide by thy crib ? Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow ? or will he harrow the valleys after thee ? Wilt thou trust him , because his strength is great ? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him ? Wilt thou believe him , that he will bring home thy seed , and gather it into thy barn ? '' -- Job 39 : 9 -- 12 `` Save me from the lion 's mouth ; for thou hast heard me from the horns of unicorns . '' -- Psalms 22 : 21 `` He maketh them ( the cedars of Lebanon ) also to skip like a calf ; Lebanon and Sirion like a young unicorn . '' -- Psalms 29 : 6 `` But my horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of the unicorn : I shall be anointed with fresh oil . '' -- Psalms 92 : 10 `` And the unicorns shall come down with them , and the bullocks with their bulls ; and their land shall be soaked with blood , and their dust made fat with fatness . '' -- Isaiah 34 : 7 The classical Jewish understanding of the Bible did not identify the Re'em animal as the unicorn .",
"13": "However , some rabbis in the Talmud debate the proposition that the Tahash animal ( Exodus 25 , 26 , 35 , 36 and 39 ; Numbers 4 ; and Ezekiel 16 : 10 ) was a domestic , single - horned kosher creature that existed in Moses ' time , or that it was similar to the keresh animal described in Morris Jastrow 's Talmudic dictionary as `` a kind of antelope , unicorn '' . Chinese mythology Pottery Unicorn . Northern Wei . Shaanxi History Museum The qilin ( Chinese : 麒麟 ) , a creature in Chinese mythology , is sometimes called `` the Chinese unicorn '' , and some ancient accounts describe a single horn as its defining feature . However , it is more accurately described as a hybrid animal that looks less unicorn than chimera , with the body of a deer , the head of a lion , green scales and a long forwardly - curved horn . The Japanese version ( kirin ) more closely resembles the Western unicorn , even though it is based on the Chinese qilin . The Quẻ Ly of Vietnamese myth , similarly sometimes mistranslated `` unicorn '' is a symbol of wealth and prosperity that made its first appearance during the Duong Dynasty , about 600 CE , to Emperor Duong Cao To , after a military victory which resulted in his conquest of Tây Nguyên . In November 2012 the History Institute of the DPRK Academy of Social Sciences , as well as the Korea News Service , reported that the Kiringul had been found , which is associated with a kirin ridden by King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo . Beginning in the Ming Dynasty , the qilin became associated with giraffes , after Zheng He 's voyage to East Africa brought a pair of the long - necked animals and introduced them at court in Nanjing as qilin . The resemblance to the qilin was noted in the giraffe 's ossicones ( bony protrusions from the skull resembling horns ) , graceful movements , and peaceful demeanor . Shanhaijing ( 117 ) also mentioned Bo - horse ( Chinese : 駮馬 ; pinyin : bómǎ ) , a chimera horse with ox tail , single horn , white body , and its sound like person calling .",
"14": "The creature is lived at Honest - head Mountain . Guo Pu in his jiangfu said that Bo - horse able to walk on water . Another similar creature also mentioned in Shanhaijing ( 80 ) to live in Mount Winding - Centre as Bo ( Chinese : 駮 ; pinyin : bó ) , but with black tail , tiger 's teeth and claws , and also devour leopards and tigers . See also Mythology portal Al - mi'raj ( unicorn - like creature in Islamic mythology ) Anggitay ( mythology ) Camahueto ( mythological bull - unicorn ) Indrik ( Russian folklore ) Invisible Pink Unicorn ( a modern satirical religious symbol ) List of unicorns Medieval Bestiary Monoceros ( constellation ) Monoceros ( legendary creature ) Okapi ( real animal known as `` African unicorn '' ) Qilin ( unicorn - like creature in Chinese mythology ) Shadhavar ( unicorn - like creature in Persian folklore ) Sin - you ( mythology ) The Last Unicorn and its film adaption The Unicorn in the Garden -- short story . `` The Unicorn '' ( song ) White horse ( mythology ) Winged unicorn List of winged unicorns References ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . 27 . 1911 . p. 581 . Jump up ^ Ctesias ( 390 BC ) . `` 45 '' . Indica ( Τα Ἰνδικά ) . ( quoted by Photius ) Jump up ^ Aristotle ( c. 350 BC ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 2 . '' . On the Parts of Animals ( Περι ζώων μορίων ) . trans . William Ogle . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( c. 343 BC ) . `` Book 2 . Chapter 1 . '' . History of Animals ( Περί ζώων ιστορίας ) . trans . D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson .",
"15": "Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Strabo ( before 24 AD ) . `` Book 15 . Chapter 1 . Section 56 . '' . Geography . Jump up ^ Pliny ( 77 AD ) . `` Book 8 , Chapter 31 '' . Natural History . trans . John Bostock . Also Book 8 , Chapter 30 , and Book 11 , Chapter 106 . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 41 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 4 . Chapter 52 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 16 . Chapter 20 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Cosmas Indicopleustes ( 6th century ) . `` Book 11 . Chapter 7 . '' . Christian Topography . Jump up ^ Manas : History and Politics , Indus Valley . Sscnet.ucla.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Discussion of the Indus Valley Civilization with mention of unicorn seals Jump up ^ Site with slide show about unicorn seal Jump up ^ Marilyn Aronberg Lavin , 2002 . Piero della Francesca , pp260 - 65 . Jump up ^ Linda S Godfrey ( 2009 ) . Mythical creatures . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9394 - 8 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Browne , Thomas ( 1646 ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 23 . '' . Pseudodoxia Epidemica . Jump up ^ Willy Ley ( 1962 ) . Exotic Zoology . Viking Press . pp. 20 -- 22 . OCLC 4049353 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Odell ( 1930 ) . The Lore of the Unicorn . London , Unwin and Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4375 - 0853 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( Ashmolean Museum ) `` Young woman seated in a landscape with a unicorn '' , Leonardo , Late 1470s Jump up ^ `` Ancient unicorn tapestries recreated at Stirling Castle '' . BBC News . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , pp. 52 - 4 & figs 126 - 9 , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 , another image Jump up ^ The Complete Works of Shakespeare , Fourth Edition , David Bevington , pg. 1281 ; The Norton Shakespeare , Second Edition , pg 2310 , footnote 9 ; The Riverside Shakespeare , Second Edition , page 1515 ^ Jump up to : Friar , Stephen ( 1987 ) . A New Dictionary of Heraldry . London : Alphabooks / A & C Black . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 906670 - 44 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Nisbet , Alexander ( 1816 ) . A System of Heraldry . Edinburgh : William Blackwood . Jump up ^ & tartans George Way , Romilly Squire ; HarperCollins , 1995 ; page 84 `` Cunningham CREST A unicorn 's head couped Argent armed Or MOTTO ' Over fork over ' Jump up ^ Robin Meadows , `` The Unicorn , the Mermaid , and the Centaur '' Zoogoer , November -- December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Dove 's Unicorn Bull '' .",
"17": "Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Source : North Park University , Chicago , Illinois . Image : A Harappa Seals . Jump up ^ Geer , Alexandra Anna Enrica van der ( 2008 ) . Animals in stone : Indian mammals sculptured through time . Brill , Leiden . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16819 - 2 . pp. 112 - 114 . Jump up ^ R. Norman Owen - Smith , `` The interaction of humans , megaherbivores , and habitats in the late Pleistocene extinction '' ch. 3 in Ross D.E. MacPhee , ed . Extinctions in Near Time : Causes , Contexts , and Consequences ( in series Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology ) 1999 . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46092 - 0 pp. 57 ff ^ Jump up to : Mark Piggott , Unicorn - like creatures did exist and probably lived alongside humans , in International Business Times , 29 March 2016 . Accessed 5 April 2016 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Andrei Valerievich Shpansky et al. , The Quaternary Mammals from Kozhamzhar Locality ( Pavlodar Region , Kazakhstan ) , in American Journal of Applied Sciences , February 2016 , p. 197 . Accessed 5 April 2016 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Man Made Unicorns '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Living Unicorn ! Jump up ^ `` Unicorn at Ocultopedia '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Daston , Lorraine and Katharine Park . Wonders and the Order of Nature , 1150 -- 1750 . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 942299 - 91 - 4 Jump up ^ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007 Jump up ^ Falconi , Marta ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` ' Unicorn ' deer is found in Italian preserve '' . NBCNews.com .",
"18": "Associated Press . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Avvistato l'unicorno dei monti Sibillini : `` È un giovane capriolo con una mutazione '' `` . repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Ps 21 : 22 , Ps 28 : 6 , Ps 77 : 69 , Ps 91 : 11 , Is 34 : 7 . The Latin rhinoceros is employed in Nm 23 : 22 , Nm24 : 8 , Dt 33 : 17 , Job 39 : 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Mo'ed , Shabbath 28ab Jump up ^ Lair of King Tongmyong 's Unicorn Reconfirmed in DPRK , Korean Central News Agency , November 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Quinn , Ben . `` Unicorn lair ' discovered ' in North Korea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Samuel M. `` The Emperor 's Giraffe '' , Natural History Vol. 101 , No. 12 , December 1992 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ 此 `` 麟 '' 非 彼 `` 麟 '' 专家 称 萨摩 麟 并非 传说 中 麒麟 Jump up ^ Strassberg , Richard E. ( 2002 ) . A Chinese Bestiary : Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 116 -- 117 , 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21844 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unicorns . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Unicorn American Museum of Natural History , Mythic Creatures : Unicorns , West and East Pascal Gratz ,",
"19": "De Monocerote -- Zur Rezeptionsgeschichte des Einhorns ( PDF , German ) David Badke , The Medieval Bestiary : Unicorn Heraldry Armiger Law of heraldic arms Grant of arms Blazon Officers and officials Authorities Officers of arms King of Arms , Herald , Pursuivant Private Officer of Arms Conventional elements of coats of arms Escutcheon Chief Field ( Tincture ) Division Supporter Supporter Slogan ( battle cry ) Crest Torse Mantling Helmet / Galero Crown / Coronet Compartment Order Ordinaries Charges Motto Dexter Sinister ( right ) ( left ) Types of coats of arms National coat of arms Arms of dominion Ecclesiastical heraldry Burgher arms Civic heraldry Canting arms Attributed arms Heraldic achievement Escutcheon ( shield ) Field Divisions Variations Charge Chief Lines Ordinary Augmentation of honour Cadency Marshalling Quartering Impalement Pale Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron Cross Fess Flaunch Gyron Label Lozenge Orle Pall Roundel Saltire Creatures Beasts Bear Boar Bull / Ox Dog / Hound Camelopard ( giraffe ) Hind / Stag ( deer ) Kangaroo Leopard Lion Wolf Birds Cock Dove Eagle Martlet Pelican Rook Sea creatures Dolphin Ged Seahorse Lucy ( esox ) Scallop Legendary creatures Allocamelus Alphyn Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Enfield",
"20": "Garuda Griffin / Keythong Harpy Konrul Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Hippocampus Hippogriff Sea - lion Turul Tyger Unicorn Wyvern Yale Others Bat Bee Crapaudy ( toad ) Emmet ( ant ) Serpent Knots Bourchier knot Bowen knot Cavendish knot Dacre knot Harrington knot Hastings knot Heneage knot Hinckaert knot Hungerford knot Lacy knot Medici knot Morvillier knot Ormonde knot Savoy knot Shakespeare knot Stafford knot Trafford knot Tristram knot Wake knot Tinctures Rules Tricking Hatching Metals Argent ( white ) Or ( gold ) Colours Gules ( red ) Sable ( black ) Azure ( blue ) Vert ( green ) Purpure ( purple ) Furs Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair Potent Stains Murrey ( mulberry ) Sanguine ( blood red ) Tenné Non-traditional Metals Copper Colours Bleu - celeste Carnation Cendrée Orange Rose External Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Helmet Mantling Motto Supporter Torse Mantle and pavilion",
"21": "See also List of oldest heraldry Heraldic flag ( Banner of arms ) Heraldic badge Women in heraldry Socialist heraldry Vexillology Non-traditional , rarely used traditions in italic ( typically regional or modern , considered unheraldic by some ) Heraldry portal Portal : Heraldry / Web resources Kingdom of Scotland History Timeline Prehistoric Roman times Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages Davidian Revolution Wars of Independence Late Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Union of the Crowns Jacobean era Wars of the Three Kingdoms Interregnum Commonwealth Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Colonization of the Americas Darien scheme Union with England Royal Houses Alpin Dunkeld Sverre Balliol Bruce Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics and law Court Estates of Parliament General Council Convention of the Estates Monarchy Guardian Peerage Privy Council Government Medieval Early Modern Acts of Parliament to 1707 Lord Chancellor Secretary of State Regiam Majestatem Whigs Covenanters Military Gaelic warfare Medieval warfare Early modern warfare Royal Scots Army Royal Scots Navy History Lord High Admiral Ships Geography Burghs Castles Islands Palaces Places Shires Demographics Scots language Scottish Gaelic Scottish people list Culture Art Church of Scotland Country dance Cuisine Highland dance Mythology Religion Architecture Vernacular Medieval Early Modern Castles Churches Palladian Jacobean Georgian Scottish Baronial Neoclassic Symbols National flag Union Flag list Heraldry Court of the Lord Lyon Royal coat of arms Royal Banner Crown Jewels Scots pine Thistle St Andrew St Andrew 's Day Unicorn LCCN : sh85139671 GND : 4129167 - 0 NDL : 00616912 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"22": "php?title=Unicorn&oldid=825607722 '' Categories : Unicorns Heraldic beasts Legendary mammals Medieval art Medieval European legendary creatures Medieval legends Mythological horses National symbols of Scotland National symbols of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska",
"23": "Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 10 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
2,
1,
10,
15,
8,
4,
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3,
17,
20,
12,
22,
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13,
16,
14,
0,
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6,
5,
7,
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[
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2522763786590394101
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which battle ended britain's support for the south
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[
"the Battle of Antietam",
"the Battle of Antietam",
"Battle of Antietam"
] |
{
"0": "United Kingdom and the American Civil war - wikipedia United Kingdom and the American Civil war Jump to : navigation , search The United Kingdom ( the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It legally recognised the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America ( CSA ) but never recognised it as a nation and neither signed a treaty with it nor exchanged ambassadors . Over 90 percent of Confederate trade with Britain ended , causing a severe shortage of cotton by 1862 . Britain financed blockade runners that sent munitions and luxuries to Confederate ports in return for cotton and tobacco . Top British officials debated offering to mediate in the first 18 months , which the CSA wanted but the U.S. strongly rejected . The British elite tended to support the Confederacy , but ordinary people tended to support the United States . Large - scale trade continued between Britain and the U.S. : The U.S. shipped grain to Britain and Britain sent manufactured items and munitions . Immigration continued into the US , with many Britons volunteering for its army . British trade with the Confederacy fell over 90 % from the prewar period , with a small amount of cotton going to Britain and some munitions and luxury goods slipped in by numerous small blockade runners . They were operated and funded by British private interests . They were legal under international law , and caused no dispute between the US and the UK . The Confederate strategy for securing independence was based largely on the hope of military intervention by Britain and France . That never happened because it probably would have caused war with the US , and would have cut off much of Britain 's food supply . A serious diplomatic dispute erupted over the `` Trent Affair '' in late 1861 but was resolved peacefully after five weeks . British intervention was likely only in co-operation with France , which had an imperialistic venture underway in Mexico . By early 1863 , intervention was no longer seriously considered , as Britain turned its attention elsewhere , especially toward Russia and Greece . A long - term issue was sales of warships to the CSA . A British shipyard ( John Laird and Sons ) built two warships for the Confederacy , including the CSS Alabama , over vehement protests from the US .",
"1": "Known as the Alabama Claims , the controversy was resolved peacefully after the Civil War when the US was awarded $15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by the warships . The fact that British private interests operated blockade runners was not a cause of serious tension . In the end , British involvement did not significantly affect the outcome of the war . The U.S. diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams , Sr. , proved much more successful than the Confederate missions , which were never officially recognized by Britain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Confederate policies 2 Union policies 3 British policies 4 Slavery 5 Trent Affair 6 Possibility of recognizing Confederacy 7 Emancipation Proclamation 8 Confederate diplomacy 9 Postwar adjustments and Alabama claims 10 Long - term impact 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography Confederate policies ( edit ) Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War The Confederacy , such as President Jefferson Davis , believed from the beginning in `` King Cotton '' : British dependence on cotton for its large textile industry would lead to diplomatic recognition and mediation or military intervention . The Confederates had not sent out agents ahead of time to ascertain if the King Cotton policy would be effective . Instead , by popular demand , not government action , shipments of cotton to Europe were ended in spring 1861 . When the Confederate diplomats arrived , they tried to convince British leaders that the US naval blockade was an illegal paper blockade . Historian Charles Hubbard writes : `` Davis left foreign policy to others in government and , rather than developing an aggressive diplomatic effort , tended to expect events to accomplish diplomatic objectives . The new president was committed to the notion that cotton would secure recognition and legitimacy from the powers of Europe . The men Davis selected as secretary of state and emissaries to Europe were chosen for political and personal reasons -- not for their diplomatic potential . This was due , in part , to the belief that cotton could accomplish the Confederate objectives with little help from Confederate diplomats . '' Hubbard added that Davis 's policy was stubborn and coercive . The King Cotton strategy was resisted by the Europeans . Secretary of War Judah Benjamin and Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger warned that cotton should be immediately exported to build up foreign credits .",
"2": "Union policies ( edit ) U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward ( c. 1850 ) Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston The Union 's main goal in foreign affairs was to maintain friendly relations and large - scale trade with the world and to prevent any official recognition of the Confederacy by any country , especially Britain . Other concerns included preventing the Confederacy from buying foreign - made warships ; gaining European support for policies against slavery ; and attracting immigrant laborers , farmers and soldiers . There had been continuous improvement in Anglo - American relations throughout the 1850s . The issues of Oregon , Texas , and the Canada -- US border had all been resolved , and trade was brisk . Secretary of State William H. Seward , the primary architect of American foreign policy during the war , intended to maintain the policy principles that had served the country well since the American Revolution : `` non-intervention by the United States in the affairs of other countries and resistance to foreign intervention in the affairs of the United States and other countries in this hemisphere . '' British policies ( edit ) British public opinion was divided on the American Civil War . The Confederacy tended to have support from the elites -- from the aristocracy and gentry , which identified with the landed plantation owners , and from Anglican clergy and some professionals who admired tradition , hierarchy and paternalism . The Union was favored by the middle classes , the Nonconformists in religion , intellectuals , reformers and most factory workers , who saw slavery and forced labor as a threat to the status of the workingman . The cabinet made the decisions . Chancellor of the Exchequer William E Gladstone , whose family fortune was based on slavery in the West Indies before 1833 , supported the Confederacy . Foreign Minister Lord Russell wanted neutrality . Prime Minister Lord Palmerston wavered between support for national independence , his opposition to slavery , and the strong economic advantages of Britain remaining neutral . Even before the war started , Lord Palmerston pursued a policy of neutrality . His international concerns were centred in Europe , where he had to watch both Napoleon III 's ambitions in Europe and Otto von Bismarck 's rise in Prussia . There were also serious problems involving Italy , Poland , Russia , Denmark and China .",
"3": "British reactions to American events were shaped by past British policies and their own national interests , both strategically and economically . In the Western Hemisphere , as relations with the United States improved , Britain had become cautious about confronting it over issues in Central America . As a naval power , Britain had a long record of insisting that neutral nations abide by its blockades , a perspective that led from the earliest days of the war to de facto support for the Union blockade and frustration in the South . Diplomatic observers were suspicious of British motives . The Russian Minister in Washington , Eduard de Stoeckl , noted , `` The Cabinet of London is watching attentively the internal dissensions of the Union and awaits the result with an impatience which it has difficulty in disguising . '' '' De Stoeckl advised his government that Britain would recognize the Confederacy at its earliest opportunity . Cassius Clay , the United States Minister in Russia , stated , `` I saw at a glance where the feeling of England was . They hoped for our ruin ! They are jealous of our power . They care neither for the South nor the North . They hate both . '' Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams , Sr. , as minister to Britain . An important part of his mission was to make clear to the British that the war was strictly an internal insurrection and afforded the Confederacy no rights under international law . Any movement by Britain to recognizing the Confederacy officially would be considered an unfriendly act toward the US . Seward 's instructions to Adams included the suggestion that it should be made clear to Britain that a nation with widely scattered possessions , as well as a homeland that included Scotland and Ireland , should be very wary of `` set ( ting ) a dangerous precedent . '' Lord Lyons was appointed as the British minister to the United States in April 1859 . An Oxford graduate , he had two decades of diplomatic experience before being given the American post . Lyons , like many British leaders , had reservations about Seward and shared them freely in his correspondence , which was widely circulated within the British government . As early as January 7 , 1861 , well before the Lincoln administration had even assumed office , Lyons wrote to British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell about Seward : I can not help fearing that he will be a dangerous foreign minister .",
"4": "His view of the relations between the United States and Britain had always been that they are a good material to make political capital of ... I do not think Mr. Seward would contemplate actually going to war with us , but he would be well disposed to play the old game of seeking popularity here by displaying violence toward us . Despite his distrust of Seward , throughout 1861 , Lyons maintained a `` calm and measured '' diplomacy that contributed to a peaceful resolution to the Trent crisis . Slavery ( edit ) The Confederate States came into existence after seven of the fifteen slave states seceded because of the election of Republican President Lincoln , whose party committed to the containment of slavery geographically and the weakening of slaveowners ' political power . Slavery was the cornerstone of the South 's plantation economy , although it was repugnant to the moral sensibilities of most people in Britain , which had abolished slavery in its Empire in 1833 . Until the Fall of 1862 , the immediate end of slavery was not an issue in the war ; in fact , some Union states ( Kentucky , Maryland , Missouri , Delaware , and what became West Virginia ) allowed slavery . In 1861 , Missouri had sought to extradite an escaped slave from Canada to face trial for a murder committed in his flight for which some in Britain falsely believed the punishment was to be burned alive . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , announced in preliminary form in September 1862 , made ending slavery an objective of the war and caused European intervention on the side of the South to be unpopular . However , some British leaders expected it would cause a large scale race war that might need foreign intervention . Pro-Southern leaders in Britain then spoke of mediation , which they understood to mean the independence of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery . Trent Affair ( edit ) Main article : Trent Affair Outright war was a possibility in late 1861 , when the U.S. Navy took control of a British mail ship and seized two Confederate diplomats . Confederate President Jefferson Davis had named James M. Mason and John Slidell as commissioners to represent Confederate interests in England and France . They went to Havana , in Spanish Cuba , where they took passage for England on the British mail steamer Trent . The American warship USS San Jacinto under Captain Charles Wilkes was looking for them .",
"5": "It was generally then agreed that a nation at war had the right to stop and search a neutral merchant ship if it suspected that ship of carrying the enemy 's dispatches . Mason and Slidell , Wilkes reasoned , were in effect Confederate dispatches and so he had the right to remove them . On November 8 , 1861 , he fired twice across the bow of the Trent , sent a boat 's crew aboard , seized the Confederate commissioners , and bore them off in triumph to the US , where they were held prisoner in Boston . Wilkes was hailed as a national hero . The violation of British neutral rights triggered an uproar in Britain . Britain sent 11,000 troops to Canada , the British fleet was put on a war footing , with plans to capture New York City if war broke out , and a sharp note was dispatched to Washington to demand return of the prisoners and an apology . Lincoln , concerned about Britain entering the war , ignored anti-British sentiment and issued what the British interpreted as an apology , without apologizing , and ordered the prisoners to be released . Britain 's shortage of cotton was partially made up by imports from India and Egypt ; Punch cartoon 16 November 1861 War was unlikely in any event , as the United States was providing Britain with over 40 % of its wheat ( `` corn '' ) imports during the war years , and suspension would have caused severe disruption to its food supply . Britain imported about 25 - 30 % of its grain , and poor crops in 1861 and 1862 in France made Britain even more dependent on shiploads from New York City . Furthermore , British banks and financial institutions in the City of London had financed many projects such as railways in the US . There were fears that war would result in enormous financial losses as investments were lost and loans defaulted on . Britain 's shortage of cotton was partially made up by imports from India and Egypt by 1863 . The Trent Affair led to the Lyons - Seward Treaty of 1862 , an agreement to clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy . Possibility of recognizing Confederacy ( edit ) The possibility of recognizing the Confederacy came to the fore late in the summer of 1862 . At that time , as far as any European could see , the war seemed to be a stalemate .",
"6": "The US attempt to capture the Confederate capital had failed , and in the east and west alike , the Confederates were on the offensive . Charles Francis Adams , Sr. , warned Washington that the British government might very soon offer to mediate the difficulty between North and South , which would be a polite but effective way of intimating that in the opinion of Britain , the fight had gone on long enough and should be ended by giving the South what it wanted . Recognition , as Adams warned , risked all - out war with the United States . War would involve an invasion of Canada , a full - scale American attack on British shipping interests worldwide , an end to American grain shipments that were providing a large part of the British food supply , and an end to British sales of machinery and supplies to the US . The British leadership , however , thought that if the Union armies were decisively defeated , the US might soften its position and accept mediation . Earl Russell , British Foreign Secretary , had given Mason no encouragement , but after news of the Second Battle of Bull Run reached London in early September , Palmerston agreed that in late September , there could be a cabinet meeting at which Palmerston and Russell would ask approval of the mediation proposal . Then , Russell and Palmerston decided not to bring the plan before the cabinet until they got further word about Lee 's invasion of the North . If the Northerners were beaten , the proposal would go through ; if Lee failed , it might be well to wait a little longer before taking any action . The British working - class population , most notably the British cotton workers who suffered the Lancashire Cotton Famine , remained consistently opposed to the Confederacy . A resolution of support was passed by the inhabitants of Manchester and sent to Lincoln . His letter of reply has become famous : I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the working people of Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis . It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this Government which was built on the foundation of human rights , and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of slavery , was likely to obtain the favor of Europe . Through the action of disloyal citizens , the working people of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt .",
"7": "Under the circumstances I can not but regard your decisive utterances on the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country . It is indeed an energetic and re-inspiring assurance of the inherent truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice , humanity and freedom . I hail this interchange of sentiments , therefore , as an augury that , whatever else may happen , whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own , the peace and friendship which now exists between the two nations will be , as it shall be my desire to make them , perpetual . -- Abraham Lincoln , 19 January 1863 There is now a statue of Lincoln in Manchester , with an extract from his letter carved on the plinth . Lincoln became a hero amongst the British working class with progressive views . His portrait , often alongside that of Garibaldi , adorned many parlour walls . One can still be seen in the boyhood home of David Lloyd George , now part of the Lloyd George Museum . The decisive factor , in the fall of 1862 and increasingly thereafter was the Battle of Antietam and what grew out of it . Lee 's invasion was a failure at Antietam , and he barely escaped back to Virginia . It was now obvious that no final , conclusive Confederate triumph could be anticipated . The swift recession of the high Confederate tide was as visible in Britain as in America , and in the end , Palmerston and Russell dropped any notion of bringing a mediation - recognition program before the cabinet . Emancipation Proclamation ( edit ) During the late spring and early summer of 1862 , Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war . The Union itself was not enough ; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full , vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery . The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction . Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it . The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory , and on September 22 , he gave the Confederacy 100 days notice to return to the Union or else on January 1 , 1863 , all slaves held in areas in rebellion would be free .",
"8": "William Ewart Gladstone , the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a senior Liberal leader was accepting toward slavery in his youth ; his family had grown wealthy through the ownership of slaves in the West Indies , however , the idea of slavery was abhorrent to him with his idea of civilising all nations . He strongly spoke out for Confederate independence . When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced , he tried to make the counterargument that an independent Confederacy would do a better job of freeing the slaves than an invading northern army would . He warned that a race war was imminent and would justify British intervention . Emancipation also alarmed the British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell , who expected a bloody slave uprising . The question then would be British intervention on humanitarian grounds . However , there was no slave uprising and no race war . The advice of the war minister against going to war with United States , and the tide of British public opinion , convinced the cabinet to take no action . Confederate Diplomacy ( edit ) Further information : Cotton diplomacy Once the war with the US began , the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France . The US realized that as well and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war and the end of food shipments into Britain . The Confederates who had believed in `` King Cotton '' ( Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton for its industries ) were proven wrong . Britain , in fact , had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the US . During its existence , the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe ; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills . James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria , and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III . Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials , but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy . Britain and the US were at sword 's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship . Queen Victoria 's husband , Prince Albert , helped calm the situation , and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell and so the episode was no help to the Confederacy .",
"9": "Throughout the early years of the war , British foreign secretary Lord Russell , Napoleon III , and , to a lesser extent , British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston , explored the risks and advantages of recognition of the Confederacy or at least offering a mediation . Recognition meant certain war with the US , loss of American grain , loss of exports , loss of investments in American securities , potential invasion of Canada and other North American colonies , higher taxes , and a threat to the British merchant marine with little to gain in return . Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits . Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas , when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict , but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , combined with internal opposition , caused the government to back away . In 1863 , the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls ( all of them British or French diplomats ) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the US . Throughout the war , all European powers adopted a policy of neutrality , meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition . None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond . However , they applied principles of international law and recognized both sides as belligerents . Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders . Postwar adjustments and Alabama claims ( edit ) Northerners were outraged at British tolerance of non-neutral acts , especially the building of warships . The United States demanded vast reparations for the damages caused by British - built commerce raiders , especially CSS Alabama , which Palmerston bluntly refused to pay . The dispute continued for years after the war . After Palmerston 's death , Prime Minister Gladstone agreed to include the US war claims in treaty discussions on other pending issues , such as fishing rights and border disputes . In 1872 , pursuant to the resultant Treaty of Washington , an international arbitration board awarded $15,500,000 to the US , and the British apologized for the destruction caused by the British - built Confederate ships but admitted no guilt . Long - term Impact ( edit ) The Union victory emboldened the forces in Britain that demanded more democracy and public input into the political system .",
"10": "The resulting Reform Act 1867 enfranchised the urban male working class in England and Wales and weakened the upper - class landed gentry , who identified more with the Southern planters . Influential commentators included Walter Bagehot , Thomas Carlyle , John Stuart Mill , and Anthony Trollope . Additionally , many Irishmen saw service in both the Union and Confederate State Army . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal France in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Bahamas in the American Civil War Blockade runners of the American Civil War Timeline of British diplomatic history International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boleslaw Adam Boczek ( 2005 ) . International Law : A Dictionary . Scarecrow Press . p. 421 . Jump up ^ Niels Eichhorn , `` The Intervention Crisis of 1862 : A British Diplomatic Dilemma ? '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2014 ) 14 # 2 , pp. 287 - 310 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running During the Civil War ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Martin B. Duberman , Charles Francis Adams , 1807 - 1886 ( 1961 ) , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Hubbard , `` James Mason , the ' Confederate Lobby , ' and the blockade debate of March 1862 , '' Civil War History ( 1999 ) 45 # 3 pp 223 - 37 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Burden Of Confederate Diplomacy ( 2000 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Burden Of Confederate Diplomacy , pp. 21 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jones ( 1992 ) , pp. 2 - 3 . Hubbard , p. 17 . Mahin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ A.G.",
"11": "Hopkins American Empire : a Global history ( Princeton UP , 2018 ) pp 231 - 33 . Jump up ^ Berwanger , p. 874 . Hubbard , p. 18 . Baxter , The British Government and Neutral Rights , p. 9 . Baxter wrote that `` the British government , while defending the rights of British merchants and shipowners , kept one eye on the precedents and the other on the future interests of the mistress of the sea . '' Jump up ^ Graebner , p. 60 - 61 . Jump up ^ Mahin , p. 47 . Taylor , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Warren , pg. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Hubert F. Dubrulle , `` Lord Lyons '' in David Heidler , ed . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War pp. 1234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mahin pg. 7 . Mahin notes that in the 1850s , Seward had talked of annexing Canada ( pg. 6 ) and in February 1861 , he had spoken frequently of reuniting the North and South by a foreign war ( pg. 7 ) . Jump up ^ Duncan Andrew Campbell , English Public Opinion and the American Civil War , ( 2003 ) , pp. 26 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.J.M Blackett , Divided Hearts : Britain and the American Civil War , ( 2001 ) , pp. 54 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzey , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain , ( 2012 ) , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Howard Jones , Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War , ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Norman B. Ferris , The Trent Affair : A Diplomatic Crisis ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Lancashire Cotton Famine . In Our Time . 14 May 2015 . 45 minutes in . British Broadcasting Corporation .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Ginzberg , ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Martin B. Duberman , Charles Francis Adams , 1807 - 1886 ( 1961 ) ; Van Deusen ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Ephraim Douglass Adams , Great Britain and the American Civil War ( 1925 ) Jump up ^ Jones ( 1992 ) ch 8 - 10 Jump up ^ S.G. Checkland ( 1971 ) . The Gladstones : a Family Biography , 1764 - 1851 . p. 191 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle ( 2014 ) . The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War . pp. 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Will Kaufman ; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson ( 2005 ) . Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . ABC - CLIO . p. 789 . Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Ferris ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Jones ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Berwanger ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Graebner ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Merli ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Brent E. Kinser , The American Civil War in the Shaping of British Democracy ( Ashgate , 2011 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Ephraim Douglass . Great Britain and the American Civil War ( 2 vol. 1925 ) online edition of 1958 reprint Baxter , James P. 3rd . `` Papers Relating to Belligerent and Neutral Rights , 1861 - 1865 '' . American Historical Review Vol 34 No 1 ( Oct 1928 ) in JSTOR Baxter , James P. 3rd . `` The British Government and Neutral Rights , 1861 - 1865 . '' American Historical Review Vol 34 No 1 ( Oct 1928 ) in JSTOR Berwanger , Eugene H. The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War . ( 1994 ) , the diplomats and consuls Blackett , R.J.M.",
"13": "Divided Hearts : Britain and the American Civil War ( 2001 ) 273pp Bourne Kenneth . Britain and the Balance of Power in North America , 1815 - 1908 . ( 1967 ) Bourne , Kenneth . `` British Preparations for War with the North , 1861 - 1862 , '' The English Historical Review Vol 76 No 301 ( Oct 1961 ) pp 600 -- 632 in JSTOR Brauer , Kinley J. `` The Slavery Problem in the Diplomacy of the American Civil War , '' Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 46 , No. 3 ( Aug. , 1977 ) , pp. 439 -- 469 in JSTOR Brauer , Kinley J. `` British Mediation and the American Civil War : A Reconsideration , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 64 in JSTOR Campbell , Duncan Andrew , English Public Opinion and the American Civil War ( 2003 ) Cook Adrian . The Alabama Claims : American Politics and Anglo - American Relations , 1861 - 1872 . ( 1975 ) Crook , David Paul . The North , the South , and the Powers , 1861 - 1865 ( 1974 . ) Crook , D.P. Diplomacy During the American Civil War . ( 1975 ) . Doyle , Don . The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) Duberman Martin B. Charles Francis Adams , 1807 - 1886 ( 1961 ) Eichhorn , Niels . `` The Intervention Crisis of 1862 : A British Diplomatic Dilemma ? '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2014 ) 15 # 3 pp 287 -- 310 . DOI : 10.1080 / 14664658.2014. 959819 . Ferris , Norman B. Desperate Diplomacy : William H. Seward 's Foreign Policy , 1861 . ( 1976 ) 265pp , scholarly study of 1861 .",
"14": "Ferris , Norman B . The Trent Affair : A Diplomatic Crisis ( 1977 ) standard history Foreman , Amanda . A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( Random House , 2011 ) , 958 pp . Fuller , Howard J. , Clad in Iron : The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power ( Praeger , 2007 ) , 448 pp . Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy , '' New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30 , 2011 online Gentry , Judith Fenner . `` A Confederate Success in Europe : The Erlanger Loan , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 36 , No. 2 ( May , 1970 ) , pp. 157 -- 188 in JSTOR Ginzberg , Eli . `` The Economics of British Neutrality during the American Civil War , '' Agricultural History , Vol. 10 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1936 ) , pp. 147 -- 156 in JSTOR Graebner , Norman A. , Northern Diplomacy and European Neutrality in Why the North Won the Civil War edited by David Herbert Donald . ( 1960 ) ISBN 0 - 684 - 82506 - 6 ( 1996 Revision ) Hubbard , Charles M. The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy ( 1998 ) 271pp Hyman , Harold Melvin . Heard Round the World ; the Impact Abroad of the Civil War . ( 1969 ) . Jenkins , Brian . Britain & the War for the Union . ( 2 vol 1974 ) , by Canadian scholar Jones , Howard . Union in Peril : The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War ( 1992 ) Jones , Howard . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War , ( 1999 ) Jones , Howard . ed . Blue and Gray Diplomacy : A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations ( U. of North Carolina Press , 2010 ) online Jones , Wilbur Devereux .",
"15": "`` The British Conservatives and the American Civil War , '' American Historical Review , ( 1953 ) 58 # 3 pp. 527 -- 543 in JSTOR Lester , Richard I. Confederate Finance and Purchasing in Great Britain . ( 1975 ) . Lorimer , Douglas A . `` The Role of Anti-Slavery Sentiment in English Reactions to the American Civil War , '' Historical Journal , Vol. 19 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1976 ) , pp. 405 -- 420 in JSTOR Macdonald , Helen Grace . Canadian Public Opinion and the American Civil War ( 1926 ) Mahin , Dean B. One war at a time : The international dimensions of the American Civil War ( Brassey 's , 1999 ) Merli , Frank J. The Alabama , British Neutrality , and the American Civil War . ( 2004 ) . 225 pp . Merli , Frank J. Great Britain and the Confederate Navy , 1861 - 1865 ( 1971 ) 360pp Morton , W.L. The Critical Years : The Union of British North America , 1857 - 1873 ( 1964 ) , on Canada Nevins , Allan . `` Britain , France and the War Issues . '' In Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : War Becomes Revolution , 1862 - 1863 , ( 1960 ) pp. 242 -- 274 , excellent summary Owsley , Frank Lawrence . King Cotton Diplomacy : Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America ( 1931 ) Milne , A. Taylor . `` The Lyons - Seward Treaty of 1862 , '' American Historical Review , Vol. 38 , No. 3 ( Apr. , 1933 ) , pp. 511 -- 525 in JSTOR Peraino , Kevin . `` Lincoln vs. Palmerston '' in his Lincoln in the World : The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power ( 2013 ) pp 120 - 69 . Poast , Paul . `` Lincoln 's Gamble : Fear of Intervention and the Onset of the American Civil War . ''",
"16": "Security Studies 24.3 ( 2015 ) : 502 - 527 . online Smith , Adam I.P. `` The ' Cult ' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars , '' Twentieth Century British History ( 2010 ) 21 # 4 pp 486 -- 509 , how Lincoln became a hero to the British Stahr , Walter . Seward : Lincoln 's Indispensable Man ( 2012 ) Taylor , John M. William Henry Seward : Lincoln 's Right Hand ( 1991 ) , 340pp ; popular biography that praises Seward Van Deusen , Glyndon G. William Henry Seward ( 1967 ) , standard biography . Warren , Gordon H. Fountain of Discontent : The Trent Affair and Freedom of the Seas ( 1981 ) , 317pp , based on extensive archival work Winks Robin W. Canada and the United States : The Civil War Years . ( 1971 ) . Foreign countries in the American Civil War Australia Bahamas Canada France Hawaii Mexico Morocco Prussia Russia San Marino Thailand United Kingdom Foreign soldiers Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=837931374 '' Categories : Foreign relations during the American Civil War American Civil War by location United Kingdom -- United States relations 1860s in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the atomic number of indium which belongs to 5th period is
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{
"0": "Period 5 element - wikipedia Period 5 element Jump to : navigation , search Period 5 in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium",
"1": "Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( hide ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 . ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , .",
"2": ") Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row ( or period ) of the periodic table of the elements . The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring ( periodic ) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases : a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat , meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns . The fifth period contains 18 elements , beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon . As a rule , period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first , then their 4d , and 5p shells , in that order ; however , there are exceptions , such as rhodium .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical properties 2 Elements and their properties 3 s - block elements 3.1 Rubidium 3.2 Strontium 4 d - block elements 4.1 Yttrium 4.2 Zirconium 4.3 Niobium 4.4 Molybdenum 4.5 Technetium 4.6 Ruthenium 4.7 Rhodium 4.8 Palladium 4.9 Silver 4.10 Cadmium 5 p - block elements 5.1 Indium 5.2 Tin 5.3 Antimony 5.4 Tellurium 5.5 Iodine 5.6 Xenon 6 Biological role 7 Notes 8 References Physical properties ( edit ) This period contains technetium , one of the two elements until lead that has no stable isotopes ( along with promethium ) , as well as molybdenum and iodine , two of the heaviest elements with a known biological role , and Niobium has the largest magnetic known penetration depth of all the elements . Zirconium is one of the main components of zircon crystals , currently the oldest known minerals in the earth 's crust . Many later transition metals , such as rhodium , are very commonly used in jewelry due to the fact that they are incredibly shiny . This period is known to have a large number of exceptions to the Madelung rule .",
"4": "Elements and their properties ( edit ) Chemical element Chemical series Electron configuration 37 Rb Rubidium Alkali metal ( Kr ) 5s 38 Sr Strontium Alkaline earth metal ( Kr ) 5s 39 Y Yttrium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 40 Zr Zirconium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 41 Nb Niobium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s ( * ) 42 Mo Molybdenum Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s ( * ) 43 Tc Technetium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 44 Ru Ruthenium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s ( * ) 45 Rh Rhodium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s ( * ) 46 Pd Palladium Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d ( * ) 47 Ag Silver Transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s ( * ) 48 Cd Cadmium Post-transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 49 In Indium Post-transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 50 Sn Tin Post-transition metal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 51 Sb Antimony Metalloid ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 52 Te Tellurium Metalloid ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 53 Iodine Reactive nonmetal ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 54 Xe Xenon Noble gas ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p ( * ) Exception to the Madelung rule S - block elements ( edit ) Rubidium ( edit ) Main article : rubidium Rubidium is the first element placed in period 5 .",
"5": "It is an alkali metal , the most reactive group in the periodic table , having properties and similarities with both other alkali metals and other period 5 elements . For example , rubidium has 5 electron shells , a property found in all other period 5 elements , whereas its electron configuration 's ending is similar to all other alkali metals : s . Rubidium also follows the trend of increasing reactivity as the atomic number increases in the alkali metals , for it is more reactive than potassium , but less so than caesium . In addition , both potassium and rubidium yield almost the same hue when ignited , so researchers must use different methods to differentiate between these two 1st group elements . Rubidium is very susceptible to oxidation in air , similar to most of the other alkali metals , so it readily transforms into rubidium oxide , a yellow solid with the chemical formula Rb O . Strontium ( edit ) Main article : strontium Strontium is the second element placed in the 5th period . It is an alkaline earth metal , a relatively reactive group , although not nearly as reactive as the alkali metals . Like rubidium , it has 5 electron shells or energy levels , and in accordance with the Madelung rule it has two electrons in its 5s subshell . Strontium is a soft metal and is extremely reactive upon contact with water . If it does come in contact with water , though , it will combine with the atoms of both oxygen and hydrogen to form strontium hydroxide and pure hydrogen gas which quickly diffuses in the air . In addition , strontium , like rubidium , oxidizes in air and turns a yellow color . When ignited , it will burn with a strong red flame . D. - block elements ( edit ) Yttrium ( edit ) Main article : Yttrium Yttrium ( / ˈɪtriəm / IT - ree - əm ) is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39 . It is a silvery - metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a `` rare earth element '' .",
"6": "Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element . Its only stable isotope , Y , is also its only naturally occurring isotope . In 1787 , Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite , after the village . Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium 's oxide in Arrhenius ' sample in 1789 , and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria . Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler . The most important use of yttrium is in making phosphors , such as the red ones used in television set cathode ray tube ( CRT ) displays and in LEDs . Other uses include the production of electrodes , electrolytes , electronic filters , lasers and superconductors ; various medical applications ; and as traces in various materials to enhance their properties . Yttrium has no known biological role , and exposure to yttrium compounds can cause lung disease in humans . Zirconium ( edit ) Main article : Zirconium Zirconium ( / zərˈkoʊniəm / zər - KOH - nee - əm ) is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40 . The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon . Its atomic mass is 91.224 . It is a lustrous , gray - white , strong transition metal that resembles titanium . Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier , although minor amounts are used as alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion . Zirconium is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon , which is the most important form of zirconium in use . Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride , respectively . Five isotopes occur naturally , three of which are stable . Zirconium compounds have no biological role .",
"7": "Niobium ( edit ) Main article : Niobium Niobium / naɪˈoʊbiəm / ny - OH - bee - əm or columbium ( / kəˈlʌmbiəm / kə - LUM - bee - əm ) , is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41 . It is a soft , grey , ductile transition metal , which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral , the main commercial source for niobium , and columbite . The name comes from Greek mythology : Niobe , daughter of Tantalus . Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum , and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish . The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 , and named it columbium . In 1809 , the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical . The German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element , which he named niobium . In 1864 and 1865 , a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element ( as distinguished from tantalum ) , and for a century both names were used interchangeably . The name of the element was officially adopted as niobium in 1949 . It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially . Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and ferroniobium , an alloy of niobium and iron . Niobium is used mostly in alloys , the largest part in special steel such as that used in gas pipelines . Although alloys contain only a maximum of 0.1 % , that small percentage of niobium improves the strength of the steel . The temperature stability of niobium - containing superalloys is important for its use in jet and rocket engines . Niobium is used in various superconducting materials . These superconducting alloys , also containing titanium and tin , are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners .",
"8": "Other applications of niobium include its use in welding , nuclear industries , electronics , optics , numismatics and jewelry . In the last two applications , niobium 's low toxicity and ability to be colored by anodization are particular advantages . Molybdenum ( edit ) Main article : Molybdenum Molybdenum ( / ˌmɒlɪbˈdiːnəm / MOL - ib - DEE - nəm , / məˈlɪbdɪnəm / mə - LIB - di - nəm ) , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42 . The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum , from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos , meaning lead , itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages , since its ores were confused with lead ores . The free element , which is a silvery metal , has the sixth - highest melting point of any element . It readily forms hard , stable carbides , and for this reason it is often used in high - strength steel alloys . Molybdenum does not occur as a free metal on Earth , but rather in various oxidation states in minerals . Industrially , molybdenum compounds are used in high - pressure and high - temperature applications , as pigments and catalysts . Molybdenum minerals have long been known , but the element was `` discovered '' ( in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals ) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele . The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm . Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water , but the molybdate ion MoO is soluble and forms when molybdenum - containing minerals are in contact with oxygen and water . Technetium ( edit ) Main article : Technetium Technetium ( / tɛkˈniːʃiəm / tek - NEE - shee - əm ) is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc .",
"9": "It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes ; every form of it is radioactive . Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature . Naturally occurring technetium occurs as a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores . The chemical properties of this silvery gray , crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese . Many of technetium 's properties were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev before the element was discovered . Mendeleev noted a gap in his periodic table and gave the undiscovered element the provisional name ekamanganese ( Em ) . In 1937 technetium ( specifically the technetium - 97 isotope ) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced , hence its name ( from the Greek τεχνητός , meaning `` artificial '' ) . Its short - lived gamma ray - emitting nuclear isomer -- technetium - 99m -- is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests . Technetium - 99 is used as a gamma ray - free source of beta particles . Long - lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are by - products of fission of uranium - 235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods . Because no isotope of technetium has a half - life longer than 4.2 million years ( technetium - 98 ) , its detection in red giants in 1952 , which are billions of years old , helped bolster the theory that stars can produce heavier elements . Ruthenium ( edit ) Main article : Ruthenium Ruthenium ( / ruːˈθiːniəm / roo - THEE - nee - əm ) is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 . It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table . Like the other metals of the platinum group , ruthenium is inert to most chemicals . The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after Ruthenia , the Latin word for Rus ' . Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores and its annual production is only about 12 tonnes worldwide .",
"10": "Most ruthenium is used for wear - resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick - film resistors . A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys . Rhodium ( edit ) Main article : Rhodium Rhodium ( / ˈroʊdiəm / ROH - dee - əm ) is a chemical element that is a rare , silvery - white , hard , and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group . It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45 . It is composed of only one isotope , Rh . Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal , alloyed with similar metals , and never as a chemical compound . It is one of the rarest precious metals and one of the most costly ( gold has since taken over the top spot of cost per ounce ) . Rhodium is a so - called noble metal , resistant to corrosion , found in platinum - or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals . It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such ore , and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds , produced after it reacted with the powerful acid mixture aqua regia . The element 's major use ( about 80 % of world rhodium production ) is as one of the catalysts in the three - way catalytic converters of automobiles . Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals , and because of its rarity , rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high - temperature and corrosion - resistive coatings . White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its optical impression while sterling silver is often rhodium plated for tarnish resistance . Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level . Palladium ( edit ) Main article : Palladium Palladium ( / pəˈleɪdiəm / pə - LAY - dee - əm ) is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46 . It is a rare and lustrous silvery - white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston .",
"11": "He named it after the asteroid Pallas , which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena , acquired by her when she slew Pallas . Palladium , platinum , rhodium , ruthenium , iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals ( PGMs ) . These have similar chemical properties , but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them . The unique properties of palladium and other platinum group metals account for their widespread use . A quarter of all goods manufactured today either contain PGMs or have a significant part in their manufacturing process played by PGMs . Over half of the supply of palladium and its congener platinum goes into catalytic converters , which convert up to 90 % of harmful gases from auto exhaust ( hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , and nitrogen dioxide ) into less - harmful substances ( nitrogen , carbon dioxide and water vapor ) . Palladium is also used in electronics , dentistry , medicine , hydrogen purification , chemical applications , and groundwater treatment . Palladium plays a key role in the technology used for fuel cells , which combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity , heat , and water . Ore deposits of palladium and other PGMs are rare , and the most extensive deposits have been found in the norite belt of the Bushveld Igneous Complex covering the Transvaal Basin in South Africa , the Stillwater Complex in Montana , United States , the Thunder Bay District of Ontario , Canada , and the Norilsk Complex in Russia . Recycling is also a source of palladium , mostly from scrapped catalytic converters . The numerous applications and limited supply sources of palladium result in the metal attracting considerable investment interest . Silver ( edit ) Main article : Silver Silver ( / ˈsɪlvər / SIL - vər ) is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag ( Latin : argentum , from the Indo - European root * arg - for `` grey '' or `` shining '' ) and atomic number 47 . A soft , white , lustrous transition metal , it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal .",
"12": "The metal occurs naturally in its pure , free form ( native silver ) , as an alloy with gold and other metals , and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite . Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper , gold , lead , and zinc refining . Silver has long been valued as a precious metal , and it is used to make ornaments , jewelry , high - value tableware , utensils ( hence the term silverware ) , and currency coins . Today , silver metal is also used in electrical contacts and conductors , in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions . Its compounds are used in photographic film , and dilute silver nitrate solutions and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides . While many medical antimicrobial uses of silver have been supplanted by antibiotics , further research into clinical potential continues . Cadmium ( edit ) Main article : Cadmium Cadmium ( / ˈkædmiəm / KAD - mee - əm ) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48 . This soft , bluish - white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12 , zinc and mercury . Like zinc , it prefers oxidation state + 2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals . Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals , in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states . The average concentration of cadmium in the Earth 's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million ( ppm ) . It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann , both in Germany , as an impurity in zinc carbonate . Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production . It was used for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel while cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic . With the exception of its use in nickel -- cadmium batteries and cadmium telluride solar panels , the use of cadmium is generally decreasing . These declines have been due to competing technologies , cadmium 's toxicity in certain forms and concentration and resulting regulations .",
"13": "P - block elements ( edit ) Indium ( edit ) Main article : Indium Indium ( / ˈɪndiəm / IN - dee - əm ) is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49 . This rare , very soft , malleable and easily fusible other metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium , and shows the intermediate properties between these two . Indium was discovered in 1863 and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence in zinc ores , as a new and unknown element . The metal was first isolated in the following year . Zinc ores continue to be the primary source of indium , where it is found in compound form . Very rarely the element can be found as grains of native ( free ) metal , but these are not of commercial importance . Indium 's current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays and touchscreens , and this use largely determines its global mining production . It is widely used in thin - films to form lubricated layers ( during World War II it was widely used to coat bearings in high - performance aircraft ) . It is also used for making particularly low melting point alloys , and is a component in some lead - free solders . Indium is not known to be used by any organism . In a similar way to aluminium salts , indium ( III ) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection , but oral indium compounds do not have the chronic toxicity of salts of heavy metals , probably due to poor absorption in basic conditions . Radioactive indium - 111 ( in very small amounts on a chemical basis ) is used in nuclear medicine tests , as a radiotracer to follow the movement of labeled proteins and white blood cells in the body . Tin ( edit ) Main article : Tin Tin ( / ˈtɪn / TIN ) is a chemical element with the symbol Sn ( for Latin : stannum ) and atomic number 50 . It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table . Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements , germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states , + 2 and the slightly more stable + 4 .",
"14": "Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has , with 10 stable isotopes , the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table . Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite , where it occurs as tin dioxide , SnO . This silvery , malleable other metal is not easily oxidized in air and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion . The first alloy , used in large scale since 3000 BC , was bronze , an alloy of tin and copper . After 600 BC pure metallic tin was produced . Pewter , which is an alloy of 85 -- 90 % tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper , antimony and lead , was used for tableware from the Bronze Age until the 20th century . In modern times tin is used in many alloys , most notably tin / lead soft solders , typically containing 60 % or more of tin . Another large application for tin is corrosion - resistant tin plating of steel . Because of its low toxicity , tin - plated metal is also used for food packaging , giving the name to tin cans , which are made mostly of steel . Antimony ( edit ) Main article : Antimony Antimony ( / ænˈtɪmoʊni / ann - TIM - oh - nee , / ˈæntəˌmoʊni / AN - tə - moh - nee ; Latin : stibium ) is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb and an atomic number of 51 . A lustrous grey metalloid , it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite ( Sb S ) . Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics , metallic antimony was also known but mostly identified as lead . For some time China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds , with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan . Antimony compounds are prominent additives for chlorine and bromine containing fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products . The largest application for metallic antimony is as alloying material for lead and tin . It improves the properties of the alloys which are used as in solders , bullets and ball bearings . An emerging application is the use of antimony in microelectronics .",
"15": "Tellurium ( edit ) Main article : Tellurium Tellurium ( / tɪˈljuːriəm / ti - LEW - ree - əm , / tɛ - / teh - ) is a chemical element that has the symbol Te and atomic number 52 . A brittle , mildly toxic , rare , silver - white metalloid which looks similar to tin , tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur . It is occasionally found in native form , as elemental crystals . Tellurium is far more common in the universe than on Earth . Its extreme rarity in the Earth 's crust , comparable to that of platinum , is partly due to its high atomic number , but also due to its formation of a volatile hydride which caused the element to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of the planet . Tellurium was discovered in Transylvania ( today part of Romania ) in 1782 by Franz - Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in a mineral containing tellurium and gold . Martin Heinrich Klaproth named the new element in 1798 after the Latin word for `` earth '' , tellus . Gold telluride minerals ( responsible for the name of Telluride , Colorado ) are the most notable natural gold compounds . However , they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself , which is normally extracted as by - product of copper and lead production . Tellurium is commercially primarily used in alloys , foremost in steel and copper to improve machinability . Applications in solar panels and as a semiconductor material also consume a considerable fraction of tellurium production . Iodine ( edit ) Main article : Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53 . The name is pronounced / ˈaɪ. oʊ daɪn / EYE - oh - dyne , / ˈaɪ. oʊ dɪn / EYE - oh - din , or / ˈaɪ. oʊ diːn / EYE - oh - deen in both American and British English .",
"16": "The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs , meaning violet or purple , due to the color of elemental iodine vapor . Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition , and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers . Iodine 's relatively high atomic number , low toxicity , and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine . Iodine has only one stable isotope . A number of iodine radioisotopes are also used in medical applications . Iodine is found on Earth mainly as the highly water - soluble iodide I , which concentrates it in oceans and brine pools . Like the other halogens , free iodine occurs mainly as a diatomic molecule I , and then only momentarily after being oxidized from iodide by an oxidant like free oxygen . In the universe and on Earth , iodine 's high atomic number makes it a relatively rare element . However , its presence in ocean water has given it a role in biology ( see below ) . Xenon ( edit ) Main article : Xenon Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54 . The element name is pronounced / ˈzɛnɒn / ZEN - on , / ˈziːnɒn / ZEE - non . A colorless , heavy , odorless noble gas , xenon occurs in the Earth 's atmospherein trace amounts . Although generally unreactive , xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate , the first noble gas compound to be synthesized . Naturally occurring xenon consists of nine stable isotopes . There are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay . The isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System . Radioactive xenon - 135 is produced from iodine - 135 as a result of nuclear fission , and it acts as the most significant neutron absorber in nuclear reactors . Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps , and as a general anesthetic .",
"17": "The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule ( Xe ) as its lasing medium , and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps . Xenon is also being used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft . Biological role ( edit ) Rubidium , strontium , yttrium , zirconium , and niobium have no biological role . Yttrium can cause lung disease in humans . Molybdenum - containing enzymes are used as catalysts by some bacteria to break the chemical bond in atmospheric molecular nitrogen , allowing biological nitrogen fixation . At least 50 molybdenum - containing enzymes are now known in bacteria and animals , though only the bacterial and cyanobacterial enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation . Owing to the diverse functions of the remainder of the enzymes , molybdenum is a required element for life in higher organisms ( eukaryotes ) , though not in all bacteria . Technetium , ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , silver , tin , and antimony have no biological role . Although cadmium has no known biological role in higher organisms , a cadmium - dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms . Indium has no biological role and can be toxic as well as Antimony . Tellurium has no biological role , although fungi can incorporate it in place of sulfur and selenium into amino acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine . In humans , tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride , ( CH ) Te , a gas with a garlic - like odor which is exhaled in the breath of victims of tellurium toxicity or exposure . Iodine is the heaviest essential element utilized widely by life in biological functions ( only tungsten , employed in enzymes by a few species of bacteria , is heavier ) . Iodine 's rarity in many soils , due to initial low abundance as a crust - element , and also leaching of soluble iodide by rainwater , has led to many deficiency problems in land animals and inland human populations . Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities .",
"18": "Iodine is required by higher animals , which use it to synthesize thyroid hormones , which contain the element . Because of this function , radioisotopes of iodine are concentrated in the thyroid gland along with nonradioactive iodine . The radioisotope iodine - 131 , which has a high fission product yield , concentrates in the thyroid , and is one of the most carcinogenic of nuclear fission products . Xenon has no biological role , and is used as a general anaesthetic . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iodine '' . 3rd1000.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements Molybdenum biological information '' . Webelements.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gray , Theodore ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Periodic Table of Elements : Rubidium -- Rb '' . EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Flame Tests '' . Webmineral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Reactions of the Group 1 elements with oxygen and chlorine '' . Chemguide.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ IUPAC contributors ( 2005 ) . Edited by NG Connelly and T Damhus ( with RM Hartshorn and AT Hutton ) , ed . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ( PDF ) . RSC Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 .",
"19": "CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Van der Krogt 2005 Jump up ^ CRC contributors ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . `` Yttrium '' . In Lide , David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4 . New York : CRC Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0488 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cotton , Simon A. ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry '' . doi : 10.1002 / 0470862106. ia211 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 86078 - 2 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ OSHA contributors ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Yttrium and Compounds '' . United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . ( public domain text ) Jump up ^ Melchert , Craig . `` Greek mólybdos as a Loanword from Lydian '' ( PDF ) . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ editor - in - chief David R. Lide. ( 1994 ) . `` Molybdenum '' . In Lide , David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4 . Chemical Rubber Publishing Company . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0474 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Palladium '' . International Platinum Group Metals Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cadmium '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . 5 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . 1994 . Jump up ^ Iodine .",
"20": "Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Iodine -- Oxford Dictionaries Online ( World English ) ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ All three pronunciations are used in both British and American English , but / ˈaɪ. oʊ diːn / EYE - oh - deen is the most common British one and / ˈaɪ. oʊ daɪn / EYE - oh - dyne is the most common American one . Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary , s.v. iodine . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Xenon '' . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Columbia University Press . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Husted , Robert ; Boorman , Mollie ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` Xenon '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory , Chemical Division . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , Viktor Abramovich ; Vasserman , A.A. ; Nedostup , V.I. ; Veksler , L.S. ( 1988 ) . Thermophysical properties of neon , argon , krypton , and xenon ( English - language ed . ) . Washington , DC : Hemisphere Publishing Corp . ISBN 0 - 89116 - 675 - 0 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . -- National Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR . Volume 10 . Jump up ^ Freemantel , Michael ( August 25 , 2003 ) . `` Chemistry at its Most Beautiful '' ( PDF ) . Chemical & Engineering News . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kaneoka , Ichiro ( 1998 ) . `` Xenon 's Inside Story '' . Science .",
"21": "280 ( 5365 ) : 851 -- 852 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5365. 851b . Jump up ^ Stacey , Weston M. ( 2007 ) . Nuclear Reactor Physics . Wiley - VCH . p. 213 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40679 - 4 . Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` History '' . Millisecond Cinematography . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mellor , David ( 2000 ) . Sound Person 's Guide to Video . Focal Press . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 51595 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Robert D. ; Ma , Daqing ; Maze , Mervyn ( 2005 ) . `` Xenon : elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice '' . British Medical Bulletin . 71 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 35 . doi : 10.1093 / bmb / ldh034 . PMID 15728132 . Jump up ^ Basov , N.G. ; Danilychev , V.A. ; Popov , Yu . M. ( 1971 ) . `` Stimulated Emission in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region '' . Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics . 1 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1971QuEle ... 1 ... 18B . doi : 10.1070 / QE1971v001n01ABEH003011 . Jump up ^ Toyserkani , E. ; Khajepour , A. ; Corbin , S. ( 2004 ) . Laser Cladding . CRC Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2172 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ball , Philip ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Xenon outs WIMPs '' . Nature . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 08 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Saccoccia , G. ; del Amo , J.G. ; Estublier , D. ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` Ion engine gets SMART - 1 to the Moon '' . ESA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ramadan , Shadia E. ; Razak , A.A. ; Ragab , A.M. ; El - Meleigy , M. ( 1989 ) . `` Incorporation of tellurium into amino acids and proteins in a tellurium - tolerant fungi '' . Biological Trace Element Research . 20 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02917437 . PMID 2484755 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Donald G. Jr ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) . `` In Raising the World 's I.Q. , the Secret 's in the Salt '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau",
"23": "Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC",
"24": "nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr",
"25": "Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_5_element&oldid=838195027 '' Categories : Periods ( periodic table ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Pages containing element color directly Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"26": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what percentage of sunlight is captured by plants to convert it into food energy
|
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{
"0": "Photosynthetic efficiency - wikipedia Photosynthetic efficiency Jump to : navigation , search The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants and algae . Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6H O + 6CO + energy → C H O + 6O where C H O is glucose ( which is subsequently transformed into other sugars , cellulose , lignin , and so forth ) . The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined -- it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed , and on what kind of light is used ( see Photosynthetically active radiation ) . It takes eight ( or perhaps 10 or more ) photons to utilize one molecule of CO . The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO to glucose is 114 kcal , whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal , giving a nominal efficiency of 30 % . However , photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II operating ( see Chlorophyll ) . Using longer wavelengths means less light energy is needed for the same number of photons and therefore for the same amount of photosynthesis . For actual sunlight , where only 45 % of the light is in the photosynthetically active wavelength range , the theoretical maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion is approximately 11 % . In actuality , however , plants do not absorb all incoming sunlight ( due to reflection , respiration requirements of photosynthesis and the need for optimal solar radiation levels ) and do not convert all harvested energy into biomass , which results in an overall photosynthetic efficiency of 3 to 6 % of total solar radiation . If photosynthesis is inefficient , excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus . Energy can be dissipated as heat ( non-photochemical quenching ) , or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Typical efficiencies 1.1 Plants 1.2 Algae and other monocellular organisms 1.2. 1 Worldwide figures 2 Efficiencies of various biofuel crops 3 C3 vs.",
"1": "C4 and CAM plants 4 See also 5 References Typical efficiencies ( edit ) Plants ( edit ) Quoted values sunlight - to - biomass efficiency Plant Efficiency Plants , typical 0.1 % 0.2 -- 2 % Typical crop plants 1 -- 2 % The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao : Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf , 47 % lost due to photons outside the 400 -- 700 nm active range ( chlorophyll utilizes photons between 400 and 700 nm , extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one ) 30 % of the in - band photons are lost due to incomplete absorption or photons hitting components other than chloroplasts 24 % of the absorbed photon energy is lost due to degrading short wavelength photons to the 700 nm energy level 68 % of the utilized energy is lost in conversion into d - glucose 35 -- 45 % of the glucose is consumed by the leaf in the processes of dark and photo respiration Stated another way : 100 % sunlight → non-bioavailable photons waste is 47 % , leaving 53 % ( in the 400 -- 700 nm range ) → 30 % of photons are lost due to incomplete absorption , leaving 37 % ( absorbed photon energy ) → 24 % is lost due to wavelength - mismatch degradation to 700 nm energy , leaving 28.2 % ( sunlight energy collected by chlorophyl ) → 32 % efficient conversion of ATP and NADPH to d - glucose , leaving 9 % ( collected as sugar ) → 35 -- 40 % of sugar is recycled / consumed by the leaf in dark and photo - respiration , leaving 5.4 % net leaf efficiency . Many plants lose much of the remaining energy on growing roots . Most crop plants store ~ 0.25 % to 0.5 % of the sunlight in the product ( corn kernels , potato starch , etc . ) . Photosynthesis increases linearly with light intensity at low intensity , but at higher intensity this is no longer the case ( see Photosynthesis - irradiance curve ) . Above about 10,000 lux or ~ 100 watts / square meter the rate no longer increases .",
"2": "Thus , most plants can only utilize ~ 10 % of full mid-day sunlight intensity . This dramatically reduces average achieved photosynthetic efficiency in fields compared to peak laboratory results . However , real plants ( as opposed to laboratory test samples ) have lots of redundant , randomly oriented leaves . This helps to keep the average illumination of each leaf well below the mid-day peak enabling the plant to achieve a result closer to the expected laboratory test results using limited illumination . Only if the light intensity is above a plant specific value , called the compensation point the plant assimilates more carbon and releases more oxygen by photosynthesis than it consumes by cellular respiration for its own current energy demand . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . Nevertheless , the light response curves that the class produces do allow comparisons in photosynthetic efficiency between plants . Algae and other monocellular organisms ( edit ) From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland , photosynthesizing Cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle , accounting for 20 -- 30 % of Earth 's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass - stored chemical energy at the rate of ~ 450 TW . Worldwide figures ( edit ) According to the cyanobacteria study above , this means the total photosynthetic productivity of earth is between ~ 1500 -- 2250 TW , or 4.73 -- 7.10 x 10 J ( 47,300 -- 71,000 exajoules ) per year . Using this source 's figure of 178,000 TW of solar energy hitting the Earth 's surface , the total photosynthetic efficiency of the planet is 0.84 % to 1.26 % ( see also Earth 's energy budget ) . Efficiencies of various biofuel crops ( edit ) Popular choices for plant biofuels include : oil palm , soybean , castor oil , sunflower oil , safflower oil , corn ethanol , and sugar cane ethanol . An analysis of a proposed Hawaiian oil palm plantation claimed to yield 600 gallons of biodiesel per acre per year . That comes to 2835 watts per acre or 0.7 W / m .",
"3": "Typical insolation in Hawaii is around 5.5 kWh / ( m day ) or 230 W / m . For this particular oil palm plantation , if it delivered the claimed 600 gallons of biodiesel per acre per year , would be converting 0.3 % of the incident solar energy to chemical fuel . Total photosynthetic efficiency would include more than just the biodiesel oil , so this 0.3 % number is something of a lower bound . Contrast this with a typical photovoltaic installation , which would produce an average of roughly 22 W / m ( roughly 10 % of the average insolation ) , throughout the year . Furthermore , the photovoltaic panels would produce electricity , which is a high - quality form of energy , whereas converting the biodiesel into mechanical energy entails the loss of a large portion of the energy . On the other hand , a liquid fuel is much more convenient for a vehicle than electricity , which has to be stored in heavy , expensive batteries . Most crop plants store ~ 0.25 % to 0.5 % of the sunlight in the product ( corn kernels , potato starch , etc . ) , sugar cane is exceptional in several ways to yield peak storage efficiencies of ~ 8 % . Ethanol fuel in Brazil has a calculation that results in : `` Per hectare per year , the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ . This is equivalent to 0.86 W / m . Assuming an average insolation of 225 W / m , the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38 % . '' Sucrose accounts for little more than 30 % of the chemical energy stored in the mature plant ; 35 % is in the leaves and stem tips , which are left in the fields during harvest , and 35 % are in the fibrous material ( bagasse ) left over from pressing . C3 vs. C4 and CAM plants ( edit ) C3 plants use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon .",
"4": "C4 plants use a modified Calvin cycle in which they separate Ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase ( RuBisCO ) from atmospheric oxygen , fixing carbon in their mesophyll cells and using oxaloacetate and malate to ferry the fixed carbon to RuBisCO and the rest of the Calvin cycle enzymes isolated in the bundle - sheath cells . The intermediate compounds both contain four carbon atoms , which gives C4 . In Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) , time isolates functioning RuBisCo ( and the other Calvin cycle enzymes ) from high oxygen concentrations produced by photosynthesis , in that O is evolved during the day , and allowed to dissipate then , while at night atmospheric CO is taken up and stored as malic or other acids . During the day , CAM plants close stomata and use stored acids as carbon sources for sugar , etc. production . The C3 pathway requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose while the C4 pathway requires 20 ATP . Despite this reduced ATP efficiency , C4 is an evolutionary advancement , adapted to areas of high levels of light , where the reduced ATP efficiency is more than offset by the use of increased light . The ability to thrive despite restricted water availability maximizes the ability to use available light . The simpler C3 cycle which operates in most plants is adapted to wetter darker environments , such as many northern latitudes. . Corn , sugar cane , and sorghum are C4 plants . These plants are economically important in part because of their relatively high photosynthetic efficiencies compared to many other crops . Pineapple is a CAM plant . See also ( edit ) Energy conversion efficiency FLEX ( satellite ) Phototroph Photosynthetically active radiation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Renewable biological systems for unsustainable energy production . FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Lubert Stryer ( 1981 ) . Biochemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 448 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1226 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Govindjee , What is photosynthesis ?",
"5": "Jump up ^ The Green Solar Collector ; converting sunlight into algal biomass Wageningen University project ( 2005 -- 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : David Oakley Hall ; K.K. Rao ; Institute of Biology ( 1999 ) . Photosynthesis . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64497 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pisciotta JM , Zou Y , Baskakov IV ( 2010 ) . `` Light - Dependent Electrogenic Activity of Cyanobacteria '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 5 ) : e10821 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0010821 . PMC 2876029 . PMID 20520829 . Jump up ^ Biodiesel Fuel . Ag.ndsu.edu ... Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ PVWATTS : Hawaii . Rredc.nrel.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ NREL : In My Backyard ( IMBY ) Home Page . Nrel.gov ( 2010 - 12 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore",
"6": "Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish",
"7": "Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks",
"8": "Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthetic_efficiency&oldid=816892760 '' Categories : Ecological metrics Photosynthesis Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the number of total presidential electoral votes
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"0": "Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 .",
"1": "In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3.",
"2": "3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election .",
"3": "However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives .",
"4": "Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No.",
"5": "10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors .",
"6": "Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . ''",
"7": "The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) .",
"8": "The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote .",
"9": "This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College .",
"10": "Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state .",
"11": "The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote .",
"12": "This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment .",
"13": "This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box .",
"14": "Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do .",
"15": "In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore .",
"16": "Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment .",
"17": "Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred .",
"18": "Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method .",
"19": "Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 !",
"20": "0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 !",
"21": "0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 !",
"22": "3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 !",
"23": "7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 !",
"24": "0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 !",
"25": "7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 !",
"26": "3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 !",
"27": "0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 !",
"28": "8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four .",
"29": "Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting .",
"30": "The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice .",
"31": "Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts .",
"32": "However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' .",
"33": "Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support .",
"34": "Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function .",
"35": "One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns .",
"36": "Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country .",
"37": "Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state .",
"38": "For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S.",
"39": "territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states .",
"40": "Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast .",
"41": "For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public .",
"42": "According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote .",
"43": "With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate .",
"44": "He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal .",
"45": "President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality .",
"46": "As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project .",
"48": "Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . )",
"49": "^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc.",
"50": "1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 .",
"51": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) .",
"53": "Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p.",
"54": "254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball .",
"55": "Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) .",
"56": "`` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) .",
"58": "`` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 .",
"59": "Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times .",
"62": "September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S.",
"63": "Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S.",
"64": "suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C.",
"65": "West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Politics of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured ,",
"66": "and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,",
"67": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness ,",
"68": "and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway ` GND : 4451841 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"69": "php?title=Electoral_College_(United_States)&oldid=838264662 '' Categories : 1789 establishments in the United States Electoral College ( United States ) Electoral colleges History of voting rights in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"70": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Soil food web - wikipedia Soil food web Jump to : navigation , search An example of a topological food web ( image courtesy of USDA ) The soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil . It describes a complex living system in the soil and how it interacts with the environment , plants , and animals . Food webs describe the transfer of energy between species in an ecosystem . While a food chain examines one , linear , energy pathway through an ecosystem , a food web is more complex and illustrates all of the potential pathways . Much of this transferred energy comes from the sun . Plants use the sun 's energy to convert inorganic compounds into energy - rich , organic compounds , turning carbon dioxide and minerals into plant material by photosynthesis . Plant flowers exude energy - rich nectar above ground and plant roots exude acids , sugars , and ectoenzymes into the rhizosphere , adjusting the pH and feeding the food web underground . Plants are called autotrophs because they make their own energy ; they are also called producers because they produce energy available for other organisms to eat . Heterotrophs are consumers that can not make their own food . In order to obtain energy they eat plants or other heterotrophs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Above ground food webs 2 Methodology 3 Types of food webs 3.1 Topological webs 4 Flow webs 4.1 Interaction web 5 Food web control 5.1 Bottom - up effects 5.2 Top - down effects 6 Community matrix models 7 Stability of food webs 8 Interactions not included in food webs 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Above ground food webs ( edit ) In above ground food webs , energy moves from producers ( plants ) to primary consumers ( herbivores ) and then to secondary consumers ( predators ) . The phrase , trophic level , refers to the different levels or steps in the energy pathway . In other words , the producers , consumers , and decomposers are the main trophic levels . This chain of energy transferring from one species to another can continue several more times , but eventually ends .",
"1": "At the end of the food chain , decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead plant and animal material into simple nutrients . Methodology ( edit ) The nature of soil makes direct observation of food webs difficult . Since soil organisms range in size from less than 0.1 mm ( nematodes ) to greater than 2 mm ( earthworms ) there are many different ways to extract them . Soil samples are often taken using a metal core . Larger macrofauna such as earthworms and insect larva can be removed by hand , but this is impossible for smaller nematodes and soil arthropods . Most methods to extract small organisms are dynamic ; they depend on the ability of the organisms to move out of the soil . For example , a Berlese funnel , used to collect small arthropods , creates a light / heat gradient in the soil sample . As the microarthropods move down , away from the light and heat , they fall through a funnel and into a collection vial . A similar method , the Baermann funnel , is used for nematodes . The Baerman funnel is wet , however ( while the Berlese funnel is dry ) and does not depend on a light / heat gradient . Nematodes move out of the soil and to the bottom of the funnel because , as they move , they are denser than water and are unable to swim . Soil microbial communities are characterized in many different ways . The activity of microbes can be measured by their respiration and carbon dioxide release . The cellular components of microbes can be extracted from soil and genetically profiled , or microbial biomass can be calculated by weighing the soil before and after fumigation . Types of food webs ( edit ) An example of a soil interaction web . Image courtesy of Kalessin11 . There are three different types of food web representations : topological ( or traditional ) food webs , flow webs and interaction webs . These webs can describe systems both above and below ground . Topological webs ( edit ) Early food webs were topological ; they were descriptive and provided a nonquantitative picture of consumers , resources and the links between them . Pimm et al. ( 1991 ) described these webs as a map of which organisms in a community eat which other kinds .",
"2": "The earliest topological food web , made in 1912 , examined the predators and parasites of cotton boll weevil ( reviewed by Pimm et al. 1991 ) . Researchers analyzed and compared topological webs between ecosystems by measuring the web 's interaction chain lengths and connectivity . One problem faced in standardizing such measurements is that there are often too many species for each to have a separate box . Depending on the author , the number of species aggregated or separated into functional groups may be different . Authors may even eliminate some organisms . By convention , the dead material flowing back to detritus is not shown , as it would complicate the figure , but it is taken account in any calculations . Flow webs ( edit ) Miosis build on interconnected food chains , adding quantitative information on the movement of carbon or other nutrients from producers to consumers . Hunt et al. ( 1987 ) published the first flow web for soil , describing the short grass prairie in Colorado , USA . The authors estimated nitrogen transferral rates through the soil food web and calculated nitrogen mineralization rates for a range of soil organisms . In another landmark study , researchers from the Lovinkhoeve Experimental Farm in the Netherlands examined the flow of carbon and illustrated transfer rates with arrows of different thicknesses . In order to create a flow web , a topological web is first constructed . After the members of the web are decided , the biomass of each functional group is calculated , usually in kg carbon / hectare . In order to calculate feeding rates , researchers assume that the population of the functional group is in equilibrium . At equilibrium , the reproduction of the group balances the rate at which members are lost through natural death and predation When feeding rate is known , the efficiency with which nutrients are converted into organism biomass can be calculated . This energy stored in the organism represents the amount available to be passed on to the next trophic level . After constructing the first soil flow webs , researchers discovered that nutrients and energy flowed from lower resources to higher trophic levels through three main channels . The bacterial and fungal channels had the largest energy flow , while the herbivory channel , in which organisms directly consumed plant roots , was smaller . It is now widely recognized that bacteria and fungi are critical to the decomposition of carbon and nitrogen and play important roles in both the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle .",
"3": "Interaction web ( edit ) An interaction web , shown above right , is similar to a topological web , but instead of showing the movement of energy or materials , the arrows show how one group influences another . In interaction food web models , every link has two direct effects , one of the resource on the consumer and one of the consumer on the resource . The effect of the resource on the consumer is positive , ( the consumer gets to eat ) and the effect on the resource by the consumer is negative ( it is eaten ) . These direct , trophic , effects can lead to indirect effects . Indirect effects , represented by dashed lines , show the effect of one element on another to which it is not directly linked . For example , in the simple interaction web below , when the predator eats the root herbivore , the plant eaten by the herbivore may increase in biomass . We would then say that the predator has a beneficial indirect effect on the plant roots . Food web control ( edit ) Bottom - up effects ( edit ) Bottom - up effects occur when the density of a resource affects the density of its consumer . For example , in the figure above , an increase in root density causes an increase in herbivore density that causes a corresponding increase in predator density . Correlations in abundance or biomass between consumers and their resources give evidence for bottom - up control . An often - cited example of a bottom - up effect is the relationship between herbivores and the primary productivity of plants . In terrestrial ecosystems , the biomass of herbivores and detritivores increases with primary productivity . An increase in primary productivity will result in a larger influx of leaf litter into the soil ecosystem , which will provide more resources for bacterial and fungal populations to grow . More microbes will allow an increase in bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes , which are eaten by mites and other predatory nematodes . Thus , the entire food web swells as more resources are added to the base . When ecologists use the term , bottom - up control , they are indicating that the biomass , abundance , or diversity of higher trophic levels depend on resources from lower trophic levels . Top - down effects ( edit ) Ideas about top - down control are much more difficult to evaluate .",
"4": "Top - down effects occur when the population density of a consumer affects that of its resource ; for example , a predator affects the density of its prey . Top - down control , therefore , refers to situations where the abundance , diversity or biomass of lower trophic levels depends on effects from consumers at higher trophic levels . A trophic cascade is a type of top - down interaction that describes the indirect effects of predators . In a trophic cascade , predators induce effects that cascade down food chain and affect biomass of organisms at least two links away . The importance of trophic cascades and top - down control in terrestrial ecosystems is actively debated in ecology ( reviewed in Shurin et al. 2006 ) and the issue of whether trophic cascades occur in soils is no less complex Trophic cascades do occur in both the bacterial and fungal energy channels . However , cascades may be infrequent , because many other studies show no top - down effects of predators . In Mikola and Setälä 's study , microbes eaten by nematodes grew faster when they were grazed upon frequently . This compensatory growth slowed when the microbe feeding nematodes were removed . Therefore , although top predators reduced the number of microbe feeding nematodes , there was no overall change in microbial biomass . Besides the grazing effect , another barrier to top down control in soil ecosystems is widespread omnivory , which by increasing the number of trophic interactions , dampens effects from the top . The soil environment is also a matrix of different temperatures , moistures and nutrient levels , and many organisms are able to become dormant to withstand difficult times . Depending on conditions , predators may be separated from their potential prey by an insurmountable amount of space and time . Any top - down effects that do occur will be limited in strength because soil food webs are donor controlled . Donor control means that consumers have little or no effect on the renewal or input of their resources . For example , aboveground herbivores can overgraze an area and decrease the grass population , but decomposers can not directly influence the rate of falling plant litter . They can only indirectly influence the rate of input into their system through nutrient recycling which , by helping plants to grow , eventually creates more litter and detritus to fall .",
"5": "If the entire soil food web were completely donor controlled , however , bacterivores and fungivores would never greatly affect the bacteria and fungi they consume . While bottom - up effects are no doubt important , many soil ecologists suspect that top - down effects are also sometimes significant . Certain predators or parasites , when added to the soil , can have a large effect on root herbivores and thereby indirectly affect plant fitness . For example , in a coastal shrubland food chain the native entomopathogenic nematode , Heterorhabditis marelatus , parasitized ghost moth caterpillars , and ghost moth caterpillars consumed the roots of bush lupine . The presence of H. marelatus correlated with lower caterpillar numbers and healthier plants . In addition , the researchers observed high mortality of bush lupine in the absence of entomopathogenic nematodes . These results implied that the nematode , as a natural enemy of the ghost moth caterpillar , protected the plant from damage . The authors even suggested that the interaction was strong enough to affect the population dynamics of bush lupine ; this was supported in later experimental work with naturally - growing populations of bush lupine . Top down control has applications in agriculture and is the principle behind biological control , the idea that plants can benefit from the application of their herbivore 's enemies . While wasps and ladybugs are commonly associated with biological control , parasitic nematodes and predatory mites are also added to the soil to suppress pest populations and preserve crop plants . In order to use such biological control agents effectively , a knowledge of the local soil food web is important . Community matrix models ( edit ) A community matrix model is a type of interaction web that uses differential equations to describe every link in the topological web . Using Lotka - Volterra equations , that describe predator - prey interactions , and food web energetics data such as biomass and feeding rate , the strength of interactions between groups is calculated . Community matrix models can also show how small changes affect the overall stability of the web . Stability of food webs ( edit ) Mathematical modeling in food webs has raised the question of whether complex or simple food webs are more stable . Until the last decade , it was believed that soil food webs were relatively simple , with low degrees of connectance and omnivory .",
"6": "These ideas stemmed from the mathematical models of May which predicted that complexity destabilized food webs . May used community matrices in which species were randomly linked with random interaction strength to show that local stability decreases with complexity ( measured as connectance ) , diversity , and average interaction strength among species . The use of such random community matrices attracted much criticism . In other areas of ecology , it was realized that the food webs used to make these models were grossly oversimplified and did not represent the complexity of real ecosystems . It also became clear that soil food webs did not conform to these predictions . Soil ecologists discovered that omnivory in food webs was common , and that food chains could be long and complex and still remain resistant to disturbance by drying , freezing , and fumigation . But why are complex food webs more stable ? Many of the barriers to top - down trophic cascades also promote stability . Complex food webs may be more stable if the interaction strengths are weak and soil food webs appear to consist of many weak interactions and a few strong ones . Donor controlled food webs may be inherently more stable , because it is difficult for primary consumers to overtax their resources . The structure of the soil also acts as a buffer , separating organisms and preventing strong interactions . Many soil organisms , for example bacteria , can remain dormant through difficult times and reproduce quickly once conditions improve , making them resilient to disturbance . Stability of the system is reduced by the use of nitrogen - containing inorganic and organic fertilizers , which cause soil acidification . Interactions not included in food webs ( edit ) Despite their complexity , some interactions between species in the soil are not easily classified by food webs . Litter transformers , mutualists , and ecosystem engineers all have strong impacts on their communities that can not be characterized as either top - down or bottom - up . Litter transformers , such as isopods , consume dead plants and excrete fecal pellets . While on the surface this may not seem impressive , the fecal pellets are moister and higher in nutrients than the surrounding soil , which favors colonization by bacteria and fungi . Decomposition of the fecal pellet by the microbes increases its nutrient value and the isopod is able to re-ingest the pellets .",
"7": "When the isopods consume nutrient - poor litter , the microbes enrich it for them and isopods prevented from eating their own feces can die . This mutualistic relationship has been called an `` external rumen '' , similar to the mutualistic relationship between bacteria and cows . While the bacterial symbionts of cows live inside the rumen of their stomach , isopods depend on microbes outside their body . Ecosystems engineers , such as earthworms , modify their environment and create habitat for other smaller organisms . Earthworms also stimulate microbial activity by increasing soil aeration and moisture , and transporting litter into the ground where it becomes available to other soil fauna . Fungi create nutritional niche for other organisms by enriching nutritionally extremelly scarce food - the dead wood . This allows xylophages to develop and in turn affect dead wood , contributing to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor . In aboveground and aquatic food webs , the literature assumes that the most important interactions are competition and predation . While soil food webs fit these sorts of interactions well , future research needs to include more complex interactions such as mutualisms and habitat modification . While they can not characterize all interactions , soil food webs remain a useful tool for describing ecosystems . The interactions between species in the soil and their effect on decomposition continue to be well studied . Much remains unknown , however , about soil food webs stability and how food webs change over time . This knowledge is critical to understanding how food webs affect important qualities such as soil fertility . See also ( edit ) Soil biology Soil ecology Soil life Trophic cascade Food web Entomopathogenic nematode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soil Biology Primer Photo Gallery '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service - Soils . Soil and Water Conservation Society , U.S. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Marschner , Horst ( 1995 ) . Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants . ISBN 0124735436 . Jump up ^ Walker , T.S. ; Bais , H.P. ; Grotewold , E. ; Vivanco , J.M. ( 2003 ) . `` Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology '' . Plant Physiology.",
"8": "132 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 102.019661 . PMC 1540314 . PMID 12746510 . Jump up ^ Power , Michael L. ( 2010 ) . Anne M. Burrows ; Leanne T. Nash , eds . The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates / Nutritional and Digestive Challenges to Being a Gum - feeding Primate . Springer . p. 28 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pimm S.L. , Lawton J.H. & Cohen J.E. ( 1991 ) , `` Food web patterns and their consequences '' , Nature , 350 ( 6320 ) : 669 -- 674 , Bibcode : 1991Natur. 350 ... 669P , doi : 10.1038 / 350669a0 ^ Jump up to : de Ruiter P.C. , A.M. Neutel and J.C. Moore ( 1996 ) , `` Energetics and stability in below ground food webs '' , in G. Polis and K.O Winemiller , Food webs : integration of patterns and dynamics , Chapman & Hall CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brussaard , L.J. , A. van Veen , M.J. Kooistra , and G. Lebbink ( 1988 ) , `` The Dutch Programme on soil ecology of arable farming systems I. Objectives , approach , and preliminary results '' , Ecological Bulletins , 39 : 35 -- 40 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hunt , H.W. , D.C. Coleman , E.R. Ingham , R.E. Ingham , E.T. Elliott , J.C. Moore , S.L. Rose , C.P.P. Reid , and C.R.",
"9": "Morley ( 1987 ) , `` The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie '' , Biology and Fertility of Soils , 3 : 57 -- 68 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ USDA - NRCS , 2004 , `` The Soil Food web '' in The Soil Biology Primer . Url accessed 2006 -- 04 - 11 ^ Jump up to : Stiling , P. ( 1999 ) , Ecology , Theories and Applications . Third Edtn , Prentice Hall . New Jersey USA . ^ Jump up to : Shurin , J.B. , D.S. Gruner , and H. Hillebrand ( 2006 ) , `` All wet or dried up ? Real differences between aquatic and terrestrial food webs '' , Proceedings of the Royal Society , 273 ( 1582 ) : 1 -- 9 , doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3377 , PMC 1560001 , PMID 16519227 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wardle , D.A ( 2002 ) , Communities and Ecosystems : Linking the aboveground and belowground components Monographs in population biology , 31 , Princeton University Press . New Jersey Jump up ^ Santos , P.F. , J. Phillips , and W.G. Whitford ( 1981 ) , `` The role of mites and nematodes in early stages of buried litter decomposition in a desert '' , Ecology ( Washington DC ) , 62 ( 3 ) : 664 -- 669 , doi : 10.2307 / 1937734 , JSTOR 1937733 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Allen - Morley , C.R. & D.C.",
"10": "Coleman ( 1989 ) , `` Reliance of soil biota in various food webs to freezing perturbations '' , Ecology , 70 ( 4 ) : 1127 -- 1141 , doi : 10.2307 / 1941381 Jump up ^ Katarina Hedlund & Maria Sjögren Öhrn ( 2000 ) , `` Tritrophic interactions in a soil community enhance decomposition rates '' , Oikos , 88 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 591 , doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0706.2000. 880315. x Jump up ^ Mikola J. & H. Setälä ( 1998 ) , `` No evidence of tropic cascades in an experimental microbial - based food web '' , Ecology , 79 : 153 -- 164 , doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 1998 ) 079 ( 0153 : NEOTCI ) 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ Laakso J. & H. Setälä ( 1999 ) , `` Population - and ecosystem - effects of predation on microbial - feeding nematodes '' , Oecologia , 120 ( 2 ) : 279 -- 286 , doi : 10.1007 / s004420050859 Jump up ^ Moore , J.C. , K. McCann , H. Setälä , and P.C. de Ruiter ( 2003 ) , `` Top down is bottom up : does predation in the rhizosphere regulate aboveground dynamics ? '' , Ecology , 84 ( 4 ) : 846 -- 857 , doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 2003 ) 084 ( 0846 : TIBDPI ) 2.0.CO ; 2 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Strong , D.R. , H.K. Kaya , A.V. Whipple , A.L , Child , S. Kraig , M. Bondonno , K. Dyer , and J.L.",
"11": "Maron ( 1996 ) , `` Entomopathogenic nematodes : natural enemies of root - feeding caterpillars on bush lupine '' , Oecologia ( Berlin ) , 108 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 173 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00333228 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Evan L. Preisser & Donald R. Strong ( 2004 ) , `` Climate affects predator control of an herbivore outbreak '' , American Naturalist , 163 ( 5 ) : 754 -- 762 , doi : 10.1086 / 383620 , PMID 15122492 ^ Jump up to : de Ruiter , P.C. , Neutel , A. - M. , & Moore , J.C. ; Neutel ; Moore ( 1995 ) , `` Energetics , patterns of interaction strengths , and stability in real ecosystems '' , Science , 269 ( 5228 ) : 1257 -- 1260 , Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269.1257 D , doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5228. 1257 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : May , R.M ( 1973 ) , Stability and complexity in model ecosystems , Princeton : Princeton University Press . New Jersey Jump up ^ Polis , G.A. ( 1991 ) , `` Complex trophic interactions in deserts : an empirical critique of food web theory '' , American Naturalist , 138 : 123 -- 155 , doi : 10.1086 / 285208 Jump up ^ Walter , D.E.D.T. Kaplan & T.A. Permar ( 1991 ) , `` Missing links : a review of methods used to estimate trophic links in food webs '' , Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment , 34 : 399 -- 405 , doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 8809 ( 91 ) 90123 - F Jump up ^ De Angelis , D.L. ( 1992 ) , Dynamics of nutrient cycling and food webs , Chapman and Hall . London .",
"12": "England , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088458 - 2 Jump up ^ Hassall , M. , S.P. Rushton ( 1982 ) , `` The role of coprophagy in the feeding strategies of terrestrial isopods '' , Oecologia , 53 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 381 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00389017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Filipiak , Michał ; Sobczyk , Łukasz ; Weiner , January ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Fungal Transformation of Tree Stumps into a Suitable Resource for Xylophagous Beetles via Changes in Elemental Ratios '' . Insects. 7 ( 2 ) : 13 . doi : 10.3390 / insects7020013 . Jump up ^ Filipiak , Michał ; Weiner , January ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Nutritional dynamics during the development of xylophagous beetles related to changes in the stoichiometry of 11 elements '' . Physiological Entomology : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.1111 / phen. 12168 . ISSN 1365 - 3032 . External links ( edit ) Soil Foodweb Laboratory in Canada Soil Foodweb Inc international network of soil analysis laboratories and education providers Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis",
"13": "Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour",
"14": "Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild",
"15": "Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil_food_web&oldid=831774280 '' Categories : Soil biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 03 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays noah newman on the young and the restless
|
[
"Robert Gillespie Adamson IV",
"Robert Gillespie Adamson IV",
"Robert Gillespie Adamson IV",
"Robert Gillespie Adamson IV",
"Robert Gillespie Adamson IV"
] |
{
"0": "Robert Adamson ( actor ) - wikipedia Robert Adamson ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert Adamson Robert Gillespie Adamson IV ( 1985 - 07 - 11 ) July 11 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Salt Lake City , Utah , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2005 -- present Children Robert Gillespie Adamson IV ( born July 11 , 1985 ) is an American actor . He has portrayed the roles of Phil Sanders on the television series Hollywood Heights and Charles Antoni on Lincoln Heights . He currently stars as Noah Newman on The Young and the Restless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Personal LIFE ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adamson attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts until 2005 . Adamson and then - fiancée Linsey Godfrey welcomed daughter Aleda Seren , on June 12 , 2014 . He and Godfrey made their last public appearance together on April 26 , 2015 at the Daytime Emmy Awards . On August 3 , 2015 , after months of speculation , a representative for The Bold and the Beautiful confirmed that Adamson and Godfrey had ended their engagement , however , they would continue to raise their daughter `` in a loving and amicable environment and her needs will always be their common priority '' . Career ( edit ) Adamson 's first role was in the series Cold Case as a fraternity brother of a murder suspect .",
"1": "He also guest - starred in the series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and had a part in the horror movie Dr. Chopper . From 2007 to 2009 , he portrayed teenager Charles Antoni on the ABC Family drama Lincoln Heights . In 2009 , he starred as Donny in the Disney Channel Original Movie Princess Protection Program alongside Disney stars Demi Lovato and Selena Gomez . He also guest - starred on Disney 's Sonny With a Chance . On August 24 , 2012 , Adamson replaced his former Princess Protection Program co-star Kevin G. Schmidt as Noah Newman on the CBS Daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . He taped his first scenes on September 4 , for a first appearance on October 1 . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Dr.",
"2": "Chopper Nick 2008 Private High Musical Trey Belton YouTube , Parody of High School Musical 2009 Princess Protection Program Donny Disney Channel Original Movie In the Mix Caleb Made - for - TV Devolved The Rog The Prankster Eric Hood It 's Complicated N / A 2013 Lip Service Nick Martin Film 2014 Time to Shine Young James Scott 2015 Villisca Caleb Post-production 2015 Zoey to the Max Deputy Dan Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Cold Case Frank - 1995 Episode : `` Ravaged '' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Trey Episode : `` Underage Drinking : A National Concern '' 2007 - 2009 Lincoln Heights Charles Antoni 43 episodes ; 2007 -- 2009 2009 Sonny with a Chance Hayden Episode : `` Sonny in the Kitchen with Dinner '' Jonas Ben Episodes : `` Date Expectations '' and `` A Wasabi Story '' 2012 Hollywood Heights Phil Sanders 80 episodes 2012 -- present The Young and the Restless Noah Newman October 1 , 2012 -- 2015 NCIS Lucas Craig Episode : `` Cadence '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 King 's Quest III Redux : To Heir is Human Gwydion / Prince Alexander AGD Interactive Remake References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' B&B 's ' Linsey Godfrey and ' Y&R 's ' Robert Adamson Welcome Baby Girl '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Real - Life Couple Split. CBS Soaps in Depth . September 7 , 2015 . pg. 5 Jump up ^ SOD ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! REAL - LIFE DUO SPLITS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States .",
"3": "American Media , Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2.18 `` Ravaged '' Jump up ^ `` Noah 's New Arc On Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Robert Adamson on IMDb Interview VIAF : 315533075 LCCN : n2015020502 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Adamson_(actor)&oldid=838043279 '' Categories : 1985 births American male television actors Living people 21st - century American male actors American male soap opera actors People from Salt Lake City Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from July 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the botswana currency first come into circulation
|
[
"1976",
"1976"
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{
"0": "Botswana pula - wikipedia Botswana pula Jump to : navigation , search Botswana pula Obverse of 2 pula ( 1980s ) Reverse of 2 pula ( 1980s ) ISO 4217 Code BWP Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 Thebe Symbol Banknotes 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 and 200 pula Coins 5 , 10 , 25 , 50 thebe , 1 , 2 , 5 pula Demographics Official user ( s ) Botswana Unofficial user ( s ) Zimbabwe Issuance Central bank Bank of Botswana Website www.bankofbotswana.bw Valuation Inflation 2.8 % ( May 2016 ) Source Bank of Botswana , 7 July 2016 Method CPI The pula is the currency of Botswana . It has the ISO 4217 code BWP and is subdivided into 100 thebe . Pula literally means `` rain '' in Setswana , because rain is very scarce in Botswana -- home to much of the Kalahari Desert -- and therefore valuable and a blessing . The word also serves as the national motto of the country . A sub-unit of the currency is known as thebe , or `` shield '' , and represents defence . The names were picked with the help of the public . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Coins 3 Banknotes 4 Zimbabwe 5 Lesotho 6 In literature 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The pula was introduced in 1976 , replacing the South African rand at par . Despite a 12 % devaluation in May 2005 , the pula remains one of the strongest currencies in Africa . Coins ( edit ) In 1976 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 thebe and 1 pula . The 1 thebe was struck in aluminium , with the 5 thebe in bronze and the others in cupro - nickel .",
"1": "These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula . Bronze , dodecagonal 2 thebe coins were introduced in 1981 and discontinued after 1985 . In 1991 , bronze - plated steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe , nickel - plated steel replaced cupro - nickel in the 10 , 25 and 50 thebe and the 1 pula changed to a smaller , nickel - brass , equilateral - curve seven - sided coin . A similarly shaped , nickel - brass 2 pula was introduced in 1994 . In 2004 , the composition was changed to brass - plated steel and the size was slightly reduced . In 1998 , following the withdrawal of the 1 and 2 thebe , smaller 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 thebe coins were introduced , with the 5 and 25 thebe coins being seven - sided and the 10 and 50 thebe coins remaining round . A bimetallic 5 pula depicting a mopane caterpillar and a branch of the mopane tree it feeds on was introduced in 2000 composed of a cupronickel center in a ring made of aluminium - nickel - bronze . A new series of coins was introduced in 2013 . Banknotes ( edit ) On August 23 , 1976 , the Bank of Botswana introduced notes in denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 pula ; a 20 - pula note followed on February 16 , 1978 . The 1 and 2 pula notes were replaced by coins in 1991 and 1994 , whilst the first 50 and 100 pula notes were introduced on May 29 , 1990 and August 23 , 1993 , respectively . The 5 pula note was replaced by a coin in 2000 . The original 1 , 2 and 5 pula banknotes were demonetized on 1 July 2011 . The previous series of notes was introduced on 23 August 2009 and contains for the first time , a 200 - pula banknote . The new P 10 polymer banknote version was introduced on late November 2017 , and released to the public on February 1 , 2018 .",
"2": "Banknotes of the Botswana pula ( 2009 issue ) Image Value Main color Obverse Reverse Watermark 10 pula Green President Seretse Khama Ian Khama Parliament building , Gaborone Rampant zebra and electrotype 10 20 pula Red Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete Mining equipment Rampant zebra and electrotype 20 50 pula Brown President Sir Seretse Khama Okavango Delta swamps , boat , fish eagle Rampant zebra and electrotype 50 100 pula Blue Three chiefs ( Sebele I , Bathoen I , Khama III ) Diamond sorting , open - pit diamond mine Rampant zebra and electrotype 100 200 pula Purple Female teacher and children Zebras Rampant zebra and electrotype 200 Current BWP exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR Zimbabwe ( edit ) Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008 , the government has allowed circulation of foreign currency since September 2008 . Local currency became obsolete on April 12 , 2009 . Several currencies , including the South African rand and Botswana pula circulate in Zimbabwe , along with the Zimbabwean Bond Coins . Lesotho ( edit ) The word Pula also serves as part of the national motto of the Kingdom of Lesotho . As in Botswana , it means `` rain '' in the Sotho language and is considered a synonym for blessing . In literature ( edit ) The Botswana Pula became widely known internationally through numerous references in the No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith , making it possible for readers worldwide to get an idea of the Pula 's purchasing power .",
"3": "See also ( edit ) Economy of Botswana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Accessed 2009 - 09 - 02 '' . Banknotenews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Alongside Zimbabwean dollar ( suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009 ) , euro , US dollar , pound sterling , South African rand , Indian rupee , Australian dollar , Chinese yuan and Japanese yen . The US dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions in Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ Masire , Ketumile ( 2006 ) . Very brave or very foolish ? . Macmillan Botswana . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 99912 - 404 - 8 - 0 . Pula ( rain ) was an easy choice for the currency , and the decimal coins were called thebe ( shield ) . ( Memoirs of a former president of Botswana ) ^ Jump up to : Standard Chartered Review . Standard Chartered Bank . 1976 . p. 9 . The new names pula and thebe were chosen following an invitation to the public to submit their suggestions ( ... ) The meaning of `` thebe '' is shield -- the traditional means of defence . ^ Jump up to : Linzmayer , Owen ( 2011 ) . `` Botswana '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Botswana issues new note series , BanknoteNews.com , Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 05 . Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 .",
"4": "Schön , Günter und Gerhard , Weltmünzkatalog 1900 -- 2010 , 39 . Auflage , 2011 , Battenberg Gietl Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86646 - 057 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Botswana pula .",
"5": "Historical banknotes of Botswana Preceded by : South African rand Reason : creation of independent currency Ratio : at par Currency of Botswana 1976 -- Succeeded by : Current Economy of Botswana Currency : Botswana pula Communications Banking Communications History of Trade Transportation Industries : Agriculture Mining Tourism Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₿ ₥ ₷ Currencies of Africa North Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta ( unrecognized ) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar Central Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc East Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling ( unrecognized ) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling South Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena ,",
"6": "Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar ( defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009 ) Zimbabwean bond coins ( since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents ) Zimbabwean bond notes ( since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S.",
"7": "Dollars ) West Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana_pula&oldid=831932785 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currency symbols Currencies of Africa Circulating currencies Currencies of Botswana Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Currencies of Zimbabwe Currency introduced in 1976 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Setswana Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 .",
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compared to the event horizon the photon sphere of a black hole is
|
[
"a radius 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius"
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{
"0": "Black hole - wikipedia Black hole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Black hole ( disambiguation ) . `` Frozen star '' redirects here . For the hypothetical object , see Frozen star ( hypothetical star ) . Part of a series of articles about General relativity G μ ν + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν ( \\ displaystyle G_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) + \\ Lambda g_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) = ( 8 \\ pi G \\ over c ^ ( 4 ) ) T_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) ) Introduction History Mathematical formulation Tests Fundamental concepts ( show ) Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Rest frame Center - of - momentum frame Equivalence principle Mass -- energy equivalence Special relativity Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity World line Riemannian geometry Phenomena ( hide ) Gravitoelectromagnetism Kepler problem Gravity Gravitational field Gravity well Gravitational lensing Gravitational waves Gravitational redshift Redshift Blueshift Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Shapiro time delay Gravitational potential Gravitational compression Gravitational collapse Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Gravitational singularity Event horizon Naked singularity Black hole White hole Spacetime Space Time Spacetime diagrams Minkowski spacetime Closed timelike curve ( CTC ) Wormhole Ellis wormhole Equations Formalisms ( show ) Equations Linearized gravity Einstein field equations Friedmann Geodesics Mathisson --",
"1": "Papapetrou -- Dixon Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein Curvature invariant ( general relativity ) Lorentzian manifold Formalisms ADM BSSN Post-Newtonian Advanced theory Kaluza -- Klein theory Quantum gravity Supergravity Solutions ( show ) Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Lemaître -- Tolman Taub - NUT Milne Robertson -- Walker pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Vacuum solution ( general relativity ) Vacuum solution Scientists ( show ) Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedman Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Raychaudhuri Taylor Hulse van Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne others A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing -- not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light -- can escape from inside it . The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole . The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon . Although the event horizon has an enormous effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it , no locally detectable features appear to be observed . In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body , as it reflects no light .",
"2": "Moreover , quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation , with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass . This temperature is on the order of billionths of a kelvin for black holes of stellar mass , making it essentially impossible to observe . Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre - Simon Laplace . The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 , although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958 . Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity ; it was during the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity . The discovery of neutron stars in the late 1960s sparked interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality . Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle . After a black hole has formed , it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings . By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes , supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses ( M ) may form . There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies . Despite its invisible interior , the presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light . Matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction , forming some of the brightest objects in the universe . If there are other stars orbiting a black hole , their orbits can be used to determine the black hole 's mass and location . Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars . In this way , astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems , and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A * , at the core of our own Milky Way galaxy , contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses . On 11 February 2016 , the LIGO collaboration announced the first detection of gravitational waves , which also represented the first observation of a black hole merger .",
"3": "As of April 2018 , six gravitational wave events have been observed that originated from merging black holes . Simulation of gravitational lensing by a black hole , which distorts the image of a galaxy in the background Gas cloud being ripped apart by black hole at the centre of the Milky Way ( observations from 2006 , 2010 and 2013 are shown in blue , green and red , respectively ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 General relativity 1.2 Golden age 1.3 Etymology 2 Properties and structure 2.1 Physical properties 2.2 Event horizon 2.3 Singularity 2.4 Photon sphere 2.5 Ergosphere 2.6 Innermost stable circular orbit ( ISCO ) 3 Formation and evolution 3.1 Gravitational collapse 3.1. 1 Primordial black holes and the Big Bang 3.2 High - energy collisions 3.3 Growth 3.4 Evaporation 4 Observational evidence 4.1 Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes 4.2 Proper motions of stars orbiting Sagittarius A * 4.3 Accretion of matter 4.3. 1 X-ray binaries 4.3. 1.1 Quiescence and advection - dominated accretion flow 4.3. 1.2 Quasi-periodic oscillations 4.3. 2 Galactic nuclei 4.4 Microlensing ( proposed ) 4.5 Alternatives 5 Open questions 5.1 Entropy and thermodynamics 5.2 Information loss paradox 5.3 The firewall paradox 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Popular reading 9.2 University textbooks and monographs 9.3 Review papers 10 External links History Simulated view of a black hole in front of the Large Magellanic Cloud . Note the gravitational lensing effect , which produces two enlarged but highly distorted views of the Cloud . Across the top , the Milky Way disk appears distorted into an arc .",
"4": "The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was briefly proposed by astronomical pioneer and English clergyman John Michell in a letter published in November 1784 . Michell 's simplistic calculations assumed that such a body might have the same density as the Sun , and concluded that such a body would form when a star 's diameter exceeds the Sun 's by a factor of 500 , and the surface escape velocity exceeds the usual speed of light . Michell correctly noted that such supermassive but non-radiating bodies might be detectable through their gravitational effects on nearby visible bodies . Scholars of the time were initially excited by the proposal that giant but invisible stars might be hiding in plain view , but enthusiasm dampened when the wavelike nature of light became apparent in the early nineteenth century . If light were a wave rather than a `` corpuscle '' , it became unclear what , if any , influence gravity would have on escaping light waves . Modern relativity factually dispels Michell 's notion of a light ray shooting directly from the surface of a supermassive star , being slowed down by the star 's gravity , stopping , and then free - falling back to the star 's surface . General relativity In 1915 , Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity , having earlier shown that gravity does influence light 's motion . Only a few months later , Karl Schwarzschild found a solution to the Einstein field equations , which describes the gravitational field of a point mass and a spherical mass . A few months after Schwarzschild , Johannes Droste , a student of Hendrik Lorentz , independently gave the same solution for the point mass and wrote more extensively about its properties . This solution had a peculiar behaviour at what is now called the Schwarzschild radius , where it became singular , meaning that some of the terms in the Einstein equations became infinite . The nature of this surface was not quite understood at the time . In 1924 , Arthur Eddington showed that the singularity disappeared after a change of coordinates ( see Eddington -- Finkelstein coordinates ) , although it took until 1933 for Georges Lemaître to realize that this meant the singularity at the Schwarzschild radius was a non-physical coordinate singularity .",
"5": "Arthur Eddington did however comment on the possibility of a star with mass compressed to the Schwarzschild radius in a 1926 book , noting that Einstein 's theory allows us to rule out overly large densities for visible stars like Betelgeuse because `` a star of 250 million km radius could not possibly have so high a density as the sun . Firstly , the force of gravitation would be so great that light would be unable to escape from it , the rays falling back to the star like a stone to the earth . Secondly , the red shift of the spectral lines would be so great that the spectrum would be shifted out of existence . Thirdly , the mass would produce so much curvature of the space - time metric that space would close up around the star , leaving us outside ( i.e. , nowhere ) . '' In 1931 , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated , using special relativity , that a non-rotating body of electron - degenerate matter above a certain limiting mass ( now called the Chandrasekhar limit at 1.4 M ) has no stable solutions . His arguments were opposed by many of his contemporaries like Eddington and Lev Landau , who argued that some yet unknown mechanism would stop the collapse . They were partly correct : a white dwarf slightly more massive than the Chandrasekhar limit will collapse into a neutron star , which is itself stable . But in 1939 , Robert Oppenheimer and others predicted that neutron stars above another limit ( the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit ) would collapse further for the reasons presented by Chandrasekhar , and concluded that no law of physics was likely to intervene and stop at least some stars from collapsing to black holes . Their original calculations , based on the Pauli exclusion principle , gave it as 0.7 M ; subsequent consideration of strong force - mediated neutron - neutron repulsion raised the estimate to approximately 1.5 M to 3.0 M . Observations of the neutron star merger GW170817 , which is thought to have generated a black hole shortly afterward , have refined the TOV limit estimate to ~ 2.17 M . Oppenheimer and his co-authors interpreted the singularity at the boundary of the Schwarzschild radius as indicating that this was the boundary of a bubble in which time stopped .",
"6": "This is a valid point of view for external observers , but not for infalling observers . Because of this property , the collapsed stars were called `` frozen stars '' , because an outside observer would see the surface of the star frozen in time at the instant where its collapse takes it to the Schwarzschild radius . Golden age See also : History of general relativity In 1958 , David Finkelstein identified the Schwarzschild surface as an event horizon , `` a perfect unidirectional membrane : causal influences can cross it in only one direction '' . This did not strictly contradict Oppenheimer 's results , but extended them to include the point of view of infalling observers . Finkelstein 's solution extended the Schwarzschild solution for the future of observers falling into a black hole . A complete extension had already been found by Martin Kruskal , who was urged to publish it . These results came at the beginning of the golden age of general relativity , which was marked by general relativity and black holes becoming mainstream subjects of research . This process was helped by the discovery of pulsars in 1967 , which , by 1969 , were shown to be rapidly rotating neutron stars . Until that time , neutron stars , like black holes , were regarded as just theoretical curiosities ; but the discovery of pulsars showed their physical relevance and spurred a further interest in all types of compact objects that might be formed by gravitational collapse . In this period more general black hole solutions were found . In 1963 , Roy Kerr found the exact solution for a rotating black hole . Two years later , Ezra Newman found the axisymmetric solution for a black hole that is both rotating and electrically charged . Through the work of Werner Israel , Brandon Carter , and David Robinson the no - hair theorem emerged , stating that a stationary black hole solution is completely described by the three parameters of the Kerr -- Newman metric : mass , angular momentum , and electric charge . At first , it was suspected that the strange features of the black hole solutions were pathological artifacts from the symmetry conditions imposed , and that the singularities would not appear in generic situations . This view was held in particular by Vladimir Belinsky , Isaak Khalatnikov , and Evgeny Lifshitz , who tried to prove that no singularities appear in generic solutions .",
"7": "However , in the late 1960s Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking used global techniques to prove that singularities appear generically . Work by James Bardeen , Jacob Bekenstein , Carter , and Hawking in the early 1970s led to the formulation of black hole thermodynamics . These laws describe the behaviour of a black hole in close analogy to the laws of thermodynamics by relating mass to energy , area to entropy , and surface gravity to temperature . The analogy was completed when Hawking , in 1974 , showed that quantum field theory predicts that black holes should radiate like a black body with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole . Etymology The first use of the term `` black hole '' in print was by science journalist Ann Ewing in her article `` ' Black Holes ' in Space '' , dated 18 January 1964 , which was a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in Cleveland , Ohio . In December 1967 , a student reportedly suggested the phrase `` black hole '' at a lecture by John Wheeler ; Wheeler adopted the term for its brevity and `` advertising value '' , and it quickly caught on , leading some to credit Wheeler with coining the phrase . Properties and structure A simple illustration of a non-spinning black hole The no - hair conjecture postulates that , once it achieves a stable condition after formation , a black hole has only three independent physical properties : mass , charge , and angular momentum ; the black hole is otherwise featureless . If the conjecture is true , any two black holes that share the same values for these properties , or parameters , are indistinguishable from one another . The degree to which the conjecture is true for real black holes under the laws of modern physics , is currently an unsolved problem . These properties are special because they are visible from outside a black hole . For example , a charged black hole repels other like charges just like any other charged object . Similarly , the total mass inside a sphere containing a black hole can be found by using the gravitational analog of Gauss 's law , the ADM mass , far away from the black hole . Likewise , the angular momentum can be measured from far away using frame dragging by the gravitomagnetic field .",
"8": "When an object falls into a black hole , any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole , and is lost to outside observers . The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a dissipative system that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and electrical resistance -- the membrane paradigm . This is different from other field theories such as electromagnetism , which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level , because they are time - reversible . Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters , there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions : the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in . The information that is lost includes every quantity that can not be measured far away from the black hole horizon , including approximately conserved quantum numbers such as the total baryon number and lepton number . This behavior is so puzzling that it has been called the black hole information loss paradox . Gravitational time dilation around a black hole Physical properties The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum . These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916 . According to Birkhoff 's theorem , it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric . This means that there is no observable difference between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass . The popular notion of a black hole `` sucking in everything '' in its surroundings is therefore only correct near a black hole 's horizon ; far away , the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass . Solutions describing more general black holes also exist . Non-rotating charged black holes are described by the Reissner -- Nordström metric , while the Kerr metric describes a non-charged rotating black hole . The most general stationary black hole solution known is the Kerr -- Newman metric , which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum . While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value , the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass .",
"9": "In Planck units , the total electric charge Q and the total angular momentum J are expected to satisfy Q 2 + ( J M ) 2 ≤ M 2 ( \\ displaystyle Q ^ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ tfrac ( J ) ( M ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ leq M ^ ( 2 ) \\ , ) for a black hole of mass M. Black holes with the minimum possible mass satisfying this inequality are called extremal . Solutions of Einstein 's equations that violate this inequality exist , but they do not possess an event horizon . These solutions have so - called naked singularities that can be observed from the outside , and hence are deemed unphysical . The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities , when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter . This is supported by numerical simulations . Due to the relatively large strength of the electromagnetic force , black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star . Rotation , however , is expected to be a universal feature of compact astrophysical objects . The black - hole candidate binary X-ray source GRS 1915 + 105 appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value . That uncharged limit is J ≤ G M 2 c , ( \\ displaystyle J \\ leq ( \\ frac ( GM ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ) ) , ) allowing definition of a dimensionless spin parameter such that c J G M 2 ≤ 1 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( cJ ) ( GM ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ leq 1 . ) Black hole classifications Class Approx . mass Approx .",
"10": "size Supermassive black hole 10 -- 10 M 0.001 -- 400 AU Intermediate - mass black hole 10 M 10 km ≈ R Stellar black hole 10 M 30 km Micro black hole up to M up to 0.1 mm Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass , independent of angular momentum , J. The size of a black hole , as determined by the radius of the event horizon , or Schwarzschild radius , is roughly proportional to the mass , M , through r s = 2 G M c 2 ≈ 2.95 M M S u n k m , ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( \\ mathrm ( s ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 2GM ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx 2.95 \\ , ( \\ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \\ mathrm ( Sun ) ) ) ) ~ \\ mathrm ( km , ) ) where r is the Schwarzschild radius and M is the mass of the Sun . For a black hole with nonzero spin and / or electric charge , the radius is smaller , until an extremal black hole could have an event horizon close to r + = G M c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( \\ mathrm ( + ) ) = ( \\ frac ( GM ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Event horizon Main article : Event horizon Far away from the black hole , a particle can move in any direction , as illustrated by the set of arrows . It is only restricted by the speed of light . Closer to the black hole , spacetime starts to deform . There are more paths going towards the black hole than paths moving away . Inside of the event horizon , all paths bring the particle closer to the center of the black hole . It is no longer possible for the particle to escape . The defining feature of a black hole is the appearance of an event horizon -- a boundary in spacetime through which matter and light can only pass inward towards the mass of the black hole . Nothing , not even light , can escape from inside the event horizon .",
"11": "The event horizon is referred to as such because if an event occurs within the boundary , information from that event can not reach an outside observer , making it impossible to determine if such an event occurred . As predicted by general relativity , the presence of a mass deforms spacetime in such a way that the paths taken by particles bend towards the mass . At the event horizon of a black hole , this deformation becomes so strong that there are no paths that lead away from the black hole . To a distant observer , clocks near a black hole appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole . Due to this effect , known as gravitational time dilation , an object falling into a black hole appears to slow as it approaches the event horizon , taking an infinite time to reach it . At the same time , all processes on this object slow down , from the view point of a fixed outside observer , causing any light emitted by the object to appear redder and dimmer , an effect known as gravitational redshift . Eventually , the falling object fades away until it can no longer be seen . Typically this process happens very rapidly with an object disappearing from view within less than a second . On the other hand , indestructible observers falling into a black hole do not notice any of these effects as they cross the event horizon . According to their own clocks , which appear to them to tick normally , they cross the event horizon after a finite time without noting any singular behaviour ; in classical General Relativity , it is impossible to determine the location of the event horizon from local observations , due to Einstein 's equivalence principle . The shape of the event horizon of a black hole is always approximately spherical . For non-rotating ( static ) black holes the geometry of the event horizon is precisely spherical , while for rotating black holes the event horizon is oblate . Singularity Main article : Gravitational singularity At the center of a black hole , as described by general relativity , lies a gravitational singularity , a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite . For a non-rotating black hole , this region takes the shape of a single point and for a rotating black hole , it is smeared out to form a ring singularity that lies in the plane of rotation . In both cases , the singular region has zero volume .",
"12": "It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution . The singular region can thus be thought of as having infinite density . Observers falling into a Schwarzschild black hole ( i.e. , non-rotating and not charged ) can not avoid being carried into the singularity , once they cross the event horizon . They can prolong the experience by accelerating away to slow their descent , but only up to a limit ; after attaining a certain ideal velocity , it is best to free fall the rest of the way . When they reach the singularity , they are crushed to infinite density and their mass is added to the total of the black hole . Before that happens , they will have been torn apart by the growing tidal forces in a process sometimes referred to as spaghettification or the `` noodle effect '' . In the case of a charged ( Reissner -- Nordström ) or rotating ( Kerr ) black hole , it is possible to avoid the singularity . Extending these solutions as far as possible reveals the hypothetical possibility of exiting the black hole into a different spacetime with the black hole acting as a wormhole . The possibility of traveling to another universe is , however , only theoretical since any perturbation would destroy this possibility . It also appears to be possible to follow closed timelike curves ( returning to one 's own past ) around the Kerr singularity , which lead to problems with causality like the grandfather paradox . It is expected that none of these peculiar effects would survive in a proper quantum treatment of rotating and charged black holes . The appearance of singularities in general relativity is commonly perceived as signaling the breakdown of the theory . This breakdown , however , is expected ; it occurs in a situation where quantum effects should describe these actions , due to the extremely high density and therefore particle interactions . To date , it has not been possible to combine quantum and gravitational effects into a single theory , although there exist attempts to formulate such a theory of quantum gravity . It is generally expected that such a theory will not feature any singularities . Photon sphere Main article : Photon sphere The photon sphere is a spherical boundary of zero thickness in which photons that move on tangents to that sphere would be trapped in a circular orbit about the black hole .",
"13": "For non-rotating black holes , the photon sphere has a radius 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius . Their orbits would be dynamically unstable , hence any small perturbation , such as a particle of infalling matter , would cause an instability that would grow over time , either setting the photon on an outward trajectory causing it to escape the black hole , or on an inward spiral where it would eventually cross the event horizon . While light can still escape from the photon sphere , any light that crosses the photon sphere on an inbound trajectory will be captured by the black hole . Hence any light that reaches an outside observer from the photon sphere must have been emitted by objects between the photon sphere and the event horizon . Ergosphere Main article : Ergosphere The ergosphere is a pumpkin - shaped region outside of the event horizon , where objects can not remain stationary . Rotating black holes are surrounded by a region of spacetime in which it is impossible to stand still , called the ergosphere . This is the result of a process known as frame - dragging ; general relativity predicts that any rotating mass will tend to slightly `` drag '' along the spacetime immediately surrounding it . Any object near the rotating mass will tend to start moving in the direction of rotation . For a rotating black hole , this effect is so strong near the event horizon that an object would have to move faster than the speed of light in the opposite direction to just stand still . The ergosphere of a black hole is a volume whose inner boundary is the black hole 's oblate spheroid event horizon and a pumpkin - shaped outer boundary , which coincides with the event horizon at the poles but noticeably wider around the equator . The outer boundary is sometimes called the ergosurface . Objects and radiation can escape normally from the ergosphere . Through the Penrose process , objects can emerge from the ergosphere with more energy than they entered . This energy is taken from the rotational energy of the black hole causing the latter to slow . Innermost stable circular orbit ( ISCO ) Main article : Innermost stable circular orbit In Newtonian gravity , test particles can stably orbit at arbitrary distances from a central object .",
"14": "In general relativity , however , there exists an innermost stable circular orbit ( often called the ISCO ) , inside of which , any infinitesimal perturbations to a circular orbit will lead to inspiral into the black hole . The location of the ISCO depends on the spin of the black hole , in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole ( spin zero ) is : r i s c o = 3 r s = 6 G M c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( isco ) = 3 \\ , r_ ( s ) = ( \\ frac ( 6 \\ , GM ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) and decreases with increasing black hole spin for particles orbiting in the same direction as the spin . Formation and evolution Given the bizarre character of black holes , it was long questioned whether such objects could actually exist in nature or whether they were merely pathological solutions to Einstein 's equations . Einstein himself wrongly thought that black holes would not form , because he held that the angular momentum of collapsing particles would stabilize their motion at some radius . This led the general relativity community to dismiss all results to the contrary for many years . However , a minority of relativists continued to contend that black holes were physical objects , and by the end of the 1960s , they had persuaded the majority of researchers in the field that there is no obstacle to the formation of an event horizon . Play media Two Black Holes Colliding Penrose proved that once an event horizon forms , general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within . Shortly afterwards , Hawking showed that many cosmological solutions that describe the Big Bang have singularities without scalar fields or other exotic matter ( see `` Penrose -- Hawking singularity theorems '' ) . The Kerr solution , the no - hair theorem , and the laws of black hole thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes were simple and comprehensible , making them respectable subjects for research . Conventional black holes are formed by gravitational collapse of heavy objects such as stars , but they can also in theory be formed by other processes . Gravitational collapse Main article : Gravitational collapse Gravitational collapse occurs when an object 's internal pressure is insufficient to resist the object 's own gravity .",
"15": "For stars this usually occurs either because a star has too little `` fuel '' left to maintain its temperature through stellar nucleosynthesis , or because a star that would have been stable receives extra matter in a way that does not raise its core temperature . In either case the star 's temperature is no longer high enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight . The collapse may be stopped by the degeneracy pressure of the star 's constituents , allowing the condensation of matter into an exotic denser state . The result is one of the various types of compact star . The type of compact star formed depends on the mass of the remnant of the original star left after the outer layers have been blown away . Such explosions and pulsations lead to planetary nebula . This mass can be substantially less than the original star . Remnants exceeding 5 M are produced by stars that were over 20 M before the collapse . If the mass of the remnant exceeds about 3 -- 4 M ( the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit ) , either because the original star was very heavy or because the remnant collected additional mass through accretion of matter , even the degeneracy pressure of neutrons is insufficient to stop the collapse . No known mechanism ( except possibly quark degeneracy pressure , see quark star ) is powerful enough to stop the implosion and the object will inevitably collapse to form a black hole . Artist 's impression of supermassive black hole seed . The gravitational collapse of heavy stars is assumed to be responsible for the formation of stellar mass black holes . Star formation in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars , which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 10 M . These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies . It has further been suggested that supermassive black holes with typical masses of ~ 10 M could have formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds in the young universe . Some candidates for such objects have been found in observations of the young universe . While most of the energy released during gravitational collapse is emitted very quickly , an outside observer does not actually see the end of this process .",
"16": "Even though the collapse takes a finite amount of time from the reference frame of infalling matter , a distant observer would see the infalling material slow and halt just above the event horizon , due to gravitational time dilation . Light from the collapsing material takes longer and longer to reach the observer , with the light emitted just before the event horizon forms delayed an infinite amount of time . Thus the external observer never sees the formation of the event horizon ; instead , the collapsing material seems to become dimmer and increasingly red - shifted , eventually fading away . Primordial black holes and the Big Bang Gravitational collapse requires great density . In the current epoch of the universe these high densities are only found in stars , but in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang densities were much greater , possibly allowing for the creation of black holes . High density alone is not enough to allow black hole formation since a uniform mass distribution will not allow the mass to bunch up . In order for primordial black holes to have formed in such a dense medium , there must have been initial density perturbations that could then grow under their own gravity . Different models for the early universe vary widely in their predictions of the scale of these fluctuations . Various models predict the creation of primordial black holes ranging in size from a Planck mass to hundreds of thousands of solar masses . Despite the early universe being extremely dense -- far denser than is usually required to form a black hole -- it did not re-collapse into a black hole during the Big Bang . Models for gravitational collapse of objects of relatively constant size , such as stars , do not necessarily apply in the same way to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang . High - energy collisions A simulated event in the CMS detector , a collision in which a micro black hole may be created . Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes . In principle , black holes could be formed in high - energy collisions that achieve sufficient density . As of 2002 , no such events have been detected , either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments . This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes .",
"17": "Theoretically , this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass ( m = √ ħ c / G ≈ 7019120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 × 10 GeV / c ≈ 6992220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 × 10 kg ) , where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity . This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high - energy process occurring on or near the Earth . However , certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the Planck mass could be much lower : some braneworld scenarios for example put the boundary as low as 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 TeV / c . This would make it conceivable for micro black holes to be created in the high - energy collisions that occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth 's atmosphere , or possibly in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . These theories are very speculative , and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists . Even if micro black holes could be formed , it is expected that they would evaporate in about 10 seconds , posing no threat to the Earth . Growth Once a black hole has formed , it can continue to grow by absorbing additional matter . Any black hole will continually absorb gas and interstellar dust from its surroundings . This is the primary process through which supermassive black holes seem to have grown . A similar process has been suggested for the formation of intermediate - mass black holes found in globular clusters . Black holes can also merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes . This is thought to have been important , especially in the early growth of supermassive black holes , which could have formed from the aggregation of many smaller objects . The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate - mass black holes . Evaporation Main article : Hawking radiation In 1974 , Hawking predicted that black holes are not entirely black but emit small amounts of thermal radiation ; this effect has become known as Hawking radiation . By applying quantum field theory to a static black hole background , he determined that a black hole should emit particles that display a perfect black body spectrum . Since Hawking 's publication , many others have verified the result through various approaches .",
"18": "If Hawking 's theory of black hole radiation is correct , then black holes are expected to shrink and evaporate over time as they lose mass by the emission of photons and other particles . The temperature of this thermal spectrum ( Hawking temperature ) is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole , which , for a Schwarzschild black hole , is inversely proportional to the mass . Hence , large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes . A stellar black hole of 1 M has a Hawking temperature of 62 nanokelvins . This is far less than the 2.7 K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation . Stellar - mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrink . To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K ( and be able to evaporate ) , a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon . Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter . If a black hole is very small , the radiation effects are expected to become very strong . Even a black hole that is heavy compared to a human would evaporate in an instant . A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate , during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun . Lower - mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster ; for example , a black hole of mass 1 TeV / c would take less than 10 seconds to evaporate completely . For such a small black hole , quantum gravitation effects are expected to play an important role and could hypothetically make such a small black hole stable , although current developments in quantum gravity do not indicate so . The Hawking radiation for an astrophysical black hole is predicted to be very weak and would thus be exceedingly difficult to detect from Earth . A possible exception , however , is the burst of gamma rays emitted in the last stage of the evaporation of primordial black holes . Searches for such flashes have proven unsuccessful and provide stringent limits on the possibility of existence of low mass primordial black holes .",
"19": "NASA 's Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope launched in 2008 will continue the search for these flashes . Observational evidence Predicted appearance of non-rotating black hole with toroidal ring of ionised matter , such as has been proposed as a model for Sagittarius A * . The asymmetry is due to the Doppler effect resulting from the enormous orbital speed needed for centrifugal balance of the very strong gravitational attraction of the hole . By their very nature , black holes do not directly emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation , so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations . For example , a black hole 's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational interactions with its surroundings . The Event Horizon Telescope ( EHT ) , however , run by MIT 's Haystack Observatory , is an attempt to directly observe the immediate environment of the event horizon of Sagittarius A * , the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way , and to produce a silhouetted image of it . The first such image may appear as early as 2018 . In 2015 , the EHT managed to detect magnetic fields just outside the event horizon of Sagittarius A * , and even discern some of their properties . The existence of magnetic fields had been predicted by theoretical studies of black holes . Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes On 14 September 2015 the LIGO gravitational wave observatory made the first - ever successful observation of gravitational waves . The signal was consistent with theoretical predictions for the gravitational waves produced by the merger of two black holes : one with about 36 solar masses , and the other around 29 solar masses . This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date . For instance , the gravitational wave signal suggests that the separation of the two objects prior to the merger was just 350 km ( or roughly 4 times the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to the inferred masses ) . The objects must therefore have been extremely compact , leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation . More importantly , the signal observed by LIGO also included the start of the post-merger ringdown , the signal produced as the newly formed compact object settles down to a stationary state . Arguably , the ringdown is the most direct way of observing a black hole .",
"20": "From the LIGO signal it is possible to extract the frequency and damping time of the dominant mode of the ringdown . From these it is possible to infer the mass and angular momentum of the final object , which match independent predictions from numerical simulations of the merger . The frequency and decay time of the dominant mode are determined by the geometry of the photon sphere . Hence , observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere , however it can not exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere . The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar - mass black hole binaries . Furthermore , it is the first observational evidence of stellar - mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more . On 15 June 2016 , a second detection of a gravitational wave event from colliding black holes was announced . As of April 2018 , six gravitational wave events have been observed that have originated from merging black holes . Proper motions of stars orbiting Sagittarius a * The proper motions of stars near the center of our own Milky Way provide strong observational evidence that these stars are orbiting a supermassive black hole . Since 1995 , astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coincident with the radio source Sagittarius A * . By fitting their motions to Keplerian orbits , the astronomers were able to infer , in 1998 , that a 2.6 million M object must be contained in a volume with a radius of 0.02 light - years to cause the motions of those stars . Since then , one of the stars -- called S2 -- has completed a full orbit . From the orbital data , astronomers were able to refine the calculations of the mass to 4.3 million M and a radius of less than 0.002 light years for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars . The upper limit on the object 's size is still too large to test whether it is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius ; nevertheless , these observations strongly suggest that the central object is a supermassive black hole as there are no other plausible scenarios for confining so much invisible mass into such a small volume . Additionally , there is some observational evidence that this object might possess an event horizon , a feature unique to black holes .",
"21": "Accretion of matter See also : Accretion disc Black hole with corona , X-ray source ( artist 's concept ) . Due to conservation of angular momentum , gas falling into the gravitational well created by a massive object will typically form a disc - like structure around the object . Artists ' impressions such as the accompanying representation of a black hole with corona commonly depict the black hole as if it were a flat - space body hiding the part of the disc just behind it , but in reality gravitational lensing would greatly distort the image of the accretion disk . Predicted view from outside the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole lit by a thin accretion disc Within such a disc , friction would cause angular momentum to be transported outward , allowing matter to fall further inward , thus releasing potential energy and increasing the temperature of the gas . Blurring of X-rays near black hole ( NuSTAR ; 12 August 2014 ) . When the accreting object is a neutron star or a black hole , the gas in the inner accretion disc orbits at very high speeds because of its proximity to the compact object . The resulting friction is so significant that it heats the inner disc to temperatures at which it emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation ( mainly X-rays ) . These bright X-ray sources may be detected by telescopes . This process of accretion is one of the most efficient energy - producing processes known ; up to 40 % of the rest mass of the accreted material can be emitted as radiation . ( In nuclear fusion only about 0.7 % of the rest mass will be emitted as energy . ) In many cases , accretion discs are accompanied by relativistic jets that are emitted along the poles , which carry away much of the energy . The mechanism for the creation of these jets is currently not well understood , in part due to insufficient data . As such , many of the universe 's more energetic phenomena have been attributed to the accretion of matter on black holes . In particular , active galactic nuclei and quasars are believed to be the accretion discs of supermassive black holes . Similarly , X-ray binaries are generally accepted to be binary star systems in which one of the two stars is a compact object accreting matter from its companion .",
"22": "It has also been suggested that some ultraluminous X-ray sources may be the accretion disks of intermediate - mass black holes . In November 2011 the first direct observation of a quasar accretion disk around a supermassive black hole was reported . X-ray binaries See also : X-ray binary Play media A computer simulation of a star being consumed by a black hole . The blue dot indicates the location of the black hole . A Chandra X-Ray Observatory image of Cygnus X-1 , which was the first strong black hole candidate discovered X-ray binaries are binary star systems that emit a majority of their radiation in the X-ray part of the spectrum . These X-ray emissions are generally thought to result when one of the stars ( compact object ) accretes matter from another ( regular ) star . The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides an opportunity for studying the central object and to determine if it might be a black hole . Play media This animation compares the X-ray ' heartbeats ' of GRS 1915 and IGR J17091 , two black holes that ingest gas from companion stars . If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object , it can not be a black hole . The absence of such a signal does , however , not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star . By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and to obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object . If this is much larger than the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit ( that is , the maximum mass a neutron star can have before it collapses ) then the object can not be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole . The first strong candidate for a black hole , Cygnus X-1 , was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton , Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972 . Some doubt , however , remained due to the uncertainties that result from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole . Currently , better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients . In this class of system , the companion star is of relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates of the black hole mass .",
"23": "Moreover , these systems are actively emit X-rays for only several months once every 10 -- 50 years . During the period of low X-ray emission ( called quiescence ) , the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing detailed observation of the companion star during this period . One of the best such candidates is V404 Cygni . Quiescence and advection - dominated accretion flow The faintness of the accretion disc of an X-ray binary during quiescence is suspected to be caused by the flow of mass entering a mode called an advection - dominated accretion flow ( ADAF ) . In this mode , almost all the energy generated by friction in the disc is swept along with the flow instead of radiated away . If this model is correct , then it forms strong qualitative evidence for the presence of an event horizon , since if the object at the center of the disc had a solid surface , it would emit large amounts of radiation as the highly energetic gas hits the surface , an effect that is observed for neutron stars in a similar state . Quasi-periodic oscillations Main article : Quasi-periodic oscillations The X-ray emissions from accretion disks sometimes flicker at certain frequencies . These signals are called quasi-periodic oscillations and are thought to be caused by material moving along the inner edge of the accretion disk ( the innermost stable circular orbit ) . As such their frequency is linked to the mass of the compact object . They can thus be used as an alternative way to determine the mass of candidate black holes . Galactic nuclei See also : Active galactic nucleus Magnetic waves , called Alfvén S - waves , flow from the base of black hole jets . Astronomers use the term `` active galaxy '' to describe galaxies with unusual characteristics , such as unusual spectral line emission and very strong radio emission . Theoretical and observational studies have shown that the activity in these active galactic nuclei ( AGN ) may be explained by the presence of supermassive black holes , which can be millions of times more massive than stellar ones . The models of these AGN consist of a central black hole that may be millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun ; a disk of gas and dust called an accretion disk ; and two jets perpendicular to the accretion disk .",
"24": "Detection of unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A * , a black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy on 5 January 2015 . Although supermassive black holes are expected to be found in most AGN , only some galaxies ' nuclei have been more carefully studied in attempts to both identify and measure the actual masses of the central supermassive black hole candidates . Some of the most notable galaxies with supermassive black hole candidates include the Andromeda Galaxy , M32 , M87 , NGC 3115 , NGC 3377 , NGC 4258 , NGC 4889 , NGC 1277 , OJ 287 , APM 08279 + 5255 and the Sombrero Galaxy . It is now widely accepted that the center of nearly every galaxy , not just active ones , contains a supermassive black hole . The close observational correlation between the mass of this hole and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy 's bulge , known as the M - sigma relation , strongly suggests a connection between the formation of the black hole and the galaxy itself . Simulation of gas cloud after close approach to the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way . Microlensing ( proposed ) Another way that the black hole nature of an object may be tested in the future is through observation of effects caused by a strong gravitational field in their vicinity . One such effect is gravitational lensing : The deformation of spacetime around a massive object causes light rays to be deflected much as light passing through an optic lens . Observations have been made of weak gravitational lensing , in which light rays are deflected by only a few arcseconds . However , it has never been directly observed for a black hole . One possibility for observing gravitational lensing by a black hole would be to observe stars in orbit around the black hole . There are several candidates for such an observation in orbit around Sagittarius A * . Alternatives See also : Exotic star The evidence for stellar black holes strongly relies on the existence of an upper limit for the mass of a neutron star . The size of this limit heavily depends on the assumptions made about the properties of dense matter . New exotic phases of matter could push up this bound .",
"25": "A phase of free quarks at high density might allow the existence of dense quark stars , and some supersymmetric models predict the existence of Q stars . Some extensions of the standard model posit the existence of preons as fundamental building blocks of quarks and leptons , which could hypothetically form preon stars . These hypothetical models could potentially explain a number of observations of stellar black hole candidates . However , it can be shown from arguments in general relativity that any such object will have a maximum mass . Since the average density of a black hole inside its Schwarzschild radius is inversely proportional to the square of its mass , supermassive black holes are much less dense than stellar black holes ( the average density of a 10 M black hole is comparable to that of water ) . Consequently , the physics of matter forming a supermassive black hole is much better understood and the possible alternative explanations for supermassive black hole observations are much more mundane . For example , a supermassive black hole could be modelled by a large cluster of very dark objects . However , such alternatives are typically not stable enough to explain the supermassive black hole candidates . The evidence for the existence of stellar and supermassive black holes implies that in order for black holes to not form , general relativity must fail as a theory of gravity , perhaps due to the onset of quantum mechanical corrections . A much anticipated feature of a theory of quantum gravity is that it will not feature singularities or event horizons and thus black holes would not be real artifacts . In 2002 , much attention has been drawn by the fuzzball model in string theory . Based on calculations for specific situations in string theory , the proposal suggests that generically the individual states of a black hole solution do not have an event horizon or singularity , but that for a classical / semi-classical observer the statistical average of such states appears just as an ordinary black hole as deduced from general relativity . A few theoretical objects have been conjectured to match observations of astronomical black hole candidates identically or near - identically , but which function via a different mechanism . These include the gravastar , the black star ( semiclassical gravity ) , and the dark - energy star .",
"26": "Open questions Entropy and thermodynamics Further information : Black hole thermodynamics The formula for the Bekenstein -- Hawking entropy ( S ) of a black hole , which depends on the area of the black hole ( A ) . The constants are the speed of light ( c ) , the Boltzmann constant ( k ) , Newton 's constant ( G ) , and the reduced Planck constant ( ħ ) . In Planck units , this reduces to S = A 4 . ( \\ displaystyle S = ( \\ frac ( A ) ( 4 ) ) . ) In 1971 , Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease , even if they collide and merge . This result , now known as the second law of black hole mechanics , is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics , which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease . As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature , it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy . If this were the case , the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy - laden matter entering a black hole , resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe . Therefore , Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy , and that it should be proportional to its horizon area . The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking 's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature . This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics , since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink . The radiation , however also carries away entropy , and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing . This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics , with the mass acting as energy , the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy . One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume , since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system .",
"27": "This odd property led Gerard ' t Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle , which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume . Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy , this situation is theoretically unsatisfying . In statistical mechanics , entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities ( such as mass , charge , pressure , etc . ) . Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity , one can not perform such a computation for black holes . Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity . In 1995 , Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein -- Hawking entropy . Since then , similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity . Information loss paradox Main article : Black hole information paradox Unsolved problem in physics : Is physical information lost in black holes ? ( more unsolved problems in physics ) Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters , most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost . Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole , it appears that only information concerning the total mass , charge , and angular momentum are conserved . As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic , as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole , inaccessible from the outside , but represented on the event horizon in accordance with the holograpic principle . However , black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation . This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole , meaning that this information appears to be gone forever . The question whether information is truly lost in black holes ( the black hole information paradox ) has divided the theoretical physics community ( see Thorne -- Hawking -- Preskill bet ) . In quantum mechanics , loss of information corresponds to the violation of vital property called unitarity , which has to do with the conservation of probability . It has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy .",
"28": "Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem . The firewall paradox Main article : Firewall ( physics ) According to quantum field theory in curved spacetime , a single emission of Hawking radiation involves two mutually entangled particles . The outgoing particle escapes and is emitted as a quantum of Hawking radiation ; the infalling particle is swallowed by the black hole . Assume a black hole formed a finite time in the past and will fully evaporate away in some finite time in the future . Then , it will only emit a finite amount of information encoded within its Hawking radiation . Assume that at time t ( \\ displaystyle t ) , more than half of the information had already been emitted . According to widely accepted research by physicists like Don Page and Leonard Susskind , an outgoing particle emitted at time t ( \\ displaystyle t ) must be entangled with all the Hawking radiation the black hole has previously emitted . This creates a paradox : a principle called `` monogamy of entanglement '' requires that , like any quantum system , the outgoing particle can not be fully entangled with two independent systems at the same time ; yet here the outgoing particle appears to be entangled with both the infalling particle and , independently , with past Hawking radiation . In order to resolve the paradox , physicists may eventually be forced to give up one of three time - tested theories : Einstein 's equivalence principle , unitarity , or existing quantum field theory . One possible solution , which violates the equivalence principle , is that a `` firewall '' destroys incoming particles at the event horizon . A 2016 analysis of LIGO data shows tentative signs of echoes caused by a fuzzy event horizon ; such echoes may be possible in firewall or fuzzball theories but should not occur in classical general relativity . Over the next two years , additional LIGO data should establish whether the echoes were just random noise , or whether they are instead evidence of a violation of classical general relativity .",
"29": "See also Black brane Black hole complementarity Black Hole Initiative Black holes in fiction Black hole starship Black string BTZ black hole Dumb hole General relativity Kugelblitz ( astrophysics ) List of black holes List of nearest black holes Outline of black holes Susskind - Hawking battle Timeline of black hole physics White hole Wormhole Notes Jump up ^ The value of cJ / GM can exceed 1 for objects other than black holes . The largest value known for a neutron star is ≤ 0.4 , and commonly used equations of state would limit that value to < 0.7 . Jump up ^ The ( outer ) event horizon radius scales as : M + M 2 − ( J / M ) 2 − Q 2 . ( \\ displaystyle M+ ( \\ sqrt ( M ^ ( 2 ) - ( ( J / M ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - Q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Jump up ^ The set of possible paths , or more accurately the future light cone containing all possible world lines ( in this diagram the light cone is represented by the V - shaped region bounded by arrows representing light ray world lines ) , is tilted in this way in Eddington -- Finkelstein coordinates ( the diagram is a `` cartoon '' version of an Eddington -- Finkelstein coordinate diagram ) , but in other coordinates the light cones are not tilted in this way , for example in Schwarzschild coordinates they simply narrow without tilting as one approaches the event horizon , and in Kruskal -- Szekeres coordinates the light cones do not change shape or orientation at all . Jump up ^ This is true only for 4 - dimensional spacetimes . In higher dimensions more complicated horizon topologies like a black ring are possible . Jump up ^ In particular , he assumed that all matter satisfies the weak energy condition . References Jump up ^ Wald 1984 , pp. 299 -- 300 ^ Jump up to : Wald , R.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship '' . arXiv : gr - qc / 9710068 ( gr - qc ) . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` Black Hole Hunters '' .",
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"53": "`` Advection - dominated accretion and the black hole event horizon '' . New Astronomy Reviews . 51 ( 10 -- 12 ) : 733 . arXiv : 0803.0322 . Bibcode : 2008NewAR ... 51 ... 733N . doi : 10.1016 / j. newar. 2008.03. 002 . Jump up ^ `` NASA scientists identify smallest known black hole '' ( Press release ) . Goddard Space Flight Center . 1 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Krolik , J.H. ( 1999 ) . Active Galactic Nuclei . Princeton University Press . Ch . 1.2 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sparke , L.S. ; Gallagher , J.S. ( 2000 ) . Galaxies in the Universe : An Introduction . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 9.1 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59740 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chou , Felicia ; Anderson , Janet ; Watzke , Megan ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` RELEASE 15 - 001 -- NASA 's Chandra Detects Record - Breaking Outburst from Milky Way 's Black Hole '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kormendy , J. ; Richstone , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Inward Bound -- The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 33 ( 1 ) : 581 -- 624 . Bibcode : 1995ARA&A ... 33 ... 581K . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 33.090195. 003053 . Jump up ^ King , A. ( 2003 ) . `` Black Holes , Galaxy Formation , and the MBH - σ Relation '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters.",
"54": "596 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 29 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0308342 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 596L ... 27K . doi : 10.1086 / 379143 . Jump up ^ Ferrarese , L. ; Merritt , D. ( 2000 ) . `` A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 539 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0006053 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 539L ... 9F . doi : 10.1086 / 312838 . Jump up ^ `` A Black Hole 's Dinner is Fast Approaching '' . ESO Press Release . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bozza , V. ( 2010 ) . `` Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes '' . General Relativity and Gravitation. 42 ( 9 ) : 2269 -- 2300 . arXiv : 0911.2187 . Bibcode : 2010GReGr ... 42.2269 B . doi : 10.1007 / s10714 - 010 - 0988 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Z. ; Cheng , K.S. ; Harko , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Can stellar mass black holes be quark stars ? '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 400 ( 3 ) : 1632 -- 1642 . arXiv : 0908.2672 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 400.1632 K . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 15571. x . Jump up ^ Kusenko , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Properties and signatures of supersymmetric Q - balls '' . arXiv : hep - ph / 0612159 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Hansson , J. ; Sandin , F. ( 2005 ) . `` Preon stars : a new class of cosmic compact objects '' . Physics Letters B. 616 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0410417 . Bibcode : 2005PhLB ... 616 ... 1H . doi : 10.1016 / j. physletb. 2005.04. 034 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Quantum gravity : general introduction and recent developments '' . Annalen der Physik. 15 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 129 . arXiv : gr - qc / 0508120 . Bibcode : 2006AnP ... 518 ... 129K . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 200510175 . Jump up ^ `` ( NKS , Mathur states , ' t Hooft - Polyakov monopoles , and Ward - Takahashi identities ) -- A New Kind of Science : The NKS Forum '' . wolframscience.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Skenderis , K. ; Taylor , M. ( 2008 ) . `` The fuzzball proposal for black holes '' . Physics Reports . 467 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 117 . arXiv : 0804.0552 . Bibcode : 2008PhR ... 467 ... 117S . doi : 10.1016 / j. physrep. 2008.08. 001 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( 2018 ) . `` Black Hole Pretenders Could Really Be Bizarre Quantum Stars '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ball , Philip ( 31 March 2005 ) . `` Black holes ' do not exist ' '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news050328 - 8 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Hawking , S.W. ( 1971 ) . `` Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes '' . Physical Review Letters. 26 ( 21 ) : 1344 -- 1346 . Bibcode : 1971PhRvL ... 26.1344 H . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 26.1344 . ^ Jump up to : Wald , R.M. ( 2001 ) . `` The Thermodynamics of Black Holes '' . Living Reviews in Relativity. 4 : 6 . arXiv : gr - qc / 9912119 . Bibcode : 2001LRR ... 4 ... 6W . doi : 10.12942 / lrr - 2001 - 6 . Jump up ^ ' t Hooft , G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Holographic Principle '' . In Zichichi , A. Basics and highlights in fundamental physics . Subnuclear series . 37 . World Scientific . arXiv : hep - th / 0003004 . Bibcode : 2001bhfp. conf ... 72T . doi : 10.1142 / 9789812811585_0005 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 4536 - 8 . Jump up ^ Strominger , A. ; Vafa , C. ( 1996 ) . `` Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein - Hawking entropy '' . Physics Letters B. 379 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 99 . arXiv : hep - th / 9601029 . Bibcode : 1996PhLB ... 379 ... 99S . doi : 10.1016 / 0370 - 2693 ( 96 ) 00345 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carlip , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Black Hole Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics '' . Lecture Notes in Physics . Lecture Notes in Physics. 769 : 89 . arXiv : 0807.4520 .",
"57": "Bibcode : 2009LNP ... 769 ... 89C . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 88460 - 6_3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 88459 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hawking , S.W. `` Does God Play Dice ? '' . www.hawking.org.uk . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Giddings , S.B. ( 1995 ) . `` The black hole information paradox '' . Particles , Strings and Cosmology . Johns Hopkins Workshop on Current Problems in Particle Theory 19 and the PASCOS Interdisciplinary Symposium 5 . arXiv : hep - th / 9508151 . Bibcode : 1995hep.th ... 8151G . Jump up ^ Mathur , S.D. ( 2011 ) . The information paradox : conflicts and resolutions . XXV International Symposium on Lepton Photon Interactions at High Energies . arXiv : 1201.2079 . Bibcode : 2012Prama ... 79.1059 M . doi : 10.1007 / s12043 - 012 - 0417 - z . Jump up ^ Page , Don N. ( 1993 ) . `` Information in black hole radiation '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 ( 23 ) : 3743 . arXiv : hep - th / 9306083 . Bibcode : 1993PhRvL ... 71.3743 P . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 71.3743 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Page , Don N. ( 1993 ) . `` Average entropy of a subsystem '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 ( 9 ) : 1291 . arXiv : gr - qc / 9305007 . Bibcode : 1993PhRvL ... 71.1291 P .",
"58": "doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 71.1291 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Astrophysics : Fire in the hole ! '' . Nature . pp. 20 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 496 ... 20M . doi : 10.1038 / 496020a . Archived from the original on 8 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Black Hole Firewalls Confound Theoretical Physicists '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Originally published Archived 3 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . in Quanta , December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mera ; o , Zeeya ( 2016 ) . `` LIGO black hole echoes hint at general - relativity breakdown '' . Nature . 540 . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.21135 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Further reading Popular reading Ferguson , Kitty ( 1991 ) . Black Holes in Space - Time . Watts Franklin . ISBN 0 - 531 - 12524 - 6 . Hawking , Stephen ( 1988 ) . A Brief History of Time . Bantam Books , Inc . ISBN 0 - 553 - 38016 - 8 . Hawking , Stephen ; Penrose , Roger ( 1996 ) . The Nature of Space and Time . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03791 - 4 . Melia , Fulvio ( 2003 ) . The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy . Princeton U Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09505 - 9 . Melia , Fulvio ( 2003 ) . The Edge of Infinity .",
"59": "Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe . Cambridge U Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81405 - 8 . Pickover , Clifford ( 1998 ) . Black Holes : A Traveler 's Guide . Wiley , John & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 19704 - 1 . Thorne , Kip S. ( 1994 ) . Black Holes and Time Warps . Norton , W.W. & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31276 - 3 . Wheeler , J. Craig ( 2007 ) . Cosmic Catastrophes ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85714 - 7 . University textbooks and monographs Carroll , Sean M. ( 2004 ) . Spacetime and Geometry . Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 8732 - 3 . , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll 's website . Carter , B. ( 1973 ) . `` Black hole equilibrium states '' . In DeWitt , B.S. ; DeWitt , C. Black Holes . Chandrasekhar , Subrahmanyan ( 1999 ) . Mathematical Theory of Black Holes . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850370 - 9 . Frolov , V.P. ; Novikov , I.D. ( 1998 ) . `` Black hole physics '' . Frolov , Valeri P. ; Zelnikov , Andrei ( 2011 ) . Introduction to Black Hole Physics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969229 - 3 . Zbl 1234.83001 . Hawking , S.W. ; Ellis , G.F.R. ( 1973 ) . Large Scale Structure of space time . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09906 - 4 .",
"60": "Melia , Fulvio ( 2007 ) . The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole . Princeton U Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13129 - 0 . Misner , Charles ; Thorne , Kip S. ; Wheeler , John ( 1973 ) . Gravitation . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0344 - 0 . Taylor , Edwin F. ; Wheeler , John Archibald ( 2000 ) . Exploring Black Holes . Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 201 - 38423 - X . Wald , Robert M. ( 1984 ) . General Relativity . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 87033 - 5 . Wald , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . Space , Time , and Gravity : The Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 87029 - 4 . Black holes Teviet Creighton , Richard H. Price Scholarpedia 3 ( 1 ) : 4277 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 4277 Review papers Gallo , Elena ; Marolf , Donald ( 2009 ) . `` Resource Letter BH - 2 : Black Holes '' . American Journal of Physics. 77 ( 4 ) : 294 . arXiv : 0806.2316 . Bibcode : 2009AmJPh ... 77 ... 294G . doi : 10.1119 / 1.3056569 . Hughes , Scott A. ( 2005 ) . `` Trust but verify : The case for astrophysical black holes '' . arXiv : hep - ph / 0511217 . Lecture notes from 2005 SLAC Summer Institute .",
"61": "External links Find more aboutBlack holeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Black Holes on In Our Time at the BBC . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : `` Singularities and Black Holes '' by Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich . Black Holes : Gravity 's Relentless Pull -- Interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute ESA 's Black Hole Visualization Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) on Black Holes `` Schwarzschild Geometry '' Hubble site Videos 16 - year - long study tracks stars orbiting Milky Way black hole Movie of Black Hole Candidate from Max Planck Institute Nature.com 2015 - 04 - 20 3D simulations of colliding black holes Computer visualisation of the signal detected by LIGO Two Black Holes Merge into One ( based upon the signal GW150914 ( hide ) Black holes Types Schwarzschild Rotating Charged Virtual Binary Size Micro Extremal Electron Stellar Intermediate - mass Supermassive Quasar Active galactic nucleus Blazar Large quasar group Formation Stellar evolution Gravitational collapse Neutron star Related links Compact star Quark Exotic Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit White dwarf Related links Supernova Related links Hypernova Gamma - ray burst Properties Thermodynamics Schwarzschild radius M -- sigma relation Event horizon Quasi-periodic oscillation Photon sphere Ergosphere Hawking radiation Penrose process Blandford -- Znajek process Bondi accretion Spaghettification",
"62": "Gravitational lens Models Gravitational singularity Penrose -- Hawking singularity theorems Primordial black hole Gravastar Dark star Dark - energy star Black star Eternally collapsing object Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Fuzzball White hole Naked singularity Ring singularity Immirzi parameter Membrane paradigm Kugelblitz Wormhole Quasi-star Issues No - hair theorem Information paradox Cosmic censorship Alternative models Holographic principle Black hole complementarity firewall ( physics ) ER = EPR Final parsec problem Metrics Schwarzschild ( Derivation ) Kerr Reissner -- Nordström Kerr -- Newman Lists Black holes Most massive Nearest Quasars Related Black Hole Initiative Black hole starship Gamma - ray burst progenitors Gravity well Hypercompact stellar system Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Timeline of black hole physics Relativity Special relativity Background Principle of relativity Special relativity Doubly special relativity Foundations Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell 's equations Formulation Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Lorentz transformation Consequences Time dilation Relativistic mass Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disks Spacetime Light cone World line Spacetime diagram",
"63": "Biquaternions Minkowski space General relativity Background Introduction Mathematical formulation Fundamental concepts Special relativity Equivalence principle World line Riemannian geometry Minkowski diagram Penrose diagram Phenomena Black hole Event horizon Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Lenses Singularity Waves Ladder paradox Twin paradox Two - body problem BKL singularity Equations ADM formalism BSSN formalism Einstein field equations Geodesic equation Friedmann equations Linearized gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Raychaudhuri equation Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein equation Ernst equation Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff equation Advanced theories Brans -- Dicke theory Kaluza -- Klein Mach 's principle Quantum gravity Solutions Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker Taub -- NUT Milne pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Scientists Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedmann Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Taylor Hulse Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne Weiss Bondi",
"64": "Misner others String theory Background Strings History of string theory First superstring revolution Second superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu -- Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string Type IIA string Type IIB string Heterotic string N = 2 superstring F - theory String field theory Matrix string theory Non-critical string theory Non-linear sigma model Tachyon condensation RNS formalism GS formalism String duality T - duality S - duality U-duality Montonen -- Olive duality Particles and fields Graviton Dilaton Tachyon Ramond -- Ramond field Kalb -- Ramond field Magnetic monopole Dual graviton Dual photon Branes D - brane NS5 - brane M2 - brane M5 - brane S - brane Black brane Black holes Black string Brane cosmology Quiver diagram Hanany -- Witten transition Conformal field theory Virasoro algebra Mirror symmetry Conformal anomaly Conformal algebra Superconformal algebra Vertex operator algebra Loop algebra Kac -- Moody algebra Wess -- Zumino -- Witten model Gauge theory Anomalies Instantons Chern -- Simons form Bogomol'nyi -- Prasad -- Sommerfield bound Exceptional Lie groups ( G , F , E , E ,",
"65": "E ) ADE classification Dirac string p - form electrodynamics Geometry Kaluza -- Klein theory Compactification Why 10 dimensions ? Kähler manifold Ricci - flat manifold Calabi -- Yau manifold Hyperkähler manifold K3 surface G manifold Spin ( 7 ) - manifold Generalized complex manifold Orbifold Conifold Orientifold Moduli space Hořava -- Witten domain wall K - theory ( physics ) Twisted K - theory Supersymmetry Supergravity Superspace Lie superalgebra Lie supergroup Holography Holographic principle AdS / CFT correspondence M - theory Matrix theory Introduction to M - theory String theorists Nima Arkani - Hamed Michael Francis Atiyah Tom Banks David Berenstein Raphael Bousso Gerald Cleaver Thomas Curtright Robbert Dijkgraaf Jacques Distler Michael Douglas Michael Duff Sergio Ferrara Willy Fischler Daniel Friedan Sylvester James Gates Ferdinando Gliozzi Rajesh Gopakumar Michael Green Brian Greene David Gross Steven Gubser Sergei Gukov Jeffrey Harvey Petr Hořava Gary Gibbons Shamit Kachru Michio Kaku Renata Kallosh Theodor Kaluza Anton Kapustin Igor Klebanov Vadim Knizhnik Maxim Kontsevich Oskar Klein Andrei Linde Juan Maldacena Stanley Mandelstam Donald Marolf Emil Martinec Shiraz Minwalla Gregory Moore Luboš Motl Sunil Mukhi Robert Myers Dimitri Nanopoulos Asad Naqvi Horațiu Năstase Nikita Nekrasov André Neveu Holger Bech Nielsen Peter van Nieuwenhuizen Sergei Novikov David Olive Hirosi Ooguri Joseph Polchinski Alexander Polyakov Arvind Rajaraman Pierre Ramond Lisa Randall Seifallah Randjbar - Daemi Martin Roček Ryan Rohm Joël Scherk John H.",
"66": "Schwarz Nathan Seiberg Ashoke Sen Steve Shenker Warren Siegel Eva Silverstein Đàm Thanh Sơn Matthias Staudacher Andrew Strominger Raman Sundrum Leonard Susskind Gerard ' t Hooft Paul Townsend Sandip Trivedi Cumrun Vafa Gabriele Veneziano Erik Verlinde Herman Verlinde Julius Wess Edward Witten Shing - Tung Yau Tamiaki Yoneya Alexander Zamolodchikov Alexei Zamolodchikov Eric Zaslow Bruno Zumino Barton Zwiebach Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Star portal LCCN : sh85014574 GND : 4053793 - 6 SUDOC : 027253430 BNF : cb11933630s ( data ) NDL : 00561056 BNE : XX528239 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_hole&oldid=836707787 '' Categories : Black holes Galaxies Theory of relativity Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch",
"67": "Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu",
"68": "Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言",
"69": "Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 127 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "History of television - wikipedia History of television Jump to : navigation , search The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology . Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit , while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical television 2 Electronic television 3 Color television 4 Digital television 5 Smart television 6 3D television 7 Terrestrial television 7.1 Overview 7.2 Canada 7.3 Czechoslovakia 7.4 France 7.5 Germany 7.6 Italy 7.7 Japan 7.8 Mexico 7.9 Soviet Union ( USSR ) 7.10 Turkey 7.11 United Kingdom 7.12 United States 8 Cable television 9 Satellite television 9.1 Overview 9.2 Beginning of the satellite TV industry 9.3 TVRO / C - band satellite era 9.4 Late 1980s and 1990s to present 10 Internet television 11 Television sets 12 Technological innovations 13 Television pioneers 14 Television museums 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Mechanical television ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical television Facsimile transmission systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century . The Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846 . The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851 . The first practical facsimile system , working on telegraph lines , was developed and put into service by the Italian priest Giovanni Caselli from 1856 onward . Willoughby Smith , an English electrical engineer , discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873 . The Nipkow disk . This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes , which may also be square for greater precision . The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned .",
"1": "As a 23 - year - old German university student , Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884 . This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it , so each hole scanned a line of the image . Although he never built a working model of the system , variations of Nipkow 's spinning - disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common . Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 24 , 1900 . Perskyi 's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies , mentioning the work of Nipkow and others . However , it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology , by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others , made the design practical . The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909 . A matrix of 64 selenium cells , individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver , a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen . A separate circuit regulated synchronization . The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof - of - concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet . An updated image was transmitted `` several times '' each second . In 1911 , Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror - drum scanner to transmit , in Zworykin 's words , `` very crude images '' over wires to the `` Braun tube '' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT '' ) in the receiver . Moving images were not possible because , in the scanner , `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy '' . Baird in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies `` James '' and `` Stooky Bill '' ( right ) . By the 1920s , when amplification made television practical , Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems .",
"2": "He created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness . He had also started work on the first color television . On March 25 , 1925 , Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion , at Selfridge 's Department Store in London . Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system , he televised a talking , moving ventriloquist 's dummy named `` Stooky Bill '' , whose painted face had higher contrast . By January 26 , 1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio . This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history . The subject was Baird 's business partner Oliver Hutchinson . Baird 's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it . A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light that swept across the subject . A selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal . This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit , where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first . The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image . As each hole in the disk passed by , one scan line of the image was reproduced . Baird 's disk had 30 holes , producing an image with only 30 scan lines , just enough to recognize a human face . In 1927 , Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles ( 705 km ) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928 , Baird 's company ( Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television ) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal , between London and New York , and the first shore - to - ship transmission . In 1929 , he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany . In November of the same year , Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . In 1931 , he made the first outdoor remote broadcast , of The Derby .",
"3": "In 1932 , he demonstrated ultra-short wave television . Baird 's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 , though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly . Instead , a 17.5 mm film was shot , rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet . An American inventor , Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television . He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless '' in 1913 , but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses . On June 13 , 1925 , Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures . In 1925 , Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion , over a distance of five miles ( from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington , D.C. ) , using a lensed disk scanner with a 48 - line resolution . He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 ( Transmitting Pictures over Wireless ) on June 30 , 1925 ( filed March 13 , 1922 ) . On December 25 , 1925 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus . By 1927 , Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines , which was unrivaled until 1931 . By 1928 , he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones . His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin . By 1935 , Takayanagi had invented the first all - electronic television . His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II . Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7 , 1927 . The reflected - light television system included both small and large viewing screens . The small receiver had a two - inch - wide by 2.5 - inch - high screen .",
"4": "The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high . Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate , monochromatic moving images . Along with the pictures , the sets also received synchronized sound . The system transmitted images over two paths : first , a copper wire link from Washington to New York City , then a radio link from Whippany , New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods , viewers noted no difference in quality . Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying - spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects . The scanner that produced the beam had a 50 - aperture disk . The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second , capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . ( Today 's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second , or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively . ) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration : `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time . It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality . '' In 1928 , WRGB ( then W2XB ) was started as the world 's first television station . It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady , NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' . Meanwhile , in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum - based television , starting with 16 - line resolution in 1925 , then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926 . As part of his thesis on May 7 , 1926 , Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near - simultaneous moving images on a five - foot square screen . By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines , a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA , with 120 lines . Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks , and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical , image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low , ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120 .",
"5": "Nevertheless , the image quality of 30 - line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances , and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear . A few systems ranging into the 200 - line region also went on the air . Two of these were the 180 - line system that Compagnie des Compteurs ( CDC ) installed in Paris in 1935 , and the 180 - line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal . Anton Codelli ( 22nd . March , † 28 . April 1954 ) , a Slovenian nobleman , was a passionate inventor . Among other things , he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design . Intrigued by television , he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium . At the time , the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures . As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc , most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems -- some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines . But Baron Codelli had a different idea . In 1929 , he developed a television device with a single line -- but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen . Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye . He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision do n't need to be as sharp as those in the center . The baron 's mechanical television system , whose image was sharpest in the middle , worked well , and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife , Ilona von Drasche - Lazar , over the air . Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken , however , Codelli 's television system never became a commercial reality . Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system , and Codelli moved on to other projects . His invention was largely forgotten . The advancement of all - electronic television ( including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer ) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television . Mechanical TV usually only produced small images . It was the main type of TV until the 1930s .",
"6": "The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States . Electronic television ( edit ) Main article : Video camera tube In 1897 , J.J. Thomson , an English physicist , in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays , a fundamental function of the modern Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) . The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the Braun tube . It was a cold - cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor - coated screen . A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906 , his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909 . In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society ( UK ) , published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision '' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube ( or `` Braun '' tube ) as both a transmitting and receiving device . He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . In a letter to Nature published in October 1926 , Campbell - Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments '' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton . They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium - coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914 , when Minchin died . They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams , H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint '' images with the original Campbell - Swinton 's selenium - coated plate . Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver , the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel .",
"7": "The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson ( who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922 . In 1926 , Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage '' within the scanning ( or `` camera '' ) tube . The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera '' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge - storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924 . His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ( `` photoelectrons '' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle . The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop '' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application , Tihanyi 's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930 , and so he applied for patents in the United States . Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931 , the U.S. patent for Tihanyi 's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939 . The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October . Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval . Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day . On December 25 , 1926 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver . Takayanagi did not apply for a patent . On September 7 , 1927 , Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image , a simple straight line , at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By September 3 , 1928 , Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press . This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration .",
"8": "In 1929 , the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator , so that his television system now had no mechanical parts . That year , Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system , including a three and a half - inch image of his wife Elma ( `` Pem '' ) with her eyes closed ( possibly due to the bright lighting required ) . Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television ( 1929 ) Meanwhile , Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images . While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923 , he began to develop an electronic camera tube . But in a 1925 demonstration , the image was dim , had low contrast and poor definition , and was stationary . Zworykin 's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage . But RCA , which acquired the Westinghouse patent , asserted that the patent for Farnsworth 's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device . Thus RCA , on the basis of Zworykin 's 1923 patent application , filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth . The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision , finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin . Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin 's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent . Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application , he also divided his original application in 1931 . Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application . In September 1939 , after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment , RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US $1 million over a ten - year period , in addition to license payments , to use Farnsworth 's patents . In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi 's charge storage principle .",
"9": "Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin , the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux , and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth 's image dissector . However , Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor '' device that he began work on in 1930 , and demonstrated in 1931 . This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics . A problem with the multipactor , unfortunately , was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate . At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931 , Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception . However , Ardenne had not developed a camera tube , using the CRT instead as a flying - spot scanner to scan slides and film . Philo Farnsworth gave the world 's first public demonstration of an all - electronic television system , using a live camera , at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25 , 1934 , and for ten days afterwards . In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron '' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC . On November 2 , 1936 , a 405 - line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building 's towers . It alternated for a short time with Baird 's mechanical system in adjoining studios , but was more reliable and visibly superior . This was the world 's first regular high - definition television service . The original American iconoscope was noisy , had a high ratio of interference to signal , and ultimately gave disappointing results , especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available . The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope ( or Emitron ) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5 % of the theoretical maximum . They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron .",
"10": "The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and , in some cases , this ratio was considerably greater . It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC , for the first time , on Armistice Day 1937 , when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph . This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings , because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939 On the other hand , in 1934 , Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken . The `` image iconoscope '' ( `` Superikonoskop '' in Germany ) was produced as a result of the collaboration . This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron . The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth , because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector , having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925 , two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States . The image iconoscope ( Superikonoskop ) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960 , when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes . Indeed , it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon . The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games , later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955 , finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958 .",
"11": "American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes , each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology , until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941 . RCA , for example , used only Iconoscopes in the New York area , but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco . In September 1939 , RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth 's patents . With this historic agreement in place , RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems . In 1941 , the United States implemented 525 - line television . The world 's first 625 - line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , and became a national standard in 1946 . The first broadcast in 625 - line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow . The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard . In 1936 , Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system . In 1978 , James P Mitchell described , prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display LED Display targeted at replacing the CRT . Color television ( edit ) Main article : Color television The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black - and - white televisions had first been built . Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system , including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning , although he gave no practical details . Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897 , using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver . But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end , and could not have worked as he described it . Another inventor , Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907 .",
"12": "The first color television project is claimed by him , and was patented in Germany on March 31 , 1908 , patent No 197183 , then in Britain , on April 1 , 1908 , patent No 7219 , in France ( patent No 390326 ) and in Russia in 1910 ( patent No 17912 ) . Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission on July 3 , 1928 , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with filters of a different primary color ; and three light sources at the receiving end , with a commutator to alternate their illumination . Baird also made the world 's first color broadcast on February 4 , 1938 , sending a mechanically scanned 120 - line image from Baird 's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers , glow - tubes and color filters , with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red , green and blue images into one full color image . The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird . In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black - and - white display with a rotating colored disc . This device was very `` deep '' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console . However , Baird was not happy with the design , and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better . Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV . His experiments with TV ( known as telectroescopía at first ) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system '' color television in 1940 . In 1939 , Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro - mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor .",
"13": "The CBS field - sequential color system was partly mechanical , with a disc made of red , blue , and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm , and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set . The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) on August 29 , 1940 , and shown to the press on September 4 . CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28 , 1940 , and live cameras by November 12 . NBC ( owned by RCA ) made its first field test of color television on February 20 , 1941 . CBS began daily color field tests on June 1 , 1941 . These color systems were not compatible with existing black - and - white television sets , and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time , viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press . The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22 , 1942 , to August 20 , 1945 , limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public . As early as 1940 , Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome '' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate . The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other . Using cyan and magenta phosphors , a reasonable limited - color image could be obtained . He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image ( called `` stereoscopic '' at the time ) . A demonstration on August 16 , 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system . Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three - gun version for full color . However , Baird 's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system . Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s , differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns .",
"14": "The Geer tube was similar to Baird 's concept , but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces , instead of Baird 's 3D patterning on a flat surface . The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors . The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube . One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black - and - white standards , and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States , after considerable research , the National Television Systems Committee approved an all - electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth . The brightness image remained compatible with existing black - and - white television sets at slightly reduced resolution , while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited - resolution color display . The higher resolution black - and - white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high - resolution color image . The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement . Color bars used in a test pattern , sometimes used when no program material is available . Although all - electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953 , high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace . The first national color broadcast ( the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1 , 1954 , but during the following ten years most network broadcasts , and nearly all local programming , continued to be in black - and - white . It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers , due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime - time programming would be broadcast in color that fall . The first all - color prime - time season came just one year later . In 1972 , the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color , resulting in the first completely all - color network season .",
"15": "Early color sets were either floor - standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy , so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place . The introduction of GE 's relatively compact and lightweight Porta - Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition . In 1972 , sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black - and - white sets . Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s . By the mid-1970s , the only stations broadcasting in black - and - white were a few high - numbered UHF stations in small markets , and a handful of low - power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots . By 1979 , even the last of these had converted to color , and by the early 1980s black - and - white sets had been pushed into niche markets , notably low - power uses , small portable sets , or use as video monitor screens in lower - cost consumer equipment . By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets . Digital television ( edit ) Main article : Digital television See also : Digital television transition Digital television ( DTV ) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal , in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth . It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s . Digital TV 's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive , high performance computers . It was n't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility . In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology , and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK , a Japanese company , was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies . Until June 1990 , the Japanese MUSE standard -- based on an analog system -- was the front - runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration . Then , an American company , General Instrument , demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal .",
"16": "This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed . In March 1990 , when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible , the FCC made a number of critical decisions . First , the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal , but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. ( 7 ) Then , to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts , it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast '' on different channels. ( 8 ) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles . Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard , the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements . The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats , aspect ratios , or lines of resolution . This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry ( joined by some broadcasters ) and the computer industry ( joined by the film industry and some public interest groups ) over which of the two scanning processes -- interlaced or progressive -- is superior . Interlaced scanning , which is used in televisions worldwide , scans even - numbered lines first , then odd - numbered ones . Progressive scanning , which is the format used in computers , scans lines in sequences , from top to bottom . The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker '' in the manner of interlaced scanning . It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet , and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa . The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats . For their part , the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible , that is , 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line .",
"17": "William F. Schreiber , who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990 , thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology . Digital television transition started in the late 2000s . All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s . Initially the adoption rate was low . But soon , more and more households were converting to digital televisions . The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s . Smart television ( edit ) Main article : Smart television Not to be confused with Internet television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs . A smart television , sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid television , is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features , and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set - top boxes . Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set - top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV , online interactive media , over-the - top content , as well as on - demand streaming media , and home networking access . These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system . Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems ( terrestrial , cable and satellite ) ( although internet itself is received by these methods ) . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television ( WebTV ) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV . A first patent was filed in 1994 ( and extended the following year ) for an `` intelligent '' television system , linked with data processing systems , by means of a digital or analog network . Apart from being linked to data networks , one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines , according to a user 's demand , and process their needs .",
"18": "Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only , for middle - end and high - end TVs in 2015 . 3D television ( edit ) Main article : 3D television Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10 , 1928 , by John Logie Baird in his company 's premises at 133 Long Acre , London . Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro - mechanical and cathode - ray tube techniques . The first 3D TV was produced in 1935 . The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs . Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu - ray discs , 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public . Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s . Terrestrial television ( edit ) Main article : Terrestrial television See also : Timeline of the introduction of television in countries Overview ( edit ) Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels '' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first , terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed , and because bandwidth was limited , i.e. , there were only a small number of channels available , government regulation was the norm . In the U.S. , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 , but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license . By contrast , the United Kingdom chose a different route , imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , which had public service as part of its Royal Charter . WRGB claims to be the world 's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13 , 1928 , broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady , NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' after its sister radio station .",
"19": "Later in 1928 , General Electric started a second facility , this one in New York City , which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming , as receivers were operated by engineers within the company . The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers . On November 2 , 1936 , the BBC began transmitting the world 's first public regular high - definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London . It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s , terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline ; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to swichover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer pristine image quality over very large areas , and offered an alternate to CATV for cord cutters . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) adopted the American NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard . It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952 . The first broadcast was on September 6 , 1952 from its Montreal station CBFT . The premiere broadcast was bilingual , spoken in English and French . Two days later , on September 8 , 1952 , the Toronto station CBLT went on the air . This became the English - speaking flagship station for the country , while CBFT became the French - language flagship after a second English - language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade . The CBC 's first privately owned affiliate television station , CKSO in Sudbury , Ontario , launched in October 1953 ( at the time , all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC , a condition that was relaxed in 1960 -- 61 when CTV , Canada 's second national English - language network , was formed ) . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) The first mass - produced Czechoslovak TV - set Tesla 4001A ( 1953 - 57 ) .",
"20": "In former Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia and the Czech Republic ) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948 . In the same year the first TV - transmission was performed . The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1 , 1953 . The state - owned TV - centers were in Prague , Bratislava , Brno and Ostrava . In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set . In 1970 , Czechoslovak television had three channels : Czech , Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel . In 1973 , color broadcasting started . France ( edit ) The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s , although the French did not immediately employ the new technology . In November 1929 , Bernard Natan established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . On April 14 , 1931 , there took place the first transmission with a thirty - line standard by René Barthélemy . On December 6 , 1931 , Henri de France created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision ( CGT ) . In December 1932 , Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white ( definition : 60 lines ) one hour per week , `` Paris Télévision '' , which gradually became daily from early 1933 . The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13 , 1935 , the date of the official inauguration of television in France , which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8 : 15 to 8 : 30 pm . The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio - PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris . The broadcast had a range of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . On November 10 , George Mandel , Minister of Posts , inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower . On the 18th , Susy Wincker , the first announcer since the previous June , carried out a demonstration for the press from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm .",
"21": "Broadcasts became regular from January 4 , 1937 from 11 : 00 to 11 : 30 am and 8 : 00 to 8 : 30 pm during the week , and from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm on Sundays . In July 1938 , a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF ( whereas three standards were used for the experiments : 441 lines for Gramont , 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson ) . In 1939 , there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets , some of which were also available in a few public places . With the entry of France into World War II the same year , broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged . On September 3 , 1940 , French television was seized by the German occupation forces . A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken , and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( Vichy 's radio ) . On May 7 , 1943 at 3 : 00 evening broadcasts . The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris ( Paris Télévision ) was transmitted from rue Cognac - Jay . These regular broadcasts ( 5 ⁄ hours a day ) lasted until August 16 , 1944 . One thousand 441 - line sets , most of which were installed in soldiers ' hospitals , picked up the broadcasts . These Nazi - controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers , who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen . In 1944 , René Barthélemy developed an 819 - line television standard . During the years of occupation , Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines . On October 1 , 1944 , television service resumed after the liberation of Paris . The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq - Jay studios . In October 1945 , after repairs , the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service .",
"22": "On November 20 , 1948 , François Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines ; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition . Besides France , this standard was later adopted by Algeria , Monaco , and Morocco . Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz . Germany ( edit ) Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929 , but were without sound until 1934 . Network electronic service started on March 22 , 1935 , on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film , intermediate film system , or cameras using the Nipkow Disk . Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15 , 1936 . The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised , using both all - electronic iconoscope - based cameras and intermediate film cameras , to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936 . Twenty - eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set . The Germans had a 441 - line system on the air in February 1937 , and during World War II brought it to France , where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower . After the end of World War II , the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany . Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again , but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948 . In East Germany , the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone , Hans Mahler , predicted in 1948 that in the near future ' a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march : television . ' In 1950 , the plans for a nationwide television service got off the ground , and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved . Transmissions began on December 21 , 1952 using the 625 - line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming . In West Germany , the British occupation forces as well as NWDR ( Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk ) , which had started work in the British zone straight after the war , agreed to the launch of a television station . Even before this , German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard .",
"23": "This standard had narrower channel bandwidth ( 7 MHz ) compared to the Soviet specification ( 8 MHz ) , allowing three television channels to fit into the VHF I band . When color was introduced , West Germany chose a variant of the NTSC color system , modified by Walter Bruch and called PAL . East Germany accepted the French SECAM system , which was used in Eastern European countries . With the reunification of Germany , it was decided to switch to the PAL color system . The system was changed in December 1990 . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in Turin since 1934 . The city already hosted the Center for Management of the EIAR ( lately renamed as RAI ) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin . Subsequently , the EAIR established offices in Rome and Milan . On July 22 , 1939 comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station , which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441 - line system that was developed in Germany . In September of the same year , a second television transmitter was installed in Milan , making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city . The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31 , 1940 , by order of the government , allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems . Also , the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision . EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated to Germany by the German troops . Lately , it was returned to Italy . The first official television broadcast began on January 3 , 1954 by the RAI . Japan ( edit ) Television broadcasting in Japan started in August 28 , 1953 , making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service . The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical Nipkow disk and electronic Braun tube system , later switching to an all - electronic system in the 1935 using a domestically developed iconoscope system . In spite of that , because of the beginning of World War II in the Pacific region , this first full - fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months . Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953 .",
"24": "In 1979 , NHK first developed a consumer high - definition television with a 5 : 3 display aspect ratio . The system , known as Hi - Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal , required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution ( 1080i / 1125 lines ) . Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS - 9ch commenced on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK television programming . Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high - definition television system HDTV capable video camera , monitor and video tape recorder ( VTR ) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984 , with the HDC - 100 camera , HDV - 100 video recorder and HDS - 100 video switcher all working in the 1125 - line component video format with interlaced video and a 5 : 3 aspect ratio . Mexico ( edit ) The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935 . When KFMB - TV in San Diego signed on in 1949 , Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air . Within a year , the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 - field - per - second system as the country 's broadcast standard . In 1950 , the first commercial television station within Mexico , XHTV in Mexico City , signed on the air , followed by XEW - TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952 . Those three were not only the first television stations in the country , but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano , which was formed in 1955 . That year , Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta , who had signed on XEW - TV , entered into a partnership with Rómulo O'Farrill who had signed on XHTV , and Guillermo González Camarena , who had signed on XHGC . The earliest 3D television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954 .",
"25": "Color television was introduced in 1962 , also over XHGC - TV . One of Telesistema Mexicano 's earliest broadcasts as a network , over XEW - TV , on June 25 , 1955 , was the first international North American broadcast in the medium 's history , and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States , where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World , and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Except for a brief period between 1969 -- 1973 , nearly every commercial television station in Mexico , with exceptions in the border cities , was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor , Televisa ( formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico ) . This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993 , when Imevision was privatized to become TV Azteca . Soviet Union ( ussr ) ( edit ) The Soviet Union began offering 30 - line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31 , 1931 , and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932 . First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad ( St. Petersburg ) . In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center ( OLTC ) was put in action . OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan . In Moscow , experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9 , 1937 , using equipment manufactured by RCA . Regular broadcasting began on December 31 , 1938 . It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run , thus a specification for 441 - line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940 . Television broadcasts were suspended during Great Patriotic War . In 1944 , while the war was still raging , a new standard , offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared . This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard . The transmissions in 625 - line format started in Moscow on November 4 , 1948 . Regular broadcasting began on June 16 , 1949 .",
"26": "Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845 - 55 , basic parameters for black - and - white television broadcast . In particular , frame size was set to 625 lines , frame rate to 25 frames / s interlaced , and video bandwidth to 6 MHz . These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM . Starting in 1951 , broadcasting in the 625 - line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union . Color television broadcast started in 1967 , using SECAM color system . Turkey ( edit ) The first Turkish television channel , ITU TV , was launched in 1952 . The first national television is TRT 1 and was launched in 1964 . Color television was introduced in 1981 . Before 1989 there was the only channel , the state broadcasting company TRT , and it broadcast in several times of the dateline . Turkey 's first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989 . Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state , but with the wave of liberalization , privately owned broadcasting began . Turkey 's television market is defined by a handful of big channels , led by Kanal D , ATV and Show , with 14 % , 10 % and 9.6 % market share , respectively . The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite , with almost 50 % of homes using satellite ( of these 15 % were pay services ) at the end of 2009 . Three services dominate the multi-channel market : the satellite platforms Digitürk and D - Smart and the cable TV service Türksat . United Kingdom ( edit ) The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television 's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929 . Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930 . During this time , Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first - ever live television interview , which featured Peggy O'Neil , an actress and singer from Buffalo , New York .",
"27": "On August 22 , 1932 , BBC launched its own regular service using Baird 's 30 - line electromechanical system , continuing until September 11 , 1935 . On November 2 , 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual - system service , alternating between Marconi - EMI 's 405 - line standard and Baird 's improved 240 - line standard , from Alexandra Palace in London , making the BBC Television Service ( now BBC One ) the UK 's first regular high - definition television service . The government , on advice from a special advisory committee , decided that Marconi - EMI 's electronic system gave the superior picture , and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937 . TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939 . There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers . Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events ( Dunlap , p56 ) . The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1 , 1939 , at 12 : 35 pm , after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast , so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London . It resumed , again from Alexandra Palace on June 7 , 1946 after the end of the war , began with a live programme that opened with the line `` Good afternoon everybody . How are you ? Do you remember me , Jasmine Bligh ? '' '' and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war . At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers , compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time . The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television , although this signal was not broadcast to the public . The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23 , 1962 . The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27 , 1950 .",
"28": "United States ( edit ) WNBT ( later WNBC ) schedule for first week of commercial TV programming in the United States , July 1941 American family watching TV , 1958 The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2 , 1928 , fifteen months before the United Kingdom . The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland , a suburb of Washington , D.C. For at least the first eighteen months , 48 - line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast , although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones . Hugo Gernsback 's New York City radio station began a regular , if limited , schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14 , 1928 , using 48 - line images . Working with only one transmitter , the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station 's call sign , faces in motion , and wind - up toys in motion . Speaking later that month , Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts , intended for amateur experimenters . `` In six months we may have television for the public , but so far we have not got it . '' Gernsback also published Television , the world 's first magazine about the medium . General Electric 's experimental station in Schenectady , New York , on the air sporadically since January 13 , 1928 , was able to broadcast reflected - light , 48 - line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles , and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly . It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB . The Queen 's Messenger , a one - act play broadcast on September 11 , 1928 , was the world 's first live drama on television . Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS , the predecessor of current television station WNBC . The 60 - line transmissions consisted of pictures , signs , and views of persons and objects . Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931 .",
"29": "General Broadcasting System 's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26 , 1931 , with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty - fourth Street . Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six - inch ( 15 cm ) square image , in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four - hour daily broadcasts . Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera , actors Gertrude Lawrence , Louis Calhern , Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill , WHN announcer Nils Granlund , the Forman Sisters , and a host of others . CBS 's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven - day - a-week television schedule on July 21 , 1931 , with a 60 - line electromechanical system . The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker , the Boswell Sisters , Kate Smith , and George Gershwin . The service ended in February 1933 . Don Lee Broadcasting 's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931 . Using the UHF spectrum , it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years . By 1935 , low - definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939 . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards , hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses , hampering television 's economic development . Just as importantly , Philo Farnsworth 's August 1934 demonstration of an all - electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television 's future . On June 15 , 1936 , Don Lee Broadcasting began a one - month - long demonstration of high definition ( 240 + line ) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO ( later KTSL , now KCBS - TV ) with a 300 - line image from motion picture film . By October , W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films .",
"30": "By 1934 RCA increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second . On July 7 , 1936 RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343 - line electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees , and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6 . Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938 . Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York ( to the second week of June , and resuming in August ) and Los Angeles . NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30 , 1939 , with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World 's Fair . In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines , and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard . By June 1939 , regularly scheduled 441 - line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles , and by November on General Electric 's station in Schenectady . From May through December 1939 , the New York City NBC station ( W2XBS ) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty - eight hours of programming per month , Wednesday through Sunday of each week . The programming was 33 % news , 29 % drama , and 17 % educational programming , with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year , and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand . A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) away from the transmitter , which was located atop the Empire State Building . Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden . The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the Empire State Building , an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people ( Lohr , 1940 ) . The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2 , 1941 , calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution , 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning , 60 fields per second , and sound carried by frequency modulation . Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard .",
"31": "( Dunlap , p31 ) . The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing , and the first such licenses were issued to NBC - and CBS - owned stations in New York on July 1 , 1941 , followed by Philco 's station WPTZ in Philadelphia . The first official , paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1 , 1941 , over New York station WNBT ( now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches , for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 ( reports vary ) , displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time . The Bulova logo , with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time '' , was shown in the lower right - hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute . After the U.S. entry into World War II , the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours . Most TV stations suspended broadcasting ; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war . On the few that remained , programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays , events at Madison Square Garden , and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers . In 1942 , there were 5,000 sets in operation , but production of new TVs , radios , and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 ( Dunlap ) . The Philco Predicta , 1958 . In the collection of The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis By 1947 , when there were 40 million radios in the U.S. , there were about 44,000 television sets ( with probably 30,000 in the New York area ) . Regular network television broadcasts began on NBC on a three - station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944 ; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946 , and on CBS and ABC in 1948 . Following the rapid rise of television after the war , the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses .",
"32": "With more applications than available television channels , the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14 , 1952 . By 1949 , the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River , and by 1951 to the West Coast . Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a field - sequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons . The television industry 's National Television System Committee ( NTSC ) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers , and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953 . Cable television ( edit ) Main article : Cable television See also : Cable television by region This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency ( RF ) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber - optic cables . This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television , in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television . FM radio programming , high - speed Internet , telephone service , and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables . The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television . It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television , from cable television 's origins in 1948 : in areas where over-the - air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain , large `` community antennas '' were constructed , and cable was run from them to individual homes . The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924 . Early cable television was analog , but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to , or are in the process of switching to , digital cable television . Satellite television ( edit ) Main article : Satellite television Overview ( edit ) Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low - noise block downconverter ( LNB ) . A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set .",
"33": "Receivers can be external set - top boxes , or a built - in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services , especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television . The most common method of reception is direct - broadcast satellite television ( DBSTV ) , also known as `` direct to home '' ( DTH ) . In DBSTV systems , signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital . Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive - only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C - band spectrum from FSS type satellites , and required the use of large dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular . The direct - broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals , both of which require a compatible receiver . Digital signals may include high - definition television ( HDTV ) . Some transmissions and channels are free - to - air or free - to - view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription . In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit . This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963 . The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on July 23 , 1962 . The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million . Launched in 1962 , the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan . The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on July 26 , 1963 . The world 's first commercial communications satellite , called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird '' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6 , 1965 .",
"34": "The first national network of television satellites , called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967 , and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet ( 12 m ) in diameter . The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972 . ATS - 6 , the world 's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite ( DBS ) , was launched on May 30 , 1974 . It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels . The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use . In the Soviet Union , the Moskva ( or Moscow ) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979 . Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet ( 4 and 2.5 m ) in diameter were receiving signal from Gorizont communication satellites deployed to geostationary orbits . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct - To - Home television , Ekran 1 , was launched on October 26 , 1976 . It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology . Beginning of the satellite TV industry ( edit ) In the United States , the satellite television industry developed from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends . Home Box Office ( HBO ) , Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , and Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN , later The Family Channel ) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming . Taylor Howard of San Andreas , California became the first person to receive C - band satellite signals with his home - built system in 1976 . PBS , a non-profit public broadcasting service , began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978 .",
"35": "On October 18 , 1979 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license . The front cover of the 1979 Neiman - Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500 . The dishes were nearly 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in diameter and were remote - controlled . The price went down by half soon after that , but there were only eight more channels . The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations ( SPACE ) , an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980 . Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size . The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet ( 3.0 to 4.9 m ) in diameter , made of fibreglass or solid aluminum or steel , and in the United States cost more than $5,000 , sometimes as much as $10,000 . Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in geostationary orbit located 22,300 miles ( 35,900 km ) above the Earth . TVRO / C - band satellite ERA ( edit ) Further information : Television receive - only By 1980 , satellite television was well established in the USA and Europe . On April 26 , 1982 , the first satellite channel in the UK , Satellite Television Ltd. ( later Sky1 ) , was launched . Its signals were transmitted from the ESA 's Orbital Test Satellites . Between 1981 and 1985 , TVRO systems ' sales rates increased as prices fell . Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes . 500,000 systems , some costing as little as $2000 , were sold in the US in 1984 . Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper . People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good - quality reception with no monthly fees .",
"36": "The large dishes were a subject of much consternation , as many people considered them eyesores , and in the US most condominiums , neighborhoods , and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use , except in areas where such restrictions were illegal . These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal . A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions , such as a setback requirement , but could not outlaw their use . The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller . Originally , all channels were broadcast in the clear ( ITC ) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers . With the growing number of TVRO systems , the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble their signal and develop subscription systems . In October 1984 , the U.S. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled , and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee . Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes , other companies had an incentive to offer competition . In January 1986 , HBO began using the now - obsolete VideoCipher II system to encrypt their channels . Other channels uses less secure television encryption systems . The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big - dish systems , most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels , claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive . Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month , a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying , and required a descrambler to be purchased for $395 . This led to the attack on HBO 's transponder Galaxy 1 by John R. MacDougall in April 1986 . One by one , all commercial channels followed HBO 's lead and began scrambling their channels . The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2 , 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association ( DBSA ) . Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard based encryption on its audio signal .",
"37": "VideoCipher II was defeated , and there was a black market for descrambler devices , which were initially sold as `` test '' devices . Late 1980s and 1990s to present ( edit ) DBS satellite dishes . By 1987 , nine channels were scrambled , but 99 others were available free - to - air . While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95 , soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year . Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986 , but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service , and the industry was starting to recover as a result . Scrambling also led to the development of pay - per - view events . On November 1 , 1988 , NBC began scrambling its C - band signal but left its K band signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising . Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C - band . ABC and CBS were considering scrambling , though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local network affiliates . The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison . A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years . Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) . On December 11 , 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A , the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe . This was one of the first medium - powered satellites , transmitting signals in K band and allowing reception with small dishes ( 90 cm ) . The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK 's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder , British Satellite Broadcasting , to the market . In the US in the early 1990s , four large cable companies launched PrimeStar , a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite .",
"38": "The relatively strong transissions allowed the use of smaller ( 90 cm ) dishes . Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems . On March 4 , 1996 EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway ( Dish Network ) using the EchoStar 1 satellite . EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170 . These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150 - 200 video and audio channels , and allowed small dishes to be used . This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems . In the mid-1990s , channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system . In addition to encryption , the widespread availability , in the US , of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s . Signals from DBS satellites ( operating in the more recent K band ) are higher in both frequency and power ( due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites ) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C - band , and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods . Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K band , but only 24 in the C band , and several digital subchannels can be multiplexed ( MCPC ) or carried separately ( SCPC ) on a single transponder . Advances in noise reduction due to improved microwave technology and semiconductor materials have also had an effect . However , one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is rain fade where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C - band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade . Internet television ( edit ) Main article : Internet television Not to be confused with Smart television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Internet television ( Internet TV ) , ( online television ) or IPTV ( Internet Protocol Television ) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial , cable and satellite , although internet itself is received by terrestrial , cable or satellite methods .",
"39": "Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology , typically by major traditional television broadcasters . Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV . Television sets ( edit ) Main article : Television set A television set , also called a television receiver , television , TV set , TV , or telly , is a device that combines a tuner , display , and speakers for the purpose of viewing television . Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form , television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form , using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s , and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes . The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s , such as VHS and later DVD . In the late 2000s flat panel television incorporating liquid - crystal displays largely replaced cathode ray tubes . Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high - definition display ( 720p , 1080p or 2160p ) and can also play content from a USB device . RCA 630 - TS , the first mass - produced television set , which sold in 1946 -- 1947 Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom , United States , and Soviet Union . The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk ( patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884 ) with a spiral of apertures first mass - produced television set , selling about a thousand units .",
"40": "The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934 , followed by other makers in France ( 1936 ) , Britain ( 1936 ) , and America ( 1938 ) . The cheapest model with a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) screen was $445 ( equivalent to $7,736 in 2017 ) . An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain , and about 1,600 in Germany , before World War II . About 7,000 -- 8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942 , production resuming in August 1945 . Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze , war - related technological advances , the drop in television prices caused by mass production , increased leisure time , and additional disposable income . While only 0.5 % of U.S. households had a television in 1946 , 55.7 % had one in 1954 , and 90 % by 1962 . In Britain , there were 15,000 television households in 1947 , 1.4 million in 1952 , and 15.1 million by 1968 . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , color television had come into wide use . In Britain , BBC1 , BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969 . By the late 2000s , CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat - panel displays such as LCD . Flat - panel television , especially LCD , has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s . Technological innovations ( edit ) The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4 , 1951 when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets . The first live coast - to - coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S.",
"41": "took place on November 18 , 1951 during the premiere of CBS 's See It Now , which showed a split - screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco . In 1958 , the CBC completed the longest television network in the world , from Sydney , Nova Scotia to Victoria , British Columbia . Reportedly , the first continuous live broadcast of a `` breaking '' news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill mining disaster , which began on October 23 of that year . The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences . It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels , such as Home Box Office ( HBO ) and Showtime in the U.S. , and Sky Television in the U.K. Television pioneers ( edit ) Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries . Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton Alan Blumlein Allen B. DuMont Antonio Quirino Assis Chateaubriand Boris Grabovsky Boris Rosing Charles Francis Jenkins Constantin Perskyi David Sarnoff Guillermo González Camarena John Logie Baird Kálmán Tihanyi Kenjiro Takayanagi Léon Theremin Lubo Micic Earl Muntz Manfred von Ardenne Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Siegmund and David Loewe , founders of Loewe AG in 1923 Ulises Armand Sanabria Vladimir Zworykin Walter Bruch ( PAL television ) Television museums ( edit ) Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio ) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum See also ( edit ) Archive of American Television BBC Archives Geographical usage of television Golden Age of Television , c.",
"42": "1949 -- 1960 in the US Golden Age of Television ( 2000s -- present ) History of broadcasting History of radio History of telecommunication History of videotelephony List of experimental television stations List of years in television Muntzing Oldest television station Television Hall of Fame Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries Timeline of the introduction of television in countries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Mitchell ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` History of Television '' . www.nyu.edu . New York University . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huurdeman , p. 149 The first telefax machine to be used in practical operation was invented by an Italian priest and professor of physics , Giovanni Caselli ( 1815 -- 1891 ) . Jump up ^ Beyer , p. 100 The telegraph was the hot new technology of the moment , and Caselli wondered if it was possible to send pictures over telegraph wires . He went to work in 1855 , and over the course of six years perfected what he called the `` pantelegraph . '' It was the world 's first practical fax machine . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Caselli '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiers , George and May ( 1997 ) , Early Television : A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 . Taylor & Francis , pp. 13 , 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 7782 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shiers & Shiers , p. 13 , 22 . Jump up ^ `` Télévision au moyen de l'électricité '' , Congrès Inographs by Telegraph `` , The New York Times , Sunday Magazine , September 20 , 1907 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sending Photographs by Telegraph '' , The New York Times , Sunday Magazine , September 20 , 1907 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Henry de Varigny , `` La vision à distance '' , L'Illustration , Paris , December 11 , 1909 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ R.W.",
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"50": "`` Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems '' . Patent No . GB 446,661 ( filed August 1934 , patented 1936 ) . United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ McGee , James Dwyer . `` Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems '' . Patent No . GB 446,664 ( filed September 1934 , patented 1936 ) . United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Robert Charles ( 2000 ) . The inventor of stereo : the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein . Focal Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 51628 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Andrew F. ( 1990 ) . Behind the tube : a history of broadcasting technology and business . Focal Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80043 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dieckmann , Max and Rudolf Hell . `` Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröehre für Fernseher '' . Patent No . DE 450,187 ( filed 1925 , patented 1927 ) . Deutsches Reich Reichspatentamt . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Philo T. `` Television System '' . Patent No. 1,773,980 ( filed 1927 , patented 1930 ) . United States Patent Office . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ de Vries , M.J. ; de Vries , Marc ; Cross , Nigel ; Grant , Donald P. ( 1993 ) . Design methodology and relationships with science , Número 71 de NATO ASI series . Springer . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 2191 - 0 .",
"51": "Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Harry ( July 1953 ) . `` Multicon -- A new TV camera tube '' . newspaper article . Early Television Foundation and Museum . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gittel , Joachim ( 2008 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Spezialröhren '' . photographic album . Jogis Röhrenbude . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Early Television Museum . `` TV Camera Tubes , German `` Super Iconoscope '' ( 1936 ) `` . photographic album . Early Television Foundation and Museum . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gittel , Joachim ( 2008 - 10 - 11 ) . `` FAR - Röhren der Firma Heimann '' . photographic album . Jogis Röhrenbude . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Philips ( 1958 ) . `` 5854 , Image Iconoscope , Philips '' ( PDF ) . electronic tube handbook . Philips . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Everson , George ( 1949 ) , The Story of Television , The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 06042 - 7 , page 248 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Albert ( 1987 ) , The History of Television , 1880 to 1941 . Jefferson , NC : Albert Abramson . p. 254 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schatzkin , Paul ( 2002 ) , The Boy Who Invented Television . Silver Spring , Maryland : Teamcom Books , pp. 187 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 928791 - 30 - 1 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` Go - Ahead Signal Due for Television '' , The New York Times , April 25 , 1941 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` An Auspicious Beginning '' , The New York Times , August 3 , 1941 , p . X10 . ^ Jump up to : `` On the beginning of broadcast in 625 lines 60 years ago '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 625 magazine ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` M.I. Krivocheev -- an engineer 's engineer '' , EBU Technical Review , Spring 1993 . Jump up ^ `` In the Vanguard of Television Broadcasting '' . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived July 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ M. Le Blanc , `` Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses '' , La Lumière Electrique , vol. 11 , December 1 , 1880 , p. 477 -- 481 . Jump up ^ R.W. Burns , Television : An International History of the Formative Years , IET , 1998 , p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 914 - 7 . Jump up ^ Western technology and Soviet economic development : 1945 to 1965 , by Antony C. Sutton , Business & Economics - 1973 , p. 330 Jump up ^ The History of Television , 1880 - 1941 , by Albert Abramson , 1987 , p. 27 Jump up ^ A. Rokhlin , Tak rozhdalos ' dal'novidenie ( in Russian ) Archived April 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Logie Baird , Television Apparatus and the Like , U.S. patent , filed in U.K. in 1928 . Jump up ^ Baird Television : Crystal Palace Television Studios . Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit . Jump up ^ `` The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System '' .",
"53": "Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patent US2296019 - Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Goldmark , assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System , `` Color Television '' , U.S. Patent 2,480,571 , filed Sept. 7 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Current Broadcasting 1940 Jump up ^ `` Color Television Success in Test '' , The New York Times , August 30 , 1940 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Color Television Achieves Realism '' , The New York Times , Sept. 5 , 1940 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color '' , Popular Science , December 1940 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Color Television Success in Test , '' The New York Times , Aug. 30 , 1940 , p. 21 . `` CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television , '' Wall Street Journal , Sept. 5 , 1940 , p. 1 . `` Television Hearing Set , '' The New York Times , Nov. 13 , 1940 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Ed Reitan , RCA - NBC Color Firsts in Television ( commented ) . Jump up ^ `` Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22 , '' The New York Times , March 8 , 1942 , p. 1 . `` Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations , '' Wall Street Journal , June 3 , 1942 , p. 4 . `` WPB Cancels 210 Controls ; Radios , Trucks in Full Output , '' The New York Times , August 21 , 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Bob Cooper , `` Television : The Technology That Changed Our Lives '' , Early Television Foundation . Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 , McFarland & Company , 2003 , pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 8 Jump up ^ Baird Television : The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System .",
"54": "Jump up ^ National Television System Committee ( 1951 -- 1953 ) , ( Report and Reports of Panel No. 11 , 11 - A , 12 -- 19 , with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports , and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission , n.p. , 1953 ) , 17 v. illus. , diagrams. , tables . 28 cm . LC Control No. : 54021386 Library of Congress Online Catalog Jump up ^ Butler , Jeremy G. ( 2006 ) . Television : Critical Methods and Applications . Psychology Press . p. 290 . ISBN 9781410614742 . Jump up ^ `` HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information '' . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kruger , L.G. ( 2001 ) . Digital Television : An Overview . Hauppauge , New York : Nova Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The Origins and Future Prospects of Digital Television '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The history and politics of DTV '' ( PDF ) . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Steve Kovach ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` What Is A Smart TV ? '' . Businessinsider.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carmi Levy Special to the Star ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Future of television is online and on - demand '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Toeman 41 ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Why Connected TVs Will Be About the Content , Not the Apps '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet TV and The Death of Cable TV , really '' . Techcrunch.com . October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` espacenet -- Original document '' . Worldwide.espacenet.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ `` espacenet -- Bibliographic data '' . Worldwide.espacenet.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dieter Bohn ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` All of Sony 's new smart TVs run on Android TV '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CES 2015 : New Samsung Smart TVs Will Be Powered by Tizen OS '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LG to show off webOS 2.0 smart TV at CES 2015 '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Stereoscopic Television is Shown '' . Baird Television website . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The First Television Show '' Popular Mechanics , August 1930 , pp. 177 - 179 Jump up ^ laurence marcus . `` THE HISTORY OF THE BBC : THE FIRST TV ERA '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CEA Study Says Seven Percent of TV Households Use Antennas '' , ' `` TVTechnology , 30 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Nielsen : Broadcast Reliance Grew in 2012 '' , TVTechnology , 14 January 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.earlytelevision.org/raf.html R.A.F. Reception of German TV from Paris , retrieved 2013 April 23 Jump up ^ Burton Paulu . `` British Broadcasting in Transition '' . Jump up ^ `` TV in the GDR '' , Loughborough University Jump up ^ `` Fernsehen aus Adlershof '' , Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv Babelsberg Jump up ^ `` 50 years of Eurovision '' , EBU , January , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' Can you see me clearly ? '' Public TV image reception experiment ( 1939 ) `` . NHK . May 13 , 1939 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 .",
"56": "Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi : The Father of Japanese Television Archived June 4 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Craft HDTV 's Successor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Participation of A. Raspletin in developing and realization of black - and - white television standards '' . Jump up ^ Hawley , Chris , `` Peggy O'Neil sang her way from the Hydraulics to stardom '' , The Hydraulics ( blog ) , January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The edit that rewrote history -- Baird '' . Transdiffusion Broadcasting System . October 31 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Shagawat , Robert . `` Television recording -- The origins and earliest surviving live TV broadcast recordings '' . Early Electronic Television . Early Television Museum . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Faces Sent By Radio 3000 Miles Across The Sea '' . Evening Independent . Associated Press . February 9 , 1928 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Television Offers You '' , Popular Mechanics , November 1928 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest in Television '' , Popular Mechanics , September 1929 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ `` WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts ; Radio Audience Will See Studio Artist '' , The New York Times , August 13 , 1928 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` WRNY Has Extended Television Schedule '' , The New York Times , September 30 , 1928 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Television Drama Shown With Music '' , The New York Times , August 22 , 1928 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Queen 's Messenger , Early Television Museum . Jump up ^ `` Television Placed on Daily Schedule '' , The New York Times , March 22 , 1929 , p. 30 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ `` Six Visual Stations on the New York Air '' , The New York Times , July 19 , 1931 , p . XX13 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Talkies Put On Program Basis '' , The New York Times , April 27 , 1931 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ CBS considers it to be an ancestor of WCBS - TV , which first went on the air on July 1 , 1941 as one of the first two commercially licensed television stations in the country ( the other being the National Broadcasting Company 's WNBC ) . Jump up ^ W6XAO later moved to VHF Channel 1 before World War II , and to Channel 2 in the post-war television realignment . It was commercially licensed in 1947 as KTSL and is the direct ancestor of current station KCBS - TV . ^ Jump up to : Alexander B. Magoun , Television : The Life Story of a Technology . Greenwood , p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0313331282 . Jump up ^ `` Where Is Television Now ? '' , Popular Mechanics , August 1938 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Telecasts Here and Abroad '' , The New York Times , Drama - Screen - Radio section , April 24 , 1938 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Early Birds '' , Time , June 13 , 1938 . Jump up ^ `` Telecasts to Be Resumed '' , The New York Times , Drama - Screen - Radio section , Aug. 21 , 1938 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Pickering , `` Eight Years of Television in California '' , California -- Magazine of the Pacific , June 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Imagery For Profit '' R.W. Stewart , The New York Times , July 6 , 1941 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) WNBT / Bulova test pattern ^ Jump up to : p. 78 Perspectives on Radio and Television : Telecommunication in the United States Routledge , 1998 Jump up ^ Antipolis , Sophia ( September 1997 ) .",
"58": "Digital Video Broadcasting ( DVB ) ; Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying ( BPSK ) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems ( PDF ) ( Report ) . European Telecommunications Standards Institute . pp. 1 -- 7 . TR 101 198 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency letter bands '' . Microwaves101.com. 25 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Installing Consumer - Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes '' . FCC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dennis ; Cotter , Susan ( 1998 ) . Copyright Infringement . Kluwer Law International . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3002 - 3 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Campbell , Richard ; Martin , Christopher R. ; Fabos , Bettina ( 23 February 2011 ) . Media and Culture : An Introduction to Mass Communication . London , UK : Macmillan Publishers . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1457628313 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure . DIANE Publishing . September 1995 . p. 138 . ISBN 0160481805 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Christopher ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` The Birth of Satellite TV , 50 Years Ago '' . History.com . History Channel . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Relay 1 '' . NASA.gov . NASA . Jump up ^ Darcey , RJ ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Syncom 2 '' . NASA.gov . NASA .",
"59": "Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Astronautica - Intelsat I '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet - bloc Research in Geophysics , Astronomy , and Space '' ( Press release ) . Springfield Virginia : U.S. Joint Publications Research Service . 1970 . p. 60 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` История создания советского спутникового телевещания '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lloyd ( 1972 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Anik A1 launching : bridging the gap '' . CBC English TV . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Linda N. ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` NASA - ATS '' . Nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Long Distance Television Reception ( TV - DX ) For the Enthusiast , Roger W. Bunney , ISBN 0900162716 Jump up ^ Wade , Mark . `` Gorizont '' . Encyclopedia Astronautica . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ekran '' . Astronautix.com . Astronautix. 2007 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ekran '' . Jump up ^ Feder , Barnaby J. ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Taylor Howard , 70 , Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization , Editors : Indrajit Banerjee , Kalinga Seneviratne .",
"60": "ISBN 9789814136013 Jump up ^ The `` Glory Days '' of Satellite Archived March 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Browne , Ray ( 2001 ) . The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Madison , Wisconsin : Popular Press . p. 706 . ISBN 9780879728212 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Giarrusso , Michael ( 28 July 1996 ) . `` Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Keating , Stephen ( 1999 ) . `` Stealing Free TV , Part 2 '' . The Denver Post . Denver , CO : The Denver Post . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Joe ( 1989 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn - on '' . Evening Tribune . p. C - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Earth Station Is Very Popular Dish '' . Reading Eagle . Kansas City , Missouri . 21 December 1980 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Andree ( 10 October 1993 ) . `` Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models '' . The Baltimore Sun . Baltimore , MD : The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nye , Doug ( 14 January 1990 ) . `` SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S '' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City : Deseret News . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ku - Band Satellite TV : Theory , Installation and Repair . Frank Baylin et al. ISBN 9780917893148 ^ Jump up to : Stecklow , Steve ( 1984 - 07 - 07 ) . `` America 's Favorite Dish '' . The Miami Herald . Knight - Ridder News Service . p. 1C .",
"61": "Jump up ^ Reibstein , Larry ( 1981 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . ^ Jump up to : Dawidziak , Mark ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . p. F - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadband Cable 10th Anniversary '' . TinyPic . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Industry History '' . sbca.com . Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association . 2014 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stecklow , Steve ( 1984 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Research Needed in Buying Dish : High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer '' . Wichita Eagle . Knight - Ridder News Service . p. 6C . ^ Jump up to : Takiff , Jonathan ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Satellite TV Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends '' . Chicago Tribune . Knight - Ridder Newspapers . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ron ( 1985 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Direct - Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . C01 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Rick ; Borowski , Neill ( April 29 , 1986 ) . `` On The Trail Of ' Captain Midnight ' '' . Philly . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paradise , Paul R. ( 1 January 1999 ) . Trademark Counterfeiting , Product Piracy , and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 147 . ISBN 1567202500 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates '' .",
"62": "San Francisco Chronicle . United Press International . 1988 - 11 - 03 . p . E3 . ^ Jump up to : Article STATUTE - 106 - Pg1460. pdf , Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 , Act No. 1460 of 8 October 1992 ( in English ) . Retrieved on 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988 - 109B NORAD 19688 '' . N2YO. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , August E. Communication Technology Update ( 10th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 81475 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bell - Jones , Robin ; Berbner , Jochen ; Chai , Jianfeng ; Farstad , Thomas ; Pham , Minh ( June 2001 ) . `` High Technology Strategy and Entrepreneurship '' ( PDF ) . INSEAD journal . Fontainebleau : INSEAD . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mirabito , M. , & Morgenstern , B. ( 2004 ) . Satellites : Operations and Applications . The New Communication Technologies ( fifth edition ) . Burlington : Focal Press . ^ Jump up to : Khaplil , Vidya R. ; Bhalachandra , Anjali R. ( April 2008 ) . Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks . New Delhi : Allied Publishers . p. 119 . ISBN 1466651709 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rain fade : satellite TV signal and adverse weather '' . Dish-cable.com . Dish-cable.com. 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Early British Television : Baird , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Pre-1935 , Television History : The First 75 Years . The French model shown does not appear to have entered production .",
"63": "Jump up ^ Pre-1935 Baird Sets : UK , that produced a red postage - stamp size image , enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass . The Televisor sold in 1930 -- 1933 is considered the Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Telefunken , Early Electronic TV Gallery , Early Television Foundation . Jump up ^ 1934 -- 35 Telefunken , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ 1936 French Television , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ 1936 Baird T5 , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Communicating Systems , Inc. , Early Electronic TV Gallery , Early Television Foundation . Jump up ^ America 's First Electronic Television Set , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ American TV Prices , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Annual Television Sales in USA , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Number of TV Households in America , Television History : The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's oldest colour telly ' still going strong ' 42 years on , says 69 - year - old owner '' . Daily Mail . London . November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook - Up '' , The New York Times , September 4 , 1951 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Television Highlights '' , The Washington Post , September 4 , 1951 , p . B13 . Jump up ^ `` Coast to Coast Television '' ( CBS advertisement ) , The Wall Street Journal , September 4 , 1951 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Lachenbruch , David ( 1984 ) , `` New digital receivers deliver ultimate TV '' . Popular Science , June 1984 , p. 56 . Further reading ( edit ) Abramson , Albert . The History of Television , 1880 to 1941 . ( 1987 ) . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 284 - 9 . Abramson , Albert .",
"64": "The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 . ( 2003 ) . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 8 . Beyer , Rick , The Greatest Stories Never Told : 100 tales from history to astonish , bewilder , & stupefy , A&E Television Networks , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 001401 - 6 . Burns , R.W. Television : An international history of the formative years . ( 1998 ) . IEE History of Technology Series , 22 . London : IEE . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 914 - 7 . Cavendish , Marshall ( Corp ) , Inventors and Inventions , Marshall Cavendish , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7763 - 2 . Dunlap , Orrin E. The Future of Television . New York and London : Harper Brothers , 1942 . Everson , George ( 1949 ) , The Story of Television , The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 06042 - 7 , 266 pages . Fisher , David E. and Marshall Jon Fisher . Tube : the Invention of Television . ( 1996 ) . Washington : Counterpoint . ISBN 1 - 887178 - 17 - 1 . Hart , Jeffrey A. , Television , technology , and competition : HDTV and digital TV in the United States , Western Europe , and Japan , New York : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82624 - 1 Huurdeman , Anton A. , The worldwide history of telecommunications , Wiley - IEEE , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 20505 - 2 . Lohr , Lenox , Television Broadcasting . New York : McGraw Hill , 1940 . Meyrowitz , Joshua ( 1985 ) . No Sense of Place , Oxford University Press , New York . Shiers , George . Early Television : A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 .",
"65": "( 1997 ) . Garland Reference Library of Social Science . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7782 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Links related to the development or history of television NAB : How It All Got Started Mechanical TV and Illusion Generators including a description of what mechanical TV viewing was like History of television -- Includes a systematic collection of early texts on `` seeing at a distance by electricity '' History of European Television -- online exhibition Journal of European Television History and Culture Television history -- inventors including a timeline Technology Review -- Who Really Invented Television ? Who Invented Television -- Reconciling The Historical Origins of Electronic Video Photos of early TV receivers Early television museum ( extensive online presence ) Ed Reitan 's Color Television History Erics Vintage Television Sets Detailed timeline of communications media ( including the TV ) The History of Australian Television EUscreen : Discover Europe 's television heritage A Visit to Our Studios : a television program exploring the studios at Johns Hopkins University in 1951 Archive of American Television ( information and links to videotaped oral history interviews with TV legends and pioneers ) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives History of West Australian Television MZTV Museum of Television & Archive Television Early Patents and Inventions Littleton , Cynthia . `` Happy 70th Birthday , TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1 , 1941 ; Variety calls it ' corney ' '' , Variety , July 1 , 2011 . WebCitation archive . Booknotes interview with Daniel Stashower on The Boy Genius and the Mogul : The Untold Story of Television , July 21 , 2002 .",
"66": "History of TV Infographic Broadcast video formats ( hide ) Television Analog 525 lines System M NTSC NTSC - J PAL - M 625 lines PAL System B System D System G System H System I System K PAL - N PALplus SECAM System B System D System G System K System L ( SECAM - L ) Audio BTSC ( MTS ) EIAJ NICAM SAP Sound - in - Syncs Zweikanalton ( A2 / IGR ) Hidden signals Captioning CGMS - A EPG GCR PDC Teletext VBI VEIL VIT VITC WSS XDS Historical Pre-1940 Mechanical television 180 - line 405 - line System A 441 - line 819 - line MAC MUSE Digital Interlaced SDTV 480i 576i HDTV 1080i Progressive LDTV 1seg 240p 288p EDTV 480p 576p HDTV 720p 1080p UHDTV 2160p 4320p MPEG - 2 standards ATSC DVB ISDB DTMB DVB 3D - TV MPEG - 4 AVC standards ATSC A / 72 DMB DTMB DVB SBTVD 1seg HEVC standards ATSC 3.0 Audio AC - 3 ( 5.",
"67": "1 ) DTS MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II MPEG Multichannel PCM LPCM AAC HE - AAC Hidden signals AFD Broadcast flag Captioning CPCM EPG Teletext Technical issues 14 : 9 compromise Broadcast - safe Digital cinema ( DCI ) Display motion blur Moving image formats MPEG transport stream Reverse Standards Conversion Standards conversion Television transmitter Video on demand Video processing Widescreen signaling Templates ( Analogue TV Topics ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K.",
"68": "Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_television&oldid=838235565 '' Categories : History of television Television pioneers Experimental television stations Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands ភាសា ខ្មែរ Română සිංහල Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 19 : 21 .",
"69": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays on the tv show the resident
|
[
"Matt Czuchry",
"Emily VanCamp",
"Manish Dayal",
"Shaunette Renée Wilson",
"Bruce Greenwood",
"Moran Atias",
"Merrin Dungey",
"Melina Kanakaredes"
] |
{
"0": "The Resident ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Resident ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Resident Genre Medical drama Created by Amy Holden Jones Hayley Schore Roshan Sethi Starring Matt Czuchry Emily VanCamp Manish Dayal Shaunette Renée Wilson Bruce Greenwood Moran Atias Merrin Dungey Melina Kanakaredes Composer ( s ) Jon Ehrlich Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Amy Holden Jones Antoine Fuqua Phillip Noyce Oly Obst David Boorstein Todd Harthan Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuqua Films 3 Arts Entertainment Up Island Films Nickels Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) The Resident is an American medical drama television series created by Amy Holden Jones , Hayley Schore and Roshan Sethi . The pilot was ordered to series by Fox on May 10 , 2017 . It premiered on January 21 , 2018 , as a midseason entry in the 2017 -- 18 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Broadcast 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt Czuchry as Senior Resident Dr. Conrad Hawkins Emily VanCamp as Nurse Nicolette `` Nic '' Nevin , a nurse practitioner . Manish Dayal as Dr. Devon Pravesh Shaunette Renée Wilson as Dr. Mina Okafor Bruce Greenwood as Dr.",
"1": "Randolph Bell , chief of surgery Moran Atias as Renata Morali Merrin Dungey as Claire Thorpe Melina Kanakaredes as Dr. Lane Hunter Recurring ( edit ) Elizabeth Faith Ludlow as Dr. Cara Ramirez Violett Beane as Lily Kendall Warren Christie as Dr. Jude Silva Tasso Feldman as Dr. Irving Feldman Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Was not credited in the pilot episode , but has been main cast credited since the second episode , `` Independence Day '' . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones & Hayley Schore & Roshan Sethi January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1LAP01 8.65 `` Independence Day '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 1LAP02 4.70 `` Comrades in Arms '' Rob Corn Andrew Chapman January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 1LAP03 4.75 `` Identity Crisis '' Bill D'Elia Elizabeth J.B.",
"2": "Klaviter February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 1LAP04 4.87 5 `` None the Wiser '' James Roday Todd Harthan & Tianna Majumdar - Langham & Chris Bessounian February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1LAP05 3.86 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' David Rodriguez Nkechi Okoro Carroll March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1LAP06 4.08 7 `` The Elopement '' Rob Corn Kevin Falls March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1LAP07 3.80 8 `` Family Affair '' Thomas Carter Story by : Kevin Falls Teleplay by : Nkechi Okoro Carroll & Zachary Lutsky March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1LAP12 4.22 9 `` Lost Love '' Bronwen Hughes Amy Holden Jones March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1LAP08 4.21 10 `` Haunted '' David Crabtree Andrew Chapman April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1LAP09 4.30 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' Liz Allen Elizabeth J.B.",
"3": "Klaviter & Peter Chen April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1LAP10 3.96 12 `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' TBA TBA April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1LAP11 TBD 13 `` Run , Doctor , Run '' TBA TBA May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1LAP13 TBD Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series is shown on Seven Network in Australia and City in Canada . In Latin America in May through FOX . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 21 , 2018 2.6 / 10 8.65 0.8 2.83 3.4 11.48 `` Independence Day '' January 22 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.70 0.8 2.77 1.8 7.47 `` Comrades in Arms '' January 29 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.75 0.9 3.04 1.9 7.79 `` Identity Crisis '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.87 0.8 2.95 1.9 7.82 5 `` None the Wiser '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.86 0.9 3.24 1.7 7.10 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' March 5 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.08 0.",
"4": "7 2.98 1.6 7.05 7 `` The Elopement '' March 12 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.80 0.7 2.90 1.5 6.70 8 `` Family Affair '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Lost Love '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.21 0.7 2.90 1.6 7.11 10 `` Haunted '' April 16 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.30 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' April 23 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 59 % based on 17 reviews , with an average rating of 4.89 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With sporadic amusement and a handful of decent performances , The Resident drifts between medical melodrama and hospital horror with often unintentionally funny results . '' On Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating to reviews , assigned a weight average score of 54 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Medical Drama Pilot From Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua Gets Fox Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' LA To Vegas ' & ' The Resident ' Get Premiere Dates On Fox '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) .",
"5": "`` Matt Czuchry To Star In ' The Resident ' Fox Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emily VanCamp To Star In ' The Resident ' Fox Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Manish Dayal Stars , Bruce Greenwood Co-Stars In Fox Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Shaunette Renée Wilson Joins ' The Resident ' Fox Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Resident : Violett Beane Set To Recur In New Fox Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust down , final NFC Championship numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 .",
"6": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( RES - 111 ) `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( RES - 113 ) `` Run , Doctor , Run '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat prescription !",
"7": "New US medical drama The Resident coming to Seven '' . Mediaweek . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . City Watch Full TV Episodes Online & See TV Schedule . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Canal Fox '' . Twitter Canal Fox . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' .",
"8": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Resident on IMDb ( hide ) Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ;",
"9": "since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) LA to Vegas ( since 2018 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell & Back ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"10": "php?title=The_Resident_(TV_series)&oldid=838532599 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs American medical television series Television shows set in Atlanta Fox network shows Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8635293627598264071
|
who is the real killer in basic instinct 2
|
[
"Catherine Tramell",
"Catherine Tramell"
] |
{
"0": "Catherine Tramell - wikipedia Catherine Tramell Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catherine Tramell Basic Instinct character Sharon Stone as Catherine Tramell in Basic Instinct First appearance Basic Instinct Last appearance Basic Instinct 2 Portrayed by Sharon Stone Information Occupation Novelist Femme fatale Significant other ( s ) Nick Curran ( Basic Instinct ) Michael Glass ( Basic Instinct 2 ) M.O. Seducing and manipulating her victims Stabbing murders with an ice pick Catherine Tramell is a fictional character and main antagonist in the film Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) and its sequel , Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) . Catherine , created by writer Joe Eszterhas , is played by Sharon Stone in both films . In Basic Instinct , Tramell is a serial killer and love interest of washed - up detective Nick Curran ; Basic Instinct 2 pairs her with the similarly troubled British psychologist Michael Glass . One European critic defined Catherine Tramell as `` a mix between the classic femme fatale and the new psycho killers , one of the most evil characters ever created , on Hannibal Lecter 's level '' . She was nominated to be a member of the American Film Institute 's `` Best Villains '' list . She was also included as one of the best 250 fiction villains ever created . In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly named her one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Basic Instinct 1.2 Basic Instinct 2 2 Tramell 's victims in Basic Instinct 3 References 4 External links Appearances ( edit ) Basic Instinct ( edit ) Basic Instinct establishes Tramell as a successful crime novelist who is connected to the violent stabbing death of a washed up rock musician , Johnny Boz who was found in his bed tied to the bed posts with a white silk scarf . She is subsequently investigated by San Francisco homicide detectives Nick Curran ( Michael Douglas ) and Gus Moran ( George Dzundza ) , who learn that Boz died in exactly the same manner as a character in Tramell 's most recent novel . Tramell shows little emotion upon hearing of Boz 's death and , under questioning by the police , behaves provocatively ; in the film 's most famous scene , Tramell re-crosses her legs to show that she is not wearing underwear beneath her short skirt . Curran looks into Tramell 's troubled history and links her to the deaths of her parents , her counselor at UC Berkeley , and her former fiancé ; she also has a habit of befriending imprisoned murderers . However , when he confronts Tramell , she taunts him with knowledge of his drug addiction . Thinking that Tramell received the confidential information from an adversarial Internal Affairs investigator , Marty Nilsen , a violent Curran gets himself suspended and falls into a drunken stupor . After Nilsen is found dead , he becomes the prime suspect . Curran , increasingly seduced by Tramell , becomes sexually involved with her ; she tells him that he will be the basis of the character in her next novel . A torrid affair between Nick and Catherine begins with the air of a cat - and - mouse game . Nick shows up at a club and witness her sniffing coke in a bathroom stall . Later , they have sex at Catherine 's apartment . During sex , Catherine ties Nick up with a white silk scarf as Nick watches her in terror and she rides him just like she did Johny Boz but does not kill him . Tramell 's lesbian lover , Roxy , unsuccessfully attempts to kill Curran and dies in a car crash .",
"2": "Tramell 's apparent grief over Roxy 's death leads Curran to doubt her guilt . Curran then learns that as a college student , Tramell had a lesbian encounter with Beth Garner , a police psychologist he previously had an affair with . Upon finding the manuscript to Tramell 's latest novel , Curran realizes that Moran is in danger ; he is too late to stop Moran 's apparent murder by Garner , whom he shoots when he thinks she is retrieving a weapon . Evidence collected in Beth 's apartment points to her as the killer of Boz , Nilsen , Moran , and her own husband . She is ultimately branded as the killer . Curran is left confused and dejected , knowing from the manuscript that Tramell was involved in Moran 's murder and somehow set up Garner . When he tries to confront her , the two end up making love . During a session of pillow talk , Tramell reaches for something under the bed before abruptly resuming sex . The camera pans below the bed to show Tramell 's weapon of choice -- an ice pick -- showing that she wants to kill Curran . Basic Instinct 2 ( edit ) Fifteen years after the events of the first movie , Tramell speeds through London in a sports car with Kevin Franks , an English football player . After taking Franks ' hand to masturbate herself and reach climax , Tramell crashes the car into the Thames river and ultimately leaves Franks to drown . When Scotland Yard finds evidence of her culpability in the death , Tramell is made to take therapy sessions with a court - appointed psychologist , Dr. Michael Glass ( David Morrissey ) . At her trial , Glass testifies that Tramell is a narcissist who suffers from a pathological `` risk addiction '' , showing no regard for right or wrong . However , Glass ' testimony is deemed insufficient , and Tramell goes free . Tramell begins playing mind games with Glass , who finds himself becoming both frustrated and increasingly intrigued by her . Eventually , he succumbs to temptation and begins an illicit affair with Tramell . However , following the murder of his ex-wife's partner -- a journalist planning to write a negative story about Glass -- he suspects that she is trying to frame him for the killing .",
"3": "As more people close to Glass turn up dead , his obsession with Tramell grows to the point where it threatens his career and livelihood . Eventually , Glass himself can no longer tell right from wrong as the police suspect him of involvement in the crimes . During Glass ' confrontation with Tramell , she reveals that her latest novel is based on the present situation , featuring characters based on herself , Glass , and the victims . Tramell suggests that her next victim is Glass ' colleague , Dr. Gardosh ( Charlotte Rampling ) . However , this turns out to be a ruse tricking Glass into having a violent confrontation with Gardosh and subsequently shooting Detective Spt . Roy Washburn ( David Thewlis ) , the officer investigating the murders . Glass is subsequently committed to a mental hospital , where Tramell claims that she manipulated him into committing the crimes . A stymied Glass is left to silently rage at his predicament .",
"4": "Tramell 's victims in Basic Instinct ( edit ) Prior to and during Basic Instinct , the following people met a violent death , almost all of them killed by Catherine : Name Identity Method Supposed Motive Deaths prior to Basic Instinct Marvin and Elaine Tramell Catherine 's parents Boat explosion To see if she could get away with it , inheritance Noah Goldstein Catherine 's college counselor Stabbed with an ice pick Unknown Manny Vásquez Catherine 's fiance Killed in the ring during a ( possibly rigged ) boxing match N / A Joseph Garner Elizabeth Garner 's husband Shot during a drive - by shooting To get back at Elizabeth Deaths during Basic Instinct Johnny Boz Catherine 's boyfriend Stabbed with an ice pick during sexual intercourse To copy her novel and give herself an alibi Roxy Catherine 's lesbian lover Car accident while being pursued by Nick N / A Officer Martin Nilsen SFPD Internal Affairs officer Shot in the head To put Nick in the same situation as her Gus Moran Nick 's partner Stabbed with an ice pick in an elevator Copying her newest book Elizabeth Garner Her and Nick 's former lover Shot by Nick N / A A potential victim of hers is Nick Curran , who is almost stabbed during the film 's final scenes . The ending is ambiguous : either Catherine retires from her criminal career for good or only postpones killing Nick . Incidentally , Nick Curran has disappeared by the second movie . During an interview in Spain , Sharon Stone commented that `` poor Nick is dead , '' implying with a swift stabbing motion that an ice pick was indeed used . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years : Here 's our full list ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .",
"5": "External links ( edit ) Catherine Tramell on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Tramell&oldid=807028647 '' Categories : Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters from San Francisco Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional psychologists Fictional serial killers Fictional writers Thriller film characters Narcissism in fiction Fictional cocaine users Psychopathy in fiction Fictional LGBT characters in film Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français ქართული Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what effect did russia's signing of the treaty of brest-litovsk have on wwi
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"ended Russia's participation in World War I"
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{
"0": "Treaty of Brest - Litovsk - wikipedia Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Ukraine -- Central Powers ) , a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , in ( from left to right ) German , Hungarian , Bulgarian , Ottoman Turkish and Russian Signed 3 March 1918 ( during the First World War ) Location Brest - Litovsk , Bialystok - Grodno District ( Ukraine under German occupation ) Condition Ratification Signatories Germany Austria - Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russian SFSR Languages Bulgarian German Hungarian Russian Ottoman Turkish en : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk at Wikisource The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers ( Germany , Austria - Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire ) , that ended Russia 's participation in World War I . The treaty was signed at Brest - Litovsk ( Polish : Brześć Litewski ; since 1945 Brest ) , after two months of negotiations . The treaty was agreed upon by the Bolshevik government to stop further advances by German and Austro - Hungarian forces . According to the treaty , Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia 's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance . In the treaty , Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany ; they were meant to become German vassal states under German princelings . Russia also ceded its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire and recognized the independence of Ukraine . According to Spencer Tucker , a historian of World War I , `` The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator . ''",
"1": "Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty , as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives , which in turn led to Polish protests . When Germans later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was too harsh on them , the Allied Powers ( and historians favorable to the Allied Powers ) responded that it was more benign than Brest - Litovsk . The treaty was effectively terminated in November 1918 , when Germany surrendered to the Allies . However , in the meantime , it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks , already fighting the Russian Civil War , by the renunciation of Russia 's claims on modern - day Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Ukraine and Lithuania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Peace negotiations 3 The terms of the Treaty 3.1 Signing 3.2 Territorial cessions in eastern Europe 3.3 Transfer of territory to the Ottoman Empire 3.4 Russian - German financial agreement of August 1918 4 Lasting effects 5 Portraits 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War I ) and Russian Revolution By 1917 , Germany and Imperial Russia were stuck in a stalemate on the Eastern Front of World War I and the Russian economy had nearly collapsed under the strain of the war effort . The large numbers of war casualties and persistent food shortages in the major urban centers brought about civil unrest , known as the February Revolution , that forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate . The Russian Provisional Government that replaced the Tsar ( initially presided by prince Georgy Lvov , later by Alexander Kerensky ) , decided to continue the war on the Entente side . Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov sent the Entente Powers a telegram , known as Milyukov note , affirming to them that the Provisional Government would continue the war with the same war aims that Imperial Russia did . The pro-war Provisional Government was opposed by the self - proclaimed Petrograd Soviet of Workers ' and Soldiers ' Deputies , dominated by leftist parties . Its Order No. 1 called for an overriding mandate to soldier committees rather than army officers .",
"2": "The Soviet started to form its own paramilitary power , the Red Guards , in March 1917 . The continuing war led the German Government to agree to a suggestion that they should favor the opposition Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) , who were proponents of Russia 's withdrawal from the war . Therefore , in April 1917 , Germany transported Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin and thirty - one supporters in a sealed train from exile in Switzerland to Finland . Upon his arrival in Petrograd , Lenin proclaimed his April Theses , which included a call for turning all political power over to workers ' and soldiers ' soviets ( councils ) and an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war . Throughout 1917 , Bolsheviks called for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and an end to the war . Following the disastrous failure of the Kerensky Offensive , discipline in the Russian army deteriorated completely . Soldiers would disobey orders , often under the influence of Bolshevik agitation , and set up soldiers ' committees to take control of their units after deposing the officers . Russian and German soldiers occasionally fraternized . The defeat and ongoing hardships of war led to anti-government riots in Petrograd , the `` July Days '' of 1917 . Several months later , on 7 November ( 25 October old style ) , Red Guards seized the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government in what is known as the October Revolution . A top priority of the newly established Soviet government was to end the war . On 8 November 1917 ( 26 October 1917 O.S ) Vladimir Lenin signed the Decree on Peace , which was approved by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers ' , Soldiers ' , and Peasants ' Deputies . The Decree called `` upon all the belligerent nations and their governments to start immediate negotiations for peace '' and proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I. Leon Trotsky was appointed Commissar of Foreign Affairs in the new Bolshevik government . In preparation for peace talks with the representatives of the German government and the representatives of the other Central Powers , Leon Trotsky appointed his good friend , Adolph Joffe , to represent the Bolsheviks at the peace conference . Peace negotiations ( edit ) Lev Kamenev arrives at Brest - Litovsk . Trotsky greeted by German officers .",
"3": "Special edition of the Lübeckischen Anzeigen , Headline : `` Peace with Ukraine '' . On 15 December 1917 , an armistice between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers was concluded . On 22 December , peace negotiations began in Brest - Litovsk . Arrangements for the conference were the responsibility of General Max Hoffmann , chief of staff of the Central Powers ' forces on their Eastern Front ( Oberkommando - Ostfront ) . The delegations that had negotiated the armistice were made stronger . Prominent additions on the Central Powers ' side were the foreign ministers of Germany Richard von Kühlmann and of Austria - Hungary Count Ottokar Czernin , both the Ottoman grand vizier Talat Pasha and Foreign Minister Nassimy Bey . The Bulgarians were headed by Minister of Justice Popoff , who was later joined by Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov . The Russian delegation was led by Adolph Joffe who had already led their armistice negotiators , but his group was made more cohesive by eliminating most of the representatives of social groups , like peasants and sailors , and the addition of tsarist general Aleksandr Samoilo and the noted Marxist historian Mikhail Pokrovsky . It still included as the representative for women Anastasia Bizenko , who had assassinated a high Imperial official . Again the negotiators met in the fortress in Brest Litovsk , while the delegates were housed in temporary wooden structure in its courtyards , because the city had been burnt to the ground in 1915 by the retreating Russian army . They were cordially welcomed by the commander of the Eastern Front , Prince Leopold of Bavaria , who sat with Joffe on the head table at the opening banquet with one hundred guests . As they had during the armistice negotiations both sides continued to eat dinner and supper together amicably intermingled in the officer 's mess . When the conference convened Kühlmann asked Joffe to present the Russian conditions for peace . He made six points , all variations of the Bolshevik slogan of peace with `` no annexations or indemnities '' . The Central Powers accepted these principles `` but only in case all belligerents ( including the nations of the Entente ) without exception pledge themselves to do the same '' .",
"4": "They did not intend to annex territories occupied by force . Joffe telegraphed this marvelous news to Petrograd . Thanks to informal chatting in the mess , one of Hoffmann 's aides , Colonel Friedrich Brinckmann , realized that the Russians had optimistically misinterpreted the Central Power 's meaning . It fell to Hoffmann to set matters straight at dinner on 27 December : Poland , Lithuania and Courland , already occupied by the Central Powers , were determined to separate from Russia , on the principle of self - determination that the Bolsheviks themselves espoused . Joffe `` looked as if he had received a blow on the head '' . Pokrovsky wept as he asked how they could speak of `` peace without annexations when Germany was tearing eighteen provinces away from the Russian state '' . The Germans and Austro - Hungarian planned to annex slices of Polish territory and to set up a rump Polish state with what remained , while the Baltic provinces were to become client states ruled by German princes . Czernin was beside himself with this hitch that was slowing the negotiations ; self - determination was anathema to his government and they urgently needed grain from the east because Vienna was on the verge of starvation . He proposed to make a separate peace . Kühlmann warned that if they negotiated separately Germany would immediately withdraw all its divisions from the Austrian front ; Czernin dropped that threat . The food crisis in Vienna was eventually eased by `` forced drafts of grain from Hungary , Poland , and Romania and by a last moment contribution from Germany of 450 truck - loads of flour '' , At the Russian request they agreed to recess the talks for twelve days . The Russians only hopes were that given time their allies would agree to join the negotiations or that the western European proletariat would revolt , so their best strategy was to prolong the negotiations . As Foreign Minister Leon Trotsky wrote `` To delay negotiations , there must be someone to do the delaying '' . Therefore Trotsky replaced Joffe as the leader . On the other side there were significant political realignments . On New Year 's Day in Berlin the Kaiser insisted that Hoffmann reveal his views on the future German - Polish border . He advocated taking a small slice of Poland ; Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted much more .",
"5": "They were furious with Hoffmann for breaching the chain of command and wanted him dismissed and sent to command a division . The Kaiser refused , but Ludendorff no longer spoke with Hoffmann on the telephone , now communication was through an intermediary . The German Supreme Commanders were also furious at ruling out of annexations , contending that the peace `` must increase Germany 's material power '' . They denigrated Kühlmann and pressed for additional territorial acquisitions . When Hindenburg was asked why they needed the Baltic states he replied , `` To secure my left flank for when the next war happens . '' However the most profound transformation was that a delegation from the Ukrainian Rada , which had declared independence from Russia , had arrived at Brest - Litovsk . They would make peace if they were given the Polish city of Cholm and its surroundings , and then would provide desperately needed grain . Czernin no longer was desperate for a prompt settlement with the Russians . When they reconvened Trotsky declined the invitation to meet Prince Leopold and terminated shared meals and other sociable interactions with the representatives of the Central Powers . Day after day Trotsky `` engaged Kühlmann in debate , rising to subtle discussion of first principles that ranged far beyond the concrete territorial issues that divided them '' . The Central Powers signed a peace treaty with Ukraine during the night of 8 -- 9 February , even though the Russians had retaken Kiev . German and Austro - Hungarian troops entered Ukraine to prop up the Rada . Finally Hoffmann broke the impasse with the Russians by focusing the discussion on maps of the future boundaries . Trotsky summarized their situation `` Germany and Austria - Hungary are cutting off from the domains of the former Russian Empire territories more than 150,000 square kilometers in size . '' He was granted a nine day recess for the Russians to decide whether to sign . In Petrograd Trotsky argued passionately against signing , proposing that instead `` they should announce the termination of the war and demobilization without signing any peace . '' Lenin was for signing rather than having an even more ruinous treaty forced on them after a few more weeks of military humiliation . The `` Left Communists '' , led by Nikolai Bukharin and Karl Radek , were sure that Germany , Austria , Turkey , and Bulgaria were all on the verge of revolution .",
"6": "They wanted to continue the war with a newly - raised revolutionary force while awaiting for these upheavals . Consequently Lenin agreed to Trotsky 's formula -- a position summed up as `` no war -- no peace '' -- which was announced when the negotiators reconvened on 10 February 1918 . The Russians thought their stalling was succeeding until 16 February when Hoffmann notified them that the war would resume in two days , when fifty - three divisions advanced against the near - empty Russian trenches . On the night of 18 February the Central Committee supported Lenin 's resolution that they sign the treaty by a margin of seven to five . Hoffmann kept advancing until 23 February when he presented new terms that included the withdrawal of all Russian troops from Ukraine and Finland . They were give 48 hours to decide . Lenin told the Central Committee that `` you must sign this shameful peace in order to save the world revolution '' . If they did not agree he would resign . He was supported by six Central Committee members , opposed by three , with Trotsky and three others abstaining . Trotsky resigned as foreign minister and was replaced by Grigori Sokolnikov . When Sokolnikov arrived at Brest - Litovsk he declared `` we are going to sign immediately the treaty presented to us as an ultimatum but at the same time refuse to enter into any discussion of its terms '' . The treaty was signed at 17 : 50 on 3 March 1918 . The terms of the treaty ( edit ) Signing of armistice between Russia and Germany Signing ( edit ) Borders drawn up in Brest - Litovsk . The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918 . The signatories were Bolshevik Russia signed by Grigori Yakovlovich Sokolnikov on the one side and the German Empire , Austria - Hungary , Bulgaria , and Ottoman Empire on the other . The treaty marked Russia 's final withdrawal from World War I as an enemy of her co-signatories , on severe terms . In all , the treaty took away territory that included a quarter of the population and industry of the former Russian Empire and nine - tenths of its coal mines .",
"7": "Territorial cessions in Eastern Europe ( edit ) Russia renounced all territorial claims in Finland ( which it had already acknowledged ) , Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) , Belarus , and Ukraine . The territory of the Kingdom of Poland was not mentioned in the treaty , because Russian Poland had been a personal possession of the Tsar , not part of the Empire . The treaty stated that `` Germany and Austria - Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these territories in agreement with their populations . '' Most of these territories were in effect ceded to Germany , which intended to have them become economic and political dependencies . The many ethnic German residents ( volksdeutsch ) would be the ruling elite . New monarchies were created in Lithuania and the United Baltic Duchy ( which comprised the modern countries of Latvia and Estonia ) . The German aristocrats Wilhelm Karl , Duke of Urach ( in Lithuania ) , and Adolf Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( in the United Baltic Duchy ) , were appointed as rulers . This plan was detailed by German Colonel General Erich Ludendorff , who wrote , `` German prestige demands that we should hold a strong protecting hand , not only over German citizens , but over all Germans . '' The occupation of Western Russia ultimately proved a costly blunder for Berlin as over one million German troops lay sprawled out from Poland nearly to the Caspian Sea , all idle and depriving Germany of badly needed manpower in France . The hopes of utilizing Ukraine 's grain and coal proved abortive and in addition , the local population became increasingly upset at the occupying army . Revolts and guerrilla warfare began breaking out all over the occupied zone , many of them inspired by Bolshevik agents . German troops had to intervene in Finland to put down an attempted Bolshevik coup , and Ludendorff became increasingly paranoid about his troops being affected by propaganda emanating from Moscow ; this was one of the reasons he was reluctant to transfer divisions to the Western Front . The attempt at establishing an independent Ukrainian state under German guidance was unsuccessful as well . Despite all this , Ludendorff completely ruled out the idea of marching on Moscow and Petrograd to remove the Bolshevik government from power . Germany transferred hundreds of thousands of veteran troops to the Western Front for the 1918 Spring Offensive , which shocked the Allied Powers badly , but ultimately failed .",
"8": "Some Germans later blamed the occupation for significantly weakening the Spring Offensive . Transfer of territory to the Ottoman Empire ( edit ) `` Three bones -- a bountiful tip '' , a political cartoon from 1918 by American cartoonist E.A. Bushnell . At the insistence of Talaat Pasha , the treaty declared that the territory Russia took from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) , specifically Ardahan , Kars , and Batumi , were to be returned . At the time of the treaty , this territory was under the effective control of Armenian and Georgian forces . Paragraph 3 of Article IV of the treaty states that : The districts of Erdehan , Kars , and Batum will likewise and without delay be cleared of Russian troops . Russia will not interfere in the reorganization of the national and international relations of these districts , but leave it to the population of these districts to carry out this reorganization in agreement with the neighboring States , especially with the Ottoman Empire . Russian - German financial agreement of August 1918 ( edit ) In the wake of Russian repudiation of Tsarist bonds , nationalisation of foreign - owned property and confiscation of foreign assets , Russia and Germany signed an additional agreement on 27 August 1918 . Russia agreed to pay six billion marks in compensation to German interests for their losses . Lasting effects ( edit ) `` Poland & The New Baltic States '' : a map from a 1920 British atlas , showing borders left undefined between the treaties of Brest - Litovsk , Versailles and Riga . Russia 's western border in 2014 . Thereafter the Crimea has come under Russian administration The Treaty meant that Russia now was helping Germany win the war by freeing up a million German soldiers for the Western Front and by `` relinquishing much of Russia 's food supply , industrial base , fuel supplies , and communications with Western Europe . '' According to historian Spencer Tucker , the Allied Powers felt , `` The treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War . With Brest - Litovsk the spectre of German domination in Eastern Europe threatened to become reality , and the Allies now began to think seriously about military intervention ( in Russia ) . ''",
"9": "Immediately after the signing of the treaty , Lenin moved the Soviet Russian government from Petrograd to Moscow . Trotsky blamed the peace treaty on the bourgeoisie , the social revolutionaries , Tsarist diplomats , Tsarist bureaucrats , `` the Kerenskys , Tseretelis and Chernovs '' the Tsarist regime , and the `` petty - bourgeois compromisers '' . Relations between Russia and the victors did not go smoothly . The Ottoman Empire broke the treaty by invading the newly created First Republic of Armenia in May 1918 . Joffe became the Russian ambassador to Germany . His priority was distributing propaganda to trigger the German revolution . On 4 November 1918 `` the Soviet courier 's packing - case had ' come to pieces ' '' in a Berlin railway station ; it was filled with insurrectionary documents . Joffe and his staff were ejected from Germany in a sealed train on 5 November 1918 . In the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended World War I , one clause abrogated the Brest - Litovsk treaty . Next the Bolshevik legislature ( VTsIK ) annulled the treaty on 13 November 1918 , and the text of the VTsIK Decision was printed in Pravda newspaper the next day . In the year after the armistice following a timetable set by the victors the German Army withdrew its occupying forces from the lands gained in Brest - Litovsk . The fate of the region , and the location of the eventual western border of the Soviet Union , was settled in violent and chaotic struggles over the course of the next three and a half years . The Polish -- Soviet War was particularly bitter ; it ended with the Treaty of Riga in 1921 . Although most of Ukraine fell under Bolshevik control and eventually became one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union , Poland and the Baltic states emerged as independent countries . In the Treaty of Rapallo , concluded in April 1922 , Germany accepted the Treaty 's nullification , and the two powers agreed to abandon all war - related territorial and financial claims against each other . This state of affairs lasted until 1939 .",
"10": "As a consequence of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union advanced its borders westward by invading Poland in September 1939 and taking a small part of Finland in November 1939 and annexing the Baltic States , Eastern Poland and Bessarabia in 1940 . It thus overturned almost all the territorial losses incurred at Brest - Litovsk , except for the main part of Finland , western Congress Poland , and western Armenia . The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk marked a significant contraction of the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks or that they could lay claim to as effective successors of the Russian Empire . While the independence of Finland and Poland was already accepted by them in principle , the loss of Ukraine and the Baltics created , from the Bolshevik perspective , dangerous bases of anti-Bolshevik military activity in the subsequent Russian Civil War ( 1918 -- 1922 ) . However Bolshevik control of Ukraine and Transcaucasia was at the time fragile or non existent . Many Russian nationalists and some revolutionaries were furious at the Bolsheviks ' acceptance of the treaty and joined forces to fight them . Non-Russians who inhabited the lands lost by Bolshevik Russia in the treaty saw the changes as an opportunity to set up independent states . For the Western Allied Powers , the terms that Germany imposed on Russia were interpreted as a warning of what to expect if Germany and the other Central Powers won the war . Between Brest - Litovsk and the point when the German military situation in the west became dire , some officials in the German government and high command began to favor offering more lenient terms to the Allied Powers in exchange for their recognition of German gains in the east . The maps show that Russia 's post-1991 western border bears a marked similarity to that imposed by the Brest - Litovsk treaty . Portraits ( edit ) Emil Orlik , the Viennese Secessionist artist , attended the conference , at the invitation of Richard von Kühlmann . He drew portraits of all the participants , along with a series of smaller caricatures . These were gathered together into a book , Brest - Litovsk , a copy of which was given to each of the participants .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) World War I portal History of Belarus Mitteleuropa Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( 9 February 1918 ) , signed by Ukraine Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) To whom did Brest belong in 1918 ? Argument among Ukraine , Belarus , and Germany . Ukrayinska Pravda , 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ A History of the Habsburg Empire , 1526 - 1918 By Robert A. Kann page 479 - 480 Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2005 ) . World War One . ABC - CLIO . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Mapping Europe 's Borderlands : Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire Steven Seegel - 2012 At Brest - Litovsk in March 1918 , no Polish delegation was invited to the negotiations , and in the Polish press , journalists condemned it as yet another partition of the lands east of the Bug River by great powers Jump up ^ Zara S. Steiner ( 2005 ) . The Lights that Failed : European International History , 1919 -- 1933 . Oxford U.P. p. 68 . Jump up ^ Fry , Michael Graham ; Goldstein , Erik ; Langhorne , Richard ( 2002 ) . Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy . Continuum . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , John W. ( 1938 ) . Brest - Litovsk : The forgotten peace . London : Macmillan . pp. 36 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , John W. ( 1938 ) . Brest - Litovsk : the forgotten peace , March 1918 . London : Macmillan . pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , W.B. ( 1986 ) . Passage through Armageddon . The Russians in war & revolution 1914 - 1918 . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 489 -- 491 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Czernin , Count Ottokar ( 1919 ) . In the world war . London : Cassall . p. 228 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1986 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , 1938 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Major General Max ( 1929 ) . War Diaries and other papers . 1 . London : Martin Secker . p. 209 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1989 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1989 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , 1938 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Trotsky , Leon ( 1930 ) . `` My Life '' ( PDF ) . Marxists . Charles Schribner 's Sons . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett 1938 , pp. 130 - 136 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff , General ( 1920 ) . The General Staff and its problems The history of the relations between the high command and the German Imperial Government as revealed in official documents . 2 . London : Hutchinson . p. 209 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2009 ) . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy . Basic Books . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 3885 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1989 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1989 , p. 496 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , John W. ( 1938 ) . Brest - Litovsk : the forgotten peace , March 1918 . London : Macmillan . pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ruth ( 1982 ) . Stalin and German communism : A study ion the origins of the state party . New Brunswick NJ : Transition Books . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , 1938 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Fischer , 1982 , pp. 32 - 36 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , 1938 , pp. 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ John Keegan , The First World War ( New York : Vintage Books , 2000 ) , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Shirer , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , 1960 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Ludendorff , Erich von ( 1920 ) . The General Staff and its Problems . London . p. 562 . Jump up ^ Jerald A Combs ( 2015 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy from 1895 . Routledge . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Todd Chretien ( 2017 ) . Eyewitnesses to the Russian Revolution . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Michael Senior ( 2016 ) . Victory on the Western Front : The Development of the British Army 1914 - 1918 . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2013 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . p. 608 . Jump up ^ `` LENINE 'S MIGRATION A QUEER SCENE '' , The New York Times , March 16 , 1918 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1 , 1918 TWO ROADS `` We have not forgotten , in the first place , that the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk meant the noose that was flung about our neck by the bourgeoisie and the SRs who were responsible for the offensive of June 18 . '' Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1 , 1918 THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TASKS OF THE SOVIET POWER `` Those who bear the guilt of the Brest - Litovsk peace are the Tsarist bureaucrats and diplomats who involved us in the dreadful war , squandering what the people had accumulated , robbing the people -- they who kept the working masses in ignorance and slavery . On the other hand , no less guilt rests with the compromisers , the Kerenskys , Tseretelis and Chernovs . ''",
"14": "Jump up ^ ( 3 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1 , 1918 WE NEED AN ARMY `` the entire burden of recent events , above all , the Brest peace , has fallen tragically upon us only through the previous management of affairs by the Tsarist regime and , following it , by the regime of the petty - bourgeois compromisers '' . Jump up ^ Wheeller - Bennett , 1938 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1999 ) ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Pimlico . p. 410 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6645 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jewish Museum in Prague ( 2013 - 2015 ) . Emil Orlik ( 1870 -- 1932 ) - Portraits of Friends and Contemporaries ( description of exhibition in 2004 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Further reading ( edit ) Dornik , Wolfram , and Peter Lieb . `` Misconceived realpolitik in a failing state : the political and economical fiasco of the Central Powers in the Ukraine , 1918 . '' First World War Studies 4.1 ( 2013 ) : 111 - 124 . Kennan , George . Soviet Foreign Policy 1917 -- 1941 , Kreiger Publishing Company , 1960 . Kettle , Michael . Allies and the Russian Collapse ( 1981 ) , 287p . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John . Brest - Litovsk the Forgotten Peace , March 1918 , W.W. Norton & Company , 1969 . External links ( edit ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Yale University Avalon Project ) , including links to appendices . Resolution of the Fourth All - Russian ( Extraordinary ) Soviet Congress Ratifying the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Map of Europe after the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , at omniatlas.com . World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St.",
"15": "- Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa (",
"16": "1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan",
"17": "1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution (",
"18": "1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London",
"19": "Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Treaties of Hungary 9 -- 10th century ( age of Magyars ) Legend of the white horse ( 894 ) 1000 -- 1301 ( Árpád dynasty ) Personal union of Hungary and Croatia ( 1102 ) Hungarian -- Byzantine Treaties ( 1153 -- 1167 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1271 ) 1302 -- 1526 ( Middle ages to Tripartition ) Treaty of Enns ( 1336 ) Hungarian -- Lithuanian Treaty ( 1351 ) Hungarian -- Neapolitan Treaty ( 1352 ) Treaty of Zara ( 1358 ) Treaty of Lubowla ( 1412 ) Peace of Szeged ( 1444 ) Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt ( 1463 ) Treaty of Ófalu ( 1474 ) Treaty of Brno ( 1478 ) Treaty of Piotrków ( 1479 ) Peace of Olomouc ( 1479 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1491 ) First Congress of Vienna ( 1515 ) Dual reign , Ottoman vassalship , reconquest and Napoleonic Wars ( 1526 -- 1848 ) Franco - Hungarian alliance ( 1526 ) Treaty of Nagyvárad ( 1538 ) Treaty of Gyalu ( 1541 ) Confessio Pentapolitana ( 1549 ) Treaty of Speyer ( 1570 ) Treaty of Szatmár ( 1711 ) 1526 - 1848 ( Royal Hungary to Independence ) Truce of Adrianople ( 1547 ) Treaty of Adrianople ( 1568 ) Treaty of Vienna ( 1606 ) Peace of Zsitvatorok ( 1606 ) Peace of Vasvár ( 1664 ) Holy League ( 1684",
"20": ") Treaty of Karlowitz ( 1699 ) Treaty of Passarowitz ( 1718 ) Pragmatic Sanction ( 1723 ) Treaty of Belgrade ( 1739 ) Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) First Partition of Poland ( 1772 ) Treaty of Sistova ( 1791 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 1797 ) Treaty of Schönbrunn ( 1809 ) Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) ( 1570 -- 1711 ) ( Principality of Transylvania ) Peace of Nikolsburg ( 1621 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1626 ) Treaty of Nymwegen ( 1679 ) Austria - Hungary to the end of World War I ( 1848 -- 1922 ) Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ( 1868 ) League of the Three Emperors ( 1873 ) Treaty of Bern ( 1874 ) Reichstadt Agreement ( 1876 ) Budapest Convention of 1877 ( 1877 ) Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Treaty of London ( 1913 ) Armistice of Focșani ( 1917 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Ukraine ( 1918 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( 1918 ) Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) Armistice of Villa Giusti ( 1918 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) Armistice with Romania ( 1920 ) Bill of dethronement ( 1921 ) U.S.",
"21": "-- Hungarian Peace Treaty ( 1921 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1922 ) Modern age ( 1922 -- ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary ( 1922 -- 46 ) Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic ( 1949 -- 89 ) Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary ( 1989 -- ) Treaties of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( 1299 -- 1453 ) Gallipoli Selymbria Venetian peace treaty ( 1419 ) Szeged Classical Age ( 1453 -- 1566 ) Constantinople ( 1454 ) Constantinople ( 1479 ) Constantinople ( 1533 ) Franco - Ottoman Adrianople ( 1547 ) Amasya Transformation ( 1566 - 1703 ) Adrianople ( 1568 ) Constantinople ( 1590 ) Zitvatorok Nasuh Pasha Busza Serav Khotin Zuhab Vasvár Buczacz Żurawno Bakhchisaray Karlowitz ( 1699 ) Constantinople ( 1700 ) Old Regime ( 1703 - 1789 ) Pruth Passarowitz Constantinople ( 1724 ) Ahmet Pasha Constantinople ( 1736 ) Belgrade Niš Kerden Kuçük Kaynarca Aynalıkavak Modernization ( 1789 -- 1908 ) Sistova Jassy Tripoli Tunis Paris Dardanalles Bucharest Erzurum ( 1823 ) Akkerman Adrianople ( 1829 ) Constantinople ( 1832 ) Hünkar",
"22": "İskelesi Kütahya Balta Liman London ( 1840 ) London ( 1841 ) Erzurum ( 1847 ) Paris ( 1856 ) Scutari ( 1862 ) San Stefano Berlin ( 1878 ) Cyprus Constantinople ( 1881 ) Tophane Constantinople ( 1897 ) Fall ( 1908 -- 1922 ) Ouchy London ( 1913 ) Constantinople ( 1913 ) Athens Anglo - Ottoman Convention Brest - Litovsk ( Ukraine ) Brest - Litovsk ( Russia ) Trebizond Erzincan Batum Mudros Sèvres First World War portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&oldid=835420975 '' Categories : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk World War I treaties Treaties concluded in 1918 Treaties entered into force in 1918 Peace treaties of Germany Peace treaties of Austria Peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire Peace treaties of Bulgaria Peace treaties of Russia Soviet Russia in World War I Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union Aftermath of World War I in Ukraine Germany -- Soviet Union relations Finland -- Russia relations Finland -- Soviet Union relations Treaties of the German Empire Treaties of Austria - Hungary Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Modern history of Ukraine 1918 in Belarus History of Armenia History of Georgia ( country ) Ukrainian independence movement March 1918 events Dissolution of the Russian Empire Hidden categories : Articles with Ukrainian - language external links Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Polish - language text All articles with unsourced statements",
"23": "Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska",
"24": "ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Jason Lewis ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lewis ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jason Lewis Lewis at the 10th Annual Angel Ball on October 29 , 2007 ( 1971 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Newport Beach , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , model Years active 1995 -- present Jason Lewis ( born June 25 , 1971 ) is an American actor and former fashion model . He appeared on the May 2008 cover of Men 's Fitness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Lewis was born in Newport Beach , California to Nancy , a nurse , and Gregory Lewis , a judge ; his parents are divorced . He has three siblings , Sean , Katie and Nicole . In his teens he attended Los Alamitos High School in Los Alamitos , California . He attended college at San Diego State University . After college he started modeling , first in Paris and then with star status in Milan in the late 1990s for Guess ? , Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss , among others . Career ( edit ) Lewis appeared on Beverly Hills , 90210 in 1997 , playing a love interest of character Valerie ( Tiffani - Amber Thiessen ) . His most prominent role to date was in Sex and the City , where he was a recurring member of the show 's cast in its final season as waiter turned emerging young actor Smith Jerrod , the one man whose sincerity got to Samantha . He reprised the role in 2008 's Sex and the City : The Movie and its 2010 sequel . Lewis has appeared in several films : My Bollywood Bride , a Hollywood / Bollywood romantic comedy where Lewis plays the leading man opposite Bollywood actress Kashmira Shah , and Mr.",
"1": "Brooks , a thriller , where he plays opposite Demi Moore and Kevin Costner . He is also known in Europe for playing the hunk on the Aero Advert for Aero Bubbles . After appearing on The WB 's supernatural drama Charmed , where he played the recurring role of Dex Lawson , a love interest ( and brief husband ) of Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) , it was announced on December 5 , 2006 , that he would guest - star on episodes of Brothers & Sisters as a possible love interest to Matthew Rhys ' character Kevin Walker . He signed on to do seven episodes to play Chad Barry , a closeted gay soap opera actor who finds it difficult trying to develop a relationship with Kevin while keeping his sexuality secret from the Hollywood press . He reprised the role in an episode in April 2009 . He also played a soap opera actor on two episodes of House . Lewis appears and is highlighted on the cover in the limited - edition coffee table book About Face , shot by celebrity photographer John Russo and published by Pixie Press Worldwide . Lewis is a supporter of the LGBT community . On May 10 , 2008 , he attended the 19th GLAAD Media Awards , a ceremony that celebrates gay - friendly actors and actresses as well as media outlets . Lewis appeared in the How I Met Your Mother episode `` The Wedding Bride '' as a star in a fictional film within the show . He starred in the 2011 Canadian film Textuality . In addition , he appeared as Pete in the Israeli television show , Be With Her . He recently starred as Christopher Dollanganger in If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday , the third and fourth films of the Flowers in the Attic TV film series based on the Dollanganger novel series by V.C. Andrews .",
"2": "Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 Next Stop Wonderland Rory 1999 Kimberly Scott 2000 King 's Guard , The The King 's Guard William Elite , The The Elite Jason Vision , The The Vision Blake Short film 2005 Jacket , The The Jacket Officer Harrison 2006 My Bollywood Bride Alex Kincade 2006 For One Night Mark Manning Television film 2007 Lucifer Lucifer Short film 2007 Mr. Brooks Jesse Vialo 2007 Death and Life of Bobby Z , The The Death and Life of Bobby Z Bobby Z 2007 Deadbox Aaron 2008 Attic , The The Attic John Trevor Direct - to - video 2008 Sex and the City Smith Jerrod 2009 Tribute Ford Sawyer Television film 2009 So che ritornerai Tom Television film Sex and the City 2 Smith Jerrod 2011 Textuality Breslin 2013 Pardon , The The Pardon Cowboy 2017 Running Wild Brannon Bratt Completed 2017 Palm Swings Lance 2018 Half Magic Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1995 High Sierra Search and Rescue Flynn Norstedt 6 episodes Beverly Hills , 90210 Rob Andrews 4 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Sex and the City Jerry `` Smith '' Jerrod 16 episodes 2003 CSI : Miami Jimmy Hutton Episode : `` Grand Prix '' 2005 Charmed Dex Lawson 6 episodes 2006 Evidence , The The Evidence Inspector Rourke / Officer Rourke 2 episodes 2007 , 2009 Brothers & Sisters Chad Barry 8 episodes 2007 Six Degrees Todd Episode : `` Get a Room '' 2008 House Evan Greer / Dr.",
"3": "Brock Sterling 2 episodes ( 1 uncredited ) 2008 Mogli a pezzi Elvio Giorgi Main cast 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Craig Hess Episode : `` Let It Bleed '' 2009 Eastmans , The The Eastmans Rick Green Unsold CBS pilot 2009 Rick & Steve : The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World Manfred Dax ( voice ) Episode : `` The Only Straight in the Village '' How I Met Your Mother Movie Tony Episode : `` The Wedding Bride '' 2011 Love Bites N / A Unaired pilot 2012 Watson & Oliver Various Episode # 1.1 2013 Hit the Floor Benny Episode : `` Turnover '' 2014 Be With Her Pete Evans Episode # 10 , Israeli TV show 2015 If There Be Thorns Christopher Dollanganger Lifetime Original Movie 2015 Seeds of Yesterday Christopher Dollanganger Lifetime Original Movie 2017 Midnight , Texas Joe Strong Main cast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hancock , Louise ( September 21 , 2003 ) . `` Our lad 's ABSOLUTEly Fab '' . Sunday Mirror . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived September 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Education Press : Presenting News About Worldwide Education '' . Pixiepressworldwide.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived January 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Taps Malin Akerman , Jason Lewis , Chris Kattan '' . TVGuide.com .",
"4": "External links ( edit ) Jason Lewis on IMDb Men 's Fitness interview VIAF : 76048322 LCCN : no2005049276 ISNI : 0000 0001 2018 3287 GND : 1013086791 NLA : 41897987 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lewis_(actor)&oldid=818501484 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Newport Beach , California American male film actors Male models from California American male television actors LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Activists from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from January 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what's in a beam me up scotty
|
[
"phencyclidine",
"cocaine",
"a mixture of phencyclidine and cocaine",
"a mixture of phencyclidine and cocaine"
] |
{
"0": "Beam me up , Scotty - wikipedia Beam me up , Scotty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beam me up ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beam me up , Scotty Character James T. Kirk Actor William Shatner First used in Star Trek , though not verbatim `` Beam me up , Scotty '' is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series Star Trek . It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer , Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott , when he needs to be transported back to the Starship Enterprise . Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films , the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any Star Trek television episode or film . Despite this , the quote has become a phrase of its own over time . It can be used to describe one 's desire to be elsewhere , technology such as teleportation , slang for certain drugs , or as a phrase to show appreciation and association with the television show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precise quotations 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Precise quotations ( edit ) Despite the phrase entering into popular culture , it is a misquotation and has never been said in any of the television series or films . There have , however , been several `` near misses '' of phrasing . In the Original Series episodes `` The Gamesters of Triskelion '' and `` The Savage Curtain '' , Kirk said , `` Scotty , beam us up '' ; while in the episode `` This Side of Paradise , '' Kirk simply said , `` Beam me up '' . The animated episodes `` The Lorelei Signal '' and `` The Infinite Vulcan '' used the phrasing `` Beam us up , Scotty '' . The original film series has the wording `` Scotty , beam me up '' in Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home and `` Beam them out of there , Scotty '' in Star Trek Generations .",
"1": "The complete phrase was eventually said by William Shatner in the audio adaptation of his novel Star Trek : The Ashes of Eden . James Doohan , the actor who played Scotty , later chose this phrase as the title of his autobiography . Legacy ( edit ) The popularity of the misquotation has led to many new phrases , both associated with Star Trek or otherwise . The misquotation 's influence led to James Doohan , the actor who played Scotty , to be misrepresented in his own obituary . In it , he is referenced as the character who `` responded to the command , `` Beam me up , Scotty '' , despite having never responded to this exact command in the show . The quote `` Beam me up , Scotty ! '' has been extended beyond its original meaning to describe an expression of `` the desire to be elsewhere '' , or the desire to be out of an unwanted situation . Along with this , it has been associated with things that are futuristic , such as the possibility of teleportation . The phrase has also been used as slang for certain drugs . An Oxford Reference page defined `` Beam me up , Scotty '' as `` a mixture of phencyclidine and cocaine '' and to `` talk to Scotty , high off Scotty , see Scotty ... etc . '' . In recent usage , the phrase has been referenced by Baxter County Sheriff 's drug slang defnitions . It is also referenced in the book `` Vice Slang '' by Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor , for crack cocaine , and to describe `` Beamers , Beemers '' , as those taking said drugs . The exact timing of when the phrase became popular is unclear . However , early signs of the quote 's usage to describe something separate of Star Trek can be found roughly ten years after Star Trek 's airing in 1966 , in a publication of the Royal Aeronautical Journal . It describes a certain routine as `` a sort of ' beam me up scotty ' routine ' '' . Over time , the phrase has been extended to , `` Beam me up , Scotty , there 's no intelligent life down here ! '' , popularized on bumper stickers and t - shirts , despite neither quote ever being said on the show . See also ( edit ) Misquotations James Traficant , a U.S.",
"2": "Congressman from Ohio who used the catchphrase during his service ( 1985 -- 2002 ) in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1997 to 2002 . Beam me up Scotty ( mixtape ) Beam Me Up , Scotty ( D.C. Scorpio song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beam Me Up Scotty '' . Sunday Mirror. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Beam Me Up , Scotty - TV Tropes Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( July 20 , 2005 ) . `` ' Star Trek 's ' Doohan dies , immortalized for ' Beam me up , Scotty ' '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 .",
"3": "( subscription required ) Jump up ^ http://www.legacy.com/ns/james-doohan-obituary/14596035 Jump up ^ https://greensdictofslang.com/search/basic?q=beam+me+up+scotty Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/2017/07/14/537174817/scientists-teleport-a-photon-into-space Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160921082605.htm Jump up ^ http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199829941.001.0001/acref-9780199829941-e-2583?rskey=lsCDby&result=3 Jump up ^ https://greensdictofslang.com/search/basic?q=beam+me+up+scotty Jump up ^ https://www.baxtercountysheriff.com/plugins/show_image.php?id=917 Jump up ^ https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/134109/Dalzell%2C_Victor_-_Vice_Slang.pdf Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?redir_esc=y&id=w0dWAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Beam+me+up+Scotty%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Beam+me+up+Scotty%22 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/BEAM-SCOTTY-Theres-Intelligent-Life/dp/B00NCCAV5W Jump up ^ http://www.feelingoodtees.com/BEAM-ME-UP-SCOTTY-THERES-NO-INTELLIGENT-LIFE-DOWN-HERE-T-SHIRTWHITE-INK-P2821.aspx Further reading ( edit ) Michael Quinion ( August 6 , 1996 ) . `` BEAM ME UP , SCOTTY ! '' . World Wide Words . Barbara Mikkelson ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beam Me Up , Scotty ! '' . Snopes.com .",
"4": "( hide ) Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up ,",
"5": "Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beam_me_up,_Scotty&oldid=837862380 '' Categories : Star Trek sayings Snowclones Misconceptions Words and phrases introduced in 1968 1968 in television Running gags Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Қазақша 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 13 : 54 . About Wikipedia",
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where did the legend of the easter bunny come from
|
[
"German Lutherans",
"German Lutherans"
] |
{
"0": "Easter Bunny - wikipedia Easter Bunny Jump to : navigation , search Easter Bunny A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny Grouping Legendary creature Sub grouping Animal Mythology Folkloric figure and symbol of Easter Other name ( s ) Easter Rabbit , Easter Hare Country Germany Habitat Grass The Easter Bunny ( also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare ) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter , depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs . Originating among German Lutherans , the `` Easter Hare '' originally played the role of a judge , evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide . The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes . In legend , the creature carries colored eggs in his basket , candy , and sometimes also toys to the homes of children , and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays . The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau 's De ovis paschalibus ( ' About Easter Eggs ' ) in 1682 , referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbols 1.1 Rabbits and hares 1.2 Eggs 2 Association with Ēostre 2.1 Transformed bird 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Symbols Rabbits and hares The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art . In ancient times , it was widely believed ( as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus , and Aelian ) that the hare was a hermaphrodite . The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child . It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity , as in the three hares motif . Eggs , like rabbits and hares , are fertility symbols of antiquity . Since birds lay eggs and rabbits and hares give birth to large litters in the early spring , these became symbols of the rising fertility of the earth at the Vernal Equinox .",
"1": "Rabbits and hares are both prolific breeders . Female hares can conceive a second litter of offspring while still pregnant with the first . This phenomenon is known as superfetation . Lagomorphs mature sexually at an early age and can give birth to several litters a year ( hence the saying , `` to breed like rabbits '' or `` to breed like bunnies '' ) . It is therefore not surprising that rabbits and hares should become fertility symbols , or that their springtime mating antics should enter into Easter folklore . Eggs Main articles : Easter egg and Egg decorating In addition , Orthodox churches have a custom of abstaining from eggs during the fast of Lent . The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them , and begin eating them to break the fast . As a special dish , they would probably have been decorated as part of the celebrations . Later , German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter , though they did not continue the tradition of fasting . Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color , bringing the spring into the homes , and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs . Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red , the color of blood , in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and , of the renewal of life in springtime ) . Some also use the color green , in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long - dead time of winter . The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter , known as pysanky , dates to ancient , pre-Christian times . Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures . The idea of an egg - giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century . Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the `` Osterhase '' ( sometimes spelled `` Oschter Haws '' ) . Hase means `` hare '' , not rabbit , and in Northwest European folklore the `` Easter Bunny '' indeed is a hare . According to the legend , only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter .",
"2": "Dreihasenfenster ( Window of Three Hares ) in Paderborn Cathedral in Paderborn , Germany Marshmallow bunnies and candy eggs in an Easter basket A bunny and decorated Easter eggs A chocolate Easter Bunny Chocolate Easter Bunny molds from Alsace Musée du pain d'épices Association with Ēostre In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , Jacob Grimm states `` The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me , but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara '' . This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton and Charles J Billson . In 1961 Christina Hole wrote , `` The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre ( or Eostre ) , a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn . '' The belief that Ēostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states `` ... there is no shred of evidence '' that hares were sacred to Ēostre , noting that Bede does not associate her with any animal . Transformed bird Sarah Ben Breathnach in Mrs Sharp 's Traditions ( 1990 ) provides an origin story for the Easter Bunny : `` According to legend , Eostre 's favorite animal was a large handsome bird , which in a fit of anger she turned into a hare . '' Another version of this story , in which Ēostre transforms the bird into a hare in an act of mercy , was written by Jean - Andrew Dickmann and appeared in Cricket magazine . Both Breathnach and Dickmann present their respective ' transformed bird ' stories as if they were legend , though no earlier version of either has been attested . See also Domestic and pet rabbits Easter Bilby Ēostre Mad as a March hare Osterfuchs ( Easter Fox ) ( in German ) Rabbits in the arts Rabbits in culture and literature The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs References Jump up ^ Cross , Gary ( 2004 ) . Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children 's Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195348133 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Easter Bunny - What Does He Have To Do With Easter ? , occultcenter.com Jump up ^ Franck von Franckenau , Georg ( 1682 ) . Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster - Eyern . Satyrae Medicae . XVIII . Heidelberg . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris ( 2004 ) . `` What does the Symbol Mean ? '' . Three Hares Project . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Marta Powell Harley . `` Rosalind , the hare , and the hyena in Shakespeare 's As You Like It '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Jump up ^ `` Sir Thomas Browne ( 1646 ; 6th ed. , 1672 ) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III : xvii ( pp. 162 - 166 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Three Hares as representation of the Trinity '' . Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Heller , Steven ( April 2014 ) . `` Seeing Rabbits '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 68 Issue 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Martinez - Gomez , Margarita ( September 2004 ) . `` Overlapping litters and reproductive performance in the domestic rabbit '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 82 Issue 4 ) . Physiology & Behavior . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Susan ; John Seidensticker ( 2011 ) . Rabbits : The Animal Answer Guide . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 9789 - 0 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes ! by Bridget Haggerty - Irish Culture & Customs , World Cultures European , paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent .",
"4": "Accessed 3 / 1 / 08 Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Lucie L. ( March 2005 ) . `` DYED IN Tradition '' . Academic Search Complete ( Issue 329 ) . Vegetarian Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hallett , Vicky ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Egg - cellent art '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 134 Issue 10 ) . U.S. News & World Report . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gruß vom Osterhasen : Oschter Haws Song : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE '' . Germanworldonline.com. 2011 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Easter Symbols Archived 2008 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . from Lutheran Hour Ministries . Accessed 2 / 28 / 08 Jump up ^ Charles Isaac Elton ( 1890 ) , Origins of English History Jump up ^ Charles J Billson ( 1892 ) , Folk - Lore vol 3 issue 4 Jump up ^ Christina Hole ( 1961 ) Easter and its Customs Jump up ^ Attenborough , Sir David ( Presenter ) ( April 12 , 1993 ) . Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare ( Television ) . United Kingdom : BBC . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson and Stephen Roud ( 2000 ) , A Dictionary of English Folklore Jump up ^ Sarah Ben Breathnach ( 1990 ) , Mrs Sharp 's Traditions : Reviving Victorian Family Celebrations of Comfort and Joy Jump up ^ Jean - Andrew Dickmann ( 2002 ) , The Coming of Eostre , Cricket magazine vol 29 issue 7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Bunny . Charles J. Billson . `` The Easter Hare '' . Folk - Lore . Vol. 3 , No.",
"5": "4 ( December 1892 ) . On the Bunny Trail : In Search of the Easter Bunny , Stephen Winick , Folklife Today , March 22 ,",
"6": "2016 Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival GND : 4172936 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"7": "php?title=Easter_Bunny&oldid=835456319 '' Categories : Advertising characters Christian folklore Easter traditions German folklore Holiday characters Fictional hares and rabbits Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
7,
4,
6,
1,
0,
2,
3,
5
] |
[
0,
7,
4,
6,
1
] |
8764595541108458270
|
which material is the heaviest in term of density
|
[
"Osmium",
"Osmium"
] |
{
"0": "Density - wikipedia Density Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mass density . For other uses , see Density ( disambiguation ) . Density Common symbols ρ SI unit kg / m A graduated cylinder containing various coloured liquids with different densities . The density , or more precisely , the volumetric mass density , of a substance is its mass per unit volume . The symbol most often used for density is ρ ( the lower case Greek letter rho ) , although the Latin letter D can also be used . Mathematically , density is defined as mass divided by volume : ρ = m V ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( V ) ) ) where ρ is the density , m is the mass , and V is the volume . In some cases ( for instance , in the United States oil and gas industry ) , density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume , although this is scientifically inaccurate -- this quantity is more specifically called specific weight . For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration . Different materials usually have different densities , and density may be relevant to buoyancy , purity and packaging . Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser . To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units , it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity `` relative density '' or `` specific gravity '' , i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material , usually water . Thus a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water . The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure . This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases . Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density . Increasing the temperature of a substance ( with a few exceptions ) decreases its density by increasing its volume . In most materials , heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top , due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid . This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material . The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume , a term sometimes used in thermodynamics .",
"1": "Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density ; rather it increases its mass . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Measurement of density 2.1 Homogeneous materials 2.2 Heterogeneous materials 2.3 Non-compact materials 3 Changes of density 4 Density of solutions 5 Densities 5.1 Various materials 5.2 Others 5.3 Water 5.4 Air 5.5 Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements 6 Common units 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History In a well - known but probably apocryphal tale , Archimedes was given the task of determining whether King Hiero 's goldsmith was embezzling gold during the manufacture of a golden wreath dedicated to the gods and replacing it with another , cheaper alloy . Archimedes knew that the irregularly shaped wreath could be crushed into a cube whose volume could be calculated easily and compared with the mass ; but the king did not approve of this . Baffled , Archimedes is said to have taken an immersion bath and observed from the rise of the water upon entering that he could calculate the volume of the gold wreath through the displacement of the water . Upon this discovery , he leapt from his bath and ran naked through the streets shouting , `` Eureka ! Eureka ! '' ( Εύρηκα ! Greek `` I have found it '' ) . As a result , the term `` eureka '' entered common parlance and is used today to indicate a moment of enlightenment . The story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius ' books of architecture , two centuries after it supposedly took place . Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale , saying among other things that the method would have required precise measurements that would have been difficult to make at the time . From the equation for density ( ρ = m / V ) , mass density has units of mass divided by volume . As there are many units of mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units for mass density in use .",
"2": "The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre ( kg / m ) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre ( g / cm ) are probably the most commonly used units for density. 1,000 kg / m equals 1 g / cm . ( The cubic centimeter can be alternately called a millilitre or a cc . ) In industry , other larger or smaller units of mass and or volume are often more practical and US customary units may be used . See below for a list of some of the most common units of density . Measurement of density Homogeneous materials The density at all points of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume . The mass is normally measured with a scale or balance ; the volume may be measured directly ( from the geometry of the object ) or by the displacement of a fluid . To determine the density of a liquid or a gas , a hydrometer , a dasymeter or a Coriolis flow meter may be used , respectively . Similarly , hydrostatic weighing uses the displacement of water due to a submerged object to determine the density of the object . Heterogeneous materials If the body is not homogeneous , then its density varies between different regions of the object . In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location . In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes : ρ ( r → ) = d m / d V ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ( ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ) = dm / dV ) , where d V ( \\ displaystyle dV ) is an elementary volume at position r ( \\ displaystyle r ) . The mass of the body then can be expressed as m = ∫ V ρ ( r → ) d V . ( \\ displaystyle m = \\ int _ ( V ) \\ rho ( ( \\ vec ( r ) ) ) \\ , dV . ) Non-compact materials In practice , bulk materials such as sugar , sand , or snow contain voids . Many materials exist in nature as flakes , pellets , or granules . Voids are regions which contain something other than the considered material .",
"3": "Commonly the void is air , but it could also be vacuum , liquid , solid , or a different gas or gaseous mixture . The bulk volume of a material -- inclusive of the void fraction -- is often obtained by a simple measurement ( e.g. with a calibrated measuring cup ) or geometrically from known dimensions . Mass divided by bulk volume determines bulk density . This is not the same thing as volumetric mass density . To determine volumetric mass density , one must first discount the volume of the void fraction . Sometimes this can be determined by geometrical reasoning . For the close - packing of equal spheres the non-void fraction can be at most about 74 % . It can also be determined empirically . Some bulk materials , however , such as sand , have a variable void fraction which depends on how the material is agitated or poured . It might be loose or compact , with more or less air space depending on handling . In practice , the void fraction is not necessarily air , or even gaseous . In the case of sand , it could be water , which can be advantageous for measurement as the void fraction for sand saturated in water -- once any air bubbles are thoroughly driven out -- is potentially more consistent than dry sand measured with an air void . In the case of non-compact materials , one must also take care in determining the mass of the material sample . If the material is under pressure ( commonly ambient air pressure at the earth 's surface ) the determination of mass from a measured sample weight might need to account for buoyancy effects due to the density of the void constituent , depending on how the measurement was conducted . In the case of dry sand , sand is so much denser than air that the buoyancy effect is commonly neglected ( less than one part in one thousand ) . Mass change upon displacing one void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction , if the difference in density of the two voids materials is reliably known . Changes of density Main articles : Compressibility and Thermal expansivity In general , density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature . Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material . Increasing the temperature generally decreases the density , but there are notable exceptions to this generalization .",
"4": "For example , the density of water increases between its melting point at 0 ° C and 4 ° C ; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures . The effect of pressure and temperature on the densities of liquids and solids is small . The compressibility for a typical liquid or solid is 10 bar ( 1 bar = 0.1 MPa ) and a typical thermal expansivity is 10 K . This roughly translates into needing around ten thousand times atmospheric pressure to reduce the volume of a substance by one percent . ( Although the pressures needed may be around a thousand times smaller for sandy soil and some clays . ) A one percent expansion of volume typically requires a temperature increase on the order of thousands of degrees Celsius . In contrast , the density of gases is strongly affected by pressure . The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho = ( \\ frac ( MP ) ( RT ) ) , ) where M is the molar mass , P is the pressure , R is the universal gas constant , and T is the absolute temperature . This means that the density of an ideal gas can be doubled by doubling the pressure , or by halving the absolute temperature . In the case of volumic thermal expansion at constant pressure and small intervals of temperature the temperature dependence of density is : ρ = ρ T 0 1 + α ⋅ Δ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho = ( \\ frac ( \\ rho _ ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) ( 1 + \\ alpha \\ cdot \\ Delta T ) ) ) where ρ T 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho _ ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) is the density at a reference temperature , α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) is the thermal expansion coefficient of the material at temperatures close to T 0 ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( 0 ) ) . Density of solutions The density of a solution is the sum of mass ( massic ) concentrations of the components of that solution . Mass ( massic ) concentration of each given component ρ in a solution sums to density of the solution .",
"5": "ρ = ∑ i ρ i ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho = \\ sum _ ( i ) \\ varrho _ ( i ) \\ , ) Expressed as a function of the densities of pure components of the mixture and their volume participation , it allows the determination of excess molar volumes : ρ = ∑ i ρ i V i V = ∑ i ρ i φ i = ∑ i ρ i V i ∑ i V i + ∑ i V E i ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho = \\ sum _ ( i ) \\ rho _ ( i ) ( \\ frac ( V_ ( i ) ) ( V ) ) \\ , = \\ sum _ ( i ) \\ rho _ ( i ) \\ varphi _ ( i ) = \\ sum _ ( i ) \\ rho _ ( i ) ( \\ frac ( V_ ( i ) ) ( \\ sum _ ( i ) V_ ( i ) + \\ sum _ ( i ) ( V ^ ( E ) ) _ ( i ) ) ) ) provided that there is no interaction between the components . Knowing the relation between excess volumes and activity coefficients of the components , one can determine the activity coefficients . V E _̄ i = R T ∂ ln γ i ∂ P ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ overline ( V ^ ( E ) ) ) _ ( i ) = RT ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ ln \\ gamma _ ( i ) ) ( \\ partial P ) ) ) Densities Various materials Further information : Orders of magnitude ( density ) Densities of various materials covering a range of values Material ρ ( kg / m ) Notes Hydrogen 0.0898 Helium 0.179 Aerographite 0.2 Metallic microlattice 0.9 Aerogel 1.0 Air At sea level Tungsten hexafluoride 12.4 One of the heaviest known gases at standard conditions Liquid hydrogen 70 At approx. − 255 ° C Styrofoam 75 Approx . Cork 240 Approx .",
"6": "Pine 373 Lithium 535 Wood 700 Seasoned , typical Oak 710 Potassium 860 Ice 916.7 At temperature < 0 ° C Cooking oil 910 ... 930 Sodium 970 Water ( fresh ) 1,000 At 4 ° C , the temperature of its maximum density Water ( salt ) 1,030 0.9 % Liquid oxygen 1,141 At approx. − 219 ° C Nylon 1,150 Plastics 1,175 Approx. ; for polypropylene and PETE / PVC Tetrachloroethene 1,622 Magnesium 1,740 Beryllium 1,850 Glycerol 1,261 Concrete 2,400 Silicon 2,330 Aluminium 2,700 Diiodomethane 3,325 Liquid at room temperature Diamond 3,500 Titanium 4,540 Selenium 4,800 Vanadium 6,100 Antimony 6,690 Zinc 7,000 Chromium 7,200 Tin 7,310 Manganese 7,325 Approx .",
"7": "Iron 7,870 Niobium 8,570 Brass 8,600 Cadmium 8,650 Cobalt 8,900 Nickel 8,900 Copper 8,940 Bismuth 9,750 Molybdenum 10,220 Silver 10,500 Lead 11,340 Thorium 11,700 Rhodium 12,410 Mercury 13,546 Tantalum 16,600 Uranium 18,800 Tungsten 19,300 Gold 19,320 Plutonium 19,840 Rhenium 21,020 Platinum 21,450 Iridium 22,420 Osmium 22,570 Notes : Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , all densities given are at standard conditions for temperature and pressure , that is , 273.15 K ( 0.00 ° C ) and 100 kPa ( 0.987 atm ) . ^ Jump up to : Air contained in material excluded when calculating density Others Entity ρ ( kg / m ) Notes Interstellar medium 6981099999999999999 ♠ 1 × 10 Assuming 90 % H , 10 % He ; variable T The Earth 5,515 Mean density . The inner core of the Earth 13,000 Approx. , as listed in Earth . The core of the Sun 33,000 -- 160,000 Approx . Super-massive black hole 7005900000000000000 ♠ 9 × 10 Density of a 4.5 - million - solar - mass black hole Event horizon radius is 13.5 million km . White dwarf star 7009210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 Approx .",
"8": "Atomic nuclei 7017229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 × 10 Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus Neutron star 7018100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 Stellar - mass black hole 7018100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 Density of a 4 - solar - mass black hole Event horizon radius is 12 km . Water See also : Water density Density of liquid water at 1 atm pressure Temp. ( ° C ) Density ( kg / m ) − 30 983.854 − 20 993.547 − 10 998.117 0 999.8395 999.9720 10 999.7026 15 999.1026 20 998.2071 22 997.7735 25 997.0479 30 995.6502 40 992.2 60 983.2 80 971.8 100 958.4 Notes : Jump up ^ Values below 0 ° C refer to supercooled water . Air Main article : Density of air Air density vs.",
"9": "temperature Density of air at 1 atm pressure T ( ° C ) ρ ( kg / m ) − 25 1.423 − 20 1.395 − 15 1.368 − 10 1.342 − 5 1.316 0 1.293 5 1.269 10 1.247 15 1.225 20 1.204 25 1.184 30 1.164 35 1.146 Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements Common units The SI unit for density is : kilograms per cubic meter ( kg / m ) Litres and metric tons are not part of the SI , but are acceptable for use with it , leading to the following units : kilograms per liter ( kg / L ) grams per milliliter ( g / mL ) metric tons per cubic meter ( t / m ) Densities using the following metric units all have exactly the same numerical value , one thousandth of the value in ( kg / m ) . Liquid water has a density of about 1 kg / dm , making any of these SI units numerically convenient to use as most solids and liquids have densities between 0.1 and 20 kg / dm . kilograms per cubic decimetre ( kg / dm ) grams per cubic centimetre ( g / cm ) 1 g / cm = 1000 kg / m megagrams ( metric tons ) per cubic metre ( Mg / m ) In US customary units density can be stated in : Avoirdupois ounces per cubic inch ( 1 g / cc ≈ 0.578036672 oz / cu in ) Avoirdupois ounces per fluid ounce ( 1 g / cc ≈ 1.04317556 oz / fl .",
"10": "oz = 1.04317556 lbs / pint ) Avoirdupois pounds per cubic inch ( 1 g / cc ≈ 0.036127292 lb / cu in ) pounds per cubic foot ( 1 g / cc ≈ 62.427961 lb / cu ft ) pounds per cubic yard ( 1 g / cc ≈ 1685.5549 lb / cu yd ) pounds per US liquid gallon ( 1 g / cc ≈ 8.34540445 lb / gal ) pounds per US bushel ( 1 g / cc ≈ 77.6888513 lb / bu ) slugs per cubic foot Imperial units differing from the above ( as the Imperial gallon and bushel differ from the US units ) in practice are rarely used , though found in older documents . The Imperial gallon was based on the concept that an Imperial fluid ounce of water would have a mass of one Avoirdupois ounce , and indeed 1 g / cc ≈ 1.00224129 ounces per Imperial fluid ounce = 10.0224129 lbs per Imperial gallon . The density of precious metals could conceivably be based on Troy ounces and pounds , a possible cause of confusion . See also List of elements by density Air density Area density Bulk density Buoyancy Charge density Density prediction by the Girolami method Dord Energy density Lighter than air Linear density Number density Orders of magnitude ( density ) Orthobaric density Paper density Specific weight Spice ( oceanography ) Standard temperature and pressure References Jump up ^ The National Aeronautic and Atmospheric Administration 's Glenn Research Center . `` Gas Density Glenn research Center '' . grc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Density definition in Oil Gas Glossary '' . Oilgasglossary.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Archimedes , A Gold Thief and Buoyancy Archived August 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . -- by Larry `` Harris '' Taylor , Ph. D .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Vitruvius on Architecture , Book IX , paragraphs 9 -- 12 , translated into English and in the original Latin . Jump up ^ `` EXHIBIT : The First Eureka Moment '' . Science . 305 ( 5688 ) : 1219e. 2004 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5688. 1219e . Jump up ^ Fact or Fiction ? : Archimedes Coined the Term `` Eureka ! '' in the Bath , Scientific American , December 2006 . Jump up ^ New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ Archived October 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Phys.org ( July 13 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aerographit : Leichtestes Material der Welt entwickelt -- SPIEGEL ONLINE Archived October 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Spiegel.de ( July 11 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Re : which is more bouyant ( sic ) styrofoam or cork '' . Madsci.org . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond Serway ; John Jewett ( 2005 ) , Principles of Physics : A Calculus - Based Text , Cengage Learning , p. 467 , ISBN 0 - 534 - 49143 - X , archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Wood Densities '' . www.engineeringtoolbox.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Density of Wood '' . www.simetric.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ CRC Press Handbook of tables for Applied Engineering Science , 2nd Edition , 1976 , Table 1 - 59 Jump up ^ glycerol composition at Archived February 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Physics.nist.gov . Retrieved on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Hugh D. Young ; Roger A. Freedman . University Physics with Modern Physics Archived April 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Addison - Wesley ; 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 69686 - 1 . p. 374 . Jump up ^ Density of the Earth , wolframalpha.com , archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Density of Earth 's core , wolframalpha.com , archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Density of the Sun 's core , wolframalpha.com , archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Extreme Stars : White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars Archived September 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Jennifer Johnson , lecture notes , Astronomy 162 , Ohio State University . Accessed : May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Size and Density Archived July 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , HyperPhysics , Georgia State University . Accessed : June 26 , 2009 . External links `` Density '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Density '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Video : Density Experiment with Oil and Alcohol Video : Density Experiment with Whiskey and Water Glass Density Calculation -- Calculation of the density of glass at room temperature and of glass melts at 1000 -- 1400 ° C List of Elements of the Periodic Table -- Sorted by Density Calculation of saturated liquid densities for some components Field density test On - line calculator for densities and partial molar volumes of aqueous solutions of some common electrolytes and their mixtures , at temperatures up to 323.15 K .",
"13": "Water -- Density and specific weight Temperature dependence of the density of water -- Conversions of density units A delicious density experiment Water density calculator Water density for a given salinity and temperature . Liquid density calculator Select a liquid from the list and calculate density as a function of temperature . Gas density calculator Calculate density of a gas for as a function of temperature and pressure . Densities of various materials . Determination of Density of Solid , instructions for performing classroom experiment . density prediction density prediction NDL : 00567732 ( hide ) Mole concepts Physical quantities Mass concentration Molar concentration Molality Mass Volume Density Mole fraction Mass fraction Amount of substance Molar mass Atomic mass Particle number Avogadro constant Pressure Kelvin temperature Gas constant Molar volume Specific volume Laws Charles 's law Boyle 's law Gay - Lussac 's law Combined gas law Ideal gas law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Density&oldid=830142073 '' Categories : Density Physical quantities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban .",
"15": "Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does star trek discovery air on tv
|
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"September 19, 2017"
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{
"0": "Star Trek : Discovery - Wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 15 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Running time 37 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery .",
"1": "Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and CBS All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season was streamed weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery .",
"2": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek . Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , she was not made a starship captain , in order `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler : A Klingon who undergoes surgery to pose as the human Tyler , chief of security for the USS Discovery . Tyler believes he was held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Voq was initially credited as being portrayed by Javid Iqbal , an invented actor named for Latif 's father , to hide the connection between the characters . Latif described his character as `` a very complex and painful and deep character '' , and noted that `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' with Burnham . Latif 's accent for Voq is Arabic - inspired , and he tried to maintain `` a kind of pharyngealness '' to Tyler 's American accent .",
"3": "Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f -- ked up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 ,",
"4": "2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 10 `` Despite Yourself '' Jonathan Frakes Sean Cochran January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TJ Scott Lisa Randolph January 14 ,",
"5": "2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' Hanelle M. Culpepper Jordon Nardino January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 13 `` What 's Past Is Prologue '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Ted Sullivan January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' David Solomon Lisa Randolph February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Akiva Goldsman & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) After being officially ordered in October 2017 , production on the second season began on April 16 , 2018 , and is set to continue until November 8 . Production ( edit ) See also : Production of season 1 and season 2 Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 .",
"6": "Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be .",
"7": "He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . ''",
"8": "At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . ''",
"9": "Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered in October 2017 , for 13 episodes . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' .",
"10": "Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . ''",
"11": "Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress .",
"12": "He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . In the series , this role is shown to be an undercover persona used by the Klingon Voq , who was initially credited as being portrayed by the invented actor Javid Iqbal to hide the fact that Latif was portraying both Voq and Tyler .",
"13": "Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders .",
"14": "Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . The opening title sequence for the show was created by Prologue using 2D motion graphics .",
"15": "The sequence , which uses a `` vivid , sepia - soaked palette '' , depicts elements from throughout the history of Star Trek -- such as phasers , communicators , and the Vulcan salute -- and deconstructs them , which was intended to be an homage to past Star Trek series as well as an introduction to the more grounded and gritty tone of Discovery . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . ''",
"16": "The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX and Crafty Apes also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Soundtrack albums for two chapters of the first season were released on December 15 , 2017 , and April 6 , 2018 , respectively .",
"17": "Release ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release dates First aired Last aired Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 15 September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA 13 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter began streaming in January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E !",
"18": "News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.07 / 10 based on 61 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . ''",
"19": "Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Sci - Fi / Fantasy Television Gersha Phillips Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Actor Jason Isaacs Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Star Trek : Discovery Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' Pending Peabody Awards Entertainment Star Trek : Discovery Pending Saturn Awards Best Actor on a Television Series Jason Isaacs Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Sonequa Martin - Green Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Doug Jones Pending Best Guest - Starring Performance on Television Michelle Yeoh Pending Best New Media Television Series Star Trek : Discovery Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Jason Michael Zimmerman , Aleksandra Kochoska , Ante Dekovic and Mahmoud Rahnama for `` The Vulcan Hello '' Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Phil Prates , Rex Alerta , John Dinh and Karen Cheng Nominated Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show .",
"20": "Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development .",
"21": "There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel , Drastic Measures , was written by Dayton Ward and is set 10 years before the show , following the characters Georgiou and Lorca as they hunt for `` the man whom history will one day brand ' Kodos the Executioner ' '' . It was released on February 6 , 2018 . A third novel , Fear Itself , will be released on June 5 , 2018 . Written by veteran Star Trek author James Swallow , it will focus on Lieutenant Saru 's attempts to overcome his fears as a Kelpien and become a successful Starfleet officer . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries .",
"22": "IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' The next four - issue miniseries was announced in February 2018 . Given the subtitle Succession , the miniseries will begin release on April 25 , 2018 , and will be set in the Mirror Universe , expanding on the Mirror story arc from the second half of the first season . Additionally , a Star Trek : Discovery annual comic is set for publication March 2018 , and will focus on Stamets ' mycelial research . Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) By August 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content was set to be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month - long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series was also planned . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ulster , Laurie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingon Costumes And Props '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .",
"23": "^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery star Sonequa Martin - Green breaks her silence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Beams Aboard Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : hercules ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ! More STAR TREK DISCOVERY Scoop ! ! Lead Will Be Called ' Number One ' ! ! Nick Meyer Scripts Hour Two ! ! Bryan Fuller Hires Co-Showrunners ! ! More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery @ Comic - Con : New Footage and Sarek Secret Revealed , Stamets ' Love Interest Cast and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts 3 actors , adds gay character '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 .",
"24": "^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : Doug Jones breaks silence on show 's new alien '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrina ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fan Expo 2017 : The Star Trek : Discovery Cast Talk Phasers , Klingons , And Kelpien Struts '' . Space . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Britt , Ryan ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Shazad Latif Reveals Which of His Three ' Star Trek ' Characters He Likes Best '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Shazad Latif On Playing A POW In Pain On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Recasts Klingon Amid Flurry of New Additions '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainn Wilson Talks `` Deadly '' Harry Mudd In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' `` . TrekMovie.com . August 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film .",
"25": "Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Callaghan , Lauren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` How mushrooms fuel Star Trek Discovery 's experimental transport technology '' . GamesRadar+ . United Kingdom and United States : Future plc . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Anthony Rapp On His Wild Space Mushroom Journey In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` First openly gay Star Trek TV character revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Isaacs And Mary Wiseman Cast In Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . March 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 Interview : Mary Wiseman Reveals Connection Between Cadet Tilly And Michael Burnham on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carollo , Lilly ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's showrunners on what to expect from the first Trek TV series in 16 years '' . Vox . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Jason Isaacs as captain '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"26": "Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery first look at Jason Isaacs as Captain Lorca '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isaacs discovered his Star Trek catchphrase was a problem '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets September Premiere Date On CBS & CBS All Access , Season 1 Split In Two '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek 's Return to the Small Screen Was Ambitious and Emotional , if Not Always Logical '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Cast And Crew Welcome Anson Mount As They Prep For Season 2 Production Start '' . TrekMovie.com. April 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger .",
"27": "Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` A New Star Trek Series Has Been Ordered at CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Fuller 's Original Pitch For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Included Going Beyond TNG Era '' . TrekMovie.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Les Moonves Assures CBS Investors First Six Episodes Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Are `` Terrific '' `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topei , Fred ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Broadcast Network Not Creatively Involved In New Star Trek Streaming Series '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` International Broadcasters Set for New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Meyer Joins New Star Trek Series '' .",
"28": "StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` CBS ' New ' Star Trek ' Adds Gene Roddenberry 's Son as Exec Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Reveals New ' Star Trek ' Details , Says Series Will ' Eventually ' Revisit Characters '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider.com . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Announced As Name Of New Series '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trendacosta , Katharine ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Officially Takes Place in the Prime Universe '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Bryan Fuller Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Filming , Still Getting New Writers '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Sullivan ( @ @ karterhol ) ( March 28 , 2017 ) .",
"30": "`` # jasongorn my seat . # diva @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekRoom '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 .",
"31": "^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Confirm Number Of Episodes In Season 2 , Give Production Update '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Park native takes the helm on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery storyline revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Explains Why the New Show is Called Star Trek : Discovery '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Producer Hints At New Reveal ' Soon , ' Reaffirms Show Is A Prequel '' . TrekMovie.com . May 14 , 2017 .",
"32": "Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producers : Major characters wo n't be safe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to be ' hard PG - 13 ' yet avoid nudity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Trek : Discovery Producers on Ship 's Design , Show 's Themes '' . TrekMovie.com . United States : Blogger . July 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : ' Prime ' Setting , Gay Character , Heavy Alien Presence and 11 More Spoilers About CBS Reboot '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) .",
"33": "`` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iacovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Stice & Scoleri 2007 , pp. 124 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Ship Design Still Evolving '' . IGN . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment Inc .",
"35": "Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iacovino , Kayla ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Concept Art Details Klingon And Federation Ships '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Eaglemoss ' Ben Robinson on DISCOVERY Model Plans and Future OFFICIAL STARSHIPS Releases '' . TrekCore.com . August 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . Prologue . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 .",
"36": "Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Soundtrack Announced '' . Film Music Reporter . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 1 -- Chapter 2 Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . March 30 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medina , Marcy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees include ' Phantom Thread , ' ' Lady Bird ' and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dina - Ray ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees : ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Lady Bird ' , ' This Is Us ' Among Those Recognized '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Hugo Awards '' . Hugo Awards . 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Peabody Awards : ' Insecure , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' One Day At A Time ' Among Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Second Discovery Novel Is ... Drastic Measures '' . StarTrek.com . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Third Discovery Novel Is ... Fear Itself '' . StarTrek.com . December 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Mirror Arc Continues with IDW 's Succession '' . StarTrek.com .",
"41": "February 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Discovery Annual 2018 '' . IDW Publishing . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Metacritic Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Season 2 Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline",
"42": "Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine",
"43": "Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up ,",
"44": "Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Category Portal CBS All Access original programming Current The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) After Trek ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Former Big Brother : Over the Top ( 2016 ) Upcoming Strange Angel ( 2018 ) $1 ( TBA ) Tell Me a Story ( TBA ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"45": "php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=838430258 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts American action television series American adventure television series American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows CBS All Access original programming CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "God of War ( franchise ) - Wikipedia God of War ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search God of War Top : The original Greek - inspired logo ( 2005 - 2015 ) . Subsequent titles and merchandise in the first era of the franchise used a similar logo . Bottom : The Norse - inspired logo for the second era ( 2016 - present ) Genres Action - adventure Hack and slash Developer ( s ) Primary SIE Santa Monica Studio Ready at Dawn Javaground / SOE - LA Ports Bluepoint Games Ready at Dawn Sanzaru Games Wholesale Algorithms Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Sony Pictures Digital Creator ( s ) David Jaffe Artist ( s ) Charlie Wen Writer ( s ) Marianne Krawczyk Platforms PlayStation 2 Java ME PlayStation Portable PlayStation 3 PlayStation Vita PlayStation 4 Platform of origin PlayStation 2 First release God of War March 22 , 2005 Latest release God of War April 20 , 2018 God of War is an action - adventure , hack and slash , mythology - based video game series , originally created by David Jaffe at Sony 's Santa Monica Studio . Debuting in 2005 on the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) video game console , the series has become a flagship title for the PlayStation brand , consisting of eight games across multiple platforms . The series ' story centers around its playable character , Kratos , a Spartan warrior tricked into killing his wife and daughter by his former master , the Greek God of War Ares . Kratos kills Ares at the behest of the goddess Athena and takes his place as the new God of War , but is still haunted by the nightmares of his past . Revealed to be a demigod and the son of Zeus , the King of the Olympian Gods who betrays Kratos , the Spartan then seeks revenge against the gods for their machinations . What follows is a series of attempts to free himself from the influence of the Olympian gods , as well as the Titans , and exact revenge . Many years after taking his revenge against the Greek gods , Kratos ends up in the world of the Norse gods .",
"1": "Him and his young son Atreus set out on a journey to fulfill his recently deceased second wife 's last wish , which is to spread her ashes at the highest peak in the nine realms . Santa Monica has developed all main entries , while Ready at Dawn and Javaground / Sony Online Entertainment - Los Angeles ( SOE - LA ) developed the three side games . Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ; formerly Sony Computer Entertainment ) has published all games except the mobile phone installment ; it was published by Sony Pictures Digital . There are two eras in the God of War series . The first era are the first seven games , which are based on Greek mythology with vengeance as a central motif . God of War ( 2005 ) , God of War II ( 2007 ) , and God of War III ( 2010 ) comprise its main trilogy ; the first two were released on the PS2 with the third on the PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) . The fourth main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , a prequel to the entire series , was also released for the PS3 and features multiplayer . The three side games include Chains of Olympus ( 2008 ) and Ghost of Sparta ( 2010 ) for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) , and Betrayal ( 2007 ) for mobile phones that supported the Java Platform , Micro Edition ( Java ME ) . The fifth main installment , also titled God of War ( 2018 ) , was released for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) . It began the second era , which takes the franchise to the world of Norse mythology . To go along with the new installment , Sony released a short prequel story , A Call from the Wilds ( 2018 ) , as a text - based game through Facebook Messenger . In addition to the individual games , two collections featuring remastered versions of both PS2 installments , God of War Collection ( 2009 ) , and both PSP installments , Origins Collection ( 2011 ) , were released on the PS3 by Bluepoint Games and Ready at Dawn , respectively . Another collection , God of War Saga ( 2012 ) , was released for the PS3 and features God of War Collection , Origins Collection , and God of War III . Sanzaru Games ported God of War Collection to the PlayStation Vita in 2014 .",
"2": "In celebration of the franchise 's tenth anniversary , God of War III Remastered was released on PS4 in 2015 and was ported by Wholesale Algorithms . Games in the series have been praised for being the best action games for the PlayStation brand , and some of the best action games of all time . In June 2012 , Sony reported that the series had sold more than 21 million copies worldwide . Strong sales and support of the series led to the franchise 's expansion into other media , such as a comic book series -- God of War ( 2010 -- 11 ) -- two novels -- God of War ( 2010 ) and God of War II ( 2013 ) -- a web - based graphic novel -- Rise of the Warrior ( 2012 -- 13 ) -- and a digital comic -- God of War # 0 ( 2018 ) . Two documentaries have been produced and a film adaptation of the original installment has been in development since 2005 . Merchandise promoting the series has also been produced , including artwork , clothing , toys , and prop replicas , as well as the games ' soundtracks , including a heavy metal album , Blood & Metal ( 2010 ) , featuring original music by various bands who were inspired by the series .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Games 1.1 First era ( Greek mythology ) 1.2 Second era ( Norse mythology ) 1.3 Collections and remasters 2 Gameplay 3 Development 3.1 Main series 3.2 PSP games 3.3 Mobile game 4 Adaptations 4.1 Film and documentaries 4.2 Comic series and novels 5 Music 5.1 God of War : Blood & Metal 6 Critical reception 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Games ( edit ) See also : Characters of God of War Timeline of release years 2005 God of War 2006 2007 God of War II God of War : Betrayal 2008 God of War : Chains of Olympus 2009 God of War Collection ( PS3 ) God of War III God of War : Ghost of Sparta 2011 God of War : Origins Collection 2012 God of War Saga 2013 God of War : Ascension 2014 God of War Collection ( Vita ) 2015 God of War III Remastered 2016 2017 2018 God of War : A Call from the Wilds God of War First era ( Greek mythology ) ( edit ) God of War was first released in North America on March 22 , 2005 , for the PlayStation 2 . After ten years in the service of the Olympian gods , Spartan soldier Kratos is tasked by Athena to find Pandora 's Box ; the key to defeating Ares , the God of War , who is running amok through Athens . A series of flashbacks reveals that Kratos was once the servant of Ares , who saved the Spartan and his army from annihilation in battle , but tricked him into killing his family which forced his metamorphosis into the `` Ghost of Sparta '' . Kratos eventually finds Pandora 's Box , and after finally killing Ares , he ascends to Mount Olympus to become the new God of War . God of War II was first released in North America on March 13 , 2007 , for the PlayStation 2 .",
"4": "Angered at his fellow gods , Kratos runs amok across the city of Rhodes . Zeus intervenes and betrays Kratos , who is saved by the Titan Gaia . She tells him he must now find the Sisters of Fate , who can change his fate and prevent his death at the hands of Zeus . Kratos is ultimately successful and as he is about to kill the god , Athena sacrifices herself to save Zeus and preserve Olympus , and tells Kratos that he is the son of Zeus . Kratos then joins forces with Gaia and the Titans to attack Olympus . God of War : Betrayal was released on June 20 , 2007 , for mobile phones supporting Java ME . It is the only game in the series to be released as a two - dimensional ( 2D ) side - scroller and released on a non-PlayStation platform . The game 's narrative takes place between the events of Ghost of Sparta and God of War II . Kratos is framed for murder , and rampages across Greece seeking the true assassin . Kratos succumbs to bloodlust and kills Ceryx , the son of the god Hermes -- an act that alienates him from his fellow gods . God of War : Chains of Olympus was first released in North America on March 4 , 2008 , for the PlayStation Portable . Its narrative takes place during Kratos ' ten years of service to the gods . Kratos halts a Persian invasion of the Greek city of Attica , and learns that the world has been plunged into darkness by the god Morpheus . Kratos investigates the abduction of the sun god Helios , and prevents the Machiavellian plan of the goddess Persephone to use the Titan Atlas to destroy the world . God of War III was first released in North America on March 16 , 2010 , for the PlayStation 3 . Reigniting the Great War , Kratos is soon abandoned by the Titans , who were only using him to exact their own revenge . Helped by the spirit of Athena who was elevated to a new level of understanding , she instructs him to seek the Flame of Olympus in order to defeat Zeus . Kratos engages the gods and the Titans in an epic series of battles across the Underworld and Olympus and learns that Pandora 's Box is within the Flame .",
"5": "He discovers that Pandora herself is the key to pacifying the Flame and allowing him to open the Box . After finally killing Zeus , he refuses to help Athena assume the role of new patron of mankind and disappears . God of War : Ghost of Sparta was first released in North America on November 2 , 2010 , for the PlayStation Portable . Set between the events of God of War and Betrayal , Kratos , the God of War , is still haunted by visions of his mortal past and embarks on a quest to discover his origins by finding his mother , Callisto . He learns that his brother Deimos was taken by the gods and imprisoned by the God of Death , Thanatos , and decides to find and save his sibling . Although successful , Thanatos engages the brothers in combat , and kills Deimos . Kratos then kills Thanatos and returns to Olympus , further enraged at the gods . God of War : Ascension was first released in North America on March 12 , 2013 , for the PlayStation 3 . It is the only game in the series to feature multiplayer for both competitive and cooperative play . Set six months after Kratos killed his wife and child , he has been imprisoned by the three Furies for breaking his blood oath to Ares . With the help of the oath keeper Orkos , Kratos learns that Ares and the Furies plan to overthrow Mount Olympus . The Spartan escapes his imprisonment , subsequently killing the Furies , and Orkos , who begs for release . Although free of Ares ' bond , Kratos begins to suffer the nightmares that plague him for years . Second era ( Norse mythology ) ( edit ) God of War was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 console . Many years after the events of God of War III , Kratos has ended up in the world of Norse mythology and now has a son named Atreus . The game is a new direction for the series , not only by its new mythological setting , but also by its gameplay . Kratos now prominently uses a magical battle axe called the Leviathan Axe . To go along with the new installment , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop a text - based game titled God of War : A Call from the Wilds through Facebook Messenger .",
"6": "Released on February 1 , 2018 , the short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . Although further games have not been officially announced , Cory Barlog confirmed that this new installment would not be Kratos ' last game . It was also revealed that following games would also be set in the Norse environment , and include Atreus . Collections and remasters ( edit ) Main article : God of War video game collections God of War Collection was first released in North America on November 17 , 2009 , for the PlayStation 3 -- the franchise 's first appearance on the platform . It is a remastered port of God of War and God of War II . The games were ported by Bluepoint Games and feature high - definition 1080p anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second and trophies . Sanzaru Games later ported the collection to the PlayStation Vita and it was released in May 2014 -- the franchise 's only appearance on this platform . God of War : Origins Collection was first released in North America on September 13 , 2011 , for the PlayStation 3 . It is a remastered port of the two PlayStation Portable installments in the series -- Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta . God of War Origins was ported by Ready at Dawn and features 1080p high - definition video , anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second , DualShock 3 rumble features , trophies , and it is the only God of War release to feature Stereoscopic 3D . God of War Saga was released in North America on August 28 , 2012 . It is a collection of five of the God of War games for the PlayStation 3 , released as part of Sony 's PlayStation Collections line . The collection includes God of War , God of War II , God of War III , Chains of Olympus , and Ghost of Sparta . It features two Blu - ray Discs -- God of War I and II on the first and III on the second -- and a voucher to download Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta . The games retain the same features as their first PS3 releases .",
"7": "God of War III Remastered was first released in North America on July 14 , 2015 , for the PlayStation 4 -- the franchise 's first appearance on the platform . It is a remastered version of God of War III , and it features full 1080p support targeted at 60 frames per second and a photo mode . The game 's announcement and release was in celebration of the franchise 's tenth anniversary . It was ported by Wholesale Algorithms . Gameplay ( edit ) The series currently consists of six single - player - only games , and a seventh that includes multiplayer . Each game typically features a third - person , fixed cinematic camera . The player controls the character Kratos in a combination of hack and slash combat , platforming , and puzzle game elements to achieve goals and complete the story . A first - person camera is featured in God of War III and Ascension . Betrayal is the only installment to feature a 2D side - scrolling view . Throughout the Greek era , Kratos ' main weapon is a pair of double - chained blades that appears in three iterations : the Blades of Chaos , the Blades of Athena ( or Athena 's Blades ) , and the Blades of Exile . They each perform similarly , but differ in the types of combos and amount of damage each yields , as well as cosmetic differences . Other weapons ( such as the Blade of Artemis in God of War ) are also obtained during the games . Magic is also used , and four abilities ( such as Poseidon 's Rage , Medusa 's Gaze , Zeus ' Fury , and Army of Hades in God of War ) are typically acquired . God of War III differs in that instead of separate abilities , there are four primary weapons that possess their own respective magic offensive . The game also features `` Items '' -- additional secondary weapons with limited usage , such as the Bow of Apollo . With each new game , most weapons and magic are lost via a plot device , and a new arsenal of weapons and abilities are acquired during gameplay . Ascension differs from the previous games in that instead of acquiring new weapons that are kept throughout the entire game , the player collects up to five World Weapons ( such as a sword or a javelin ) that have limited usage .",
"8": "When there is not a World Weapon equipped , the player can punch or kick foes as part of a new mechanic added to the game . The series offers combo - based combat , and includes a quick time event ( QTE ) feature , also called context sensitive attacks , which is initiated when the player has weakened a foe . It allows limited control of Kratos during the QTE cinematic sequence ; success ends the battle , while failure usually results in damage to the player . As well as the QTE system , Ascension features a prompt-less free - form system , allowing players the choice of when to attack or dodge based on the enemy 's actions . A grab maneuver can be used on minor foes . A cropped gameplay from God of War : weakening foes allows the use of controller buttons for greater damage or finishing moves . Relics , which the player can use in successive games ( such as Poseidon 's Trident obtained in God of War allowing Kratos to swim underwater for extended periods ) are also found and necessary for game progression . Kratos often has a special ability , which provides temporary invulnerability and increased attack damage . This ability has become an ongoing feature of gameplay throughout the series -- Rage of the Gods in God of War and Ascension , Rage of the Titans in God of War II , Rage of Sparta in God of War III , and Thera 's Bane in Ghost of Sparta . This ability can be recharged by building hits on foes in combat , and gaining game - specific orbs . Thera 's Bane , however , is recharged automatically . Gorgon Eyes and Phoenix Feathers , found throughout the game in unmarked chests ( white chests in Ascension ) , increase the maximum amount of health and magic , respectively . Minotaur Horns , which increase the Items and Fire meter 's maximum length , are available in God of War III and Ghost of Sparta , respectively . The Items meter allows the use of secondary weapons , called Items , and the Fire meter allows the use of Thera 's Bane . The meters are increased in increments and reach their maximum once a certain number of Eyes , Feathers , and Horns are found . Other chests contain green , blue , or red orbs .",
"9": "Green orbs replenish the player 's health , blue orbs replenish magic allowing further usage , and red orbs provide experience for upgrading weapons and magic for new , more powerful attacks , and replenish the Rage meter in God of War . Gold orbs found in God of War II and Ascension , and white orbs in God of War III , replenish the Rage meter instead of red orbs ; the Rage meter in Ascension is also refilled by landing attacks on foes . Chests with changing colors , which allow players to choose which meter to replenish , have also been available . Red orbs can also be collected by killing foes and destroying certain inanimate objects . Bosses and more powerful opponents release a combination of colored orbs when killed via the quick - time feature . With the exception of Ascension , each installment offers a challenge mode , which yields extra red orbs , secret costumes , and behind - the - scenes videos . Bonus content can also be unlocked by defeating the game 's difficulty levels . Battle arenas , which allow players to set difficulty levels and choose their own opponents , are included in God of War II , God of War III , and Ghost of Sparta . A quick - time sex mini-game is also included in each installment except Betrayal and Ascension . Ascension is the only installment in the series to feature online multiplayer for both competitive and cooperative play . Up to eight players on two teams of two to four players ( or a four to eight player deathmatch ) battle for control of a map in order to earn rewards from the gods . Players can also fight each other in one - on - one matches . Players must sell their champion 's soul to either Zeus , Hades , Ares , or Poseidon , which allows players to try different weapons , armor sets , and powers inspired by the god of their choice , and extras can be unlocked . Development ( edit ) Main series ( edit ) After the success of their first game Kinetica ( 2001 ) , SIE Santa Monica Studio began development of God of War in 2002 , and unveiled it two years later at SCEA Santa Monica Gamers ' Day 2004 .",
"10": "Game director and creator David Jaffe said that although the idea for God of War was his own , the concept owed a debt to Capcom because he had played Onimusha and said `` let 's do that with Greek Mythology '' . He was inspired in part by the 1981 feature film , Clash of the Titans , saying , `` the real high concept for me was ... merging it with Heavy Metal magazine '' . He said he liked both `` the kids stuff ... with Greek Mythology '' and the idea of adding more adult themes such as sex and violence . He was also inspired by the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Although the game is based on Greek mythology , the development team gave themselves `` lots of freedom '' to modify the myths , and Jaffe said they took the `` coolest aspects of the subject '' and created art and story using those elements . Director of visual development and lead concept artist , Charlie Wen , drew inspiration from these films as well as more contemporary films such as Gladiator ( 2000 ) for tonal inspiration to lead the visual design of Kratos , other characters , and the world of God of War . GameSpot said the developers described the gameplay `` as merging the action of Devil May Cry with the puzzle - solving of Ico '' and noted that players would be able to `` sunder enemies with a single move , such as by ripping them in half '' . The game uses Santa Monica 's Kinetica engine , which they developed for Kinetica . A sequel to God of War was first teased at the end of its credits , which stated , `` Kratos Will Return '' . God of War II was officially announced at the 2006 Game Developers Conference ( GDC ) . David Jaffe stepped down and became the creative director of its sequel and God of War 's lead animator Cory Barlog assumed the role of game director . Barlog said that in the game , players would see `` a larger view of Kratos ' role within the mythological world . '' Like God of War , the game uses Santa Monica 's Kinetica engine . Magic attacks became an integral part of the combat system and it was more refined . New creatures and heroes from the mythology , and more boss battles were added .",
"11": "Both Jaffe and Barlog said that they did not view God of War II as a sequel , but rather a continuation of the previous game . Jaffe said that they did not want to include the Roman numeral number two ( II ) in the title for this reason , but they did not want the title to convey the impression it was an expansion pack . Both Jaffe and Barlog said that the reason God of War II appeared on the PlayStation 2 instead of the PlayStation 3 -- which was released four months prior to God of War II -- was because `` there 's a 100 million people out there that will be able to play God of War II as soon as it launches . '' Barlog assured that the game would be playable on the newer platform , which had PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility . God of War III was first mentioned by Cory Barlog at a God of War II launch event , and it was officially announced at the 2008 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . After the first eight months of development , Barlog left Santa Monica for unexplained reasons and Stig Asmussen ( lead environment artist and art director on God of War and God of War II , respectively ) became director . Asmussen said that one of the greatest challenges in developing God of War III for the PlayStation 3 was the `` complexity of everything '' ; individual tasks , such as designing Helios ' decapitation , could take a year because the `` level of detail ( that was ) expected ( was ) so high and intricate , it ( crossed ) multiple departments . '' He said that the PlayStation 3 's hardware capabilities allowed more flexibility in character creation and interaction with the environment . The engine for God of War III was ported from the first two installments to the PlayStation 3 . As the game was being developed , the code department swapped out PlayStation 2 components with PlayStation 3 components . They replaced the renderer , the particle system , and the collision system . Although they were re-using the engine from God of War II , the core engine for God of War III was brand new . Between E3 2009 and the time the game shipped , morphological anti-aliasing ( MLAA ) was added , which graphics engineer Ben Diamand said `` improved edges dramatically and saved substantial amounts of frame - rate . ''",
"12": "Diamand also said that `` depth - of - field , motion blur , crepuscular ' god ' rays and refraction were either added or improved in quality and speed '' during that same time period . On April 12 , 2012 , Sony released a teaser image for Ascension on its official PlayStation Facebook page , which was followed by the game 's announcement on April 19 on PlayStation. Blog . Todd Papy , who had previously worked as a designer on God of War and God of War II and as design director on God of War III , assumed the role of game director ; God of War III director Stig Asmussen was busy with another project at Santa Monica and did not work on Ascension . The announcement officially confirmed the game 's title and Papy said it was not titled God of War IV to avoid confusion because it is a prequel , rather than a sequel , to the trilogy . The game features a retooled God of War III engine , enabling online multiplayer battles for up to eight players . The decision to add multiplayer came about from curiosity , according to lead combat designer Jason McDonald . The multiplayer was first tested using Kratos , and McDonald said the testers had `` a lot of fun '' . Seeing their reaction made the team feel that the multiplayer had value and they then began to put the `` God of War spin on it '' . In the developmental transition from God of War III to Ascension , one of the graphics engineers , Cedric Perthuis , noted that the limits of the God of War III engine restricted artist creativity , so they `` tried to remove or push those limits as far as possible without losing any performance . '' Ascension did not have a graphical leap over its predecessor like God of War III did . Dynamic lighting was added , which allowed for development of the Life Cycle gameplay mechanic . Particle effects were also greatly improved upon from God of War III . PSP games ( edit ) Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea of a God of War game for the PlayStation Portable to Santa Monica Studio soon after the original God of War launched . Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of Chains of Olympus at a God of War II launch event , stating `` It is its own story that connects to the overall story . ''",
"13": "Chains of Olympus uses a proprietary , in - house engine referred to as the Ready at Dawn engine , which expanded on the engine created for their previous game , Daxter ( 2006 ) . Originally designed for the PlayStation Portable 's restricted 222 megahertz ( MHz ) processor , Ready at Dawn convinced Sony to increase the clock speed of the PSP to 333 MHz , which they did in a firmware upgrade . The faster processor allowed for more realistic blood effects , lighting effects , and shadows as well as improved enemy intelligence , but noticeably decreased battery life . After the game 's completion , game director Ru Weerasuriya stated multiplayer options and other puzzles , characters , and dialogue had to be removed due to time constraints . Ghost of Sparta was announced on May 4 , 2010 , on PlayStation. Blog . According to Sony , Ready at Dawn utilized `` state - of - the - art visual technologies '' that allowed `` higher quality environments and characters . '' Ghost of Sparta offers `` over 25 % more gameplay '' than Chains of Olympus , while adding more enemies on screen and more boss encounters . Development of Ghost of Sparta took 23 months to complete . Due to Weerasuriya 's schedule at Ready at Dawn , he could not return to direct ; Dana Jan , the lead level designer for Chains of Olympus , became director for Ghost of Sparta . At Comic - Con 2010 , Jan noted that when development began in 2008 , the goal was to make the game bigger than Chains of Olympus , which had apparently pushed the PSP to its functional limits . Jan stated that Ghost of Sparta has taken the PSP to its `` absolute capacity '' , with another feature being more on - screen foes . The game concept was originally used as a teaser for players who obtained the platinum trophy from God of War III . The trophy revealed a site called spartansstandtall.com , which became the official site for Ghost of Sparta on May 4 . Jan stated the reason they chose to have the game take place between God of War and God of War II was because `` It seemed to make a lot of sense to fill in that void . '' Mobile game ( edit ) Betrayal was announced by Sony Online Entertainment at a press conference in Los Angeles in May 2007 .",
"14": "The game utilizes a total of 110 different animations and features a 2D rendition of the series ' three - dimensional ( 3D ) graphics . Game director Phil Cohen said that although the game was enjoyable to develop , the greatest challenge was creating a single tileset and palette swapping scheme that was diverse enough to portray multiple environments with only several hundred kilobytes , and that met Santa Monica Studio 's high standards . Cohen wrote the initial design document between September and October 2005 , and revisited it in August 2006 , the month development started . The versions for high - end handsets were completed in April 2007 , with final versions for low - end handsets completed by June 2007 . The porting team adapted the game to over 200 handsets in a matter of weeks . Both David Jaffe and Cory Barlog ensured that the Betrayal development team captured the feel of the combat and visual style , and were `` helpful with feedback and positive support '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Film and documentaries ( edit ) A film adaptation of the first game was announced in 2005 . Creator David Jaffe confirmed that a completed script had been written by David Self and would be sent to an unspecified director . He said that Universal Studios was behind the making of the God of War movie , but was unaware of its current status , and eventually said , `` it 's doubtful that the film will even be made '' . In September 2010 , Jaffe said that the `` script went out a year and a half ago to Daniel Craig who plays ( James ) Bond , but he turned it down '' . He also said that another actor had since been cast as Kratos ; he said , `` this new person is pretty good , if that ends up true . '' In July 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter said that writers Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan had been hired to adapt the God of War film . On August 30 , 2012 , the writers told IGN that they intend to `` humanize '' Kratos and explore his past . Melton said that they are emotionally invested and it could become a series of films , and that Ares `` will become a more proactive villain '' .",
"15": "As of April 27 , 2018 , the movie is without a director , no actors have been confirmed , and a release date has not been set , but the script has been `` turned in '' . It has a budget of $150 million USD . God of War : Unearthing the Legend ( 75 minutes , 2010 ) is a documentary about the God of War franchise and is hosted by Peter Weller . The production discusses the relationship between the God of War games and Greek mythology , and features members of the God of War III development team and professional historians . It was included as part of the God of War III Ultimate Edition ( North America ) and Ultimate Trilogy Edition ( Europe , Australia , and New Zealand ) packages . On March 25 , 2010 , it was released on the PlayStation Store in North America to purchase . God of War -- Game Directors Live ( 80 minutes , 2010 ) is a documentary featuring five game directors of the God of War series : David Jaffe ( God of War ) , Cory Barlog ( God of War II ) , Ru Weerasuriya ( Chains of Olympus ) , Stig Asmussen ( God of War III ) , and Dana Jan ( Ghost of Sparta ) . The documentary takes the form of an interview panel hosted by G4 's Alison Haislip , with the five game directors , 150 members of PlayStation. Blog , and members of GodofWar.com and SpartansStandTall.com . It was filmed at the El Portal theater in Los Angeles on September 1 , 2010 , and was released as a pre-order bonus for Ghost of Sparta in North America on November 2 , 2010 , and was included with the Origins Collection and later released on the PlayStation Store . Comic series and novels ( edit ) Main article : God of War ( comics ) A six - issue comic book series titled God of War , written by Marv Wolfman with art by Andrea Sorrentino , was published by WildStorm and DC Comics between March 2010 and January 2011 . The narrative switches between Kratos ' past and present ; it occurs while he is a soldier of Sparta and involves his search for the Ambrosia of Asclepius , which has legendary healing properties and eventually saved his plague - ridden daughter , Calliope .",
"16": "Kratos also embarks upon a quest to destroy the same elixir to deny it to the worshippers of the slain god Ares , who wish to resurrect him . The God of War novels recount the events of the games and offer deeper insights into their stories . God of War , the official novelization of the first game of the series , was written by Matthew Stover and Robert E. Vardeman . It was published on May 25 , 2010 , by Del Rey Books . God of War II , the second novelization of the series , was written by Vardeman alone and was published by Del Rey Books on February 12 , 2013 . In the lead up to Ascension 's release , Santa Monica released a graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior on the God of War website that featured a social experience from October 2012 until March 2013 . The graphic novel is a prequel story that ties into the single - player of Ascension , and is the backstory of the player 's multiplayer character . A new digital comic called God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics was included with the three different special editions of 2018 's God of War . Music ( edit ) Five God of War soundtracks have been commercially released and have featured several composers , including Gerard K. Marino , Ron Fish , Winifred Phillips , Mike Reagan , Cris Velasco , Winnie Waldron , Marcello De Francisci , Jeff Rona , Tyler Bates , and Bear McCreary . On March 1 , 2005 , God of War : Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE as an exclusive product for the Sony Connect Music Store . It has been praised for its well - developed orchestral themes , and the creative use of ancient and ethnic instrumentation . The composers were also praised for avoiding the production of never - ending action themes . God of War II : Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE on April 10 , 2007 . Praised as strong , the album features ominous orchestral pieces , and each composer 's contributions are slightly more distinctive than the previous soundtrack . God of War III : Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE and Sumthing Else on March 30 , 2010 .",
"17": "It was also included as downloadable content in the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections . The soundtrack was praised as an orchestral success and the best score in the series . The original scores for God of War , God of War II , and God of War III were nominated for Best Original Score at the 2005 , 2007 , and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards , respectively . The God of War Trilogy Soundtrack was included with the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections as downloadable content . The Trilogy Soundtrack consists of the original scores for God of War , God of War II , and God of War III . It was praised by critics as the best way to experience the series ' musical development , and allows the listener to note the development of the composers during the series . On October 18 , 2010 , God of War : Ghost of Sparta -- Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on the iTunes Store by SIE . It was also included as downloadable content as part of the Ghost of Sparta pre-order package and includes three bonus tracks from Chains of Olympus . Several tracks were cited as being intended for purely contextual purposes , and the remaining tracks rated well in comparison to the soundtracks of the main installments in the series . God of War : Ascension ( Original Soundtrack ) differed from the previously released soundtracks as it was composed by Tyler Bates alone , and is the only God of War score that he has worked on . It was released on March 5 , 2013 , on iTunes by SIE and La - La Land Records . It was included as downloadable content in the God of War : Ascension -- Collector 's Edition and Special Edition . Reviewers praised it for being powerful , rich , and pulsing , though felt it was repetitive at times . Bear McCreary is the most recent composer to work on the series as he composed the music for 2018 's God of War on PlayStation 4 .",
"18": "God of War : Blood & Metal ( edit ) God of War : Blood & Metal EP by Various artists Released March 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) Genre Heavy Metal Length 29 : 24 ( 6 track version ) 36 : 56 ( 7 track version ) Label Roadrunner Records God of War : Blood & Metal is a heavy metal homage by various bands on the Roadrunner Records label , and features original music inspired by the God of War video game series . The EP was released for purchase on March 2 , 2010 , and is available from ShockHound and the iTunes Store . It was also included as downloadable content in the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections , which included a bonus track . The second track , `` Shattering the Skies Above '' by Trivium , and the bonus track , `` Even Gods Cry '' by The Turtlenecks , were made into music videos . 1UP.com ( 2.5 / 5 ) said , `` it 's not offensive to ( the ) ears '' and `` mainstream listeners may enjoy ( the album ) '' . Square Enix Music Online ( 8 / 10 ) stated the album is a `` good selection of metal music '' and listeners will be `` surprised with the variety of music '' . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` My Obsession '' ( Killswitch Engage ) 3 : 45 2 . `` Shattering the Skies Above '' ( Trivium ) 4 : 42 3 . `` Raw Dog '' ( Dream Theater ) 7 : 34 4 . `` This is Madness '' ( Taking Dawn ) 4 : 16 5 . `` The Throat of Winter '' ( Opeth ) 5 : 46 6 . `` The End '' ( Mutiny Within ) 3 : 19 Total length : 29 : 24 ( show ) Bonus track No . Title Length 7 .",
"19": "`` Even Gods Cry '' ( The Turtlenecks ) 7.32 Total length : 36 : 56 Critical reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of April 12 , 2018 . Game Metacritic God of War ( 2005 ) 94 / 100 God of War II 93 / 100 God of War : Betrayal N / A God of War : Chains of Olympus 91 / 100 God of War Collection 91 / 100 ( PS3 ) 73 / 100 ( Vita ) God of War III 92 / 100 God of War : Ghost of Sparta 86 / 100 God of War : Origins Collection 84 / 100 God of War Saga N / A God of War : Ascension 80 / 100 God of War III Remastered 81 / 100 God of War ( 2018 ) 95 / 100 In June 2012 , Sony reported that the series had sold more than 21.65 million copies worldwide ( as of April 27 , 2018 , Sony has not released updated sales data ) . God of War ( 2005 ) , God of War II , Chains of Olympus , God of War Collection , God of War III , and God of War ( 2018 ) have each received critical acclaim from several reviewers as compiled by review aggregator Metacritic , with God of War ( 2018 ) receiving the highest score in the franchise with 95 / 100 . Betrayal and Ghost of Sparta only received generally favorable reception . Ascension also only had a generally favorable reception and , not including the PlayStation Vita port of God of War Collection , it has the lowest score in the series from Metacritic ( 80 / 100 ) . At the time of its release , Raymond Padilla of GameSpy wrote that God of War is the `` best action game ever to grace the PS2 '' . Other critics have similarly said that it is one of the best action games of all time ; it received over a dozen `` Game of the Year '' awards .",
"20": "In 2009 , it was named the `` seventh best '' PlayStation 2 game of all time on IGN 's `` Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time '' list . God of War II was also on IGN 's list , and was named the `` second best '' PlayStation 2 game of all time . God of War II has similarly been called one of the best action games of all time and is considered the swan song of the PlayStation 2 era . In November 2012 , Complex.com named God of War II the best PlayStation 2 game of all time -- where God of War was named the 11th best -- and consider it better than its successor , God of War III . Betrayal was acclaimed for its fidelity to the series in terms of gameplay , art style , and graphics . Chains of Olympus has been praised for `` fantastic '' graphics and `` tight and responsive '' controls . In 2008 , IGN awarded Chains of Olympus the `` Best PSP Action Game '' , and in September 2010 , it was listed as the best PSP game by GamePro . God of War III received praise for its graphics , in particular of Kratos ; IGN stated that Kratos is `` perhaps the single most impressive - looking character ever in videogames . '' IGN also said that God of War III `` redefines what the word ' scale ' means with regards to videogames , as it throws you into scenes with Titans that are larger than entire levels in some other games . '' God of War III received awards for `` Most Anticipated Game of 2010 '' and `` Best PS3 Game '' at the 2009 and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards , respectively . The game also won the `` Artistic Achievement '' award at the 2011 BAFTA awards . Ghost of Sparta was praised for its graphics and story , with Chris Pereira of 1UP saying that it was `` a more personal story than the other GOW games . '' It received several awards at E3 2010 including `` Best Handheld Game '' , `` Best PSP Game '' , and `` PSP Game of Show '' , and won `` Best Handheld Game '' at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards . The series has also received criticism because of problems with puzzles , weapons , and technical issues .",
"21": "Chains of Olympus was criticized by G4 , who stated that the game `` occasionally suffers from screen tearing and framerate drops '' , and that some of the puzzles `` are so maddeningly difficult to solve '' . The game was also criticized for its lack of variety in enemies , its continued use of puzzles that require players to move boxes , and its relatively short story . God of War III also received some criticism . GameFront 's Phil Hornshaw said it had an overly cruel protagonist , and the game assumed that the players reveled in the misery and violence as much as Kratos did . IGN complained about the game 's weapons , and said `` that two of the three additional weapons that you 'll earn are extremely similar to your blades . They have unique powers and slightly different moves , but by and large , they 're more of the same . '' Ghost of Sparta received criticism from Eurogamer , which said that the `` game 's primary problem ... is in its in - built focus '' and that `` there is a sense that Ghost of Sparta is a step back for the series if you 've played ( God of War III ) . '' Some reviewers stated that Ascensions 's story was not as compelling as previous installments , with IGN stating that in comparison to Zeus and Ares , `` the Furies do n't quite cut it '' . The multiplayer received a mixed response . Although reviewers claimed gameplay translated well into the multiplayer , they were critical of the balance and depth of combat . Edge magazine approved of the multiplayer , stating it is an `` evolutionary step '' with `` some fine ideas ... that will form part of this genre 's future template . '' The collections have also received praise . IGN ( 9.4 / 10 ) awarded God of War Collection ( PS3 ) the `` Editor 's Choice '' Award and praised the enhanced resolutions , lower price point and smoother frame rates , and stated it was the `` definitive way to play the game ( s ) '' . Due to the success of God of War Collection , Sony announced that further titles would receive similar treatment for release under its new `` Classics HD '' brand . The Origins Collection was similarly well received . IGN ( 9 / 10 ) stated `` Sony succeeded at making good games better '' , although GamePro criticized it for its lack of new bonus content . God of War Saga also received praise .",
"22": "Ryan Fleming of Digital Trends wrote that the collection `` is perhaps the best value buy for any console available , '' although the collection is not likely for fans of the series , but rather inexperienced players or newcomers . God of War III Remastered was met with generally favorable reception . Praise was given to the smoother textures and improved frame rate , though because the original already had remarkable graphics , the changes were not major , and reviewers said these changes were not a strong enough argument to rebuy the game for $40 USD . References ( edit ) Note Jump up ^ Main installments : God of War ( 2005 ) , God of War II , God of War III , Ascension , and God of War ( 2018 ) . Jump up ^ PSP installments : Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta . Jump up ^ Mobile installment : Betrayal . Jump up ^ God of War Collection for PS3 . Jump up ^ God of War : Origins Collection for PS3 . Jump up ^ God of War Collection for PS Vita . Jump up ^ God of War III Remastered for PS4 . Jump up ^ Formerly Sony Computer Entertainment . Published all installments except Betrayal Jump up ^ Published Betrayal for mobile phones . Footnote Jump up ^ `` God of War -- PlayStation 2 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War II -- PlayStation 2 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Betrayal -- Wireless '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Levi ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` God of War : Betrayal Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Chains of Olympus -- PlayStation Portable '' .",
"23": "IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War III -- PlayStation 3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta -- PlayStation Portable '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Ascension -- PlayStation 3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pappy , Todd ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension is Coming to PS3 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Matos , Xav de ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension takes godslaying online with multiplayer focus '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Papy , Todd ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : God of War : Ascension Unleashes on PS3 Next March '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaskill , Jake ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension Enemies Revealed ; Meet the Furies '' . G4tv.com . G4 Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Releases On April 20 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Facebook Text Adventure Explores Atreus ' Past '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Sony confirms God of War 5 will also be set in Norse mythology '' . Finder . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski , Alexander ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Classics HD ' line for PS3 in Europe , starting with Sly Collection and God of War '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caiazzo , Anthony ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` God of War Collection Ships November 17th , Plan Your Trophy Hunt Now ! '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` God of War Collection Coming to PS Vita May 6th '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` God of War : Origins Collection Trophies Guide ( PS3 ) '' . Video Games Blogger .",
"25": "Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turndorf , Marc ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` God of War : Origins Collection Coming in 3D , Watch the Trailer '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cardona , Christian ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Never Stop Playing With PlayStation Collections '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cardona , Cristian ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` PlayStation Collections Available at Retail Today : God of War , inFAMOUS , Ratchet & Clank '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` God of War III Remastered Coming to PS4 on July 14th '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Bruno ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` God of War III Remastered Out Today on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2009 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2009 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2010 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio . God of War : Ascension .",
"26": "PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Scene : Castor and Pollux . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeffrey ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Sony Pictures Television Launches God Of War : Betrayal For Verizon Wireless Subscribers '' . Verizon Wireless News Center ( Press release ) . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2009 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2008 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn & ( 2010 ) , pp. 7 Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Hands - On with God of War : Ascension '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2008 ) , pp. 4 & 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : God of War : Ascension Single - Player Revealed , Releasing March 2013 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2010 ) , pp. 2 & 7 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2008 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2008 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Ready at Dawn , ed. & ( 2010 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed.",
"27": "& ( 2010 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Gaudiosi , John ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Most Important Sex Scenes in Recent Video Games '' . Maxim.com . Alpha Media Group . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Santa Monica Studio , ed. & ( 2013 ) , pp. 4 , 6 -- 10 , & 18 -- 25 Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` SCEA Santa Monica Gamers ' Day : Sony Announces God of War '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Krisan ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Godlike '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cifaldi , Frank ( February 10 , 2006 ) . `` DICE Feature : ' The Search For Perfection : David Jaffe Goes To War ' '' . Gamasutra . Think Services . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Ed ( June 10 , 2004 ) . `` God of War Interview '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` God of War E3 2004 Hands - On Impressions '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` The House That God of War Built : Sony Santa Monica '' . IGN .",
"28": "Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Croshaw , Ben ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Kratos '' . The Escapist . Themis Group . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nix ( March 22 , 2006 ) . `` GDC 06 : God of War II Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , John ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` God of War II '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , John ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` God of War II '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . p. 2 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , John ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` God of War II '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . p. 3 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War II PlayStation 2 Interview -- David Jaffe and Cory Barlog '' . IGN YouTube channel . IGN Entertainment . May 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Chris ( July 26 , 2006 ) . `` God of War II interview '' . PALGN . PAL Gaming Network . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 .",
"29": "^ Jump up to : `` God of War II -- GameTrailers Interview with David Jaffe '' . Spike.com . Viacom . May 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leone , Matt ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Cory Barlog Leaving SCEA '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Mark ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` E3 2008 : God of War 3 Teaser Trailer '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` God of War III Q&A '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Patrick ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` God of War 3 director reveals plans for future DLC and why multiplayer wo n't work -- Page 1 '' . GamePro . IDG . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graft , Kris . `` Interview : The Shape of God of War III '' . Gamasutra . UBM TechWeb . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Joystiq interview : God of War 3 's Ken Feldman , art director '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Thomas ( May 4 , 2013 ) .",
"30": "`` How Sony Santa Monica mastered PlayStation 3 '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ PlayStation ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Cover Photos '' . Facebook . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Papy , Todd ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension is Coming to PS3 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moss , Sebastian ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game Director Stig Asmussen `` Doing Cool Stuff '' at Sony Santa Monica , Not God Of War : Ascension `` . PlayStation LifeStyle . AtomicOnline . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Papy , Todd ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension -- Multiplayer Announcement Live From Santa Monica Studio '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton , Fred ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` God of War : Ascension Q&A : Taking Kratos to the Next Level '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leone , Matt ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Previews : God of War PSP '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . p. 5 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leone , Matt ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II launch event / PSP coming out party ?",
"31": "Liveblog ! '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Taking God of War to PSP '' . EDGE . Future plc . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leone , Matt ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` 1UP Previews : God of War PSP '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ doublespy ( December 11 , 2007 ) . God of War : Chains of Olympus ' Comparison '. 1UP . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levine , Eric ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta Announced for PSP ! '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacho , Gieson ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Digger deeper into God of War : Ghost of Sparta with game director Dana Jan '' . San Jose Mercury News . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Magrino , Tom ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ghost of Sparta spooks Sand Diego '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Mystery Website Promises Nothing '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media .",
"32": "Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dan ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` God of War Mobile '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Summa , Robert ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Hands - on : God of War : Betrayal '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yoon , Andrew ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Phil Cohen talks up God of War : Betrayal '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Games to Film : God of War '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ fdemarco ( August 11 , 2007 ) . `` Game Head : David Jaffe Meets Uwe Boll '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John , Tracey ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` God of War Movie Update : Designers Have ' No Creative Control ' '' . UGO Entertainment . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : God of War -- Game Directors Live ( documentary ) . North Hollywood , Los Angeles : Sony Computer Entertainment . 2010 . Event occurs at 80 minutes . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 10 , 2012 ) .",
"33": "`` ' Pacific Rim ' Writers Tapped for ' God of War ' Adaptation ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` What 's in Store for the God of War Movie ? '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Laura ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` God of War movie a step in ' bold ' new direction - Report '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marcus Dunstan on The Collection and God of War - Page 2 '' . CraveOnline . AtomicMedia . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chan , Ken ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Unearthing the Legend for the Ultimate Fan ! '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chen , Grace ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` PlayStation Store Update '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chan , Ken ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Reason # 6 to Pre-Order God of War : Ghost of Sparta -- God of War Game Directors Live '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Chen , Grace ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation Store Update '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War # 1 Solicitation '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` God of War Comics '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` Del Ray announces first God of War novel for March 2010 '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` God of War II by Robert E. Vardeman '' . Random House . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Papy , Todd ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` God of War : Ascension : New Trailer , Rise of the Warrior , Early Beta Access '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Out April 20 on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Dave . `` God of War Soundtrack : : Review by Dave '' . Square Enix Music Online . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave . `` God of War II Official Soundtrack : : Review by Dave '' . SquareEnixMusic.com .",
"35": "Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War III : Original Soundtrack From The Video Game '' . Game - OST . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caiazzo , Anthony ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` God of War III Ultimate Edition and Pre-Order Items Announced '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dave . `` God of War III Original Soundtrack : : Review by Dave '' . SquareEnixMusic.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( November 19 , 2005 ) . `` RE4 named Game of Year at Spike Awards '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dormer , Dan ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Nominees for Spike TV 's ' Video Game Awards 2007 ' revealed '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Griffin ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Spike VGA nominations are in , appropriately preposterous '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave . `` God of War Trilogy Soundtrack : : Review by Dave '' . SquareEnixMusic.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta ( Original Soundtrack from the Video Game ) '' . iTunes Store .",
"36": "Apple Inc . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chan , Ken ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Reason # 2 to Pre-Order God of War : Ghost of Sparta -- Official Soundtrack Revealed '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dave . `` God of War Ghost of Sparta Original Soundtrack : : Review by Dave '' . SquareEnixMusic.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Ascension ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Composer confirms work on ' God of War IV ' ( update ) '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` God of War - Ascension - Original Soundtrack '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Blood & Metal EP Out Now '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Blood & Metal '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Records , Roadrunner ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Roadrunner Announces God of War EP '' . Roadrunner Records . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weissbaum , William ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` God of War III Exclusive : `` Even Gods Cry '' Music Video and Interview ! `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riff ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` Blood and Metal : The God of War III EP Review '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave . `` God of War Blood & Metal : : Review by Dave '' . SquareEnixMusic.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War ( ps2 : 2005 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War II '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War : Betrayal '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War : Chains of Olympus ( psp : 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War Collection '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War Collection for PlayStation Vita Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 .",
"38": "^ Jump up to : `` God of War III ( ps3 ) reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` God of War Origins Collection '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God of War Saga '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War : Ascension at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` God of War III Remastered for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` God of War for Playstation 4 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` God of War series has sold over 21 million copies '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` God of War Series Surpasses 21 Million Sales '' . Push Square . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Raymond M. ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` God of War ( PS2 ) '' . GameSpy . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Computer Entertainment America to Unleash Kratos in Limited - Edition God of War PSP Entertainment Pack '' ( Press release ) . Sony Computer Entertainment America .",
"39": "February 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ IGN PlayStation Team ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ IGN PlayStation Team ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` God of War II Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Knight , Rich ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` The 50 Best PS2 Games Ever '' . Complex.com . Complex Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : God of War : Chains of Olympus for PSP on GamePro.com '' . GamePro . February 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Best of 2008 : Best Action Game ( PSP ) '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . 2008 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Noble , McKinley ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` The 10 Best PSP Games '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( March 8 , 2010 ) .",
"40": "`` God of War III Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Video Game Awards ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Every VGA Winner From Years Past '' . Spike.com . Viacom . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , James ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Heavy Rain And God Of War III Celebrated By BAFTA '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment Europe . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta Review '' . 1UP . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levine , Eric ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta Picks Up 9 Awards , 4 Nominations at E3 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment America . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Jonathan ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` God of War : Chains of Olympus '' . G4 . G4 Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` IGN : God of War : Chains of Olympus Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hornshaw , Phil ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Kratos Revels in Cruelty , and God of War 3 Assumes You Do Too '' .",
"41": "GameFront . Break Media . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Simon ( October 24 , 2010 ) . `` God of War : Ghost of Sparta '' . Eurogamer . Eurogamer Network . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Alex ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` God of War : Ascension Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edge Staff ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` God of War : Ascension review '' . Edge . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` God of War Collection Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` God of War Origins Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Patrick ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Review : God of War : Origins Collection ( PS3 ) '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ryan ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` God of War Saga review : All the God of War you can possibly handle '' . Digital Trends . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( July 14 , 2015 ) .",
"42": "`` God of War 3 Remastered Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2005 ) . God of War ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2007 ) . God of War II ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Ready at Dawn , ed. ( 2008 ) . God of War : Chains of Olympus ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2009 ) . God of War Collection ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2010 ) . God of War III ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Ready at Dawn , ed. ( 2010 ) . God of War : Ghost of Sparta ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Santa Monica Studio , ed. ( 2013 ) . God of War : Ascension ( PDF ) ( Instruction manual ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original ( digital ) on March 16 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios Franchises Ape Escape Arc the Lad Boku no Natsuyasumi Buzz ! Colony Wars Dark Cloud Echochrome EverQuest Everybody 's Golf Everybody 's Tennis EyeToy FantaVision Fat Princess G - Police Genji God of War Gran Turismo Gravity Rush Infamous Invizimals Jak and Daxter Jumping Flash !",
"43": "Killzone Knack Legend of Legaia Lemmings LittleBigPlanet LocoRoco MediEvil MLB : The Show ModNation Racers MotorStorm Motor Toon Grand Prix Ore no Shikabane wo Koete Yuke / Oreshika PaRappa the Rapper Patapon PlanetSide Pursuit Force Rally Cross Ratchet & Clank Resistance Shadow of the Beast SingStar Siren Sly Cooper SOCOM Soul Sacrifice Sports Champions Start the Party ! Syphon Filter The Eye of Judgment The Getaway The Last of Us This Is Football ( franchise ) Twisted Metal Uncharted Vib - Ribbon Warhawk White Knight Chronicles Wipeout Wonderbook Divisions Bend Studio Foster City Studio Japan Studio London Studio San Diego Studio Santa Monica Studio Subsidiaries Guerrilla Games J.S.E.E.D. PlayStation C.A.M.P.",
"44": "Team Gravity Team Ico Media Molecule Naughty Dog PixelOpus Polyphony Digital Sucker Punch Productions XDev Former subsidiaries 989 Studios Bigbig Studios Contrail Evolution Studios Guerrilla Cambridge Incognito Entertainment Psygnosis Team Soho Zipper Interactive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(franchise)&oldid=838473441 '' Categories : Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) Video game franchises Video game franchises introduced in 2005 Video games set in Greece Multiplayer and single - player video games Video games based on mythology Video games set in antiquity Video games based on Greek mythology Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Featured articles Use mdy dates from December 2012 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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9070003128797416503
|
who has scored the most half centuries in test cricket
|
[
"Sachin Tendulkar",
"Sachin Tendulkar",
"Sachin Tendulkar",
"Sachin Tendulkar",
"Sachin Tendulkar"
] |
{
"0": "List of Test cricket records - wikipedia List of Test cricket records Jump to : navigation , search Donald Bradman , holder of several Test batting records including highest batting average Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in Test cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket Test cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Unlike One Day Internationals , Test matches consist of two innings per team , having no limit in their number of overs . Test cricket is first - class cricket , so statistics and records set in Test matches are also counted toward first - class records . The duration of Tests , currently limited to five days , has varied through Test history , ranging from three days to timeless matches . The earliest match now recognised as a Test was played between England and Australia in March 1877 ; since then there have been over 2,000 Tests played by 11 teams . The frequency of Tests has steadily increased partly because of the increase in the number of Test - playing countries , and partly as cricket boards seek to maximise their revenue . Cricket is , by its nature , capable of generating large numbers of records and statistics . This list details the most significant team and individual records in Test cricket . The most successful team in Test cricket , in terms of both wins and win percentage , is Australia , having won 362 of their 773 Tests ( 46.83 % ) . Barring the ICC World XI , a rest of world team which played a single Test against Australia in 2005 , the least successful team are Bangladesh who have struggled since their introduction to Test cricket in 2000 , leading to questioning of their Test status . Australian Donald Bradman , widely considered the greatest batsman of all time , holds several personal and partnership records . He scored the most runs in a series , has the most double centuries and was a part of the record 5th wicket partnership . His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94 . One of cricket 's most famous statistics , it stands almost 40 runs higher than any other batsman 's average . Don Bradman is the only player in the world to have scored 5000 runs against a single opposition : 5028 runs against England .",
"1": "In the Manchester Test of 1956 , England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs ( 19 -- 90 ) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first - class one . In taking 10 -- 53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings , and his analysis remains the best innings figures . Indian Leg - spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings , claiming 10 -- 74 against Pakistan in 1999 . West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket : he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier . Lara had held the record before Hayden , with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier . Pakistan 's Misbah - ul - Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls . The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand 's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match . The trend of countries to increase the number of Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket - taker in December 2007 , when he passed Shane Warne 's total of 708 wickets . Within a year , the equivalent batting record of highest run - scorer had also changed hands : Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Mark Boucher of South Africa while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Rahul Dravid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses and draws 3.2 Result records 3.2. 1 Greatest win margins ( by innings ) 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 3 Matches that finished with scores level 3.2.",
"2": "4 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) 3.2. 5 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 6 Victory after following - on 3.2. 7 Most consecutive wins 3.3 Team scoring records 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest career batting average 4.1. 4 Innings or series 4.1. 5 Highest scores at each batting position 4.1. 6 Innings as captain 4.1. 7 Most runs in an over 4.1. 8 Centuries 4.1. 9 Half Centuries 4.1. 10 Most fours in career 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Career 4.2. 2 Series 4.2. 3 Innings 4.2. 4 Match records 4.2. 5 Innings as captain 4.2. 6 Match records as captain 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in Test career 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.5 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 4.6 Individual records ( other ) 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnership for each wicket 5.2 Highest partnerships 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Listing criteria In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) .",
"3": "Listing notation Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained ( 300 -- 3 d ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets , and declared its innings closed ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out Batting notation ( 100 ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out Bowling notation ( 5 -- 100 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs Currently playing indicates a current Test cricketer Seasons Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . Team records Team wins , losses and draws Team First Test match Matches Won Lost Tied Drawn % Won Australia 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 803 378 216 207 47.07 Bangladesh 000000002000 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2000 103 10 78 0 15 14.",
"4": "42 England 000000001877 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1877 990 356 291 0 343 35.95 India 000000001932 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1932 515 142 158 214 27.57 New Zealand 000000001930 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1930 422 89 170 0 163 21.09 Pakistan 000000001952 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 1952 411 132 121 0 158 32.03 South Africa 000000001889 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 1889 416 154 138 0 124 36.93 Sri Lanka 000000001982 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1982 263 83 99 0 81 31.43 West Indies 000000001928 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1928 526 167 185 173 31.74 Zimbabwe 000000001992 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 1992 102 11 65 0 26 10.78 ICC World XI 000000002005 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2005 0 0 0 0.00 Last updated : 2 October 2017 Result records Greatest win margins ( by innings ) Margin Teams Venue Season Innings and 579 runs England ( 903 - 7 d ) beat Australia ( 201 & 123 ) The Oval , London 1938 Innings and 360 runs Australia ( 652 -- 7 d ) beat South Africa ( 159 & 133 ) New Wanderers Stadium ,",
"5": "Johannesburg 2001 -- 02 Innings and 336 runs West Indies ( 614 -- 5 d ) beat India ( 124 & 154 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 1958 -- 59 Innings and 332 runs Australia ( 645 ) beat England ( 141 & 172 ) Brisbane Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 Innings and 324 runs Pakistan ( 643 ) beat New Zealand ( 73 & 246 ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2002 Last updated : 12 December 2016 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 675 runs England ( 521 & 342 -- 8 d ) beat Australia ( 122 & 66 ) Brisbane Exhibition Ground 1928 -- 29 562 runs Australia ( 701 & 327 ) beat England ( 321 & 145 ) The Oval , London 1934 530 runs Australia ( 328 & 578 ) beat South Africa ( 205 & 171 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1910 -- 11 491 runs Australia ( 381 & 361 -- 5 d ) beat Pakistan ( 179 & 72 ) WACA Ground , Perth 2004 -- 05 465 runs Sri Lanka ( 384 & 447 -- 6 d ) beat Bangladesh ( 208 & 158 ) Chittagong Divisional Stadium 2008 -- 09 Last updated : 12 December 2016 Matches that finished with scores level See also : Tied Test Result Teams Venue Season Tie Australia ( 505 & 232 ) vs West Indies ( 453 & 284 ) The Gabba 1960 -- 61 Tie India ( 397 & 347 ) vs Australia ( 574 -- 7 d & 170 -- 5 d ) MA Chidambaram Stadium , Madras 1986 -- 87 Draw Zimbabwe ( 376 & 234 ) vs England ( 406 & 204 -- 5 ) Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 1996 -- 97 Draw India ( 482 & 242 -- 9 ) vs West Indies ( 590 & 134 ) Wankhede Stadium ,",
"6": "Mumbai 2011 -- 12 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 wicket England ( 183 & 263 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 324 & 121 ) The Oval , London 1902 1 wicket South Africa ( 91 & 287 -- 9 ) beat England ( 184 & 190 ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1905 -- 06 1 wicket England ( 382 & 282 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 266 & 397 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1907 -- 08 1 wicket England ( 183 & 173 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 113 & 242 ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1922 -- 23 1 wicket Australia ( 216 & 260 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 272 & 203 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1951 -- 52 1 wicket New Zealand ( 249 & 104 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 140 & 212 ) Carisbrook , Dunedin 1979 -- 80 1 wicket Pakistan ( 256 & 315 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 337 & 232 ) National Stadium , Karachi 1994 -- 95 1 wicket West Indies ( 329 & 311 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 490 & 146 ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1998 -- 99 1 wicket West Indies ( 273 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Pakistan ( 269 & 219 ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1999 -- 00 1 wicket Pakistan ( 175 & 262 -- 9 ) beat Bangladesh ( 281 & 154 ) Ibn - e-Qasim Bagh Stadium , Multan 2003 1 wicket Sri Lanka ( 321 & 352 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 361 & 311 ) Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium ,",
"7": "Colombo 2006 1 wicket India ( 405 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 428 & 192 ) Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 2010 -- 11 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 run West Indies ( 252 & 146 ) beat Australia ( 213 & 184 ) Adelaide Oval 1992 -- 93 2 runs England ( 407 & 182 ) beat Australia ( 308 & 279 ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 2005 3 runs Australia ( 299 & 86 ) beat England ( 262 & 120 ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1902 England ( 284 & 294 ) beat Australia ( 287 & 288 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1982 -- 83 5 runs South Africa ( 169 & 239 ) beat Australia ( 292 & 111 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1993 -- 94 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Victory after following - on See also : Follow - on Margin Teams Venue Season 10 runs England ( 325 & 437 ) beat Australia ( 586 & 166 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1894 -- 95 18 runs England ( 174 & 356 ) beat Australia ( 401 -- 9 d & 111 ) Headingley , Leeds 1981 171 runs India ( 171 & 657 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 445 & 212 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 2000 -- 01 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most consecutive wins Wins Team First win Last win 16 Australia Zimbabwe at Harare , 14 October 1999 India at Mumbai , 27 February 2001 16 Australia South Africa at Melbourne , 26 December 2005 India at Sydney , 2 January 2008 11 West Indies Australia at Bridgetown , 30 March 1984 Australia at Adelaide , 7 December 1984 9 Sri Lanka India at Colombo ,",
"8": "29 August 2001 Pakistan at Lahore , 6 March 2002 9 South Africa Australia at Durban , 15 March 2002 Bangladesh at Dhaka , 1 May 2003 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Team scoring records Most runs in an innings Runs Teams Venue Season 952 - 6 d Sri Lanka ( v India ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 903 - 7 d England ( v Australia ) The Oval , London 1938 849 England ( v West Indies ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 790 -- 3 d West Indies ( v Pakistan ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 765 -- 6 d Pakistan ( v Sri Lanka ) National Stadium , Karachi 2008 -- 09 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Fewest runs in a completed innings Runs Teams Venue Date 26 New Zealand ( v England ) Eden Park , Auckland 25 March 1955 30 South Africa ( v England ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 13 February 1896 South Africa ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 14 June 1924 35 South Africa ( v England ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1 April 1899 36 Australia ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 29 May 1902 South Africa ( v Australia ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 12 February 1932 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Highest fourth - innings totals to win Runs Teams Venue Season 418 -- 7 West Indies ( v Australia ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St.",
"9": "John 's 2002 -- 03 414 -- 4 South Africa ( v Australia ) WACA Ground , Perth 2008 -- 09 406 -- 4 India ( v West Indies ) Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 1975 -- 76 404 -- 3 Australia ( v England ) Headingley , Leeds 1948 391 -- 6 Sri Lanka ( v Zimbabwe ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2017 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Individual records Individual records ( Batting ) Career runs For more details on this topic , see List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket . Most career runs Runs Player Period 15,921 ( 329 innings ) Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 13,378 ( 287 innings ) Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 13,289 ( 280 innings ) Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 13,288 ( 286 innings ) Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 12,400 ( 233 innings ) Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most career runs -- progression of record Runs Player Record held until Duration of record 239 Charles Bannerman 4 January 1882 4 years , 295 days 676 George Ulyett 13 August 1884 2 years , 222 days 860 Billy Murdoch 14 August 1886 2 years , 1 day 1,277 Arthur Shrewsbury 23 January 1902 15 years , 162 days 1,293 Joe Darling 18 February 1902 26 days 1,366 Syd Gregory 14 June 1902 116 days 1,531 Archie MacLaren 13 August 1902 60 days 3,412 Clem Hill 27 December 1924 22 years , 136 days 5,",
"10": "410 Jack Hobbs 29 June 1937 12 years , 184 days 7,249 Wally Hammond 27 November 1970 33 years , 151 days 7,459 Colin Cowdrey 23 March 1972 1 year , 117 days 8,032 Garfield Sobers 23 December 1981 9 years , 275 days 8,114 Geoff Boycott 12 November 1983 1 year , 324 days 10,122 Sunil Gavaskar 25 February 1993 9 years , 105 days 11,174 Allan Border 25 November 2005 12 years , 273 days 11,953 Brian Lara 17 October 2008 2 years , 327 days 15,921 Sachin Tendulkar 7003328900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 2 days Last updated : 15 June 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs ^ ( b ) Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs ^ ( c ) Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs ^ ( d ) Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs ^ ( e ) MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs ^ ( f ) Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs Most runs in each batting position Batting position Player Runs Average Opener Alastair Cook 10430 45.95 Number 3 Kumar Sangakkara 11679 60.83 Number 4 Sachin Tendulkar 13492 54.40 Number 5 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 6883 56.42 Number 6 Steve Waugh 3165 51.05 Number 7 Adam Gilchrist 3948 46.45 Number 8 Daniel Vettori 2227 39.77 Number 9 Stuart Broad 1173 20.",
"11": "95 Number 10 Dale Steyn 502 12.55 Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 623 11.33 Last updated : 17 March 2017 Highest career batting average Average Player Period 99.94 ( 80 innings ) Donald Bradman 1928 -- 1948 61.87 ( 31 innings ) Adam Voges 2015 -- 2016 60.97 ( 41 innings ) Graeme Pollock 1963 -- 1970 60.83 ( 40 innings ) George Headley 1930 -- 1954 60.73 ( 84 innings ) Herbert Sutcliffe 1924 -- 1935 Qualification : 20 innings . Last updated : 30 August 2017 Innings or series Highest individual score ( see also List of Test cricket triple centuries ) Runs Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Highest individual score -- progression of record Runs Player Opponent Venue Season Test match Number 165 * Charles Bannerman England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 Test No. 1 211 Billy Murdoch England The Oval , London 1884 Test No. 16 287 Tip Foster Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1903 -- 04 Test No. 78 325 Andy Sandham West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 Test No.",
"12": "193 334 Don Bradman England Headingley , Leeds 1930 Test No. 196 336 * Wally Hammond New Zealand Eden Park , Auckland 1932 -- 33 Test No. 226 364 Len Hutton Australia The Oval , London 1938 Test No. 266 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 Test No. 452 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 Test No. 1259 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1661 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1696 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a match Runs Scores Player Match 456 333 and 123 Graham Gooch v India at Lord 's , 1990 426 334 * and 92 Mark Taylor v Pakistan at Peshawar , 1998 -- 99 424 319 and 105 Kumar Sangakkara v Bangladesh at Chittagong , 2013 -- 14 400 400 * Brian Lara v England at St John 's , Antigua , 2003 -- 04 380 247 * and 133 Greg Chappell v New Zealand at Wellington , 1973 -- 74 380 Matthew Hayden v Zimbabwe at Perth , 2003 -- 04 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a series Runs Player Series 974 ( 7 innings ) Donald Bradman v England , 1930 905 ( 9 innings ) Wally Hammond v Australia , 1928 -- 29 839 ( 11 innings ) Mark Taylor v England , 1989 834 ( 9 innings ) Neil Harvey v South Africa ,",
"13": "1952 -- 53 829 ( 7 innings ) Viv Richards v England , 1976 827 ( 10 innings ) Clyde Walcott v Australia , 1955 824 ( 8 innings ) Gary Sobers v Pakistan , 1957 -- 58 810 ( 9 innings ) Donald Bradman v England , 1936 -- 37 806 ( 5 innings ) Donald Bradman v South Africa , 1931 -- 32 798 ( 8 innings ) Brian Lara v England , 1993 -- 94 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a calendar year Runs Player Average Year 1788 Mohammad Yousuf 99.33 2006 1710 Vivian Richards 90.00 1976 1656 Graeme Smith 72.00 2008 1595 Michael Clarke 106.33 2012 1562 Sachin Tendulkar 78.",
"14": "10 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Highest scores at each batting position Batting position Player Score Opponent Venue Date Opener Matthew Hayden 380 Zimbabwe WACA Ground 9 October 2003 Number 3 Brian Lara 400 * England Antigua Recreation Ground 10 April 2004 Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 374 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground 27 July 2006 Number 5 Michael Clarke 329 * India Sydney Cricket Ground 3 January 2012 Number 6 Ben Stokes 258 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground 2 January 2016 Number 7 Donald Bradman 270 England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 January 1937 Number 8 Wasim Akram 257 * Zimbabwe Sheikhupura Stadium 17 October 1996 Number 9 Ian Smith 173 India Eden Park 22 February 1990 Number 10 Walter Read 117 Australia Kennington Oval 11 August 1884 Number 11 Ashton Agar 98 England Trent Bridge 10 July 2013 Last updated : 17 March January 2017 Innings as captain Highest individual score as captain Runs Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 334 * Mark Taylor Pakistan Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 1998 333 Graham Gooch India Lord 's , London 329 * Michael Clarke India Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2012 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Most runs in an over Runs Sequence Batsman Bowler Venue Season 28 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 Brian Lara Robin Peterson Wanderers Stadium ,",
"15": "Johannesburg 2003 -- 04 4 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 George Bailey James Anderson WACA , Perth 2013 -- 14 27 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- 1 Shahid Afridi Harbhajan Singh Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2005 -- 06 26 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 Mitchell Johnson Paul Harris Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2008 -- 09 4 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 Brian Lara Danish Kaneria Multan Cricket Stadium 2006 -- 07 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 4 Craig McMillan Younis Khan Seddon Park , Hamilton 2000 -- 01 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 -- 4 -- 6 Brendon McCullum Suranga Lakmal Hagley Oval , Christchurch , New Zealand 2014 -- 15 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 Hardik Pandya Malinda Pushpakumara Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Sri Lanka 2017 Last updated : 14 August 2017 Centuries Most Test centuries Centuries Player Matches Innings Inns / Century 51 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 6.4 45 Jacques Kallis 166 280 6.2 41 Ricky Ponting 168 287 7.0 38 Kumar Sangakkara 132 229 6 36 Rahul Dravid 164 286 7.9 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Maximum Centuries -- progression of record Centuries Player Matches Venue Season Test match Number Charles Bannerman Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 Test No.",
"16": "1 Allan Steel 13 Lord 's , London 21 - Jul - 1884 Test No. -- Percy McDonnell -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 5 Archie MacLaren -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 6 Clem Hill -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 8 Victor Trumper -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 15 Jack Hobbs -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 16 Herbert Sutcliffe -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 21 Don Bradman -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 22 Walter Hammond -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 29 Don Bradman -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 34 Sunil Gavaskar -- -- - -- - Test No . -- 51 Sachin Tendulkar -- -- - -- - Test No . -- Last updated : 9 September 2017 Fastest Test centuries No. of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 54 Brendon McCullum Australia Hagley Oval , Christchurch 2015 -- 16 56 Viv Richards England Antigua Recreation Ground , St.",
"17": "John 's 1985 -- 86 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 57 Adam Gilchrist England WACA Ground , Perth 2006 -- 07 67 Jack Gregory South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1921 -- 22 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test double centuries Double centuries Player Matches 12 Donald Bradman 52 11 Kumar Sangakkara 130 9 Brian Lara 131 7 Wally Hammond 85 Mahela Jayawardene 149 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test triple centuries Triple centuries Player Matches Donald Bradman 52 Virender Sehwag 104 Chris Gayle 103 Brian Lara 131 Last updated : 11 December 2016 Note : 21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test : see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details Most Test quadruple centuries Quadruple centuries Player Matches Brian Lara 131 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Half Centuries Most Test 50 + 50 + Player Matches Innings 119 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 103 Jacques Kallis 166 280 103 Ricky Ponting 168 287 99 Rahul Dravid 164 286 96 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 164 280 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Fastest Test half - centuries No.",
"18": "of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 21 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 / 15 24 Jacques Kallis Zimbabwe Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2004 / 05 25 Shane Shillingford New Zealand Sabina Park , Kingston 2014 26 Shahid Afridi India M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2004 / 05 Mohammad Ashraful India Sher - e-Bangla Cricket Stadium , Mirpur 2007 Dale Steyn West Indies St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 2014 / 15 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most fours in career Fours Player Innings 2058 + Sachin Tendulkar 329 1654 Rahul Dravid 286 1559 Brian Lara 232 1509 Ricky Ponting 287 1491 Kumar Sangakkara 233 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) `` + '' means the completed career records are n't known Individual records ( Bowling ) Career Most wickets in a career Wickets Player Matches Average 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 619 Anil Kumble 132 29.65 563 Glenn McGrath 124 21.64 519 Courtney Walsh 132 24.44 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most wickets in a career -- Progression of record Wickets Player Matches Average Record held until Duration of record 8 Alfred Shaw 10.75 31 March 1877 16 days 14 Tom Kendall 15.35 4 January 1879 1 year , 279 days 94 Fred Spofforth 18 18.41 12 January 1895 16 years ,",
"19": "8 days 118 Johnny Briggs 33 17.75 2 January 1904 8 years , 355 days 141 Hugh Trumble 32 21.78 13 December 1913 9 years , 345 days 189 Sydney Barnes 27 16.43 4 January 1936 22 years , 22 days 216 Clarrie Grimmett 37 24.21 24 July 1953 17 years , 201 days 236 Alec Bedser 51 24.89 26 January 1963 9 years , 186 days 242 Brian Statham 67 24.27 15 March 1963 48 days 307 Fred Trueman 67 21.57 1 February 1976 12 years , 323 days 309 Lance Gibbs 79 29.09 27 December 1981 5 years , 329 days 355 Dennis Lillee 70 23.92 21 August 1986 4 years , 237 days 373 Ian Botham 94 27.86 12 November 1988 2 years , 83 days 431 Richard Hadlee 86 22.29 8 February 1994 5 years , 88 days 434 Kapil Dev 131 29.64 27 March 2000 6 years , 48 days 519 Courtney Walsh 132 24.44 8 May 2004 4 years , 42 days 532 Muttiah Muralitharan 91 22.87 15 October 2004 160 days 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 3 December 2007 3 years , 49 days 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 Current 7003360800000000000 ♠ 9 years ,",
"20": "320 days Notes ^ ( a ) Allen Hill took the first Test wicket , but only two in the First Test match . Alfred Shaw ( 3 / 51 & 5 / 35 ) and Tom Kendall ( 1 / 54 & 7 / 55 ) both took eight wickets , but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets . Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets ( 15.35 ) in seven Tests ^ ( b ) Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth 's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne , as did Charles Turner two days later . Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide , which Turner missed , and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney .",
"21": "Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets ( 16.53 ) in 17 Tests ^ ( c ) Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham 's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets ( 24.84 ) in 70 Tests ^ ( d ) Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham 's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets ( 28.40 ) in 102 Tests ^ ( e ) Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan 's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets ( 22.72 ) in 133 Tests Best career average Average Player Balls Wickets 10.75 George Lohmann 3,830 112 12.70 / John Ferris 2,302 61 15.54 Billy Barnes 2,289 51 16.42 Billy Bates 2,364 50 16.43 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2016 Note : If the qualification is removed , the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket ( i.e. no runs were conceded ) . This record is shared by Englishmen AN Hornby , Wilf Barber and New Zealander , Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run ^ ( a ) John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country . He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886 -- 87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891 -- 92 . Best career strike rate Strike rate Player Balls Wickets 34.1 George Lohmann 3,830 112 37.7 / J.J. Ferris 2,302 61 38.7 Shane Bond 3,372 87 41.4 Dale Steyn 17,",
"22": "286 417 41.6 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 2 September 2017 Most 5 wickets in an innings 5 wickets in an innings Player Matches 67 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 37 Shane Warne 145 36 Richard Hadlee 86 35 Anil Kumble 132 29 Glenn McGrath 124 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most 10 wickets in a match 10 wickets in a match Player Matches 22 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 10 Shane Warne 145 9 Richard Hadlee 86 8 Rangana Herath 83 Anil Kumble 132 Last updated : 2 September 2017 Series Most wickets in a series Wickets Player Series 49 ( 4 Tests ) Sydney Barnes v South Africa 1913 -- 14 46 ( 5 Tests ) Jim Laker v Australia , 1956 44 ( 5 Tests ) Clarrie Grimmett v South Africa 1935 -- 36 42 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1981 41 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1989 Rodney Hogg v England , 1978 -- 79 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings Best figures in an innings Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia ( 2nd innings ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 10 -- 74 Anil Kumble Pakistan Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 1998 -- 99 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 9 -- 37 Jim Laker Australia ( 1st innings ) Old Trafford ,",
"23": "Manchester 1956 9 -- 51 Muttiah Muralitharan Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy 2001 -- 02 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Best figures in an innings -- progression of record Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 7 -- 55 Tom Kendall ( in the inaugural Test match ) England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 7 -- 44 Fred Spofforth England The Oval , London 1882 7 -- 28 Billy Bates Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground 1882 -- 83 8 -- 35 George Lohmann Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1886 -- 87 8 -- 11 Johnny Briggs South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1888 -- 89 8 -- 7 George Lohmann South Africa St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 1895 -- 96 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 Calculated at the conclusion of each Test Last updated : 15 June 2016 Match records Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 19 -- 90 Jim Laker Australia Manchester , England , 1956 17 -- 159 Sydney Barnes South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1913 -- 14 16 -- 136 Narendra Hirwani West Indies M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 1987 -- 88 16 -- 137 Bob Massie England Lord 's , London 1972 16 -- 220 Muttiah Muralitharan England The Oval , London 1998 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings as captain Best figures in an innings as captain Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 9 -- 83 Kapil Dev West Indies Sardar Patel Stadium ,",
"24": "Ahmedabad 8 -- 60 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 1982 8 -- 63 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare 2016 8 -- 106 Kapil Dev Australia Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 1985 7 -- 37 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington 1995 Last updated : 16 March 2017 Match records as captain Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 13 -- 55 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington , New Zealand 1995 13 -- 135 Waqar Younis Zimbabwe Southend Club Cricket Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan 13 -- 152 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare , Zimbabwe 2016 12 -- 100 Fazal Mahmood West Indies Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka , Bangladesh 1959 11 -- 79 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi ,",
"25": "Pakistan 1982 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( fielding ) Most catches in Test career Catches Player Matches 210 Rahul Dravid 164 205 Mahela Jayawardene 149 200 Jacques Kallis 166 196 Ricky Ponting 168 181 Mark Waugh 128 Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) Most dismissals Dismissals Player Matches 555 ( 532 catches + 23 stumpings ) Mark Boucher 147 416 ( 379 catches + 37 stumpings ) Adam Gilchrist 96 395 ( 366 catches + 29 stumpings ) Ian Healy 119 355 ( 343 catches + 12 stumpings ) Rod Marsh 96 294 ( 256 catches + 38 stumpings ) MS Dhoni 90 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most catches Catches Player Matches 532 Mark Boucher 147 379 Adam Gilchrist 96 366 Ian Healy 119 343 Rod Marsh 96 265 Jeff Dujon 81 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most stumpings Stumpings Player Matches 52 Bert Oldfield 54 46 Godfrey Evans 91 38 Syed Kirmani 88 MS Dhoni 90 37 Adam Gilchrist 96 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match Player Runs Wickets Date Opponent Venue Ian Botham 114 13 / 109 15 February 1980 India Mumbai , India Imran Khan 117 11 / 180 3 January 1983 India Faisalabad , Pakistan Shakib Al Hasan 137 10 / 124 3 November 2014 Zimbabwe Khulna ,",
"26": "Bangladesh Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( other ) Most matches played Matches Player Period 200 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 168 Steve Waugh 1985 -- 2004 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 166 Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 164 Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 1994 -- 2015 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches played as captain Matches Player Won Lost Drawn Tied 109 Graeme Smith 53 29 27 0 93 Allan Border 32 22 38 80 Stephen Fleming 28 27 25 0 77 Ricky Ponting 48 16 13 0 74 Clive Lloyd 36 12 26 0 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches won as captain Won Player Lost Drawn Ties Matches 53 Graeme Smith 26 26 0 109 48 Ricky Ponting 16 13 0 77 41 Steve Waugh 9 7 0 57 36 Clive Lloyd 12 26 0 74 32 Allan Border 22 38 93 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Partnership records Highest partnership for each wicket Partnership Runs Team Players Opposition Venue Season 1st wicket 415 South Africa Graeme Smith ( 232 ) Neil McKenzie ( 226 ) Bangladesh Chittagong Divisional Stadium 2008 2nd wicket 576 Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium ,",
"27": "Colombo 1997 -- 98 3rd wicket 624 Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 4th wicket 449 Australia Adam Voges ( 269 * ) Shaun Marsh ( 182 ) West Indies Bellerive Oval , Hobart 2015 -- 16 5th wicket 405 Australia Sid Barnes ( 234 ) Donald Bradman ( 234 ) England Sydney Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 6th wicket 399 England Ben Stokes ( 258 ) Jonny Bairstow ( 150 * ) South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2015 -- 16 7th wicket 347 West Indies Denis Atkinson ( 219 ) Clairmonte Depeiaza ( 122 ) Australia Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1954 -- 55 8th wicket 332 England Jonathan Trott ( 184 ) Stuart Broad ( 169 ) Pakistan Lord 's , London 9th wicket 195 South Africa Mark Boucher ( 78 ) Pat Symcox ( 108 ) Pakistan New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 1997 -- 98 10th wicket 198 England Joe Root ( 154 * ) James Anderson ( 81 ) India Trent Bridge , Nottingham 2014 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Highest partnerships Runs Team Players Opposition Venue Season 624 ( 3rd wicket ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 576 ( 2nd wicket ) Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium ,",
"28": "Colombo 1997 -- 98 467 ( 3rd wicket ) New Zealand Andrew Jones ( 186 ) Martin Crowe ( 299 ) Sri Lanka Basin Reserve , Wellington 1990 -- 91 451 ( 2nd wicket ) Australia Bill Ponsford ( 266 ) Donald Bradman ( 244 ) England The Oval , London 1934 451 ( 3rd wicket ) Pakistan Mudassar Nazar ( 231 ) Javed Miandad ( 280 * ) India Niaz Stadium , Hyderabad 1982 -- 83 Last updated : 15 June 2016 See also Cricket portal List of Australia Test cricket records List of Bangladesh Test cricket records List of England Test cricket records List of India Test cricket records List of New Zealand Test cricket records List of Pakistan Test cricket records List of South Africa Test cricket records List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records List of West Indies Test cricket records List of Zimbabwe Test cricket records List of Cricket records List of One Day International cricket records List of Twenty20 International records References Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The difference between Test and one - day cricket '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 3 June 2005 ) . `` Flintoff given go - ahead to make it even more difficult for opponents '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Calling time on eternity '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` The birth of Test cricket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 2003 ) . `` Crying out for less '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack -- online archive . John Wisden & Co .",
"29": "Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Simon ( 2 January 2009 ) . `` Twenty20 threatening Bangladesh Test status '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Marshallsea , Trevor ( 17 February 2006 ) . `` Ponting queries Bangladesh Test status '' . The Age . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lillee rubbishes Bangladesh series '' . ABC News . 30 June 2003 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Beard , Matthew ( 26 February 2001 ) . `` Donald Bradman , world 's greatest batsman , dies at 92 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Sir Donald Bradman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Charles ( 4 August 2007 ) . `` Could this be the Don 's missing four runs ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Leggat , David ( 23 August 2008 ) . `` The tainted stat that divides a nation '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ All Records of Sir Don Bradman Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Records -- First - class matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of India , 1998 / 99 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Angus ( 13 April 2008 ) . `` Lara smashes magical 400 to rewrite history '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muralitharan breaks Test record '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2007 .",
"30": "Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India v Australia 2nd Test '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eye injury ends Boucher 's career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid announces retirement from international cricket '' . The Times of India . Times Group . 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match / series archive '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Results summary '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Largest margin of victory ( by an innings ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Largest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Tied matches '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Zimbabwe , 1996 / 97 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of India , 2011 / 12 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Victory after a follow on '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive wins '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Highest innings totals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Lowest innings totals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Highest fourth innings totals in won match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - holders for most number of Test runs '' . Cricinfo Blogs . ESPN . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in each batting position '' . Howstat Test Cricket . Howstat . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Highest career batting averages '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings ( progressive record holder ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a series '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a calendar year '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 March 2017 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ `` Highest individual scores in each batting positions '' . Cricinfo . ESPNcrcinfo . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs off one over '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Statsguru '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Fastest hundreds '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most double hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most triple hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- View innings by innings list -- Runs scored greater than or equal to 400 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most fifties in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Fastest fifties '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test Matches -- Batting records -- Most fours in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most wickets in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN .",
"33": "Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England in 1876 / 77 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ p44 , Bill Frindall , The Guinness Book of Cricket Facts and Feats , Guinness Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ `` A Graphical View of India vs Australia , 2nd Test match , Chennai , played 14 -- 18 October 2004 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career bowling average '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career bowling average ( without qualification ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches played by JJ Ferris '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career strike rate '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most five - wickets - in - an - innings in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most ten - wickets - in - a-match in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most wickets in a series '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN .",
"34": "Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most stumpings in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shakib-al-hasan-becomes-third-all-rounder-to-score-hundred-and-take-10-wickets-in-same-test-207619 Jump up ^ `` Cricketers Who Have Taken 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches won as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN .",
"35": "Retrieved 8 August 2009 . External links Records -- Test matches ESPN Cricinfo HowSTAT ! Test Records Cricket-Records.com Wisden Records in Test Matches Wisden Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20",
"36": "records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures",
"37": "Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_records&oldid=805466459 '' Categories : Test cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Denver Broncos - wikipedia Denver Broncos Jump to : navigation , search Denver Broncos Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Head coach Vance Joseph Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- Present ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ,",
"1": "2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2001 - 2011 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2011 -- present ) `` Broncos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bronco ( disambiguation ) . The Denver Broncos are a professional American football club based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . They began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( formerly known as `` Invesco Field at Mile High '' from 2001 -- 2011 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) with the New England Patriots . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe and Terrell Davis .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.3. 1 1997 -- 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2.",
"3": "3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.5 Ring of Fame 7.6 Super Bowl MVPs 7.7 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Further information : History of the Denver Broncos Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history .",
"4": "1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade .",
"5": "Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run .",
"6": "1997 -- 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 .",
"7": "The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games .",
"8": "Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 to 2010 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 .",
"9": "Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title .",
"10": "2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . The Broncos finished 5 - 11 in 2017 due to a poor offense , and signed Case Keenum in 2018 .",
"11": "Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries ( edit ) Divisional ( edit ) See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders .",
"12": "Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 61 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs .",
"13": "Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical ( edit ) Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 to 1989 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) See also : The 3 : 16 game As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times , tied with five other pairings for the most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history . The Broncos currently own a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers .",
"14": "Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , in a game dubbed The 3 : 16 game , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 to 1969 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys .",
"15": "The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 to 1996 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added .",
"16": "From 1969 to 1971 , and again from 1978 to 1979 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange .",
"17": "When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 to 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 to 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result .",
"18": "When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 .",
"19": "The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season . Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) Super Bowl Date Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII ( 12 ) January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI ( 21 ) January 25 , 1987 New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII ( 22 ) January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV ( 24 ) January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII ( 32 ) January 25 , 1998 Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII ( 33 ) January 31 , 1999 Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII ( 48 ) February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 February 7 , 2016 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 to 2000 For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game .",
"20": "The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 to 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room .",
"21": "The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Case Keenum 6 Chad Kelly 12 Paxton Lynch Running backs 23 Devontae Booker 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 13 Kenny Bell 15 River Cracraft 11 Carlos Henderson 19 Jordan Leslie 84 Isaiah McKenzie 81 Tim Patrick 10 Emmanuel Sanders 87 Jordan Taylor 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 80 Jake Butt 82 Jeff Heuerman 83 Matt LaCosse 89 Brian Parker 86 Austin Traylor Offensive linemen 72 Garett Bolles T 64 J.J.",
"22": "Dielman C 76 Max Garcia G 73 Andreas Knappe T 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T 65 Ronald Leary G 60 Connor McGovern G 61 Matt Paradis C 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G 77 Billy Turner G 66 Jared Veldheer T 75 Menelik Watson T 68 Elijah Wilkinson T Defensive linemen 91 Paul Boyette NT -- Bradley Chubb DE 99 Adam Gotsis DE 96 Shelby Harris DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 98 Clinton McDonald DE 94 Domata Peko NT 90 Kyle Peko NT 69 Jhaustin Thomas DE 57 DeMarcus Walker DE 93 DeShawn Williams DE 95 Derek Wolfe DE Linebackers 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 51 Todd Davis ILB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 43 Joseph Jones ILB 59 Stansly Maponga OLB 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 56 Shane Ray OLB 49 Marcus Rush OLB Defensive backs 22 Tramaine Brock CB 20 Jamal Carter SS 21 Su'a Cravens SS 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB 39 Michael Hunter CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 30 Jordan Moore SS 34 Will Parks FS 38 Marcus Rios CB 29 Bradley Roby CB 31 Justin Simmons SS 28 C.J.",
"23": "Smith CB 26 Darian Stewart FS 35 Dymonte Thomas FS Special teams 3 Taylor Bertolet K 1 Marquette King P 42 Casey Kreiter LS 45 Christian Kuntz LS 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists Currently empty Rookies in italics Roster updated April 26 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 74 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA 50th anniversary team ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The Denver Broncos announced the club 's 50th anniversary team on September 15 , 2009 . The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos.com from June 6 -- September 4 , 2009 . Denver Broncos 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense QB Elway RB Davis Little WR McCaffrey Smith TE Sharpe Lepsis Zimmerman Bishop Schlereth Nalen Defense DE Fletcher R. Jackson DT Pryce Carter LB Mecklenburg Gradishar T. Jackson CB Bailey Wright Atwater Smith Special teams Elam Rouen RS Upchurch Retired numbers ( edit ) Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No.",
"24": "18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame ( edit ) The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No .",
"25": "Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K ,",
"26": "RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- Pat Bowlen President / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J.",
"27": "Durso Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Team Administration -- Mark Thewes Director of Player Development -- Ray Jackson Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Assistant to Head Coach -- Rob Grosso Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave Quarterbacks -- Mike Sullivan Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line ( Guards / Centers ) -- Sean Kugler Offensive Line ( Tackles ) -- Chris Strausser Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Marcus Robertson Defensive Backs ( Cornerbacks ) -- Greg Williams Assistant Defensive Line -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Loren Landow Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Tyler Hill Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese .",
"28": "Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons .",
"29": "In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com .",
"30": "Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 .",
"31": "Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Daniel ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` What do you think about the Denver Broncos `` color rush '' uniforms ? `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' .",
"37": "Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BRONCOS ANNOUNCE 50th ANNIVERSARY TEAM '' . Denver Broncos . September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` .",
"38": "The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History",
"39": "Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National",
"40": "Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North",
"41": "South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp",
"42": "Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Colorado Baseball MLB Colorado Rockies PCL Colorado Springs Sky Sox PioL Grand Junction Rockies Pecos Trinidad Triggers Basketball NBA Denver Nuggets ABA Colorado Kings Football NFL Denver Broncos WFA Mile High Blaze Rocky Mountain Thunderkatz IWFL Colorado Freeze Ice hockey NHL Colorado Avalanche ECHL Colorado Eagles WSHL Colorado Jr .",
"43": "Eagles Superior RoughRiders Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union MLR Glendale Raptors PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Merlins Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures ,",
"44": "Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Sports Authority Field at Mile High Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Broncos&oldid=838157447 '' Categories : Denver Broncos American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Denver Companies based in Arapahoe County , Colorado Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 08 : 14 .",
"45": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8568491076373357236
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what awards did the curious case of benjamin button win
|
[
"Best Art Direction",
"Best Makeup",
"Best Visual Effects"
] |
{
"0": "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( film ) - wikipedia The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Theatrical release poster Directed by David Fincher Produced by Ceán Chaffin Kathleen Kennedy Frank Marshall Screenplay by Eric Roth Story by Eric Roth Robin Swicord Based on The Curious Case of Benjamin Button by F. Scott Fitzgerald Starring Brad Pitt Cate Blanchett Taraji P. Henson Julia Ormond Jason Flemyng Elias Koteas Tilda Swinton Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Claudio Miranda Edited by Kirk Baxter Angus Wall Production company The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Warner Bros. Pictures ( International ) Release date December 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 166 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $167 million Box office $334 million The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a 2008 American fantasy romantic drama film directed by David Fincher . The storyline by Eric Roth and Robin Swicord is loosely based on the 1922 short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald . The film stars Brad Pitt as a man who ages in reverse and Cate Blanchett as the love interest throughout his life . The film was released in North America on December 25 , 2008 to positive reviews . The film went on to receive thirteen Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director for Fincher , Best Actor for Pitt and Best Supporting Actress for Taraji P. Henson , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Makeup , and Best Visual Effects .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Awards 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media 7 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In August 2005 , elderly Daisy Fuller is on her deathbed in a New Orleans hospital as Hurricane Katrina approaches . She starts rambling to her daughter , Caroline , about a train station built in 1918 and Mr. Gateau , the best clockmaker in all of the South , who was hired to make a clock for it . Mr. Gateau was blind , and lost his son in World War I , which crushed him , but he continued to labor over his clock . When it was unveiled at the station , the public was surprised to see that the clock ran backwards , to which Mr. Gateau says he made it that way so that the boys they lost in the war could come back again and live their lives that were ended too soon . After that , Mr. Gateau was never seen again , and people speculated he died of a broken heart or went out to sea . Daisy then asks Caroline to read aloud from the diary of Benjamin Button . From the reading , it is revealed that on the evening of November 11 , 1918 , a boy was born with the appearance and physical maladies of an elderly man . The baby 's mother died after giving birth , and the father , Thomas Button , abandons the infant on the porch of a nursing home . Queenie and Mr. `` Tizzy '' Weathers , workers at the nursing home , find the baby , and Queenie decides to care for him as her own . Benjamin learns to walk in 1925 , after which he uses crutches in place of a wheelchair . On Thanksgiving 1930 , Benjamin meets seven - year - old Daisy , whose grandmother lives in the nursing home . He and Daisy become good friends . Later , he accepts work on a tugboat captained by Mike Clark . Benjamin also meets Thomas Button , who does not reveal that he is Benjamin 's father .",
"2": "In Autumn 1936 , Benjamin leaves New Orleans for a long - term work engagement with the tugboat crew ; Daisy later is accepted into a dance company in New York City under choreographer George Balanchine . In 1941 , Benjamin is in Murmansk , where he begins having an affair with Elizabeth Abbott , wife of the British Trade Minister . That December , Japan attacks Pearl Harbor , thrusting the United States into World War II . Mike volunteers the boat for the U.S. Navy ; the crew is assigned to salvage duties . During a patrol , the tugboat finds a sunken U.S. transport and the bodies of many American troops . A German submarine surfaces ; Mike steers the tugboat full speed towards it while a German gunner fires on the tugboat , killing most of the crew , including Mike . The tugboat rams the submarine , causing it to explode , sinking both vessels . Benjamin and another crewman are rescued by U.S. Navy ships the next day . In May 1945 , Benjamin returns to New Orleans and reunites with Queenie . A few weeks later , he reunites with Daisy ; they go out for dinner . Upon failing to seduce him afterward , she departs . Benjamin later reunites with Thomas Button , who , terminally ill , reveals he is Benjamin 's father and wills Benjamin his button company and his estate . In 1947 , Benjamin visits Daisy in New York unannounced but departs upon seeing that she has fallen in love with someone else . In 1954 , Daisy 's dancing career ends when her leg is crushed in an automobile accident in Paris . When Benjamin visits her , Daisy is amazed by his youthful appearance , but , frustrated by her injuries , she tells him to stay out of her life . In 1962 , Daisy returns to New Orleans and reunites with Benjamin . Now of comparable physical age , they fall in love and go sailing together . They return to learn that Queenie has died , then move in together . In 1967 , Daisy , who has opened a ballet studio , tells Benjamin that she is pregnant ; she gives birth to a girl , Caroline , in the spring of 1968 .",
"3": "Believing he can not be a proper father to his daughter due to his reverse aging , Benjamin departs after selling his belongings , leaving a bank account book holding the proceeds behind for Daisy and Caroline ; he travels alone during the 1970s . Benjamin returns to Daisy in 1980 . Now married , Daisy introduces him , as a family friend , to her husband and daughter . Daisy admits that he was right to leave ; she could not have coped otherwise . She later visits Benjamin at his hotel , where they again share their passion for each other , then part once more . In 1990 , widowed Daisy is contacted by social workers who have found Benjamin -- now physically a pre-teen . When she arrives , they explain that he was living in a condemned building and was taken to the hospital in poor physical condition , and that they found her name in his diary . The bewildered social workers also say he is displaying early signs of dementia . Daisy moves into the nursing home in 1997 and cares for Benjamin for the rest of his life . Daisy says that in 2002 , a new clock replaced Mr. Gateau 's in the train station , a digital clock that ran forward , not backwards . Then , a year later in the spring of 2003 , Benjamin dies in Daisy 's arms , physically an infant but chronologically 84 years of age . Having finally revealed the story of Caroline 's father to her , Daisy dies as Hurricane Katrina approaches . The final scene of the movie ends with Benjamin 's narration about what people were brought into this world for , recapping all the individuals that he loved and lost throughout his life . The film ends with alarms wailing as Katrina quickly floods a dimly lit storage room that holds Mr. Gateau 's forgotten clock , which continues to tick backwards .",
"4": "Cast ( edit ) Brad Pitt as Benjamin Button ( adult ) , Caroline 's biological father Robert Towers as Benjamin Button ( apparent adult ) Peter Donald Badalamenti II as Benjamin Button ( apparent adult ) Tom Everett as Benjamin Button ( apparent adult ) Spencer Daniels as Benjamin Button ( apparent age 12 ) Chandler Canterbury as Benjamin Button ( apparent age 8 ) Charles Henry Wyson as Benjamin Button ( apparent age 6 ) Cate Blanchett as Daisy Fuller ( adult ) Elle Fanning as Daisy Fuller ( age 7 ) Madisen Beaty as Daisy Fuller ( age 10 ) Taraji P. Henson as Queenie Julia Ormond as Caroline Fuller ( adult ) , Benjamin and Daisy 's daughter Katta Hules as Caroline Fuller ( age 12 ) Shiloh Jolie - Pitt as Caroline Fuller ( age 2 ) Jason Flemyng as Thomas Button , Benjamin 's father Mahershala Ali as Tizzy Weathers Jared Harris as Captain Mike Clark Faune A. Chambers as Dorothy Baker Elias Koteas as Monsieur Gateau , a blind clockmaker in a story Daisy tells Caroline Ed Metzger as Theodore Roosevelt Phyllis Somerville as Grandma Fuller Josh Stewart as Pleasant Curtis Tilda Swinton as Elizabeth Abbott Bianca Chiminello as Daisy 's friend Rampai Mohadi as Ngunda Oti Lance E. Nichols as Preacher Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Producer Ray Stark bought the film rights to do The Curious Case of Benjamin Button in the mid-1980s , and it was optioned by Universal Pictures . The first choice to direct it was Frank Oz , with Martin Short attached for the title role , but Oz could not work out how to make the story work . The film was optioned in 1991 by Steven Spielberg , with Tom Cruise attached for the lead role , but Spielberg left the project to direct Jurassic Park and Schindler 's List . Other directors attached were Patrick Read Johnson and Agnieszka Holland . Stark eventually sold the rights to producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall , who took the film to Paramount Pictures , with Universal Pictures still on as a co-production partner . By summer 1994 , Maryland Film Office chief Jack Gerbes was approached with the possibility of making the film in Baltimore .",
"5": "In October 1998 , screenwriter Robin Swicord wrote for director Ron Howard an adapted screenplay of the short story , a project which would potentially star actor John Travolta . In May 2000 , Paramount Pictures hired screenwriter Jim Taylor to adapt a screenplay from the short story . The studio also attached director Spike Jonze to helm the project . Screenwriter Charlie Kaufman had also written a draft of the adapted screenplay at one point . In June 2003 , director Gary Ross entered final negotiations to helm the project based on a new draft penned by screenwriter Eric Roth . In May 2004 , director David Fincher entered negotiations to replace Ross in directing the film . Casting ( edit ) In May 2005 , actors Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett entered negotiations to star in the film . In September 2006 , actors Tilda Swinton , Jason Flemyng and Taraji P. Henson entered negotiations to be cast into the film . The following October , with production yet to begin , actress Julia Ormond was cast as Daisy 's daughter , to whom Blanchett 's character tells the story of her love for Benjamin Button . Brad Pitt had collaborated with many of his co-stars in previous films . He co-starred with Ormond in Legends of the Fall , with Flemyng in Snatch , with Jared Harris in Ocean 's Twelve , with Blanchett in Babel and with Swinton in Burn After Reading . Filming ( edit ) Some filming was conducted in the Garden District of New Orleans , including this home at 2707 Coliseum St . Parisian scenes shooting in Old Montreal For Benjamin Button , New Orleans , Louisiana and the surrounding area was chosen as the filming location for the story to take advantage of the state 's production incentives , and shooting was slated to begin in October 2006 . By filming in Louisiana and taking advantage of the state 's film incentive , the production received $27 million , which was used to finance a significant portion of the film 's $167 million budget . Filming of Benjamin Button began on November 6 , 2006 in New Orleans . In January 2007 , Blanchett joined the shoot . Fincher praised the ease of accessibility to rural and urban sets in New Orleans and said that the recovery from Hurricane Katrina did not serve as an atypical hindrance to production .",
"6": "In March 2007 , production moved to Los Angeles for two more months of filming . Principal photography was targeted to last a total of 150 days . Additional time was needed at visual effects house Digital Domain to make the visual effects for the metamorphosis of Brad Pitt 's character to the infant stage . The director used a camera system called Contour , developed by Steve Perlman , to capture facial deformation data from live - action performances . Several digital environments for the film were created by Matte World Digital , including multiple shots of the interior of the New Orleans train station , to show architectural alterations and deterioration throughout different eras . The train station was built as a 3D model and lighting and aging effects were added , using Next Limit 's Maxwell rendering software -- an architectural visualization tool . Overall production was finished in September 2007 . Music ( edit ) The score to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button was written by French composer Alexandre Desplat , who recorded his score with an 87 - piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage . Awards ( edit ) At the Academy Awards the film won in three categories : Best Achievement in Art Direction , Best Achievement in Makeup , and Best Achievement in Visual Effects . It was also nominated in ten other categories : Best Motion Picture of the Year , Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role , Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role , Best Achievement in Directing , Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay , Best Achievement in Cinematography , Best Achievement in Film Editing , Best Achievement in Costume Design , Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures , Original Score , and Best Achievement in Sound Mixing . Taraji P. Henson won Best Actress at the BET Awards for her role in the film combined with two other performances in Not Easily Broken , and The Family That Preys . The film won all four awards it was nominated for at the 7th Visual Effects Society Awards , the categories of `` Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture , '' `` Best Single Visual Effect of the Year , '' `` Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture , '' and `` Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture . ''",
"7": "Reception ( edit ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button was originally slated for theatrical release in May 2008 , but it was pushed back to November 26 , 2008 . The release date was moved again to December 25 in the United States , January 16 , 2009 in Mexico , February 6 in the United Kingdom , February 13 in Italy and February 27 in South Africa . Box Office Performance ( edit ) On its opening day , the film opened in the number two position behind Marley & Me , in North America with $11,871,831 in 2,988 theaters with a $3,973 average . However , during its opening weekend , the film dropped to the third position behind Marley & Me and Bedtime Stories with $26,853,816 in 2,988 theaters with an $8,987 average . The film has come to gross $127.5 million domestically and $206.4 million in foreign markets , with a total gross of $333.9 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film has received positive reviews , with Pitt 's performance receiving praise . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 72 % of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 238 reviews . Consensus reads : `` Curious Case of Benjamin Button is an epic fantasy tale with rich storytelling backed by fantastic performances . '' According to Metacritic , the film received an average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 37 reviews . Yahoo ! Movies reported the film received a B+ average score from critical consensus , based on 12 reviews . Todd McCarthy of Variety magazine gave the film a positive review , calling it a `` richly satisfying serving of deep - dish Hollywood storytelling . '' Peter Howell of The Toronto Star says : `` It 's been said that the unexamined life is not worth living . The Curious Case of Benjamin Button suggests an addendum : a life lived backwards can be far more enriching '' and describes the film as `` a magical and moving account of a man living his life resoundingly in reverse '' and `` moviemaking at its best . '' Rod Yates of Empire awarded it five out of a possible five stars .",
"8": "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter felt the film was `` superbly made and winningly acted by Brad Pitt in his most impressive outing to date . '' Honeycutt praised Fincher 's directing of the film and noted that the `` cinematography wonderfully marries a palette of subdued earthen colors with the necessary CGI and other visual effects that place one in a magical past . '' Honeycutt states the bottom line about Benjamin Button is that it is `` an intimate epic about love and loss that is pure cinema . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times states : `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , more than two and a half hours long , sighs with longing and simmers with intrigue while investigating the philosophical conundrums and emotional paradoxes of its protagonist 's condition in a spirit that owes more to Jorge Luis Borges than to Fitzgerald . '' Scott praised director David Fincher and writes `` Building on the advances of pioneers like Steven Spielberg , Peter Jackson and Robert Zemeckis , Mr. Fincher has added a dimension of delicacy and grace to digital filmmaking '' and further states : `` While it stands on the shoulders of breakthroughs like Minority Report , The Lord of the Rings and Forrest Gump , Benjamin Button may be the most dazzling such hybrid yet , precisely because it is the subtlest . '' He also stated : `` At the same time , like any other love -- like any movie -- it is shadowed by disappointment and fated to end . '' On the other hand , Anne Hornaday of The Washington Post states : `` There 's no denying the sheer ambition and technical prowess of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . What 's less clear is whether it entirely earns its own inflated sense of self - importance '' and further says , `` It plays too safe when it should be letting its freak flag fly . '' Kimberley Jones of the Austin Chronicle panned the film and states , `` Fincher 's selling us cheekboned movie stars frolicking in bedsheets and calling it a great love . I did n't buy it for a second . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying that it is `` a splendidly made film based on a profoundly mistaken premise . ''",
"9": "He goes on to elaborate that `` the movie 's premise devalues any relationship , makes futile any friendship or romance , and spits , not into the face of destiny , but backward into the maw of time . '' Peter Bradshaw in The Guardian called it `` 166 minutes of twee tedium '' , giving it one star out of a possible five . Cosmo Landesman of the Sunday Times wrote : `` The film 's premise serves no purpose . It 's a gimmick that goes on for nearly three hours , '' concluding `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is an anodyne Hollywood film that offers a safe and sanitised view of life and death . It 's Forrest Gump goes backwards , '' while awarding the film two out of five stars . James Christopher in The Times called it `` a tedious marathon of smoke and mirrors . In terms of the basic requirements of three - reel drama the film lacks substance , credibility , a decent script and characters you might actually care for '' while Derek Malcolm of London 's Evening Standard notes that `` never at any point do you feel that there 's anything more to it than a very strange story traversed by a film - maker who knows what he is doing but not always why he is doing it . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on May 5 , 2009 by Paramount , and on Blu - ray and 2 - Disc DVD by The Criterion Collection . The Criterion release includes over three hours of special features , and a documentary about the making of the film . As of November 1 , 2009 the DVD has sold 2,515,722 DVD copies and has generated $41,196,515 in sales revenue . Accolades ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Award Recipient Result Ref ( s ) 81st Academy Awards Best Picture Kathleen Kennedy Frank Marshall Ceán Chaffin Nominated Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Brad Pitt Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Taraji P.",
"10": "Henson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Eric Roth Nominated Best Film Editing Kirk Baxter Angus Wall Nominated Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Nominated Best Art Direction Donald Graham Burt Victor J. Zolfo Won Best Costume Design Jacqueline West Nominated Best Makeup Greg Cannom Won Best Original Score Alexandre Desplat Nominated Best Sound Mixing David Parker Michael Semanick Ren Klyce Mark Weingarten Nominated Best Visual Effects Eric Barba Steve Preeg Burt Dalton Craig Barron Won American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Claudio Miranda Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Taraji P. Henson Won British Academy Film Awards Best Film Kathleen Kennedy Frank Marshall Ceán Chaffin Nominated Best Makeup & Hair Won Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Eric Roth Nominated Best Leading Actor Brad Pitt Nominated Best Costume Design Nominated Best Music Alexandre Desplat Nominated Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Nominated Best Editing Nominated Best Production Design Won Best Visual Effects Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Film Nominated Best Actor Brad Pitt Nominated Best Actress Cate Blanchett Nominated Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Supporting Actress Taraji P. Henson Nominated Best Cast Nominated Best Screenplay Eric Roth Nominated Best Composer Alexandre Desplat Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Picture Nominated Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Screenplay ,",
"11": "Adapted Eric Roth Nominated Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Nominated Best Original Score Alexandre Desplat Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures David Fincher Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture Drama Nominated Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Brad Pitt Nominated Best Director - Motion Picture David Fincher Nominated Best Screenplay Eric Roth Nominated Best Original Score Alexandre Desplat Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Won Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Actor Brad Pitt Nominated Best Actress Cate Blanchett Nominated Best Supporting Actress Taraji P. Henson Nominated Best Screenplay Eric Roth Nominated Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Won Best Score Alexandre Desplat Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Best Art Direction Won Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Won Best Costume Design Jacqueline West Won London Film Critics ' Circle Best Film Nominated Director of the Year David Fincher Won British Supporting Actress of the Year Tilda Swinton Won Screenwriter of the Year Eric Roth Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Taraji P.",
"12": "Henson Nominated National Board of Review National Board of Review : Top Ten Films Won Best Director David Fincher Won Best Adapted Screenplay Eric Roth Won Satellite Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Eric Roth Robin Swicord Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Donald Graham Burt Tom Reta Nominated Best Cinematography Claudio Miranda Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline West Nominated Saturn Award Best Fantasy Film Won Best Actor Brad Pitt Nominated Best Actress Cate Blatchett Nominated Best Supporting Actress Tilda Swinton Won Best Director David Fincher Nominated Best Writing Eric Roth Nominated Best Music Alexandre Desplat Nominated Best Make - Up Won Best Visual Effects Nominated Scream Awards Best Fantasy Actor Brad Pitt Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Brad Pitt Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Taraji P. Henson Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Film Won Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards Best Director David Fincher Won Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Eric Barba , Edson Williams , Nathan McGuinness , Lisa Beroud Won Best Single Visual Effect of the Year Eric Barba , Lisa Beroud , Steve Preeg , Jonathan Litt for `` Benjamin 's Secret '' Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Steve Preeg , Matthias Wittmann , Tom St. Amand , David McLean for `` Benjamin Button '' Won Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Janelle Croshaw , Paul Lambert , Sonja Burchard , Sarahjane Javelo for `` Benjamin Comes Together '' Won Washington D.C.",
"13": "Area Film Critics Association Best Art Direction Won Writers Guild of America Awards Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Eric Roth Robin Swicord Nominated See also ( edit ) De-aging in film Sean Morey ( comedian ) Reverse Life Cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` States ' Film Production Incentives Cause Jitters '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Kathy ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Amid ' Transformers 3 ' filming , tax incentives come under scrutiny '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Husband ' vows renewed ; doc on saint set '' . Variety . October 22 , 1998 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( May 19 , 2000 ) . `` Taylor sews up deal to adapt ' Button ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( August 21 , 2005 ) . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald Gets a Second Act After All '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Those who preceded Mr. Roth in the attempt include Robin Swicord ( Practical Magic ) , Charlie Kaufman ( Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ) and Jim Taylor ( Sideways ) . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Cathy ; McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2003 ) . `` Par popping its ' Button ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` WB snaps Par ' Button ' coin '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Lisa ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` Blanchett , Pitt on ' Case ' for Fincher '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Swinton Set to Push ' Benjamin Button ' '' . ComingSoon.net . September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ormond Joins Fincher 's ' Benjamin Button ' '' . ComingSoon.net . October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 4 , 2005 ) . `` Par pinches Fincher '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` States ' Film Production Incentives Cause Jitters '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Kathy ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Amid ' Transformers 3 ' filming , tax incentives come under scrutiny '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Blanchett hits buzz in provocative roles '' . The Journal Gazette . Jump up ^ MacCash , Daug ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Camera ready '' . The Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ M. Halbfinger , David ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` Lights , Bogeyman , Action '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Nick ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Digital Replicas May Change Face of Films '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Duncan , Jody ( January , 2009 ) `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' Cinefex No. 116 , pgs. 94 - 96 Jump up ^ Krieger , Kadee ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Filmed in Mandeville '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Chaffin said Pitt and Blanchett finished their scenes in Mandeville earlier Tuesday morning at the Lewisburg set . Monday , the pair and other cast members filmed scenes outside of Madisonville , she said . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Alexandre Desplat scores David Fincher 's ' The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ' '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ E. Washington , Julie ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` Arts & Entertainment Weblog '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Release dates for ' The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ' '' . UK.IMDb.com . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Variety . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( December 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button : Moviemaking at its best '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yates , Rod ( February 2009 ) .",
"16": "`` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Empire ( 236 ) . Australia . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` Film Review : The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review : The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Anne . `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kimberley . `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , Roger ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Film review : The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . Guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button -- Sunday Times Review '' . TimesOnline.co.uk . Archived February 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button -- The Times Review '' . TimesOnline.co.uk . Archived February 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' . ThisIsLondon.co.uk . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) '' . Criterion.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The-Numbers.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASC Names Feature Film Nominees '' . ASCMag.com . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Austin Film Critics Association Awards '' . Alternative Film Guide . December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 2009 BAFTA Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Dade ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast critics favor ' Milk , ' ' Button ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Curious Case of Benjamin Button , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Kristen Stewart , Angelina Jolie Lead The Pack For Best Female Performance '' . MTV . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( April 12 , 2008 ) . `` NBR names ' Slumdog ' best of year '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` 2008 St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards '' . Alternative Film Guide . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2009 '' . Alternative Film Guide . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( film ) Official website The Curious Case of Benjamin Button on IMDb The Curious Case of Benjamin Button at AllMovie The Curious Case of Benjamin Button at Rotten Tomatoes The Curious Case of Benjamin Button at Metacritic The Curious Case of Benjamin Button at Box Office Mojo David Fincher Films Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Seven ( 1995 ) The Game ( 1997 ) Fight Club ( 1999 ) Panic Room ( 2002 ) Zodiac ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Television House of Cards ( 2013 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God !",
"19": "( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curious_Case_of_Benjamin_Button_(film)&oldid=821003429 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s fantasy films American romantic drama films American films Best Makeup Academy Award winners Films based on works by F.",
"20": "Scott Fitzgerald Films based on short fiction Films directed by David Fincher Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films produced by Frank Marshall Films set in Florida Films set in New Orleans Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Russia Films set in the 1910s Films set in 1918 Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1925 Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1930 Films set in 1936 Films set in the 1940s Films set in 1941 Films set in 1945 Films set in 1954 Films set in the 1960s Films set in 1962 Films set in 1968 Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1970 Films set in the 1980s Films set in 1981 Films set in the 1990s Films set in 1991 Films set in 1997 Films set in the 2000s Films set in 2002 Films set in 2003 Films set in 2005 Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Montreal Films shot in New Orleans Films shot in the United States Virgin Islands Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Works about Hurricane Katrina The Kennedy / Marshall Company films Paramount Pictures films Warner Bros.",
"21": "films Western Front films ( World War I ) World War II naval films Fiction narrated by a dead person Screenplays by Eric Roth Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
10,
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-453840009279473504
|
where is cuba located on a world map
|
[
"22°00′N 80°00′W"
] |
{
"0": "Cuba - wikipedia Cuba Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses , see Cuba ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 22 ° 00 ′ N 80 ° 00 ′ W / 22.000 ° N 80.000 ° W / 22.000 ; - 80.000 Republic of Cuba República de Cuba ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` ¡ Patria o Muerte , Venceremos ! '' ( Spanish ) `` Homeland or Death , we shall overcome ! '' `` ¡ Trabajadores del mundo , únanse ! '' `` Workers of the world , unite ! '' Anthem : La Bayamesa Bayamo Song Location of Cuba ( green ) Capital and largest city Havana 23 ° 8 ′ N 82 ° 23 ′ W / 23.133 ° N 82.383 ° W / 23.133 ; - 82.383 Official languages Spanish Ethnic groups ( 2012 ) 64.1 % White 26.6 % Mulatto , Mestizo , Zambo , or Pardo 9.3 % Black Demonym Cuban Government Unitary Marxist -- Leninist one - party socialist republic President Raúl Castro Vice President Miguel Díaz - Canel Prime Minister Raúl Castro President of the National Assembly Esteban Lazo Hernández Legislature National Assembly of People 's Power Independence Declaration of Independence 10 October 1868 War of Independence 24 February 1895 Recognized ( handed over from Spain to the United States ) 10 December 1898 Republic declared ( independence from United States ) 20 May 1902 Cuban Revolution 26 July 1953 -- 1 January 1959 Current constitution 24 February 1976 Area Total 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) ( 104th ) Water ( % ) 0.94 Population 2016 census 11,239,224 ( 81st ) Density 102.3 / km ( 265.",
"1": "0 / sq mi ) ( 106th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total US $ 132.9 billion ( 75th ) Per capita US $ 11,900 ( 100th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total US $ 87.206 billion ( 65th ) Per capita US $ 7,657 ( 80th ) Gini ( 2000 ) 38.0 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.775 high 68th Currency Peso ( CUP ) Convertible peso ( CUC ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 53 ISO 3166 code CU Internet TLD . cu Website www.cubagob.cu From 1993 to 2004 , the United States dollar was used alongside the peso until the dollar was replaced by the convertible peso . Cuba ( / kjuːbə / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈkuβa ) ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Atlantic Ocean meet . It is south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti , and north of Jamaica . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean , with an area of 109,884 square kilometres ( 42,426 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory of Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney tribes in the 4th millennium BC . Until the 15th century , it was inhabited by Amerindian tribes which became a colony of Spain until the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , when Cuba gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 .",
"2": "As a fragile republic , Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Further unrest and instability led to Batista 's ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Cuba is one of the few remaining Marxist -- Leninist socialist states , where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution . Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of numerous human rights abuses , including arbitrary imprisonment . Culturally , Cuba is considered part of Latin America . It is a multiethnic country whose people , culture and customs derive from diverse origins , including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples , the long period of Spanish colonialism , the introduction of African slaves , and a close relationship with the Soviet Union in the Cold War . Cuba is a founding member of the UN , G77 , NAM , ACP , ALBA , and OAS . The country is one of the world 's last planned economies and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar , tobacco , coffee and skilled labor . According to the Human Development Index , Cuba has high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America , though 67th in the world . It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance , including health care and education , and is the only country in the world to receive WWF 's definition of sustainable development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colonization and rule ( 1492 -- 1898 ) 2.3 Independence movements 2.4 Republic ( 1902 -- 59 ) 2.4. 1 First years ( 1902 -- 1925 ) 2.4. 2 Revolution of 1933 -- 1940 2.4.",
"3": "3 Constitution of 1940 2.5 Revolution and Communist party rule ( 1959 -- present ) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Human rights 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Crime and law enforcement 3.5 Military 4 Economy 4.1 Resources 4.2 Tourism 5 Geography 5.1 Climate 5.2 Biodiversity 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnoracial groups 6.2 Immigration and emigration 6.3 Religion 6.4 Languages 6.5 Largest cities 7 Media 7.1 Press 7.2 Television 7.3 Internet 8 Culture 8.1 Music 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Literature 8.4 Dance 8.5 Sports 9 Education 10 Health 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Etymology Historians believe the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language , however `` its exact derivation ( is ) unknown '' . The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as ' where fertile land is abundant ' ( cubao ) , or ' great place ' ( coabana ) . Authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal . History Main articles : History of Cuba and Timeline of Cuban history Pre-Columbian era Monument of Hatuey , an early Taíno chief of Cuba Before the arrival of the Spanish , Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas . The Taíno ( an Arawak people ) , the Guanajatabey , and the Ciboney people . The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America , with the earliest sites dated to 5,000 BP . The Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A.D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba , having an estimated population of 150,000 .",
"4": "The Taíno were farmers , while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter - gatherers . Spanish colonization and rule ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Main article : Captaincy General of Cuba After first landing on an island then called Guanahani , Bahamas , on 12 October 1492 , Christopher Columbus commanded his three ships : La Pinta , La Niña and the Santa María , to land on Cuba 's northeastern coast on 28 October 1492 . ( This was near what is now Bariay , Holguín Province . ) Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan , Prince of Asturias . Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar , conquistador of Cuba In 1511 , the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa . Other towns soon followed , including San Cristobal de la Habana , founded in 1515 , which later became the capital . The native Taíno were forced to work under the encomienda system , which resembled a feudal system in Medieval Europe . Within a century the indigenous people were virtually wiped out due to multiple factors , primarily Eurasian infectious diseases , to which they had no natural resistance ( immunity ) , aggravated by harsh conditions of the repressive colonial subjugation . In 1529 , a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two - thirds of those few natives who had previously survived smallpox . On 18 May 1539 , Conquistador Hernando de Soto departed from Havana at the head of some 600 followers into a vast expedition through the Southeastern United States , starting at La Florida , in search of gold , treasure , fame and power . On 1 September 1548 , Dr. Gonzalo Perez de Angulo was appointed governor of Cuba . He arrived in Santiago , Cuba on 4 November 1549 and immediately declared the liberty of all natives . He became Cuba 's first permanent governor to reside in Havana instead of Santiago , and he built Havana 's first church made of masonry . After the French took Havana in 1555 , the governor 's son , Francisco de Angulo , went to Mexico .",
"5": "British map of Cuba 1680 Cuba developed slowly and , unlike the plantation islands of the Caribbean , had a diversified agriculture . But what was most important was that the colony developed as an urbanized society that primarily supported the Spanish colonial empire . By the mid-18th century , its colonists held 50,000 slaves , compared to 60,000 in Barbados ; 300,000 in Virginia , both British colonies ; and 450,000 in French Saint - Domingue , which had large - scale sugar cane plantations . Map of Cuba by Cornelius van Wytfliet in 1597 ( National Library of Sweden ) The Seven Years ' War , which erupted in 1754 across three continents , eventually arrived in the Spanish Caribbean . Spain 's alliance with the French pitched them into direct conflict with the British , and in 1762 a British expedition of five warships and 4,000 troops set out from Portsmouth to capture Cuba . The British arrived on 6 June , and by August had Havana under siege . When Havana surrendered , the admiral of the British fleet , George Keppel , the 3rd Earl of Albemarle , entered the city as a conquering new governor and took control of the whole western part of the island . The British immediately opened up trade with their North American and Caribbean colonies , causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society . They imported food , horses and other goods into the city , as well as thousands of slaves from West Africa to work on the under developed sugar plantations . The British invasion and occupation of Havana in 1762 Though Havana , which had become the third - largest city in the Americas , was to enter an era of sustained development and increasing ties with North America during this period , the British occupation of the city proved short - lived . Pressure from London sugar merchants , fearing a decline in sugar prices , forced negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories . Less than a year after Britain seized Havana , it signed the Peace of Paris together with France and Spain , ending the Seven Years ' War . The treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for Cuba . The French had recommended this to Spain , advising that declining to give up Florida could result in Spain instead losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British .",
"6": "Many in Britain were disappointed , believing that Florida was a poor return for Cuba and Britain 's other gains in the war . The real engine for the growth of Cuba 's commerce in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was the Haitian Revolution . When the enslaved peoples of what had been the Caribbean 's richest colony freed themselves through violent revolt , Cuban planters perceived the region 's changing circumstances with both a sense of fear and opportunity . They were afraid because of the prospect that slaves might revolt in Cuba , too , and numerous prohibitions during the 1790s on the sale of slaves in Cuba that had previously been slaves in French colonies underscored this anxiety . The planters saw opportunity , however , because they thought that they could exploit the situation by transforming Cuba into the slave society and sugar - producing `` pearl of the Antilles '' that Haiti had been before the revolution . As the historian Ada Ferrer has written , `` At a basic level , liberation in Saint - Domingue helped entrench its denial in Cuba . As slavery and colonialism collapsed in the French colony , the Spanish island underwent transformations that were almost the mirror image of Haiti 's . '' Estimates suggest that between 1790 and 1820 some 325,000 Africans were imported to Cuba as slaves , which was four times the amount that had arrived between 1760 and 1790 . Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from Maine , c. 1832 Although a smaller proportion of the population of Cuba was enslaved , at times slaves arose in revolt . In 1812 the Aponte Slave Rebellion took place but it was suppressed . The population of Cuba in 1817 was 630,980 , of which 291,021 were white , 115,691 free people of color ( mixed - race ) , and 224,268 black slaves . This was a much higher proportion of free blacks to slaves than in Virginia , for instance , or the other Caribbean islands . Historians such as Swedish Magnus Mõrner , who studied slavery in Latin America , found that manumissions increased when slave economies were in decline , as in 18th - century Cuba and early 19th - century Maryland of the United States .",
"7": "In part due to Cuban slaves working primarily in urbanized settings , by the 19th century , there had developed the practice of coartacion , or `` buying oneself out of slavery '' , a `` uniquely Cuban development '' , according to historian Herbert S. Klein . Due to a shortage of white labor , blacks dominated urban industries `` to such an extent that when whites in large numbers came to Cuba in the middle of the nineteenth century , they were unable to displace Negro workers . '' A system of diversified agriculture , with small farms and fewer slaves , served to supply the cities with produce and other goods . In the 1820s , when the rest of Spain 's empire in Latin America rebelled and formed independent states , Cuba remained loyal . Its economy was based on serving the empire . By 1860 , Cuba had 213,167 free people of color , 39 % of its non-white population of 550,000 . By contrast , Virginia , with about the same number of blacks , had only 58,042 or 11 % who were free ; the rest were enslaved . In the antebellum years , Virginia discouraged manumissions after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831 and strengthened restrictions against free blacks , as did other Southern states . In addition , there was a high demand for slaves , and Virginia planters sold many in the internal domestic slave trade , to be shipped or taken overland to the Deep South , which had greatly expanded its cotton production . Independence movements See also : Cuban War of Independence Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is known as Father of the Homeland in Cuba , having declared the nation 's independence from Spain in 1868 . Full independence from Spain was the goal of a rebellion in 1868 led by planter Carlos Manuel de Céspedes . De Céspedes , a sugar planter , freed his slaves to fight with him for an independent Cuba . On 27 December 1868 , he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service . The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the Ten Years ' War . Two thousand Cuban Chinese joined the rebels . Chinese had been imported as indentured laborers . A monument in Havana honours the Cuban Chinese who fell in the war .",
"8": "The United States declined to recognize the new Cuban government , although many European and Latin American nations did so . In 1878 , the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict , with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba . In 1879 -- 1880 , Cuban patriot Calixto García attempted to start another war known as the Little War but did not receive enough support . Slavery in Cuba was abolished in 1875 but the process was completed only in 1886 . An exiled dissident named José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York in 1892 . The aim of the party was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain . In January 1895 Martí traveled to Montecristi and Santo Domingo to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez . Martí recorded his political views in the Manifesto of Montecristi . Fighting against the Spanish army began in Cuba on 24 February 1895 , but Martí was unable to reach Cuba until 11 April 1895 . Martí was killed in the battle of Dos Rios on 19 May 1895 . His death immortalized him as Cuba 's national hero . Calixto García , a general of Cuban separatist rebels , ( right ) with U.S. Brigadier General William Ludlow ( Cuba , 1898 ) Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army , which relied mostly on guerrilla and sabotage tactics . The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression . General Valeriano Weyler , military governor of Cuba , herded the rural population into what he called reconcentrados , described by international observers as `` fortified towns '' . These are often considered the prototype for 20th - century concentration camps . Between 200,000 and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the camps , numbers verified by the Red Cross and United States Senator Redfield Proctor , a former Secretary of War . American and European protests against Spanish conduct on the island followed . The U.S. battleship Maine was sent to protect U.S. interests , but soon after arrival , it exploded in Havana harbor and sank quickly , killing nearly three quarters of the crew . The cause and responsibility for the sinking of the ship remained unclear after a board of inquiry .",
"9": "Popular opinion in the U.S. , fueled by an active press , concluded that the Spanish were to blame and demanded action . Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April 1898 . Over the previous decades , five U.S. presidents -- Polk , Pierce , Buchanan , Grant , and McKinley -- had tried to buy the island of Cuba from Spain . Republic ( 1902 -- 5.9 ) Main article : History of Cuba ( 1902 -- 59 ) First years ( 1902 -- 1925 ) Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General 's Palace at noon on 20 May 1902 After the Spanish -- American War , Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam to the United States for the sum of US $20 million . Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902 , as the Republic of Cuba . Under Cuba 's new constitution , the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations . Under the Platt Amendment , the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba . Following disputed elections in 1906 , the first president , Tomás Estrada Palma , faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces . The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years . Cuban historians have characterized Magoon 's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption . In 1908 , self - government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President , but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs . In 1912 , the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province , but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed . In 1924 , Gerardo Machado was elected president . During his administration , tourism increased markedly , and American - owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists . The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and prostitution in Cuba .",
"10": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to a collapse in the price of sugar , political unrest , and repression . Protesting students , known as the Generation of 1930 , turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado . A general strike ( in which the Communist Party sided with Machado ) , uprisings among sugar workers , and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933 . He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . The Pentarchy of 1933 . Fulgencio Batista , who controlled the armed forces , appears at far right Revolution of 1933 -- 1940 In September 1933 , the Sergeants ' Revolt , led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista , overthrew Cespedes . A five - member executive committee ( the Pentarchy of 1933 ) was chosen to head a provisional government . Ramón Grau San Martín was then appointed as provisional president . Grau resigned in 1934 , leaving the way clear for Batista , who dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years , at first through a series of puppet - presidents . The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of `` virtually unremitting social and political warfare '' . On balance , during this period 1933 -- 1940 Cuba is supported by a fragile politic reality that materialize in the decision making of three presidents in two years ( 1935 -- 1936 ) , as well as in the militaristic and repressive policies of Batista as Head of the Army . Constitution of 1940 A new constitution was adopted in 1940 , which engineered radical progressive ideas , including the right to labour and health care . Batista was elected president in the same year , holding the post until 1944 . He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation 's highest political office . His government carried out major social reforms . Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration . Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II , although president Batista suggested a joint U.S. - Latin American assault on Francoist Spain in order to overthrow its authoritarian regime . Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution 's strictures preventing his re-election .",
"11": "Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election , in 1944 . Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system , in particular by undermining the deeply flawed , though not entirely ineffectual , Congress and Supreme Court . Carlos Prío Socarrás , a protégé of Grau , became president in 1948 . The two terms of the Auténtico Party saw an influx of investment which fueled a boom and raised living standards for all segments of society and created a prosperous middle class in most urban areas . Slum ( bohio ) dwellings in Havana , Cuba in 1954 , just outside Havana baseball stadium . In the background is advertising for a nearby casino . After finishing his term in 1944 Batista lived in Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup that preempted the election . Back in power , and receiving financial , military , and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Batista outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952 . After the coup , Cuba had Latin America 's highest per capita consumption rates of meat , vegetables , cereals , automobiles , telephones and radios , though about one third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption . In 1958 , Cuba was a relatively well - advanced country by Latin American standards , and in some cases by world standards . On the other hand , Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America , including bans on dismissals and mechanization . They were obtained in large measure `` at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants '' , leading to disparities . Between 1933 and 1958 , Cuba extended economic regulations enormously , causing economic problems . Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . The middle class , which was comparable to that of the United States , became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution . The labor unions supported Batista until the very end .",
"12": "Batista stayed in power until he was forced into exile in December 1958 . Revolution and Communist Party rule ( 1959 -- present ) Main article : Cuban Revolution Che Guevara and Fidel Castro , photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961 In the 1950s , various organizations , including some advocating armed uprising , competed for public support in bringing about political change . In 1956 , Fidel Castro and about 80 supporters landed from the yacht Granma in an attempt to start a rebellion against the Batista government . It was not until 1958 that Castro 's July 26th Movement emerged as the leading revolutionary group . By late 1958 the rebels had broken out of the Sierra Maestra and launched a general popular insurrection . After Castro 's fighters captured Santa Clara , Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959 . Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally settled in Estoril , near Lisbon . Fidel Castro 's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959 . The liberal Manuel Urrutia Lleó became the provisional president . From 1959 to 1966 Cuban insurgents fought a six - year rebellion in the Escambray Mountains against the Castro government . The government 's vastly superior numbers eventually crushed the insurgency . The rebellion lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the Cuban Revolution . The U.S. State Department has estimated that 3,200 people were executed from 1959 to 1962 . According to Amnesty International , death sentences from 1959 -- 87 numbered 237 of which all but 21 were actually carried out . Other estimates for the total number of political executions range from 4,000 to 33,000 . The vast majority of those executed following the 1959 revolution were policemen , politicians , and informers of the Batista regime accused of crimes such as torture and murder , and their public trials and executions had widespread popular support among the Cuban population . Since 1959 , Cuba has regarded the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal . The United States government initially reacted favorably to the Cuban revolution , seeing it as part of a movement to bring democracy to Latin America .",
"13": "Castro 's legalization of the Communist party and the hundreds of executions that followed caused a deterioration in the relationship between the two countries . The promulgation of the Agrarian Reform Law , expropriating thousands of acres of farmland ( including from large U.S. landholders ) , further worsened relations . In response , between 1960 and 1964 the U.S imposed a range of sanctions , eventually including a total ban on trade between the countries and a freeze on all Cuban - owned assets in the U.S. In February 1960 , Castro signed a commercial agreement with Soviet Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan . In March 1960 , Eisenhower gave his approval to a CIA plan to arm and train a group of Cuban refugees to overthrow the Castro regime . The invasion ( known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion ) took place on 14 April 1961 . About 1,400 Cuban exiles disembarked at the Bay of Pigs , but failed in their attempt to overthrow Castro . In January 1962 , Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the US sanctions . The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 . By 1963 , Cuba was moving towards a full - fledged Communist system modeled on the USSR . Fidel Castro and members of the East German Politburo in 1972 During the 1970s , Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands of troops in support of Soviet - supported wars in Africa . He supported the MPLA in Angola and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia . The standard of living in the 1970s was `` extremely spartan '' and discontent was rife . Fidel Castro admitted the failures of economic policies in a 1970 speech . In 1975 the OAS lifted its sanctions against Cuba , with the approval of 16 member states , including the U.S. The U.S. , however , maintained its own sanctions . Castro 's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in 1991 ( known in Cuba as the Special Period ) .",
"14": "The country faced a severe economic downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet subsidies worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually , resulting in effects such as food and fuel shortages . The government did not accept American donations of food , medicines , and cash until 1993 . On 5 August 1994 , state security dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana . Fidel Castro with South African president Thabo Mbeki and the Swedish prime minister Göran Persson , 2005 Cuba has since found a new source of aid and support in the People 's Republic of China . In addition , Hugo Chávez , former President of Venezuela , and Evo Morales , President of Bolivia , became allies and both countries are major oil and gas exporters . In 2003 , the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists , a period known as the `` Black Spring '' . In February 2008 , Fidel Castro announced his resignation as President of Cuba . On 24 February his brother , Raúl Castro , was declared the new President . In his inauguration speech , Raúl promised that some of the restrictions on freedom in Cuba would be removed . In March 2009 , Raúl Castro removed some of his brother 's appointees . On 3 June 2009 , the Organization of American States adopted a resolution to end the 47 - year ban on Cuban membership of the group . The resolution stated , however , that full membership would be delayed until Cuba was `` in conformity with the practices , purposes , and principles of the OAS '' . Fidel Castro restated his position that he was not interested in joining after the OAS resolution had been announced . Raúl Castro meets with U.S. President Barack Obama in Panama , 11 April 2015 Effective 14 January 2013 , Cuba ended the requirement established in 1961 , that any citizens who wish to travel abroad were required to obtain an expensive government permit and a letter of invitation . In 1961 the Cuban government had imposed broad restrictions on travel to prevent the mass emigration of people after the 1959 revolution ; it approved exit visas only on rare occasions . Requirements were simplified : Cubans need only a passport and a national ID card to leave ; and they are allowed to take their young children with them for the first time .",
"15": "However , a passport costs on average five months ' salary . Observers expect that Cubans with paying relatives abroad are most likely to be able to take advantage of the new policy . In the first year of the program , over 180,000 left Cuba and returned . As of December 2014 , talks with Cuban officials and American officials including President Barack Obama have resulted in the exchange of releasing Alan Gross , fifty - two political prisoners , and an unnamed non-citizen agent of the United States in return for the release of three Cuban agents currently imprisoned in the United States . Additionally , while the embargo between the United States and Cuba will not be immediately lifted , it will be relaxed to allow import , export , and certain commerce within a limit between the two . Government and Politics Main article : Politics of Cuba Sign promoting the 2008 parliamentary election The Republic of Cuba is one of the world 's last remaining socialist countries following the Marxist -- Leninist ideology . The Constitution of 1976 , which defined Cuba as a socialist republic , was replaced by the Constitution of 1992 , which is `` guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx , Engels and Lenin '' . The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the `` leading force of society and of the state '' . The First Secretary of the Communist Party is concurrently President of the Council of State ( President of Cuba ) and President of the Council of Ministers ( sometimes referred to as Premier of Cuba ) . Members of both councils are elected by the National Assembly of People 's Power . The President of Cuba , who is also elected by the Assembly , serves for five years and there is no limit to the number of terms of office . The headquarters of the Communist Party The People 's Supreme Court serves as Cuba 's highest judicial branch of government . It is also the court of last resort for all appeals against the decisions of provincial courts . Cuba 's national legislature , the National Assembly of People 's Power ( Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular ) , is the supreme organ of power ; 609 members serve five - year terms . The assembly meets twice a year ; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 member Council of Ministers . Candidates for the Assembly are approved by public referendum . All Cuban citizens over 16 who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote .",
"16": "Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be `` through free , equal and secret vote '' . Article 136 states : `` In order for deputies or delegates to be considered elected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts '' . No political party is permitted to nominate candidates or campaign on the island , including the Communist Party . The Communist Party of Cuba has held six party congress meetings since 1975 . In 2011 , the party stated that there were 800,000 members , and representatives generally constitute at least half of the Councils of state and the National Assembly . The remaining positions are filled by candidates nominally without party affiliation . Other political parties campaign and raise finances internationally , while activity within Cuba by opposition groups is minimal . Cuba is considered an authoritarian regime according to the 2016 Democracy Index and 2017 Freedom in the World survey . In February 2013 , Raúl Castro , current Cuban President , announced his resignation for 2018 , that will end his current 5 - year term , and hopes to implement permanent term limits for future Cuban Presidents , including age limits . After the death of Fidel Castro on 25 November 2016 the Cuban government put in place a nine - day mourning period . During the mourning period Cuban citizens were prohibited from playing loud music , partying , and drinking alcohol . Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Cuba and Municipalities of Cuba The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality ( Isla de la Juventud ) . These were formerly part of six larger historical provinces : Pinar del Río , Habana , Matanzas , Las Villas , Camagüey and Oriente . The present subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars of Independence , when the most troublesome areas were subdivided . The provinces are divided into municipalities .",
"17": "Provinces of Cuba Pinar del Río Artemisa Havana Mayabeque Matanzas Cienfuegos Villa Clara Sancti Spíritus Ciego de Ávila Camagüey Las Tunas Granma Holguín Santiago de Cuba Guantánamo Isla de la Juventud Human Rights Main articles : Human rights in Cuba , Censorship in Cuba , and Cuban dissidents Ladies in White demonstration in Havana ( April 2012 ) The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses including torture , arbitrary imprisonment , unfair trials , and extrajudicial executions ( also known as `` El Paredón '' ) . Human Rights Watch has stated that the government `` represses nearly all forms of political dissent '' and that `` Cubans are systematically denied basic rights to free expression , association , assembly , privacy , movement , and due process of law '' . In 2003 , the European Union ( EU ) accused the Cuban government of `` continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms '' . It has continued to call regularly for social and economic reform in Cuba , along with the unconditional release of all political prisoners . The United States continues an embargo against Cuba `` so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights '' , though the UN General Assembly has , since 1992 , passed a resolution every year condemning the ongoing impact of the embargo and claiming it to be in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law . Cuba considers the embargo itself to be in violation of human rights . On 17 December 2014 , United States President Barack Obama announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba , pushing for Congress to put an end to the embargo . Cuba had the second - highest number of imprisoned journalists of any nation in 2008 ( China had the highest ) according to various sources , including the Committee to Protect Journalists and Human Rights Watch . Cuban dissidents face arrest and imprisonment . In the 1990s , Human Rights Watch reported that Cuba 's extensive prison system , one of the largest in Latin America , consists of 40 maximum - security prisons , 30 minimum - security prisons , and over 200 work camps .",
"18": "According to Human Rights Watch , Cuba 's prison population is confined in `` substandard and unhealthy conditions , where prisoners face physical and sexual abuse '' . In July 2010 , the unofficial Cuban Human Rights Commission said there were 167 political prisoners in Cuba , a fall from 201 at the start of the year . The head of the commission stated that long prison sentences were being replaced by harassment and intimidation . During the entire period of Castro 's rule over the island , an estimated 200,000 people had been imprisoned or deprived of their freedoms for political reasons . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Cuba See also : Cuban medical internationalism Propaganda sign in front of the United States Interests Section in Havana Cuba under Castro was heavily involved in wars in Africa , Central America and Asia . Cuba supported Algeria in 1961 -- 1965 . Cuba sent tens of thousands of troops to Angola during the Angolan Civil War . Other countries that featured Cuban involvement include Ethiopia , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Mozambique , and Yemen . Cuba has conducted a foreign policy that is uncharacteristic of such a minor , developing country . Lesser known actions include the 1959 missions to the Dominican Republic . The expedition failed , but a prominent monument to its members was erected in their memory in Santo Domingo by the Dominican government , and they feature prominently at the country 's Memorial Museum of the Resistance . Cuba is a founding member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas . At the end of 2012 , tens of thousands of Cuban medical personnel worked abroad , with as many as 30,000 doctors in Venezuela alone via the two countries ' oil - for - doctors programme . In 1996 , the United States , then under President Bill Clinton , brought in the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act , better known as the Helms -- Burton Act . Raúl Castro with Mongolian President Elbegdorj during the Moscow Victory Day Parade , 9 May 2015 In 2008 , the EU and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities .",
"19": "United States President Barack Obama stated on April 17 , 2009 , in Trinidad and Tobago that `` the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba '' , and reversed the Bush Administration 's prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban - Americans from the United States to Cuba . On 17 December 2014 , an agreement between the United States and Cuba , popularly called `` The Cuban Thaw '' , brokered in part by Canada and Pope Francis , began the process of restoring international relations between Cuba and the United States . Cuba and the US agreed to release political prisoners and the United States began the process of creating an embassy in Havana . On 14 April 2015 , the White House announced President Obama will remove Cuba from the American government 's list of nations which sponsor terrorism . The Cuban government has reportedly welcomed the decision as `` fair '' . On 30 June 2015 , Cuba and the U.S. reached a deal to reopen embassies in their respective capitals on 20 July 2015 and reestablish diplomatic relations . On 17 September 2017 , the United States considered closing its Cuban embassy following mysterious sonic attacks on its staff . Crime and Law enforcement See also : Law enforcement in Cuba and Crime in Cuba A Lada Riva police car in Holguín All law enforcement agencies are maintained under Cuba 's Ministry of the Interior which is supervised by the Revolutionary Armed Forces . In Cuba , citizens can receive police assistance by dialing `` 106 '' on their telephones . The police force , which is referred to as `` Policía Nacional Revolucionaria '' or PNR is then expected to provide help . The Cuban government also has an agency called the Intelligence Directorate that conducts intelligence operations and maintains close ties with the Russian Federal Security Service . Military Main article : Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces As of 2009 , Cuba spent about US $91.8 million on its armed forces . In 1985 , Cuba devoted more than 10 % of its GDP to military expenditures . In response to perceived American aggression , such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Cuba built up one of the largest armed forces in Latin America , second only to that of Brazil . From 1975 until the late 1980s , Soviet military assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities .",
"20": "After the loss of Soviet subsidies , Cuba scaled down the numbers of military personnel , from 235,000 in 1994 to about 60,000 in 2003 . Economy Main articles : Economy of Cuba , Rationing in Cuba , Sociolismo , and United States embargo against Cuba Cuban export composition , 2009 The Cuban state claims to adhere to socialist principles in organizing its largely state - controlled planned economy . Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state . Recent years have seen a trend toward more private sector employment . By 2006 , public sector employment was 78 % and private sector 22 % , compared to 91.8 % to 8.2 % in 1981 . Government spending is 78.1 % of GDP . Any firm wishing to hire a Cuban must pay the Cuban government , which in turn will pay the employee in Cuban pesos . The average monthly wage as of July 2013 is 466 Cuban pesos , which are worth about US $19 . People waiting in line at a libreta store in Havana Cuba has a dual currency system , whereby most wages and prices are set in Cuban pesos ( CUP ) , while the tourist economy operates with Convertible pesos ( CUC ) , set at par with the US dollar . Every Cuban household has a ration book ( known as libreta ) entitling it to a monthly supply of food and other staples , which are provided at nominal cost . Before Fidel Castro 's 1959 revolution , Cuba was one of the most advanced and successful countries in Latin America . Cuba 's capital , Havana , was a `` glittering and dynamic city '' . The country 's economy in the early part of the century , fuelled by the sale of sugar to the United States , had grown wealthy . Cuba ranked 5th in the hemisphere in per capita income , 3rd in life expectancy , 2nd in per capita ownership of automobiles and telephones , and 1st in the number of television sets per inhabitant . Cuba 's literacy rate , 76 % , was the fourth highest in Latin America . Cuba also ranked 11th in the world in the number of doctors per capita . Several private clinics and hospitals provided services for the poor .",
"21": "Cuba 's income distribution compared favorably with that of other Latin American societies . However , income inequality was profound between city and countryside , especially between whites and blacks . Cubans lived in abysmal poverty in the countryside . According to PBS , a thriving middle class held the promise of prosperity and social mobility . According to Cuba historian Louis Perez of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , `` Havana was then what Las Vegas has become . '' In 2016 , the Miami Herald wrote , `` ... about 27 percent of Cubans earn under $50 per month ; 34 percent earn the equivalent of $50 to $100 per month ; and 20 percent earn $101 to $200 . Twelve percent reported earning $201 to $500 a month ; and almost 4 percent said their monthly earnings topped $500 , including 1.5 percent who said they earned more than $1,000 . '' Cigar production in Santiago de Cuba After the Cuban revolution and before the collapse of the Soviet Union , Cuba depended on Moscow for substantial aid and sheltered markets for its exports . The loss of these subsidies sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as the Special Period . Cuba took limited free market - oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food , consumer goods , and services . These steps included allowing some self - employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors , the legalization of the use of the US dollar in business , and the encouragement of tourism . Cuba has developed a unique urban farm system called organopónicos to compensate for the end of food imports from the Soviet Union . The U.S. embargo against Cuba was instituted in response to nationalization of U.S. - citizen - held property and was maintained at the premise of perceived human rights violations . It is widely viewed that the embargo hurt the Cuban economy . In 2009 , the Cuban Government estimated this loss at $685 million annually . Cuba 's leadership has called for reforms in the country 's agricultural system . In 2008 , Raúl Castro began enacting agrarian reforms to boost food production , as at that time 80 % of food was imported . The reforms aim to expand land use and increase efficiency .",
"22": "Venezuela supplies Cuba with an estimated 110,000 barrels ( 17,000 m ) of oil per day in exchange for money and the services of some 44,000 Cubans , most of them medical personnel , in Venezuela . Cubans are now permitted to own small businesses in certain sectors . In 2005 , Cuba had exports of US $2.4 billion , ranking 114 of 226 world countries , and imports of US $6.9 billion , ranking 87 of 226 countries . Its major export partners are Canada 17.7 % , China 16.9 % , Venezuela 12.5 % , Netherlands 9 % , and Spain 5.9 % ( 2012 ) . Cuba 's major exports are sugar , nickel , tobacco , fish , medical products , citrus fruits , and coffee ; imports include food , fuel , clothing , and machinery . Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated to be $13 billion , approximately 38 % of GDP . According to the Heritage Foundation , Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country . Cuba 's prior 35 % supply of the world 's export market for sugar has declined to 10 % due to a variety of factors , including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive on world markets . It was announced in 2008 that wage caps would be abandoned to improve the nation 's productivity . In 2010 , Cubans were allowed to build their own houses . According to Raúl Castro , they could now improve their houses , but the government would not endorse these new houses or improvements . There is virtually no homelessness in Cuba , and 85 % of Cubans own their homes and pay no property taxes or mortgage interest . Mortgage payments may not exceed 10 % of a household 's combined income . On 2 August 2011 , The New York Times reported that Cuba reaffirmed its intent to legalize `` buying and selling '' of private property before the year 's end . According to experts , the private sale of property could `` transform Cuba more than any of the economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro 's government '' . It would cut more than one million state jobs , including party bureaucrats who resist the changes . The reforms created what some call `` New Cuban Economy '' .",
"23": "In October 2013 , Raúl said he intended to merge the two currencies , but as of August 2016 , the dual currency system remains in force . In August 2012 , a specialist of the `` Cubaenergia Company '' announced the opening of Cuba 's first Solar Power Plant . As a member of the Cubasolar Group , there was also a mention of 10 additional plants in 2013 . Resources Cuba 's natural resources include sugar , tobacco , fish , citrus fruits , coffee , beans , rice , potatoes , and livestock . The output of Cuba 's nickel mines that year was 71,000 tons , approaching 4 % of world production . As of 2013 its reserves were estimated at 5.5 million tons , over 7 % of the world total . Sherritt International of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa . Cuba is also a major producer of refined cobalt , a by - product of nickel mining . Oil exploration in 2005 by the US Geological Survey revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce about 4.6 billion barrels ( 730,000,000 m ) to 9.3 billion barrels ( 1.48 × 10 m ) of oil . In 2006 , Cuba started to test - drill these locations for possible exploitation . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Cuba Varadero beach Tourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society , referred to as `` enclave tourism '' and `` tourism apartheid '' . Contact between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were de facto illegal between 1992 and 1997 . The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba , and led to speculation about the emergence of a two - tier economy . Cuba has tripled its market share of Caribbean tourism in the last decade ; as a result of significant investment in tourism infrastructure , this growth rate is predicted to continue . 1.9 million tourists visited Cuba in 2003 , predominantly from Canada and the European Union , generating revenue of US $2.1 billion . Cuba recorded 2,688,000 international tourists in 2011 , the third - highest figure in the Caribbean ( behind the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico ) .",
"24": "The medical tourism sector caters to thousands of European , Latin American , Canadian , and American consumers every year . Allegations of widespread sex tourism are downplayed by the Cuban Justice minister . According to a Government of Canada travel advice website , `` Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism , and a number of tourists , including Canadians , have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under . Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years . '' Some tourist facilities were extensively damaged on 8 September 2017 when Hurricane Irma hit the island . The storm made landfall in the Camagüey Archipelago ; the worst damage was in the keys north of the main island , however , and not in the most significant tourist areas . Geography Main article : Geography of Cuba A general map of Cuba Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the northern Caribbean Sea at the confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . It lies between latitudes 19 ° and 24 ° N , and longitudes 74 ° and 85 ° W . The United States lies 150 kilometers ( 93 miles ) across the Straits of Florida to the north and northwest ( to the closest tip of Key West , Florida ) , and the Bahamas 21 km ( 13 mi ) to the north . Mexico lies 210 kilometers ( 130 miles ) across the Yucatán Channel to the west ( to the closest tip of Cabo Catoche in the State of Quintana Roo ) . Haiti is 77 km ( 48 mi ) to the east , Jamaica ( 140 km / 87 mi ) and the Cayman Islands to the south . Cuba is the principal island , surrounded by four smaller groups of islands : the Colorados Archipelago on the northwestern coast , the Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago on the north - central Atlantic coast , the Jardines de la Reina on the south - central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwestern coast .",
"25": "Sierra Maestra The main island , named Cuba , is 1,250 km ( 780 mi ) long , constituting most of the nation 's land area ( 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) ) and is the largest island in the Caribbean and 17th - largest island in the world by land area . The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast , whose highest point is Pico Turquino ( 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) ) . The second - largest island is Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the Canarreos archipelago , with an area of 2,200 km ( 849 sq mi ) . Cuba has an official area ( land area ) of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) . Its area is 110,860 km ( 42,803 sq mi ) including coastal and territorial waters . Climate Main article : Climate of Cuba Viñales Valley With the entire island south of the Tropic of Cancer , the local climate is tropical , moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year - round . The temperature is also shaped by the Caribbean current , which brings in warm water from the equator . This makes the climate of Cuba warmer than that of Hong Kong , which is at around the same latitude as Cuba but has a subtropical rather than a tropical climate . In general ( with local variations ) , there is a drier season from November to April , and a rainier season from May to October . The average temperature is 21 ° C ( 69.8 ° F ) in January and 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) in July . The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico combine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes . These are most common in September and October . Hurricane Irma hit the island on 8 September 2017 , with winds of 260 kilometres per hour , at the Camagüey Archipelago ; the storm reached Ciego de Avila province around midnight and continued to pound Cuba the next day . The worst damage was in the keys north of the main island .",
"26": "Hospitals , warehouses and factories were damaged ; much of the north coast was without electricity . By that time , nearly a million people , including tourists , had been evacuated . The Varadero resort area also reported widespread damage ; the government believed that repairs could be completed before the start of the main tourist season . Subsequent reports indicated that 10 people had been killed during the storm , including seven in Havana , most during building collapses . Sections of the capital had been flooded . Hurricane Jose was not expected to strike Cuba . Biodiversity Cuba signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1992 , and became a party to the convention on 8 March 1994 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , with one revision which was received by the convention on 24 January 2008 . The revision comprises an action plan with time limits for each item , and an indication of the governmental body responsible for delivery . That document contains virtually no information about biodiversity . However , the country 's fourth national report to the CBD contains a detailed breakdown of the numbers of species of each kingdom of life recorded from Cuba , the main groups being : animals ( 17,801 species ) , bacteria ( 270 ) , chromista ( 707 ) , fungi , including lichen - forming species ( 5844 ) , plants ( 9107 ) and protozoa ( 1440 ) . As elsewhere in the world , vertebrate animals and flowering plants are well documented , so the recorded numbers of species are probably close to the true numbers . For most or all other groups , the true numbers of species occurring in Cuba are likely to exceed , often considerably , the numbers recorded so far . Demographics Main articles : Cuban people and Demographics of Cuba Self - identified race ( 2012 Census ) Race White 64.1 % Mulatto , Mestizo , Zambo , or Pardo 27.6 % Black 9.3 % Asian 0.1 % Students of the Escuela Lenin According to the official census of 2010 , Cuba 's population was 11,241,161 , comprising 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women .",
"27": "Its birth rate ( 9.88 births per thousand population in 2006 ) is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere . Although the country 's population has grown by about four million people since 1961 , the rate of growth slowed during that period , and the population began to decline in 2006 , due in the country 's low fertility rate ( 1.43 children per woman ) coupled with emigration . Indeed , this drop in fertility is among the largest in the Western Hemisphere , and is attributed largely to unrestricted access to legal abortion : Cuba 's abortion rate was 58.6 per 1000 pregnancies in 1996 , compared to an average of 35 in the Caribbean , 27 in Latin America overall , and 48 in Europe . Similarly , the use of contraceptives is also widespread , estimated at 79 % of the female population ( in the upper third of countries in the Western Hemisphere ) . Ethnoracial groups Cuba 's population is multiethnic , reflecting its complex colonial origins . Intermarriage between diverse groups is widespread , and consequently there is some discrepancy in reports of the country 's racial composition : whereas the Institute for Cuban and Cuban - American Studies at the University of Miami determined that 62 % of Cubans are black , the 2002 Cuban census found that a similar proportion of the population , 65.05 % , was white . In fact , the Minority Rights Group International determined that `` An objective assessment of the situation of Afro - Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre - and post-revolution . Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously , ranging from 34 % to 62 % '' . A study from 2014 found the autosomal genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72 % European , 20 % African and 8 % Native American ; 35 % of maternal lineages derived from Cuban Native Americans , compared to 39 % from Africa and 26 % from Europe , but male lineages were European ( 82 % ) and African ( 18 % ) , indicating the historical bias towards mating between foreign men and native women rather than the inverse . Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from autosomal AIMs . Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from Y - chromosome markers .",
"28": "Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from mtDNA markers . Asians make up about 1 % of the population , and are largely of Chinese ancestry , followed by Filipinos , Japanese and Vietnamese . Many are descendants of farm laborers brought to the island by Spanish and American contractors during the 19th and early 20th century . The currently recorded number of Cubans with Chinese ancestry is 114,240 . Afro - Cubans are descended primarily from the Yoruba people , Bantu people from the Congo basin , Carabali people and Arará from the Dahomey as well as several thousand North African refugees , most notably the Sahrawi Arabs of Western Sahara . Immigration and emigration Main article : Spanish immigration to Cuba Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in Cuba 's demographic profile . Between the 18th and early 20th century , large waves of Canarian , Catalan , Andalusian , Galician , and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba . Between 1899 -- 1930 alone , close to a million Spaniards entered the country , though many would eventually return to Spain . Other prominent immigrant groups included French , Portuguese , Italian , Russian , Dutch , Greek , British , and Irish , as well as small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Post-revolution Cuba has been characterized by significant levels of emigration , which has led to a large and influential diaspora community . During the three decades after January 1959 , more than one million Cubans of all social classes -- constituting 10 % of the total population -- emigrated to the United States , a proportion that matches the extent of emigration to the U.S. from the Caribbean as a whole during that period . Other common destinations include Spain , the United Kingdom , Canada , Mexico , and Sweden , among others . Those who left the country typically did so by sea , in small boats and fragile rafts . On 9 September 1994 , the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba 's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures on boats .",
"29": "Religion Main article : Religion in Cuba Havana Cathedral In 2010 , the religious affiliation of the country was estimated by the Pew Forum to be 65 % Christian ( 60 % Roman Catholic or about 6.9 million in 2016 , 5 % Protestant or about 575,000 in 2016 ) , 23 % unaffiliated , 17 % folk religion ( such as santería ) , and the remaining 0.4 % consisting of other religions . Cuba is officially a secular state . Religious freedom increased through the 1980s , with the government amending the constitution in 1992 to drop the state 's characterization as atheistic . Roman Catholicism is the largest religion , with its origins in Spanish colonization . Despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics in 2006 , it nonetheless remains the dominant faith . Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba in 1998 and 2011 , respectively , and Pope Francis visited Cuba in September 2015 . Prior to each papal visit , the Cuban government pardoned prisoners as a humanitarian gesture . The government 's relaxation of restrictions on house churches in the 1990s led to an explosion of Pentecostalism , with some groups claiming as many as 100,000 members . However , Evangelical Protestant denominations , organized into the umbrella Cuban Council of Churches , remain much more vibrant and powerful . The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly defined by syncretisms of various kinds . Christianity is often practiced in tandem with Santería , a mixture of Catholicism and mostly African faiths , which include a number of cults . La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre ( the Virgin of Cobre ) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba , and a symbol of Cuban culture . In Santería , she has been syncretized with the goddess Oshun . Cuba also hosts small communities of Jews ( 500 in 2012 ) , Muslims , and members of the Bahá'í Faith . Several well - known Cuban religious figures have operated outside the island , including the humanitarian and author Jorge Armando Pérez . Languages The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it . Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean Spanish .",
"30": "Lucumí , a dialect of the West African language Yoruba , is also used as a liturgical language by practitioners of Santería , and so only as a second language . Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in Cuba , and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and their descendants . Other languages spoken by immigrants include Galician and Corsican . Largest cities See also : List of cities in Cuba Largest cities or towns in Cuba http://www.geonames.org/CU/largest-cities-in-cuba.html Rank Name Province Pop . Havana Santiago de Cuba Havana Havana 2,201,610 Camagüey Holguín Santiago de Cuba Santiago de Cuba 423,392 Camagüey Camagüey 301,574 Holguín Holguín 269,618 5 Santa Clara Villa Clara 210,220 6 Guantánamo Guantánamo 208,145 7 Bayamo Granma 144,664 8 Victoria de Las Tunas Las Tunas 143,582 9 Cienfuegos Cienfuegos 140,734 10 Manzanillo Granma 132,789 Media See also : Media of Cuba The Cuban government and Communist Party of Cuba control almost all media in Cuba . Press See also : List of newspapers in Cuba Granma brings : Reflections of Fidel Castro Speeches of Raúl Castro Television Five Communist controlled national channels : Cubavisión Tele Rebelde Canal Educativo Canal Educativo 2 Multivisión Internet Internet in Cuba has some of the lowest penetration rates in the Western hemisphere , and all content is subject to review by the Department of Revolutionary Orientation . ETECSA operates 118 cybercafes in the country . The government of Cuba provides an online encyclopedia website called EcuRed that operates in a `` wiki '' format . Internet access is limited . The sale of computer equipment is strictly regulated . Internet access is controlled , and e-mail is closely monitored .",
"31": "Culture Main article : Culture of Cuba A local musical house , Casa de la Trova in Santiago de Cuba Cuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures , primarily those of Spain and Africa . After the 1959 revolution , the government started a national literacy campaign , offered free education to all and established rigorous sports , ballet and music programs . Music Gloria Estefan and Celia Cruz Main article : Music of Cuba Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of Cuban culture . The central form of this music is Son , which has been the basis of many other musical styles like `` Danzón de nuevo ritmo '' , mambo , cha - cha - chá and salsa music . Rumba ( `` de cajón o de solar '' ) music originated in the early Afro - Cuban culture , mixed with Hispanic elements of style . The Tres was invented in Cuba from Hispanic cordophone instruments models ( the instrument is actually a fusion of elements from the Spanish guitar and lute ) . Other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin , Taíno origin , or both , such as the maracas , güiro , marímbula and various wooden drums including the mayohuacán . Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world . Cuban classical music , which includes music with strong African and European influences , and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists , has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona . Havana was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s . During that time , reggaetón was growing in popularity . In 2011 , the Cuban state denounced reggaeton as degenerate , directed reduced `` low - profile '' airplay of the genre ( but did not ban it entirely ) and banned the megahit Chupi Chupi by Osmani García , characterizing its description of sex as `` the sort which a prostitute would carry out '' . In December 2012 , the Cuban government officially banned sexually explicit reggaeton songs and music videos from radio and television . As well as pop , classical and rock are very popular in Cuba .",
"32": "Cuisine Main article : Cuban cuisine A traditional meal of ropa vieja ( shredded flank steak in a tomato sauce base ) , black beans , yellow rice , plantains and fried yuca with beer Cuban - style tamales Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines . Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking , with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor . Food rationing , which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades , restricts the common availability of these dishes . The traditional Cuban meal is not served in courses ; all food items are served at the same time . The typical meal could consist of plantains , black beans and rice , ropa vieja ( shredded beef ) , Cuban bread , pork with onions , and tropical fruits . Black beans and rice , referred to as moros y cristianos ( or moros for short ) , and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet . Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces . Garlic , cumin , oregano , and bay leaves are the dominant spices . Literature Main article : Cuban literature Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century . Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí , who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature . Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and José Z . Tallet focused on literature as social protest . The poetry and novels of Dulce María Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential . Romanticist Miguel Barnet , who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba , reflects a more melancholy Cuba . Alejo Carpentier was important in the Magic realism movement . Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas , Guillermo Cabrera Infante , and more recently Daína Chaviano , Pedro Juan Gutiérrez , Zoé Valdés , Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era , though many of these writers have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities . Dance Dance holds a privileged position in Cuban culture . Popular dance is considered an essential part of life , and concert dance is supported by the government and includes internationally renowned companies such as the Ballet Nacional de Cuba .",
"33": "Sports Main article : Sport in Cuba Cuban former boxer Teófilo Stevenson , widely considered to be one of the greatest boxers of all time Due to historical associations with the United States , many Cubans participate in sports which are popular in North America , rather than sports traditionally promoted in other Latin American nations . Baseball is by far the most popular ; other sports and pastimes include football , basketball , volleyball , cricket , and athletics . Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing , consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions . Cuban boxers are not permitted to turn professional by their government . However , many boxers defect to the U.S. and other countries . Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games . Education Main article : Education in Cuba University of Havana , founded in 1728 The University of Havana was founded in 1728 and there are a number of other well - established colleges and universities . In 1957 , just before Castro came to power , the literacy rate was fourth in the region at almost 80 % according to the United Nations , higher than in Spain . Castro created an entirely state - operated system and banned private institutions . School attendance is compulsory from ages six to the end of basic secondary education ( normally at age 15 ) , and all students , regardless of age or gender , wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level . Primary education lasts for six years , secondary education is divided into basic and pre-university education . Cuba 's literacy rate of 99.8 percent is the tenth - highest globally , due largely to the provision of free education at every level . Cuba 's high school graduation rate is 94 percent . Higher education is provided by universities , higher institutes , higher pedagogical institutes , and higher polytechnic institutes . The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a scheme of distance education which provides regular afternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers . Education has a strong political and ideological emphasis , and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba . Cuba has provided state subsidized education to a limited number of foreign nationals at the Latin American School of Medicine .",
"34": "According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top - ranking universities in the country are Universidad de la Habana ( 1680th worldwide ) , Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría ( 2893rd ) and the University of Santiago de Cuba ( 3831st ) . Health Main article : Healthcare in Cuba Cuba 's life expectancy at birth is 78.3 years ( 76.2 for males and 80.4 for females ) . This ranks Cuba 55th in the world and 5th in the Americas , behind Canada , Chile , Costa Rica and the United States . Infant mortality declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957 , to 10 in 1990 -- 95 , 6.1 in 2000 -- 2005 and 5.13 in 2009 . Historically , Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to world health since the 19th century . Today , Cuba has universal health care and despite persistent shortages of medical supplies , there is no shortage of medical personnel . Primary care is available throughout the island and infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations . Disease and infant mortality increased in the 1960s immediately after the revolution , when half of Cuba 's 6,000 doctors left the country . Recovery occurred by the 1980s , and the country 's health care has been widely praised . The Communist government asserted that universal health care was a priority of state planning and progress was made in rural areas . Like the rest of the Cuban economy , medical care suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991 , and a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992 . Challenges include low salaries for doctors , poor facilities , poor provision of equipment , and the frequent absence of essential drugs . Cuba has the highest doctor - to - population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world . According to the World Health Organization , Cuba is `` known the world over for its ability to train excellent doctors and nurses who can then go out to help other countries in need '' .",
"35": "As of September 2014 , there are around 50,000 Cuban - trained health care workers aiding 66 nations . Cuban physicians have played a leading role in combating the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa . Import and export of pharmaceutical drugs is done by the Quimefa Pharmaceutical Business Group ( FARMACUBA ) under the Ministry of Basic Industry ( MINBAS ) . This group also provides technical information for the production of these drugs . Isolated from the West by the US embargo , Cuba developed the successful lung cancer vaccine , Cimavax , which is now available to US researchers for the first time , along with other novel Cuban cancer treatments . The vaccine has been available for free to the Cuban population since 2011 . According to Roswell Park Cancer Institute CEO Candace Johnson : `` They 've had to do more with less , so they 've had to be even more innovative with how they approach things . For over 40 years , they have had a preeminent immunology community . '' In 2015 , Cuba became the first country to eradicate mother - to - child transmission of HIV and syphilis , a milestone hailed by the World Health Organization as `` one of the greatest public health achievements possible '' . See also Cuba portal History portal New Spain portal Latin America portal Index of Cuba - related articles List of Cubans List of places in Cuba Outline of Cuba References Jump up ^ `` Cuban Peso Bills '' . Central Bank of Cuba . 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National symbols '' . Government of Cuba . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : official 2012 Census Archived June 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba , 1976 ( as Amended to 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Assembly of People 's Power . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . For discussion of the 1992 amendments , see Domínguez 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba 's Raul Castro to retire in five years '' . Aljazeera.com .",
"36": "Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resumen del Balance Demográfico '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP - per capita ( PPP ) '' . The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Cuba grapples with growing inequality '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 2 : Trends in the Human Development Index , 1990 -- 2014 '' . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba profile : Facts '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allaire , p. 678 Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner , Cincinnati , Ohio '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum -- Jfklibrary.org . October 6 , 1960 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fidel Castro '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 June 2017 . Castro created a one - party government to exercise dictatorial control over all aspects of Cuba 's political , economic , and cultural life . All political dissent and opposition were ruthlessly suppressed ^ Jump up to : Fernández , Gonzalo ( 2009 ) . Cuba 's Primer -- Castro 's Earring Economy . ISBN 9780557065738 . The number of individuals who have been jailed or deprived of their freedom in labor camps over the 50 years of Castro 's dictatorship is estimated at around 200,000 Jump up ^ `` Fidel Castro -- Cuba 's hero and dictator '' . Deutsche Welle. 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rangel , Carlos ( 1977 ) . The Latin Americans : Their Love - Hate Relationship with the United States . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 148795 - 0 .",
"37": "Skidmore , Thomas E. ; Peter H. Smith ( 2005 ) . Modern Latin America ( 6 ed . ) . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517013 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2015 -- `` Rethinking Work for Human Development '' '' ( PDF ) . HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme . Jump up ^ `` GHO -- By category -- Life expectancy -- Data by country '' . Jump up ^ Field Listing : Literacy Archived November 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Living Planet Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba -- Cultural institutions history -- geography '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . p. 11 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Dictionary of the Taino Language ( plate 8 ) Alfred Carrada Archived 19 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dictionary -- Taino indigenous peoples of the Caribbean Dictionary -- Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Augusto Mascarenhas Barreto : O Português . Cristóvão Colombo Agente Secreto do Rei Dom João II . Ed . Referendo , Lissabon 1988 . English : The Portuguese Columbus : secret agent of King John II , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 333 - 56315 - 8 Jump up ^ da Silva , Manuel L. and Silvia Jorge da Silva. ( 2008 ) . Christopher Columbus was Portuguese , Express Printing , Fall River , MA . 396pp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60702 - 824 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ramón Dacal Moure , Manuel Rivero de la Calle ( 1996 ) . Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3955 - X .",
"38": "Jump up ^ Ted Henken ( 2008 ) . Cuba : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 984 - 9 . ( gives the landing date in Cuba as 27 October ) Jump up ^ Cuba Oficina Del Censo ( 2009 ) . Cuba : Population , History and Resources 1907 . BiblioBazaar , LLC . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 110 - 28818 - 2 . ( gives the landing date in Cuba as 28 October ) Jump up ^ Gott 2004 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Andrea , Alfred J. ; Overfield , James H. ( 2005 ) . `` Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands '' . The Human Record . 1 . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37040 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Encomienda or Slavery ? The Spanish Crown 's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth - Century Spanish America '' ( PDF ) . Latin American Studies . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAlister 1984 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared M. ( 1998 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Joseph Patrick ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues : A-M . ABC - CLIO . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34102 - 8 . Jump up ^ J.N. Hays ( 2005 ) . Epidemics and Pandemics : Their Impacts on Human History Archived November 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... p. 82 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 658 - 2 Jump up ^ Davidson , James West .",
"39": "After the Fact : The Art of Historical Detection Volume 1 . Mc Graw Hill , New York 2010 , Chapter 1 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Wright 1916 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Wright 1916 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wright 1916 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Melvin Drimmer , `` Reviewed Work : Slavery in the Americas : A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba by Herbert S. Klein '' , The William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 25 , No. 2 ( Apr. 1968 ) , pp. 307 -- 309 , in JSTOR , accessed 1 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Hugh . Cuba : The Pursuit of Freedom ( 2nd edition ) . Chapter One . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Ada ( 2014 ) . Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1107029422 . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Ada ( 2014 ) . Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 1107029422 . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Ada ( 2014 ) . Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Childs , Matt D. ( 2006 ) . The 1813 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 320 pages . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5772 - 6 . Jump up ^ Scheina 2003 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Magnus Mõrner , Race Mixture in Latin America , Boston , 1967 , pp. 124 -- 125 Jump up ^ Herbert S. Klein , Slavery in the Americas : A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1967 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Carr & Smorkaloff 2004 , pp.",
"40": "115 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Westad 2012 , pp. 227 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Historia de las Guerras de Liberación de Cuba '' . Jump up ^ `` The Little War ( La Guerra Chiquita ) '' . Jump up ^ Scott 2000 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Carr & Smorkaloff 2004 , pp. 37 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley Sandler , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground warfare : an international encyclopedia . Part 25 , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 549 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 344 - 0 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : David Arias ( 2005 ) . Spanish - americans : Lives And Faces . Victoria , BC , Canada : Trafford Publishing . p. 171 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 4717 - X . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert K. Home ( 1997 ) . Of Planting and Planning : The Making of British Colonial Cities . Chapman and Hall . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 419 - 20230 - 7 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War . `` Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Loring ; Morison , Samuel Eliot ; Polmar , Norman ( 2003 ) . The American Battleship . St. Paul , Minn. : MBI Publishing Company . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0989 - 2 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Falk 1988 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Pierce : Foreign Affairs -- Miller Center '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School .",
"41": "December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) . Cuba Between Empires : 1878 -- 1902 . University of Pittsburgh Pre . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 7197 - 9 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diaz - Briquets , Sergio ; Jorge F Pérez - López ( 2006 ) . Corruption in Cuba : Castro and Beyond . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71321 - 5 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1998 , pp. 283 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Beede , ed. ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia . New York : Garland . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 8 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Terry K Sanderlin , Ed D ( April 24 , 2012 ) . The Last American Rebel in Cuba . AuthorHouse . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4685 - 9430 - 0 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilber Albert Chaffee ; Gary Prevost ( 1992 ) . Cuba : A Different America . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7694 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Argote - Freyre , Frank ( 2006 ) . Fulgencio Batista. 1 . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3701 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Melanie ( 2001 ) . Jacqueline West , ed . South America , Central America and the Caribbean 2002 .",
"42": "Routledge . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 121 - 6 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jaime Suchlicki ( 2002 ) . Cuba : From Columbus to Castro and Beyond . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 436 - 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez 1978 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Domínguez 1978 , p. ? . ^ Jump up to : Frank R. Villafana ( December 31 , 2011 ) . Expansionism : Its Effects on Cuba 's Independence . Transaction Publishers . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4656 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz 1988 , p. 662 ^ Jump up to : Bethell , Leslie ( 1993 ) . Cuba . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43682 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sweig 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Sweig 2004 , p. ? . Jump up ^ `` Batista 's Boot '' . Time . January 18 , 1943 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez 1978 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Domínguez 1978 , pp. 110 -- 1 Jump up ^ Alvarez 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/general-batista-returns-power-cuba Jump up ^ Guerra , Lillian ( 2010 ) . Grandin , Greg ; Joseph , Gilbert M. , eds . Beyond Paradox . A Century of Revolution . American Encounters / Global Interactions . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 199 -- 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4737 - 8 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the 1950s , by James Stuart Olson , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 30619 - 2 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Sweig 2004 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Paul H. Lewis ( 2006 ) . Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3739 - 0 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith & Llorens 1998 . Jump up ^ Baklanoff 1998 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1998 , p. 1173 . Jump up ^ Maureen Ihrie ; Salvador Oropesa ( October 31 , 2011 ) . World Literature in Spanish : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 08083 - 8 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Aviva Chomsky ( November 23 , 2010 ) . A History of the Cuban Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2956 - 8 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Falk 1988 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Ros ( 2006 ) pp. 159 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Cuba Bandits : terrorism in past tense '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cuba '' . State.gov . June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ When the State Kills : The Death Penalty v. Human Rights , Amnesty International Publications , 1989 Jump up ^ `` Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas '' . Longitudebooks.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel. `` Power Kills '' . University of Hawaii .",
"44": "Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Black Book of Communism . p. 664 . Jump up ^ Chase , Michelle ( 2010 ) . `` The Trials '' . In Greg Grandin ; Joseph Gilbert . A Century of Revolution . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 163 -- 198 . ISBN 0822347377 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US rejects Cuba demand to hand back Guantanamo Bay base Archived December 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . BBC News . 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen G. Rabe ( 1988 ) . Eisenhower and Latin America : The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism . UNC Press Books . pp. 123 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4204 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Crooker ( 2005 ) . Cuba . Infobase Publishing . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0497 - 3 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S International Trade Commission . The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Cuba . p . Section 2 -- 3 , p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4578 - 2290 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History -- 7 / 9 / 1960 '' . History.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism : Case 60 - 3 , US v. Cuba ( 1960 -- : Castro ) '' ( PDF ) . Peterson Institute for International Economics . October 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faria , Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution -- Escape From a Lost Paradise , 2002 , Hacienda Publishing , Inc. , Macon , Georgia , pp.",
"45": "163 -- 228 Jump up ^ Domínguez 1989 , p. ? . ^ Jump up to : Bethell , Leslie . The Cambridge History of Latin America . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62327 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health consequences of Cuba 's Special Period '' . CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 179 ( 3 ) : 257 . 2008 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 1080068 . PMC 2474886 . PMID 18663207 . Jump up ^ Patricia Maroday ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Doing Business with Cuba -- The Complete Guide '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman & Gutierrez 2009 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Carlos Lauria ; Monica Campbell ; María Salazar ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Cuba 's Long Black Spring '' . The Committee to Protect Journalists . Jump up ^ `` Cuba -- No surrender by independent journalists , five years on from `` black spring '' '' ( PDF ) . Reporters Without Borders . March 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Castro resigns as Cuban president : official media '' . Agence France - Presse . February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Castro named Cuban president '' . BBC News . February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Byte by byte '' . The Economist . March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Castro replaces top Cuban officials '' . The Guardian . London . March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China View 2009 - 06 - 04 : OAS plenary votes to end Cuba 's exclusion '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 4 June 2009 .",
"46": "Archived from the original on 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China View 2009 - 06 - 04 : Cuba 's Fidel Castro calls OAS a `` U.S. Trojan horse '' `` . News.xinhuanet.com . June 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CNN : `` Cuba eases travel restriction for citizens '' by Ben Brumfield Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 16 October 2012 Until now , Cubans had to pay $150 for an exit visa . A resident in the country that the Cuban wanted to visit would also have to write a letter of invitation . Fees associated with the letter ran as high as $200 . That 's a steep price in a country where the average official monthly income is about $20 . Jump up ^ BBC : `` Leaving Cuba : The difficult task of exiting the island '' by Sarah Rainsford Archived December 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 12 July 2012 Jump up ^ Washington Office on Latin America : `` Cubans Allowed to Travel Abroad Without Exit Visas '' By Geoff Thale and Clay Boggs Archived April 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 16 October 2012 Jump up ^ Henken , Ted ( 2013 ) . Cuba . ABC - CLIO . p. 245 . ISBN 9781610690126 . Jump up ^ `` Cubans line up for the chance to leave '' by Girish Gupta , USA Today , 14 January 2013 Jump up ^ PBS : `` Cuba Opens Travel Abroad for Most Citizens , Eliminating Exit Visa Requirement '' Archived November 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 14 January 2013 Jump up ^ USA Today : `` Cubans can leave , but to where and with what ? ''",
"47": "by Girish Gupta , 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ International Business Times : `` Cuba 's First Year Of Immigration Reform : 180,000 People Leave The Country ... And Come Back '' By Patricia Rey Mallén Archived August 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 14 January 2014 Jump up ^ Andrea Mitchell ; Eric McClam ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Cuba Frees American Alan Gross , Held for Five Years '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` Country profile : Cuba '' . BBC News . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba 1976 ( rev. 2002 ) '' . Constitue . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cuba : Elections and Events 1991 -- 2001 Archived March 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Latin American Election Statistics Home Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 : Revenge of the `` deplorables '' `` . eiu.com . The Economist Intelligence Unit . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Status and ratings overview '' , Freedom In the World 1973 - 2016 , Freedom House . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba 's Raul Castro announces retirement in 5 years '' . Usatoday.com . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lima , Tomas Munita , Mauricio ; Ahmed , Azam ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` A Nation in Mourning : Images of Cuba After Fidel Castro '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Information about human rights in Cuba '' ( in Spanish ) . Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7 , 1967 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Affairs ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Cuba '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba '' . Human Rights Watch . 2006 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Cuba relations '' . European Communities . September 4 , 2003 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laursen , F. ( 2009 ) . The EU in the Global Political Economy . P.I.E. Peter Lang . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 554 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Democracy Act '' . U.S. Department of State . 1992 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The US Embargo Against Cuba : Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Record number of nations oppose US embargo of Cuba in UN vote '' . RT News . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic thaw in U.S. , Cuba standoff '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CPJ 's 2008 prison census : Online and in jail '' . Committee to Protect Journalists . Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch ( 2008 ) . World Report 2008 : Events of 2007 . Seven Stories Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 774 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba 's Repressive Machinery -- V. General Prison Conditions '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Cuban political prisoners dips -- rights group '' . BBC News .",
"49": "July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1996 , pp. 159 , 161 : `` Cuba 's relationship with Algeria in 1961 -- 5 ... clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy -- cynical ploys of a ( Soviet ) client state -- that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals ... The aid Cuba gave Algeria in 1961 -- 2 had nothing to do with the East - West conflict . Its roots predate Castro 's victory in 1959 and lie in the Cubans ' widespread identification with the struggle of the Algerian people . '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2010 , p. 327 : `` The dispatch of 36,000 Cuban soldiers to Angola between November 1975 and April 1976 stunned the world ; ... by 1988 , there were 55,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola . '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2002 , p. 392 : `` After Angola , Cuba 's largest military intervention was in Ethiopia , where in 1978 16,000 Cuban troops helped repulse the invading Somali army . '' Jump up ^ Tareke 2009 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Tareke refers here to the training given to 10 members of the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1968 during the Eritrean struggle for independence . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1997 , p. 50 : `` On 14 -- 16 October 1960 , ( Guinean president Ahmed Sékou ) Touré went to Havana . It was the first visit of an African chief of state to Cuba . The following year Cuba 's foreign aid programme to Third World governments began when fifteen students from Guinea arrived in Havana to attend the university or technical institutes . '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1997 , p. 45 : `` Joining the rebellion in 1966 , and remaining through the war 's end in 1974 , this was the longest Cuban intervention in Africa before the despatch of troops to Angola in November 1975 . It was also the most successful . As the Guinean paper Nõ Pintcha declared , ' The Cubans ' solidarity was decisive for our struggle ' '' .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2002 , p. 227 . The Cuban contribution to the independence of Mozambique was not very important . Jump up ^ Ramazani 1975 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Domínguez 1989 , p. 6 : `` Cuba is a small country , but it has the foreign policy of a big power . '' Jump up ^ Feinsilver 1989 , p. 2 : `` Cuba has projected disproportionately greater power and influence through military might ... through economic largesse ... as a mediator in regional conflicts , and as a forceful and persuasive advocate of Third World interests in international forums . Cuba 's scientific achievements , while limited , are also being shared with other Third World countries , thereby furthering Cuban influence and prestige abroad . '' Jump up ^ `` AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo '' . Waterloo , Iowa : Waterloo Daily Courier . June 24 , 1959 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Resistencia 1916 -- 1966 '' . museodelaresistencia.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Joel D. ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas '' . cfr.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joel ( January 15 , 2011 ) . `` New Prize in Cold War : Cuban Doctors '' . wsj.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arsenault , Chris ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Cuban doctors prescribe hope in Venezuela '' . aljazeera.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . As the article discusses , the oil - for - doctors programme has not been welcomed uncritically in Venezuela . The initial impetus for Cuban doctors ' going to Venezuela was a Chavez - government welfare project called Misión Barrio Adentro ( Albornoz 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Roy 2000 . Roy 's study was described as `` systematic and fair '' by Jorge Domínguez -- see Domínguez , Jorge I. ( 2001 ) .",
"51": "`` Reviews : Cuba , the United States , and the Helms - Burton Doctrine : International Reactions by Joaquín Roy '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 33 ( 4 ) : 888 -- 890 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x0133626x . JSTOR 3653779 . Jump up ^ `` Joint declarations concerning areas and modalities provisionally identified for cooperation '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . November 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Says U.S. , Cuba Taking Critical Steps Toward a New Day '' . Bureau of International Information Programs , U.S. Department of State . April 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Administration Announcement on U.S. Policy Toward Cuba '' . Bureau of International Information Programs , U.S. Department of State . April 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniel Trotta and Steve Holland ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. , Cuba restore ties after 50 years '' . Havanna and Washington . Reuters . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frances Robles and Julie Hirschfeld Davis ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Frees Last of the ' Cuban Five , ' Part of a 1990s Spy Ring '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parlapiano , Alicia ( December 17 , 2014 ) .",
"52": "`` How America 's Relationship With Cuba Will Change '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Landler and Michael R. Gordon ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Journey to Reconciliation Visited Worlds of Presidents , Popes and Spies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Archibold , Randal C. ; Davis , Julie Hirschfield ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ; Abdullah , Halimah ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Obama Nixing Cuba From List of State Sponsors of Terrorism '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba praises ' fair ' US pledge on terrorism list '' . BBC News . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Obama , Cuba announce embassy openings '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Greg . `` U.S. and Cuba reach deal to reopen embassies and reestablish ties '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Tillerson Says U.S. May Close Cuba Embassy Over Mystery Ailments '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Phone Numbers '' . Whatlatinamerica.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , John Hoyt ( August 1 , 1988 ) .",
"53": "`` Cuba : Havana 's Military Machine '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban armed forces and the Soviet military presence '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Cuban army called key in any post-Castro scenario Anthony Boadle Reuters 2006 Jump up ^ `` Social Policy at the crossroads '' ( PDF ) . oxfamamerica.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What countries have a planned economy ? '' . Reference . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba 's repressive machinery : Summary and recommendations '' . Human Rights Watch . 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba 's economy : Money starts to talk '' . The Economist . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inequality : The deal 's off '' . The Economist . March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience -- Fidel Castro -- People & Events '' . PBS . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natasha Geiling . `` Before the Revolution '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Study : Cubans do n't make much , but it 's more than state salaries indicate , Miami Herald , 12 July 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` The Costs of the Embargo Dollars & Sense '' . dollarsandsense.org . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban leader looks to boost food production '' . CNN . April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's Maduro pledges continued alliance with Cuba '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba Ill - Prepared for Venezuelan Shock '' . Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 .",
"54": "Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rank Order Exports '' . The World Factbook . CIA . June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Calzon , Frank ( March 13 , 2005 ) . `` Cuba makes poor trade partner for Louisiana '' . Center for a Free Cuba . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rank Order -- GDP ( purchasing power parity ) '' . CIA Fact Book . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : David Einhorn ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Catholic church in Cuba strives to re-establish the faith '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba 's Sugar Industry and the Impact of Hurricane Michele '' ( PDF ) . International Agricultural Trade Report . December 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee . `` Cuba to abandon wage caps '' . the Guardian . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gobierno de Castro otorga a cubanos permiso para construir viviendas `` por esfuerzo propio '' en `` . Noticias24.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chief , Editor in . `` Homeless in Cuba ? Not Likely Community Alliance '' . fresnoalliance.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cuba Prepares for Private Property '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cuba National Assembly approves economic reforms '' . BBC News . August 2 , 2011 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Categoría : Lucha de nuestros pueblos ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Los nuevos lineamientos económicos '' . Semanarioaqui.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Cuban Economy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba to Open Solar Power Plant - Cuba 's Havana Times.org '' . Havanatimes.org . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Competitiveness Map '' . International Trade Center . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickel '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivette E. Torres ( 1997 ) . `` The Mineral Industry of Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wayne S. Smith ( November 1 , 2006 ) . `` After 46 years of failure , we must change course on Cuba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Espino 2000 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2002 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Facio , Elisa ; Maura Toro - Morn , and Anne R. Roschelle ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Tourism in Cuba During the Special Period '' ( PDF ) . Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems . University of Iowa College of Law . 14 : 119 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Crespo & Negrón Díaz 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cuba '' . U.S. Department of State . December 2005 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights , 2013 Edition '' ( PDF ) . Tourism Trends and Marketing Strategies UNWTO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tamayo , Juan O. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cuba 's Justice Minister says the government fights prostitution '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Cuba : Sex tourism '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/09/us/hurricane-irma-florida.html Jump up ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/hurricane-irma-landfall-cuba-category-5-170909040746649.html Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/hurricane-irma-rips-through-cuba-on-its-way-to-florida/article36221350/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/americas/irma-cuba/index.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Parties '' . cbd.int . Jump up ^ `` Plan de Acción Nacional 2006 / 2010 sobre la Diversidad Biológica . República de Cuba '' ( PDF ) . cbd.int . Jump up ^ `` IV Informe Nacional al Convento sobre la Diversidad Biológica . República de Cuba . 2009 '' ( PDF ) . cbd.int . Jump up ^ `` ANUARIO DEMOGRAFICO DE CUBA 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas . Jump up ^ `` Population , birth rate falling in Cuba : Official '' . The Peninsula On - line . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ `` Population Decrease Must be Reverted '' . Wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations World Fertility Patterns 1997 '' . United Nations . 1997 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stanley K. Henshaw ; Susheela Singh ; Taylor Haas . `` The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide '' . International Family Planning Perspectives , 1999 , 25 ( Supplement ) : S30 -- S38 . Retrieved May 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A barrier for Cuba 's blacks '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Cuba : Afro - Cubans '' . ^ Jump up to : Marcheco - Teruel , Beatriz ; Parra , Esteban J. ; Fuentes - Smith , Evelyn ; Salas , Antonio ; Buttenschøn , Henriette N. ; Demontis , Ditte ; Torres - Español , María ; Marín - Padrón , Lilia C. ; Gómez - Cabezas , Enrique J. ; Álvarez - Iglesias , Vanesa ; Mosquera - Miguel , Ana ; Martínez - Fuentes , Antonio ; Carracedo , Ángel ; Børglum , Anders D. ; Mors , Ole ( 2014 ) . `` Cuba : Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers '' . PLoS Genetics . 10 ( 7 ) : e1004488 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1004488 . PMC 4109857 . PMID 25058410 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuba : a Lonely Planet travel survival kit . Lonely Planet . 1997 . ISBN 9780864424037 . Jump up ^ Lisa Chiu .",
"58": "`` A Short History of the Chinese in Cuba '' . About.com News & Issues . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html > Archived December 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ http://sonentero.blogspot.be/2009/07/african-roots-of-cuban-culture.html Jump up ^ `` Sahrawi children inhumanely treated in Cuba , former Cuban official '' . MoroccoTimes.com . March 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920 '' . Tau.ac.il . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba '' . Cuban Genealogy Center . July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . `` Cuban immigration '' . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Facts on File . pp. 68 -- 71 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedraza 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Falk 1988 , p. 74 : `` ( A ) tenth of the entire Caribbean population has ... ( emigrated to the U.S. ) over the past 30 years '' . Jump up ^ `` US Census Press Releases '' . Wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pedraza 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` CUBA : U.S. Response to the 1994 Cuban Migration Crisis '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . September 1995 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Composition by Country '' ( PDF ) . Global Religious Landscape .",
"59": "Pew Forum . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith 1996 , p. 105 : `` The expansion of religious liberty began more than a decade ago , for example , and Cuban citizens , by and large , are free to practice their faiths without fear of persecution . '' Jump up ^ Domínguez 2003 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Nicky ; Am ; Holpuch , a ; York , Angela Bruno in New ; Havana , with Jonathan Watts in ; Rome , Stephanie Kirchgaessner in . `` Pope Francis in Cuba : pontiff arrives in Santiago -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba to Free 3,500 Prisoners Ahead of Pope Visit '' . voanews.com . Voice of America . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miroff , Nick ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cuba pardons more than 3,500 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriett . `` Cuba pardons 3,522 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit '' . telegraph.co.uk . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , E.B. ; Gonzalez , M.A. ( 2010 ) . Caribbean Religious History : An Introduction . NYU Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 2250 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Government officials visit Baha'i center '' . Baha'iWorldNewsService.com . June 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ George Brandon ( March 1 , 1997 ) . Santeria from Africa to the New World . Indiana University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21114 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Lucumi : A Language of Cuba ( Ethnologue ) '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ `` Cuban Creole choir brings solace to Haiti 's children '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of Cuba '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba 's New Internet Service is Also No Bed of Roses '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EcuRed -- EcuRed '' ( in Spanish ) . Ecured.cu . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Resolución 120 del 2007 del Ministro del MIC la cual está vigente desde el 0 de Septiembre de 2007 Jump up ^ `` Internet in Cuba '' . Reporters Without Borders . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Cuba , a Harsh Self - Assessment '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robin ( 1997 ) . Nationalizing Blackness : Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana , 1920 -- 1940 . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 5645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Victor Kaonga , Malawi ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Cuba : Reggaeton Hit ' Chupi Chupi ' Denounced by Authorities '' . Global Voices . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott Shetler ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Cuban Government to Censor Reggaeton For Being `` Sexually Explict '' `` . Popcrush.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Government Censors Reggaeton and `` Sexually Explicit '' Songs `` . ABC News . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alvarez 2001 . Jump up ^ Costa Rica -- Journey into the Tropical Garden of Eden , Tobias Hauser . Jump up ^ John , S. ( 2012 ) . Contemporary Dance in Cuba : Tecnica Cubana as Revolutionary Movement .",
"61": "McFarland & Company . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9325 - 8 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/news/meet-the-cuban-boxer-who-failed-to-defect-38-times-before-realizing-u-s--dream-200229434-boxing.html Jump up ^ http://www.premierboxingchampions.com/news/cuba-world-champion-arduous-defection-continues-drive-erislandy-lara Jump up ^ `` Cuba Comité Olímpico Cubano National Olympic Committee '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Still Stuck on Castro -- How the press handled a tyrant 's farewell '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cuban Education System : Lessons and Dilemmas . Human Development Network Education . World Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` unstats Millennium Indicators '' . Mdgs.un.org . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Latin lessons : What can we Learn from the World 's most Ambitious Literacy Campaign ? '' . The Independent . November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Getting a Reading on High Literacy in Cuba Archived April 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Teachers College , Columbia University . 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Students graduate from Cuban school -- Americas -- MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba - trained US doctors graduate '' . BBC News . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba '' . Ranking Web of Universities . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World population Prospects : The 2006 Revision : Highlights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 .",
"62": "^ Jump up to : Whiteford & Branch 2008 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Cuba : A Different America , By Wilber A. Chaffee , Gary Prevost , Rowland and Littlefield , 1992 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Feinsilver 1989 , pp. 4 -- 5 : `` Its success has been acclaimed by Dr. Halfdan Mahler , the Director - General of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , and Dr. Carlysle Guerra de Macedo , Director - General of the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) , as well as by medical professionals from the United States and other capitalist countries who have observed the Cuban health system in action . Despite U.S. hostility toward Cuba , a U.S. government document stated in 1982 that the ' Cuban Revolution has managed social achievements , especially in education and health care , that are highly respected in the Third World ... , ( including ) a national health care program that is superior in the Third World and rivals that of numerous developed countries . ' '' Jump up ^ Lundy , Karen Saucier . Community Health Nursing : Caring for the Public 's Health . Jones and Bartlett : 2005 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Whiteford , Linda M. ; Manderson , Lenore , eds. ( 2000 ) . Global Health Policy , Local Realities : The Fallacy of the Level Playing Field . Boulder , Col. : Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 69 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 874 - 1 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Be more libre '' . economist.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan '' . Select Committee on Health . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mignonne Breier ; Angelique Wildschut ; Education , Science and Skills Development Research Programme ( 2007 ) .",
"63": "Doctors in a Divided Society : The Profession and Education of Medical Practitioners in South Africa . HSRC Press . pp. 16 , 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7969 - 2153 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cuban medical team heading for Sierra Leone Archived December 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... World Health Organization . September 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Sifferlin ( 5 November 2014 ) . Why Cuba Is So Good at Fighting Ebola Archived October 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Time . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Centro de Promoción del Comercio Exterior y la Inversión Extranjera de Cuba -- CEPEC '' . Cepec.cu . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Erin Schumaker ( 14 May 2015 ) . Cuba 's Had A Lung Cancer Vaccine For Years , And Now It 's Coming To The U.S. Archived May 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rob Quinn ( 12 May 2015 ) . USA about to get Cuba 's lung cancer vaccine Archived April 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... USA Today . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WHO validates elimination of mother - to - child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba '' . WHO . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Carroll , Lisa ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Cuba first to eliminate mother - to - baby HIV transmission '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Bibliography Albornoz , Sara Carrillo de ( 2006 ) . `` On a mission : how Cuba uses its doctors abroad '' . BMJ. 333 : 464 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 333.7566. 464 .",
"64": "JSTOR 40700096 . PMC 1557950 . PMID 16946334 . Alvarez , José ( 2001 ) . `` Rationed Products and Something Else : Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 11 . Silver Spring , MD : ASCE . pp. 305 -- 322 . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 0 - 4 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Alvarez , José ( 2004 ) . Cuban Agriculture Before 1959 : The Social Situation ( PDF ) . Gainesville , FL : Department of Food and Resource Economics , University of Florida . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Baklanoff , Eric N. ( 1998 ) . `` Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition : A Reassessment of the Backwardness - Stagnation Thesis '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 8 . Silver Spring , MD : ASCE . pp. 260 -- 272 . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 7 - 1 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Chomsky , Aviva ; Carr , Barry ; Smorkaloff , Pamela Maria , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Cuba Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3197 - 1 . Corbett , Ben ( 2002 ) . This Is Cuba : An Outlaw Culture Survives . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3826 - 2 . Crespo , Nicolás ; Negrón Díaz , Santos ( 1997 ) . `` Cuban Tourism in 2007 : Economic Impact '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 7 . Silver Spring , MD : ASCE . pp. 150 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 6 - 3 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Domínguez , Jorge I. ( 1978 ) .",
"65": "Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 17925 - 7 . Domínguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Domínguez , Jorge I. ( 2003 ) . A Constitution for Cuba 's Political Transition : The Utility of Retaining ( and Amending ) the 1992 Constitution ( PDF ) . Coral Gables , FL : Institute for Cuban and Cuban - American Studies , University of Miami . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932385 - 04 - 5 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Espino , María Dolores ( 2000 ) . `` Cuban Tourism During the Special Period '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 10 . Silver Spring , MD : ASCE . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 8 - X . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Falk , Pamela S. ( 1988 ) . `` Washing and Havana '' . The Wilson Quarterly . 12 ( 5 ) : 64 -- 74 . JSTOR 40257732 . Feinsilver , Julie M. ( 1989 ) . `` Cuba as a ' World Medical Power ' : The Politics of Symbolism '' . Latin American Research Review . 24 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34 . JSTOR 2503679 . Gebru Tareke ( 2009 ) . The Ethiopian Revolution : War in the Horn of Africa . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14163 - 4 . Gershman , Carl ; Gutierrez , Orlando ( 2009 ) . `` Can Cuba Change ? Ferment in Civil Society '' . Journal of Democracy January . 20 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 54 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 0.0051 .",
"66": "Gleijeses , Piero ( 1994 ) . `` ' Flee ! The White Giants are Coming ! ' : The United States , the Mercenaries , and the Congo , 1964 -- 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Diplomatic History . 18 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 237 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1994. tb00611. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Gleijeses , Piero ( 1996 ) . `` Cuba 's First Venture in Africa : Algeria , 1961 -- 1965 '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 28 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 195 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x00012670 . JSTOR 157991 . Gleijeses , Piero ( 1997 ) . `` The First Ambassadors : Cuba 's Contribution to Guinea - Bissau 's War of Independence '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 29 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 88 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x96004646 . JSTOR 158071 . Gleijeses , Piero ( 2002 ) . Conflicting Missions : Havana , Washington , and Africa , 1959 -- 1976 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2647 - 8 . Gleijeses , Piero ( 2010 ) . `` Cuba and the Cold War , 1959 -- 1980 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume II : Crises and Détente . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 327 -- 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83720 - 0 . Gleijeses , Piero ( 2013 ) . Visions of Freedom : Havana , Washington , Pretoria , and the Struggle for Southern Africa , 1976 -- 1991 .",
"67": "Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 0968 - 3 . Gott , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cuba : A New History . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10411 - 0 . Horowitz , Irving Louis ( 1988 ) . Cuban Communism . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Books . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 672 - 5 . Luxenberg , Alan H. ( 1988 ) . `` Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets ? '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . 30 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 71 . JSTOR 165789 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1994 ) . Century of War : Politics , Conflicts , and Society since 1914 . New York , NY : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 191 - 8 . McAlister , Lyle N. ( 1984 ) . Spain and Portugal in the New World , 1492 -- 1700 . Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 1216 - 1 . Pedraza , Silvia ( 2007 ) . Political Disaffection in Cuba 's Revolution and Exodus . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86787 - 0 . Pérez - López , Jorge F. ( 1996 ) . `` Cuban Military Expenditures : Concepts , Data and Burden Measures '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 6 . Washington , DC : ASCE . pp. 124 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 5 - 5 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Ramazani , Rouhollah K. ( 1975 ) . The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz . Alphen aan den Rijn : Sijthoff & Noordhoff .",
"68": "ISBN 90 - 286 - 0069 - 8 . Roberg , Jeffrey L. ; Kuttruff , Alyson ( 2007 ) . `` Cuba : Ideological Success or Ideological Failure ? '' . Human Rights Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 779 -- 795 . doi : 10.1353 / hrq. 2007.0033 . JSTOR 20072822 . Roy , Joaquín ( 2000 ) . Cuba , the United States , and the Helms - Burton Doctrine : International Reactions . Gainesville , FL : University of Florida Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1760 - 0 . Scheina , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars , Volume I : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 . Dulles , VA : Brassey 's . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 449 - 4 . Scott , Rebecca J. ( 2000 ) ( 1985 ) . Slave Emancipation in Cuba : The Transition to Free Labor , 1860 -- 1899 . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5735 - 5 . Smith , Wayne S. ( 1996 ) . `` Cuba 's Long Reform '' . Foreign Affairs . 75 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 112 . JSTOR 20047491 . Smith , Kirby ; Llorens , Hugo ( 1998 ) . `` Renaisssance and Decay : A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current - Day Cuba '' ( PDF ) . Cuba in Transition , Volume 8 . Silver Spring , MD : ASCE . pp. 247 -- 259 . ISBN 0 - 9649082 - 7 - 1 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) ( 2002 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground ( New ed . ) .",
"69": "Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01612 - 5 . Thomas , Hugh ( 1997 ) . The Slave Trade : The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade , 1440 -- 1870 . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81063 - 8 . Thomas , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Cuba ; or , The Pursuit of Freedom ( updated ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . London : The Bodley Head . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84792 - 197 - 0 . Whiteford , Linda M. ; Branch , Laurence G. ( 2008 ) . Primary Health Care in Cuba : The Other Revolution . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5994 - 3 . Wright , Irene Aloha ( 1916 ) . The Early History of Cuba , 1492 -- 1586 . New York , NY : The Macmillan Company . External links Find more aboutCubaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official site of the Government of Cuba ( in Spanish ) Cuba from University of Colorado Boulder Libraries `` Cuba '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .",
"70": "Key Development Forecasts for Cuba from International Futures Cuba at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Cuba Places adjacent to Cuba Gulf of Mexico Florida The Bahamas Gulf of Mexico Yucatán Peninsula Caribbean Sea Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean Sea Belize Honduras Caribbean Sea Cayman Islands Jamaica Haiti Cuba topics History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites Governance Security Economy",
"71": "Governance Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Society Culture Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human",
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"77": ") Galicia Ireland Slovakia ( 1919 ) History of socialism VIAF : 260843934 GND : 4033340 - 1 BNF : cb119334489 ( data ) HDS : 3388 NDL : 00567313 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&oldid=819282005 '' Categories : Cuba Countries in the Caribbean Eastern Bloc Former Spanish colonies Member states of the United Nations Republics Spanish Caribbean Spanish - speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 1902 Small Island Developing States 1902 establishments in North America Countries in North America Totalitarian states Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2009 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2009 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers",
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"80": "მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Romani Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski /",
"81": "српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is beauty and the beast written by
|
[
"French novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve",
"Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve",
"Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve",
"Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve",
"French novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve"
] |
{
"0": "Beauty and the Beast - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fairy tale . For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Illustration for Beauty and the Beast by Walter Crane . Beauty and the Beast ( French : La Belle et la Bête ) is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins ( The Young American and Marine Tales ) . Her lengthy version was abridged , rewritten , and published first by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants ( Children 's Collection ) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889 , to produce the version ( s ) most commonly retold . It was influenced by some earlier stories , such as `` Cupid and Psyche '' , written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensi in The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD , and `` The Pig King '' . an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . Variants of the tale are known across Europe . In France , for example , Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story , written by Marmontel and composed by Grétry in 1771 , which had enormous success well into the 19th century ; it is based on the second version of the tale . Amour pour amour ( Love for love ) , by Nivelle de la Chaussée , is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve 's version . According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated around 4,000 years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Villeneuve 's version 3 Commentary 4 Modern uses and adaptations 4.1 Literature 4.2 Film 4.3 Television 4.4 Theatre 4.5 Other 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A widower merchant lives in a mansion with his six children , three sons and three daughters .",
"1": "All his daughters are very beautiful , but the youngest , Beauty , is the most lovely , as well as kind , well - read , and pure of heart ; while the two elder sisters , in contrast , are wicked , selfish , vain , and spoiled . They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister . The merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea which sinks most of his merchant fleet . He and his children are consequently forced to live in a small farmhouse and work for their living . Some years later , the merchant hears that one of the trade ships he had sent has arrived back in port , having escaped the destruction of its compatriots . Before leaving , he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them . The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with , whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing , jewels , and the finest dresses possible as they think his wealth has returned . Beauty is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country . The merchant , to his dismay , finds that his ship 's cargo has been seized to pay his debts , leaving him penniless and unable to buy his children 's presents . During his return , the merchant becomes lost during a storm . Seeking shelter , he enters a dazzling palace . A hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in . The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink , which seem to have been left for him by the palace 's invisible owner . The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there . The next morning , as the merchant is about to leave , he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose . Upon picking the loveliest rose he can find , the merchant is confronted by a hideous `` Beast '' which tells him that for taking his most precious possession after accepting his hospitality , the merchant must die . The merchant begs to be set free , arguing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter . The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty , but only if the merchant or one of his daughters will return . Beauty dines with the Beast in an illustration by Anne Anderson . The merchant is upset but accepts this condition .",
"2": "The Beast sends him on his way , with wealth , jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters , and stresses that Beauty must never know about his deal . The merchant , upon arriving home , tries to hide the secret from Beauty , but she pries it from him . Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast , but the merchant dissuades them , saying they will stand no chance against the monster . Beauty then agrees to go to the Beast 's castle . The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle , and he is her servant . He gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her . Every night , the Beast asks Beauty to marry him , only to be refused each time . After each refusal , Beauty dreams of a handsome prince who pleads with her to answer why she keeps refusing him , to which she replies that she can not marry the Beast because she loves him only as a friend . Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle . She searches and discovers multiple enchanted rooms , but never the prince from her dreams . For several months , Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast 's palace , having every whim catered to by invisible servants , with no end of riches to amuse her and an endless supply of exquisite finery to wear . Eventually , she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family . He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly a week later . Beauty agrees to this and sets off for home with an enchanted mirror and ring . The mirror allows her to see what is going on back at the Beast 's castle , and the ring allows her to return to the castle in an instant when turned three times around her finger . Her older sisters are surprised to find her well fed and dressed in finery . Beauty tries to share the magnificent gowns and jewels the Beast gave her with her sisters , but they turn into rags at her sisters ' touch , and are restored to their splendour when returned to Beauty , as the Beast meant them only for her .",
"3": "Her sisters are envious when they hear of her happy life at the castle , and , hearing that she must return to the Beast on a certain day , beg her to stay another day , even putting onion in their eyes to make it appear as though they are weeping . They hope that the Beast will be angry with Beauty for breaking her promise and eat her alive . Beauty 's heart is moved by her sisters ' false show of love , and she agrees to stay . Illustration by Warwick Goble . Beauty begins to feel guilty about breaking her promise to the Beast and uses the mirror to see him back at the castle . She is horrified to discover that the Beast is lying half - dead from heartbreak near the rose bushes from which her father plucked the rose , and she immediately uses the ring to return to the Beast . Beauty weeps over the Beast , saying that she loves him . When her tears strike him , the Beast is transformed into the handsome prince from Beauty 's dreams . The Prince informs her that long ago a fairy turned him into a hideous beast after he refused to let her in from the rain and that only by finding true love , despite his ugliness , could the curse be broken . He and Beauty are married and they live happily ever after together . Villeneuve 's version ( edit ) Villeneuve 's original tale includes several elements that Beaumont 's omits . Chiefly , the backstory of both Beauty and the Beast is given . The Beast was a prince who lost his father at a young age , and whose mother had to wage war to defend his kingdom . The queen left him in care of an evil fairy , who tried to seduce him when he became an adult ; when he refused , she transformed him into a beast . Beauty 's story reveals that she is not really a merchant 's daughter but the offspring of a king and a good fairy . A wicked fairy had tried to murder Beauty so she could marry her father the king , and Beauty was put in the place of the merchant 's dead daughter to protect her . Villeneuve also gave the castle elaborate magic , which obscured the more vital pieces of it . Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity .",
"4": "Commentary ( edit ) Painting of Petrus Gonsalvus ( c. 1580 ) Tatar ( 2017 ) compares the tale to the theme of `` animal brides and grooms '' found in folklore throughout the world , pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages . The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales , as is the social class of the characters , neither royal nor peasants . It may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing . Hamburger ( 2015 ) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus , a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis , causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts , and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine . Modern uses and adaptations ( edit ) The tale has been notably adapted for screen , stage , prose , and television over the years . Literature ( edit ) The Pig King , by Giovanni Francesco Straparola , an Italian fairytale published in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . The Scarlet Flower , a Russian fairy tale published in 1858 by Sergey Aksakov . Beauty and the Beast ... The Story Retold . Laura E. Richards . London : Blickie & Son , 1886 . Also , Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1886 . Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast , 1978 and Rose Daughter , 1997 ( both by author Robin McKinley ) . `` The Courtship of Mr. Lyon '' , a story from Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) , is based on Madame Le Prince de Beaumont 's version . `` Beauty '' , a short story by Tanith Lee , is a science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It appeared in Lee 's anthology , Red as Blood , or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer , published in 1983 . The heroine is named Estár ; the Beast , a catlike telepathic alien , is never given a name that can be written or spoken in any human language .",
"5": "Fashion Beast , a 1985 screenplay by Alan Moore , was adapted into a graphic novel in 2012 . In The Last Wish ( 1993 ) by Andrzej Sapkowski , the story `` A Grain of Truth '' is very similar to `` Beauty and the Beast '' , though the beast enjoys being a beast and the daughters of various merchants willingly live with him in exchange for money . Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) by Loretta Chase , a Regency romance and retelling of Beauty and the Beast The Fire Rose ( 1995 ) by Mercedes Lackey , part of the Elementals series . The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro is another science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It won the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2001 Affaire de Coeur Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The first third of the novel appeared as a three - part serialization in Analog magazine in the 1999 May , June , and July / August issues . Tor Books published the full novel in 2000 . Beastly , written in 2007 by Alex Flinn , sets the story in modern - day Manhattan . Film ( edit ) A French version entitled La Belle et la Bête was made in 1946 , directed by Jean Cocteau , starring Jean Marais as the Beast and Josette Day as the Beauty . This version adds a subplot involving Belle 's suitor Avenant , also played by Marais . A 1952 animated feature film , The Scarlet Flower , based upon Aksakov 's aforementioned tale , was directed by Lev Atamanov and produced at the Soyuzmultfilm . It was restored at the Gorky Film Studio in 1987 , and is now widely available on several video and DVD editions in Russia ( an English - subtitled version has not been released ) . A 1962 version directed by Edward L. Cahn , starring Joyce Taylor and Mark Damon , had the Beast as a prince who transformed into a werewolf at night , with makeup by Universal 's Jack Pierce .",
"6": "In 1987 , The Cannon Group and Golan - Globus Productions released Beauty and the Beast , a musical live - action version , directed by Eugene Marner , starring John Savage as Beast , and Rebecca De Mornay as Beauty , with original music by Lori McKelvey . It was released on VHS in 1988 by Cannon Video , and on DVD in 2005 by MGM Home Entertainment . In 1991 , Walt Disney Feature Animation produced a musical animated film entitled Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton , and songs by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman . Like the 1946 version , the Disney version also names Beauty `` Belle '' and gives her a handsome suitor ( here named Gaston ) who eventually plots to kill the Beast . The Beast is depicted to having the head structure and horns of a bison , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the eyebrow of a gorilla , the tusks of a wild boar , the arms and body of a bear , and the hind legs and tail of a wolf . Children 's film producer Diane Eskenazi produced Beauty and the Beast , directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba , for Golden Films in 1993 . The film , which relied on moderate animation techniques but was mostly faithful to the original tale , featured classical compositions as opposed to an original soundtrack , featuring the works of many well - known popular composers . This film 's version of the Beast has the body of a gorilla , the mane of a lion , the snout and tusks of a common warthog , and the tail of a bull . The theme of the music video `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf , released in 1993 , is adapted from Beauty and the Beast . A 2005 Viking period film directed by David Lister was alternately known as Beauty and the Beast and Blood of Beasts .",
"7": "A dark version of the fairy tale updated to modern times , director Robert Beaucage 's 2008 film Spike , was described ( at its premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival where it was chosen as part of the Best of the Fest ) as `` Angela Carter rewriting La Belle et la Bête as an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . Another modern take is Beastly starring Alex Pettyfer as the beast ( named Kyle ) and Vanessa Hudgens as the love interest ( named Lindy ) . Directed by Daniel Barnz it is based on the book Beastly mentioned above . Beauty and the Beast , a French - German film , released in 2014 . Beauty and the Beast , a Disney live - action remake of the 1991 animated film , starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens , was released on March 17 , 2017 . Television ( edit ) George C. Scott appeared as the Beast in a made - for - TV rendition in 1976 , with his second wife , Patricia `` Trish '' Van Devere , co-starring alongside him as Belle in the film , which aired as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Scott was nominated for an Emmy for his performance . In 1984 , Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre aired `` Beauty and the Beast '' , starring Klaus Kinski and Susan Sarandon . The script , sets , makeup , and costumes were based on the 1946 film . Beauty and the Beast , a television series which owed as much to detective shows and fantasy fiction as to the fairy tale , was originally broadcast from 1987 to 1989 . This was centered around the relationship between Catherine ( played by Linda Hamilton ) , an attorney who lived in New York City , and Vincent ( played by Ron Perlman ) , a gentle but lion - faced `` beast '' who dwells in the tunnels beneath the city . Wendy Pini created two issues of a comic - book adaptation of the TV series . The series was cancelled when ratings fell after Hamilton decided to leave the show at the end of the second season . Beauty and the Beast was featured in Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics . In this version , the Beast had an ogre - like appearance and appeared at the Merchant 's house when his time to give him Beauty came .",
"8": "Outside of Beauty breaking the spell on the Beast enough to turn him back into a prince , the two of them sent birds to carry messages of their marriage . The narrator commented that he learned of this story because `` a little birdie told '' him . A version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' was featured in Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . The story is set in Africa and features the voices of Vanessa L. Williams as the Beauty , Gregory Hines as the Beast , Debbie Allen as Precious , Terrence C. Carson as the Tree , and Paul Winfield as the Father . A loose adaption of the story was featured in the animated series Stories from My Childhood . The voice cast included Amy Irving as the Beauty , Tim Curry as the Beast and Robert Loggia as the Beauty 's father . Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) is a reworking of the 1987 TV series with Jay Ryan and Kristin Kreuk reprising the roles that Perlman and Hamilton , respectively , had originated in that production . A variation of the story was incorporated into an episode of the ABC TV series Once Upon a Time entitled `` Skin Deep '' , in which Beauty / Belle is played by Emilie de Ravin and the Beast is Rumpelstiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) . While Belle had appeared in Sofia the First , the Beast was n't featured . Instead , a variation of the story is used in the episode `` Beauty is the Beast '' where Princess Charlotte of Isleworth ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) was turned into a Beast by the powerful enchantress Zinessa ( voiced by Meredith Roberts Quill ) because she was rude and insensitive to Zinessa 's friend Morris the Goblin ( voiced by Andrew Rannells ) . The description of her Beast form is a cross between a human and a wild boar with a wolf - like tail . Once Princess Charlotte vouched for Morris the Goblin upon the royal guards arresting him and became friends with him in front of her parents King Philip and Queen Everly ( voiced by Fritz Sperburg and Jamie Denbo ) upon being encouraged by Sofia , the spell on Princess Charlotte was broken and Zinessa left in cat form while quoting to Princess Charlotte `` well done . '' After thanking Sofia who was transported back to Enchancia , Princess Charlotte invited Morris to the Summer Ball .",
"9": "Theatre ( edit ) In 1994 , Philip Glass wrote an opera , La Belle et la Bête , based on Cocteau 's film . Glass 's composition follows the film scene by scene , effectively providing a new original soundtrack for the movie . The Disney film was adapted for the stage as Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton and Alan Menken , who had worked on the film . Howard Ashman , the original lyricist , had died , and additional lyrics were written by Tim Rice . In 2011 , a new ballet adaptation of Beauty and the Beast was created by choreographer David Nixon for Northern Ballet . Works by several composers , including Bizet and Poulenc , were used for the score . Other ( edit ) A hidden object game , Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast , was released in 2012 . The narrative of the Sierra Entertainment adventure game King 's Quest VI follows several fairy tales , and Beauty and the Beast is the focus of one multiple part quest . Stevie Nicks recorded a song based on the fairy tale for her 1983 solo album , The Wild Heart . Real Life based the video for their signature hit `` Send Me an Angel '' on the fairy story . Disco producer Alec R. Costandinos released a twelve inch by his side project Love & Kisses with the theme of the fairy - tale set to a disco melody in 1978 . See also ( edit ) Damsel in distress Eros and Psyche Noble savage Shapeshifting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Windling , Terri . `` Beauty and the Beast , Old and New '' . The Journal of Mythic Arts . The Endicott Studio . Jump up ^ Stouff , Jean . `` La Belle et la Bête '' . Biblioweb . Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Cupid and Psyche '' , Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome ' , ' p. 339 . Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Beauty and the Beast '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Downing . Aesthetics of Opera in the Ancien Régime , 1647 -- 1785 . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 2002 . Jump up ^ BBC .",
"10": "`` Fairy tale origins thousands of years old , researchers say '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 22 -- 23 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 25 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria ( March 7 , 2017 ) . Beauty and the Beast : Classic Tales of Animal Brides and Grooms from Around the World . Random House Penguin . ISBN 9780143111696 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Morality of Fairy - Tale Animal Brides '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . `` Maria Tatar points ( ... ) the story of Beauty and the Beast was meant for girls who would likely have their marriages arranged '' . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 45 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ Andreas Hamburger in : Andreas Hamburger ( ed . ) Women and Images of Men in Cinema : Gender Construction in La Belle et La Bete by Jean Cocteau chapter 3 ( 2015 ) . see also : `` La Bella y la Bestia '' : Una historia real inspirada por un hombre de carne y hueso ( difundir.org 2016 ) Jump up ^ Crunelle - Vanrigh , Anny . `` The Logic of the Same and Différance : ' The Courtship of Mr. Lyon ' '' . In Roemer , Danielle Marie , and Bacchilega , Cristina , eds. ( 2001 ) . Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p. 128 . Wayne State University Press . Jump up ^ Wherry , Maryan ( 2015 ) . `` More than a Love Story : The Complexities of the Popular Romance '' . In Berberich , Christine . The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction . Bloomsbury . p.",
"11": "55 . ISBN 978 - 1441172013 . Jump up ^ David J. Hogan ( 1986 ) . Dark Romance : Sexuality In the Horror Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0474 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 50 's and 60 's Horror Movies B '' . The Missing Link . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Russell A. Peck . `` Cinderella Bibliography : Beauty and the Beast '' . The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 13 November 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Updated In Form and Content '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Movie Review Film . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GNhdQRbXhc Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` Beauty and the Beast : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan . `` Spike '' . All Movie Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Calum Waddell . `` Spike '' . Total Sci - Fi . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast + Blood and Guts = Spike '' . HorrorMovies.ca. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Highlights : 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . Variety . 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Fest Programme at Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . The List . 25 June 2008 .",
"12": "Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert Hope . `` Spike '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens And Alex Pettyfer Get ' Intense ' In ' Beastly ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/Christophe-Gans-decrypte-sa-version-de-La-Belle-et-la-Bete Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Versions for La Belle et la Bête '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tale as Old as Time : The Making of Beauty and the Beast . ( VCD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2002 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Laura ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast , Northern Ballet , Grand Theatre , Leeds , review '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast Collector 's Edition ( PC DVD ) Jump up ^ KQ6 Game Play video External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and Beast . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Beauty and the Beast `` Beauty and the Beast : folktales of Aarne - Thompson type 425C Cinderella Bibliography -- includes an exhaustive list of B&tB productions in books , TV and recordings Original version and psychological analysis of Beauty and the Beast ( in French ) La Belle et la Bête ,",
"13": "audio version ( hide ) Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast&oldid=806863313 '' Categories : Shapeshifting in fiction Literary duos 1740 works French fairy tales Beauty and the Beast Love stories Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2012 Articles containing French - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ລາວ Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9
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[
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when is the running of the bulls held in spain
|
[
"6–14 July",
"6–14 July"
] |
{
"0": "Running of the bulls - wikipedia Running of the bulls Jump to : navigation , search Running of the Bulls ( encierro ) The bull run in Pamplona Dates 6 -- 14 July Location ( s ) Pamplona and other Monument in Pamplona Runners surround the bulls on Estafeta Street The Running of the Bulls ( in Spanish : encierro , from the verb encerrar , `` to corral , to enclose '' ) is a practice that involves running in front of a small group of cattle , typically six , of the toro bravo breed that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned - off subset of a town 's streets . The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine - day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona , although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , in some cities in Mexico , and southern France during the summer . The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city , where they were bred , to the bullring , where they would be killed in the evening . During this ' run ' , youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado . In Pamplona and other places , the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day . Spanish tradition says the true origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century . While transporting cattle in order to sell them at the market , men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement . After years of this practice , the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition , as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken . When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities , a tradition was created and stands to this day .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Pamplona bull run 1.1 Fence 1.2 Preliminaries 1.3 The running 1.4 Injuries , fatalities and medical attention 1.5 Dress code 1.6 Media 2 Other examples 2.1 Bous al carrer 2.2 Occitan area of France 2.3 Stamford Bull Run 2.4 Mock bull runs 3 Opposition 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pamplona bull run ( edit ) Saint Fermin , honored in Pamplona Pamplona , 7 July 2005 . People climb to the fences as the bulls run by and cross the Town Hall Plaza . The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE , the public Spanish national television channel , for over 30 years . It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival , which is held every year from 6 -- 14 July . The first bull running is on 7 July , followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival , beginning every day at 8 am . Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old , run in the same direction as the bulls , not incite the bulls , and not be under the influence of alcohol . Fence ( edit ) In Pamplona , a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets . A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space , while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers . The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull . The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood . Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta , while others are placed and removed each morning . Spectators can only stand behind the second fence , whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event .",
"2": "Preliminaries ( edit ) Police barrier at the beginning of the running stops people until the first rocket is fired . The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction . It is sung three times , each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque . The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin , patron of the festival and the city , to ask the saint 's protection and can be translated into English as `` We ask Saint Fermin , as our Patron , to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing '' . The singers finish by shouting `` Viva San Fermín ! , Gora San Fermin ! '' ( `` Long live Saint Fermin '' , in Spanish and Basque ) . Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ( `` faja '' ) and neckerchief ( `` pañuelo '' ) . Also some of them hold the day 's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls ' attention from them if necessary . The running ( edit ) Pamplona , 2007 . Bulls following some runners enter the bull ring from the callejón , where the event ends . The bulls can be seen in the foreground and background of the picture . A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open . A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released . The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively , marking the end of the event . The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes , 30 seconds . The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon , six steers that run in herd with the bulls , and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route . The function of the steers , who run the route daily , is to guide the bulls to the bullring . The average speed of the herd is 24 km / h ( 15 mph ) . The length of the run is 875 meters ( 957 yards ) .",
"3": "It goes through four streets of the old part of the city ( Santo Domingo , Ayuntamiento , Mercaderes and Estafeta ) via the Town Hall Square and the short section `` Telefónica '' ( named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta ) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón ( tunnel ) . The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square , but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down . One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ( `` la curva '' ) , resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing , and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers . This has resulted in a quicker run . Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro , which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster . Injuries , fatalities and medical attention ( edit ) Two injured runners are treated by medical services . Every year , between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run . Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital : in 2013 , 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona 's hospital , with this number nearly doubling that of 2012 . Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening . In 2013 , for example , six participants were gored along the festival , in 2012 , only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011 , nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009 ; with one of the latter killed . As most of the runners are male , only 5 women have been gored since 1974 . Before that date , running was prohibited for women . Another major risk is runners falling and piling up ( a `` montón '' ) at the entrance of the bullring , which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street . In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile .",
"4": "This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run , the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878 . A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977 . Overall , since record - keeping began in 1910 , 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona , most of them due to being gored . To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention . They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts ( every 50 metres on average ) , each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel . Most of these 200 people are volunteers , mainly from the Red Cross . In addition to the medical posts , there are around 20 ambulances . This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes . 15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona Year Name Age Origin Location Cause of death 1924 Esteban Domeño 22 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring 1927 Santiago Zufía 34 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1935 Gonzalo Bustinduy 29 San Luis Potosí , Mexico Bullring Goring 1947 Casimiro Heredia 37 Navarre , Spain Estafeta Goring 1947 Julián Zabalza 23 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1961 Vicente Urrizola 32 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring 1969 Hilario Pardo 45 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring Juan Ignacio Eraso 18 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring Gregorio Gorriz 41 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1977 José Joaquín Esparza 17 Navarre , Spain Bullring Suffocated in a pile - up .",
"5": "1980 José Antonio Sánchez 26 Navarre , Spain Town Hall Square Goring 1980 Vicente Risco 29 Badajoz , Spain Bullring hit 1995 Matthew Peter Tassio 22 Glen Ellyn , Illinois , USA Town Hall Square Goring 2003 Fermín Etxeberria 62 Navarre , Spain Mercaderes Hit by a horn 2009 Daniel Jimeno Romero 27 Alcalá de Henares , Spain Telefónica Goring Dress code ( edit ) Runners at the Pamplona bull run in typical attire Though there is no formal dress code , the very common and traditional attire is white pants , white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck . Another common dress practice , seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner . Many runners that want to be seen wear colors other than white , a common alternate color choice is blue . Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls . In the age of social media explosion , this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo . Media ( edit ) Hemingway drank in the Café Iruña , established 1888 in Pamplona / Iruña The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature , television or advertising , but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon . The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899 . The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener 's 1971 novel The Drifters . The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers , where the character `` Mitch '' ( Crystal ) is gored ( non-fatally ) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters . The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara , directed by Zoya Akhtar , as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear ; death .",
"6": "At first , the trio run part of the route . They stop at the square , but then recover their nerve , and continue to the end . The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy . Running with Bulls , a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel , depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition . Since 2014 , the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US , with both live commentary and then a recorded ' round up ' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers , including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid - born runner David Ubeda , former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey , the historic New York - born runner Joe Distler and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske - Harrison . In 2014 , the eBook guide , Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication . ( See Further Reading section below . ) Other examples ( edit ) Fire bull and children running from it ( Tudela , Navarre ) Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín , they are held in towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , and in some cities in southern France during the summer . Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes , near Madrid , at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona , the bull run of Cuéllar , considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215 , the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal , Portugal , with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval ' Forcåo ' , or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night . Other encierros have also caused fatalities .",
"7": "Bous al carrer ( edit ) Bous al carrer at Albocàsser Bous al carrer , correbou or correbous ( meaning in Catalan , bulls in the street ) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region , Terres de l'Ebre , Catalonia and Fornalutx , Mallorca . Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques , where cows are used instead of bulls . Even though they can take place all along the year , they are most usual during local festivals ( normally in August ) . Compared to encierros , animals are not directed to any bullring . These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village , as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull . Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood . Occitan area of France ( edit ) An abrivado at Calvisson . The guardians are demonstrating their skill in turn a group of at least four bulls through a 360 degree turn A bandido at Calvisson . Contact has been made with the bull : but it has not yet been stopped . Numerous bull running events happen in France in the region around Sommières , in accordance with the Camargues tradition , in which no bull gets hurt . For instance in Calvisson , the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days . There are four events : the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve ' gardians ' mounted on white Camargues horses , an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen , the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets , and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark . Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses , stop them , and physically turn them away from the horses . Stamford bull run ( edit ) Main article : Stamford Bull Run The English town of Stamford , Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837 .",
"8": "According to local tradition , the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne , 5th Earl of Surrey , saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath . Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town , causing a great uproar . The earl , mounting his horse , rode after the animal , and enjoyed the sport so much , that he gave the meadow in which the fight began , to the butchers of Stamford , on condition that they should provide a bull , to be run in the town every 13 November , for ever after . As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial , festival - style community event . Mock bull runs ( edit ) A variation is the nightly `` fire bull '' where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns . Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers , usually children , run to avoid the sparks . In 2008 , Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a ' bull running ' event in Pamplona , Spain , with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route . `` Running of the Bulls '' in the French Quarter of New Orleans The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans , Louisiana since 2007 . The team , dressed as bulls , skates after runners through the French Quarter . In 2012 , there were 14,000 runners and over 400 `` bulls '' from all over the country , with huge before - and after - parties . In Ballyjamesduff , Ireland , an annual `` Pig Run '' is held with small pigs . It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls . In Dewey Beach , Delaware , the Starboard bar sponsors an annual Running of the Bull ( sic ) , in which hundreds of red and white - clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single `` bull '' ( two people in a costume ) .",
"9": "In Rangiora , New Zealand , an annual `` Running of the Sheep '' is held , in which 1000 -- 2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town . The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London 's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls . In 2014 , Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June , the San Fermin Marathon , of a full marathon ( 42.195 km ) , half marathon ( 21.097 km ) , or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route , runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring . Opposition ( edit ) Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators , and some of animals may also die because of the stress , especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns ( bou embolat version ) . Despite all this , the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages Many animal rights activists oppose the event . PETA activists created the `` running of the nudes '' , a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona . By marching naked , they protested the festival and the following bullfight , arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment . The city of San Miguel de Allende , Mexico , cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006 , citing public disorder associated with the event . After the event was cancelled in San Miguel , the city of Salvatierra , also in the state of Guanajuato , picked up the event . It is now called La Marquesada and the three - day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October . Further Reading ( edit ) Alexander Fiske - Harrison , ed. ( 2016 ) . Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona ( 3 ed . ) . Mephisto Press . Bill Hillmann ( 2015 ) . Mozos : A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain . Chicago , Illinois : Curbside Splendor Publishing .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 9404 - 3053 - 9 . See also ( edit ) Bou embolat -- version with bulls bringing flares in their horns Bullfighting Bull - leaping Correbous Jallikattu -- a similar tradition in Tamil Nadu , India Spanish - style bullfighting References ( edit ) Some links may contain graphic content where marked . Jump up ^ Fiske - Harrison , Alexander ( Editor ) Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , Mephisto Press , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Sanfermin guide . Running of the bulls '' . Kukuxumusu. 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bull - run hits liquor - fueled town '' , 2 February 2009 . `` The tradition , enacted in a handful of Mexican towns , traces its roots back to the centuries - old Pamplona bull - run in Mexico 's former colonial power . '' Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ According to the Mayor of Pamplona in his foreword to the book Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona Jump up ^ Running of the Bulls 2011 Live Stream ( Event Information ) Jump up ^ `` 27 añllj ghjzest in a penises en TVE '' . RTVE. 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bull Run '' . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona ( Council of Pamplona ) . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sección quinta '' . Bando San Fermin 2014 . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encierro bullrun San Fermin festival Sanfermines tourist information on Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorka Alonso ( 15 July 2013 ) .",
"11": "`` Los encierros se saldan con 50 heridos trasladados y 6 corneados '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias de Navarra . Archived from the original on 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los encierros de 2012 dejan cuatro heridos por asta , los mismos que en 2011 '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Noticias. 14 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ E.F.E Pamplona ( 14 July 2013 ) . `` Quinta mujer corneada en los encierros de San Fermín '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Javier Doria ( 13 July 2013 ) . `` Montón en el encierro de Sanfermines , un peligro con historia '' ( in Spanish ) . El País . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Especialistas destacan que el dispositivo sanitario de los encierros `` no se puede mejorar '' porque es `` espectacular '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra. 18 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Terra Noticias . `` La muerte de hoy es la número quince en la historia del encierro '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias.terra.es . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The last person killed at Pamplona '' . BBC . 14 July 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 ... Matthew Tassio ... 22 years old and came from Chicago ... The ... bull ... hit him in the abdomen , severed a main artery , sliced through his kidney and punctured his liver Jump up ^ `` Muere el pamplonés Fermín Etxeberria , de 63 años , herido en el encierro del 8 de julio '' ( in Spanish ) .",
"12": "DiarioDeNavarra.es. 25 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bull gores man to death in Spain '' . BBC . 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . The 27 - year - old was gored in the neck on Friday , during the fourth bull run of the week - long San Fermin festival . Daniel Jimeno Romero , from Madrid , had emergency surgery in hospital but died of his injuries . Earlier reports had described the dead man as British ... a veteran Spanish bull - runner died after a fall in 2003 Jump up ^ `` One dead in the running of the bull 's in Pamplona '' . EncierroSanFermin.com. 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . A runner died in today 's running of the bulls in the northern spanish city of Pamplona , the bull running held during the famous San Fermin festivities . The man died after being gored in the neck and lung by a bull of the Jandilla ranch , named `` Capuchino ''. The runner , Daniel Jimeno Romero from Alcalá de Henares ( Madrid ) was at the end of the street run Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishfestivals/qt/pamplonasurvive.htm Jump up ^ Encierro de toros in the Spanish - language Auñamendi Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Running with Bulls on IMDb Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls ' , Esquire TV Jump up ^ Vadillo , Jose Luis . ' Así son los corredores de elite en San Fermín ' , El Mundo. 6 July 2015 Jump up ^ Editorial Staff . ' Pamplona , bull running , bull gorings , Esquire TV and poetry from New York ' , The Pamplona Post . 10 July 2015 Jump up ^ Joe Distler website Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls 2015 : A Democratic Sport Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.",
"13": ", Esquire TV Jump up ^ ' San Fermín So Far -- 2014 ' Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . The Pamplona Post , 12 July 2014 Jump up ^ Mari Carmen López del Burgo , aged 48 , from Madrid , Spain . `` Muere una mujer embestida por un toro en los encierros de Arganda del Rey '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Touristic leaflet . Festes de la Costa Blanca , Diputació Provincial d'Alacant , 2006 , Alacant . Jump up ^ `` Taurine traditions '' . ot-sommieres.com . Office de Tourisme du Pays de Sommières . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers Book of Days ( 1864 ) , . W. & R. Chambers ltd. 1832 . 13 November entry Jump up ^ `` Red Bull to visit Pamplona for Bull running '' . GPUpdate.net . GPUpdate. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith I. Marszalek , NOLA.com ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` Big Easy Rollergirls to reinact ( sic ) famed bull run '' . Blog.nola.com . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Fermín in Nueva Orleans , The Running of the Roller Girls '' . Laughingsquid.com. 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Coviello , Will . `` Running of the Bulls 2012 '' . Gambit Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Beach , DE '' . The Starboard . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ San Fermin marathon Jump up ^ Article sobre la crueltat dels bous al carrer. ( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Article sobre la popularitat dels bous al carrer a les terres de l'Ebre.",
"14": "( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Running of the Nudes . PETA official site . Jump up ^ `` No More Bull ( Running , That Is ) in San Miguel de Allende , '' Austin American - Statesman , 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running of the Bulls . A blog about Pamplona 's annual bull - running festival How to attend or view the Pamplona festival Student Travel and Party at Running of the Bulls Google Maps Route Map ( hide ) Bullfighting Types , styles ,",
"15": "and events Bull - leaping Corraleja Course landaise Don Tancredo Feria ( festival ) Feria d'Arles Jallikattu Portuguese - style bullfighting Running of the Bulls Spanish - style bullfighting Tōgyū Toro de fuego Toro embolado Tourada à corda Vaquejada Sites Bullrings by country Colombia Ecuador France Mexico Peru Portugal Spain Uruguay Venezuela Other venues Route of the Bull Animals Bulls Got Islero Miura bull Murciélago Spanish Fighting Bull Ratón Horses Andalusian horse Lusitano People Roles Alguacilillo Bullfighter Forcado Picador Rejoneador Rodeo clown Individual bullfighters By name List of bullfighters List of female bullfighters Ordóñez family Romero family By country American British Colombian French Mexican Peruvian Portuguese Puerto Rican Romanian Spanish Equipment Estoc Montera Muleta Traje de luces Organizations Institutions California Academy of Tauromaquia Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes Anti-bullfighting Animal Welfare Board of India AnimaNaturalis Anti-Bullfighting City CAS International Equanimal People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) The Bull and the Ban Media Films Books L'Écho taurin Mexican Hayride ( musical ) Ferdinand the Bull ( film ) Ferdinand ( film ) Related Bovine sports Bous al carrer Bull wrestling Camel wrestling Combat de Reines Rodeo Commons Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=Running_of_the_Bulls&oldid=837390898 '' Categories : Bull runners Animal festival or ritual Spanish culture Bull sports Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Catalan - language external links Use dmy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 14 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when is the flash coming back after christmas
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"January 16, 2018",
"January 16, 2018",
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{
"0": "List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes Jump to : navigation , search For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of April 24 , 2018 , 88 episodes of The Flash have aired .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects .",
"3": "While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab .",
"4": "`` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process .",
"5": "Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation .",
"6": "7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself .",
"7": "Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber .",
"8": "Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards .",
"9": "Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd .",
"10": "13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers .",
"11": "He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before .",
"12": "16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb .",
"13": "Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''",
"14": "Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora .",
"15": "To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time .",
"16": "He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married .",
"17": "Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation .",
"18": "As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs .",
"19": "26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers .",
"20": "Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda .",
"21": "Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure .",
"22": "31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself .",
"23": "Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay .",
"24": "34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches .",
"25": "While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes .",
"26": "37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S.",
"27": "arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom .",
"28": "40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer .",
"29": "Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 .",
"30": "43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself .",
"31": "With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant .",
"32": "After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist .",
"33": "There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers .",
"34": "Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave .",
"35": "Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry .",
"36": "Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters .",
"37": "When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device .",
"38": "The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder .",
"39": "Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R.",
"40": "can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas .",
"41": "He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again .",
"42": "All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives .",
"43": "Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love .",
"44": "Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R.",
"45": "has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy .",
"46": "Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27.",
"47": "13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs .",
"48": "Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27.",
"49": "13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27.",
"50": "13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27.",
"51": "13418 1.88 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 1.90 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No .",
"52": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 ,",
"53": "2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''",
"54": "April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.",
"55": "46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.",
"56": "77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No .",
"57": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 ,",
"58": "2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.",
"59": "57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 .",
"60": "Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : The women of the Arrowverse on strong female characters and , of course , # AvaLance '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 .",
"61": "^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) .",
"62": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .",
"63": "^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 .",
"64": "Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"65": "Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"66": "Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' .",
"67": "TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) .",
"68": "`` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"69": "Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 .",
"70": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"71": "Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) .",
"72": "`` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) .",
"73": "`` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"74": "Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 420 ) Therefore She Is '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 421 ) `` Harry and the Harrisons '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` Think Fast '' `` .",
"75": "The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May Sweeps Preview and Finale Spoilers - The Flash '' . TVLine. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) .",
"76": "`` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 .",
"77": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) .",
"78": "`` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 .",
"79": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 .",
"80": "Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 .",
"81": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) .",
"82": "`` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) .",
"83": "`` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 .",
"84": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 .",
"85": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"86": "Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK .",
"87": "Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! ''",
"88": "`` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=838448447 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5471777320348063942
|
when do you get your white coat in pharmacy school
|
[
"before the first year begins",
"the student's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences"
] |
{
"0": "White coat ceremony - wikipedia White coat ceremony Jump to : navigation , search A white coat worn by a Canadian gastroenterologist . The White Coat Ceremony ( WCC ) is a relatively new ritual in some medical ( MD , DO ) , dental , optometry , audiology , chiropractic , dietetic , occupational therapy , physical therapy , podiatric , pharmacy , physician assistant , pathologists ' assistant , nursing , naturopathic and veterinary schools that marks the student 's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences . At some schools , where students begin meeting patients early in their education , the white coat ceremony is held before the first year begins . It is an example of a matriculation . WCCs typically involve a formal `` coating '' of students . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References Description ( edit ) Over 100 medical schools in the USA now have a WCC , and many students now consider it a rite of passage in the journey toward a healthcare career . Some schools also use this as a graduation from the entire program . For example , Moreno Valley College has a White Coat Ceremony for the Physician Assistant students at the end of their final term , where the short coats are discarded and long coats are given as a symbol of being equal clinicians to others who have earned the long coats . According to some , WCCs have taken on a quasi-religious significance , that symbolizes a `` conversion '' of a lay person into a member of the healthcare profession and is similar to a priest 's ordination to the priesthood , although it is notable that the white coat is a recent adoption by the medical profession . However , in many medical schools around the world students begin wearing their white coats during first year anatomy class , so there is no official white coat ceremony . In the nineteenth century respect for the certainty of science was in stark contrast to the quackery and mysticism of nineteenth century medicine . To emphasize the transition to the more scientific approach to modern medicine , physicians sought to represent themselves as scientists and began to wear the most recognizable symbol of the scientist - the white laboratory coat . This led to the more recent association of the white coat with medicine since its continued adoption .",
"1": "History ( edit ) White Coat Ceremony in Graz ( Austria ) 2012 RCSI Bahrain students taking a group photo following the 2013 White coat ceremony WCCs originated in University of Chicago 's Pritzker School of Medicine in 1989 , but the first full - fledged ceremony was at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In 1993 , Dr. Arnold P. Gold , a teacher and pediatric neurologist , created the first full - fledged WCC at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . Before this ceremony , medical students typically received the Hippocratic Oath for the first time at commencement . This ceremony marks a change in tradition , introducing students to the Oath before starting their first year of study . This was intended to provide students with well - defined guidelines regarding the expectations and responsibilities appropriate for the medical profession prior to their first day of class . Since its conception at Columbia , the WCC has spread rapidly to schools of medicine , dentistry , osteopathic medicine , optometry , and nursing worldwide . Since starting in the US , several medical schools in countries outside of the United States ( such as Iran , Israel , Canada , UK , Dominican Republic , Brazil and Poland ) have also started holding WCCs . The ceremony is no longer limited to medical students ; starting in 1995 , US pharmacy schools started holding WCCs , with the difference that most pharmacy students receive their coats at the end of their first academic year . In 2003 a survey found that the majority of US pharmacy schools hold WCCs . The Gold - sponsored version of the WCC , or a similar rite of passage , is currently used by 97 percent of Association of American Medical Colleges ( AAMC ) - accredited schools of medicine in the United States , and takes place at medical and osteopathic schools in 13 other countries . In December 2006 the first white coat ceremony was held by Fatima Jinnah Dental College ( FJDC ) , in Karachi , Pakistan . In October 2008 the white coat ceremony was held at the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , it was the first ceremony held in The Netherlands . In 2011 Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam also participated in holding the ceremony at their Medical Faculty .",
"2": "On October 13 , 2010 , the faculty of medicine at the University of Cologne , Germany , became the first German - speaking University to integrate this ritual into its programme . Initiated by then - student representative Hormos Salimi Dafsari in Cologne , the ceremony has been spread to various German cities such as Leipzig and Halle via channels of the German Medical Students ' Association ( bvmd ) . On April 12 , 2010 , The University of Queensland 's ( Australia ) School of Pharmacy became the first in Australia to adopt the ceremony for its incoming Bachelor of Pharmacy students . In September 2011 , Jagiellonian University in Kraków became the first medical school in Poland to introduce a white coat ceremony for the incoming class . ( 1 ) '' On February 28 , 2011 , the Faculty of Medicine at the Università del Piemonte Orientale `` Amedeo Avogadro '' in Novara became the first Italian medical school to introduce a white coat ceremony for its third year students . On October 5 , 2012 , the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy `` Gr . T. POPA '' of Iasi , Romania , became the first Romanian university to integrate this ritual , for its first year medical students , into the symbolism of developing as a physician . On October 8 , 2012 , the Medical University of Graz became the first university in Austria to celebrate a White Coat Ceremony of its third - year students . On December 6 , 2012 , the School of Medicine at the All American Institute of Medical Sciences , Jamaica , became the first in Jamaica to introduce this ritual , for its Basic Sciences medical students . In 2014 the Arnold P. Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine partnered with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing ( AACN ) to pilot the White Coat Ceremony at nursing schools . On 13th of July 2017 . The medical school of University Of Tripoli became the first Libyan University to introduce this event See also ( edit ) Pinning ceremony for nurses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Veatch RM ( February 2002 ) . `` White coat ceremonies : a second opinion '' . J Med Ethics. 28 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 28.1.",
"3": "5 . PMC 1733513 . PMID 11834749 . Jump up ^ Jones VA , `` The White Coat : Why not Follow Suit ? '' JAMA. 1999 ; 281 : 478 . Full Text . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Peter M. `` For New Medical Students , White Coats Are a Warmup '' Los Angeles Times , 18 October 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 20 Years of the White Coat Ceremony '' . Columbia Medicine Magazine . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony - History '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Medical College - Press Releases '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown DL , Ferrill MJ , Pankaskie MC ( October 2003 ) . `` White coat ceremonies in US schools of pharmacy '' . Ann Pharmacother. 37 ( 10 ) : 1414 -- 9 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1D124 . PMID 14519030 . Jump up ^ `` The Arnold P. Gold Foundation White Coat Ceremony - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation '' . The Arnold P. Gold Foundation . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln '' White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari '' White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari Jump up ^ `` Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) '' Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) Wikipedia Page Jump up ^ `` Debutto per la Cerimonia del Camice Bianco , NovaraOggi.com '' Jump up ^ `` American Association of Colleges of Nursing - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation and AACN Initiate White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 .",
"4": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_coat_ceremony&oldid=817798013 '' Categories : Ceremonies Fashion - related occasions Medical education Rites of passage Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 17 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
2,
0,
1,
3,
4
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[
0,
2,
1,
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-7464749427171296276
|
where do they film take me out fernando's
|
[
"The Maidstone Studios in Maidstone, Kent",
"Club Bijou on Chapel Street",
"Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife"
] |
{
"0": "Take Me Out ( UK game show ) - wikipedia Take Me Out ( UK game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Take Me Out Genre Game show Presented by Paddy McGuinness Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 92 Production Location ( s ) Granada Studios ( 2010 ) The Maidstone Studios ( 2010 -- ) Running time 60 -- 90 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) Talkback Thames ( 2010 -- 12 ) Thames ( 2012 -- ) Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 2 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Take Me Out : The Gossip The Love Machine Blind Date External links Website Take Me Out is a dating game show presented by comedian Paddy McGuinness . Based on the Australian show Taken Out , it began airing on ITV in the United Kingdom and simulcast on TV3 in the Republic of Ireland on 2 January 2010 . An unscreened pilot episode was made for Channel 4 in 2009 , but it was ITV who picked it up for a series . The show is produced by Thames ( formerly Talkback Thames ) . The show is currently sponsored by Match.com , as of 2018 . The first series was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester , but has since been recorded at The Maidstone Studios in Maidstone , Kent , as it offered increased space and capacity for audience members . In 2012 , the show introduced a spin - off show entitiled Take Me Out : The Gossip , which aired on ITV2 and was co-hosted by Zoe Hardman and Mark Wright in 2012 and 2013 . It did not air in 2014 , but returned in 2015 with Wright joined by new co-host Laura Jackson .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Round 1 1.2 Round 2 1.3 Round 3 1.4 Round 4 1.5 Round 5 2 Transmissions 2.1 Original series 2.2 Specials 3 Take Me Out : The Gossip 4 International versions 5 Reception 5.1 Viewership 5.2 Critical reception 6 Controversies 6.1 Jim Brown 6.2 Wen - Jing Mo and Aaron Withers 6.3 Damion Merry 6.4 Rory Alexander 6.5 Jarvis Walters 6.6 Param Singh 6.7 Fakery claims 6.8 Influences 7 10th Anniversary 8 Take Me Out -- The Album 8.1 Track listing 9 Board game 10 References 11 External links Format ( edit ) The objective of the show is for a single man to obtain a date with one of thirty single women . The women stand on stage underneath thirty white lights , each with a button in front of them . A single man is then brought down on stage via the ' Love Lift ' and tries to persuade the women to agree to this date in a series of rounds , playing a pre-recorded video discussing his background , displaying a skill ( such as dancing or playing a musical instrument ) , or playing another video in which the man 's friends or family reveal more about his virtues and philosophy . At any point during the rounds , the women can press the button in front of them to turn off their light if they do not believe a date with this man would be constructive to their well - being and if this occurs , their area of the stage will turn red . If , at the end of three rounds , there are still lights left on , the bachelor will turn off all but two of the remaining lights himself . He will then have a chance to ask one question to the last two women , before choosing which woman he wants to go on the date with by turning off one more light .",
"2": "If the man is left with two lights at the end of round 3 , he will just ask his question to the two remaining women and if there is only one light left at the end of round 3 , he will go on the date with that girl without asking her his question . There are usually four men brought on in the course of a single episode , though on some occasions segments have been cut and only three men have been shown . If all the women turn off their lights before the end of the third round - this is referred to as a `` blackout '' - then the man must leave the show without going on a date , accompanied by the Céline Dion version of the hit Eric Carmen song `` All by Myself '' . In the first series , the successful couples conducted their date at FERNANDO 'S ! in Manchester , which is actually Club Bijou on Chapel Street , the outcome of which is shown as part of the following week 's show . For the second series , the date took place abroad on the Isle of FERNANDO 'S ! , a fictional location based in Puerto de la Cruz , Tenerife . Previously the date took place in Cyprus . Successful couples leave the programme upstairs on the opposite side of the studio to the ' Love Lift ' , and a song , usually from the latin pop genre , will be played . Comedic value is mostly provided by McGuinness 's array of catchphrases such as `` Let the ( object ) see the ( object ) '' , `` No likey , no lighty ! '' , `` If you 're turned off , turn off '' , `` If he 's not Mr Right , turn off your light '' , `` Get out there , turn one girl off and take one girl out ! '' , `` Come and get some Paddy love ! '' , `` The isle of ... FERNANDO 'S ! '' . Round 1 ( edit ) In this round the man comes down the love lift . He meets the girls and then says his name and where he is from . Paddy repeats but afterwards with one of catchphrases . Then the girls can turn off their light . From series 7 onwards , they have to write down a ' love at first light ' from the girls who had left their lights on .",
"3": "Round 2 ( edit ) This includes a pre-recorded video presented by the man . It sometimes includes interviews with his friends and family . It describes his personality and what they do . At any point the girls can turn off their light . Round 3 ( edit ) In this round the man shows a skill in the studio . Alternately their friend or family can say a secret . At any point the girl can turn off their light . Round 4 ( edit ) In this round the man turns off the lights of the remaining girls until just two are left lit . Alternatively , if there is only one or two girls left from round 3 then round 4 is skipped entirely . Round 5 ( edit ) In this round the man asks the girls who are remaining a question . The man then turns off the light of one girl . Paddy questions the chosen girl if they would rather know the man 's ' love at first light ' or not . Then they meet , go up the big stairs opposite the love lift and have a backstage interview . Alternatively , if only one girl remains lit from round 3 then the man gets to choose between her and a `` mysterious girl '' , who remains unseen until he makes his choice .",
"4": "Transmissions ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes Average viewers ( millions ) 2 January 2010 20 February 2010 8 4.83 11 December 2010 19 March 2011 14 4.63 7 January 2012 7 April 2012 14 4.81 6 October 2012 15 December 2012 10 3.29 5 5 January 2013 23 February 2013 8 4.06 6 4 January 2014 22 February 2014 8 3.64 7 3 January 2015 7 March 2015 10 3.05 8 2 January 2016 5 March 2016 10 3.00 9 15 April 2017 3 June 2017 8 3.11 10 6 January 2018 24 February 2018 8 TBA Specials ( edit ) Date Entitle 15 December 2012 Celebrity Christmas Special 20 December 2013 Over 50s Text Santa Special 31 December 2016 Celebrity Specials 19 February 2017 24 February 2018 10th Anniversary Celebrity Special 2018 Over 50s Special Take Me Out : the Gossip ( edit ) Take Me Out : The Gossip was a behind - the - scenes sister show that began airing weekly on ITV2 from series 3 - 5 and 7 - 9 , following the broadcast of the main programme . Most recently , it was presented by Laura Jackson and Mark Wright . Zoe Hardman previously hosted the show with Wright . A similar format , previously broadcast online , featuring backstage gossip and interviews with the contestants , was regularly made available on itv.com just hours after the broadcast of the main programme .",
"5": "International versions ( edit ) Further information : Taken Out § International versions Reception ( edit ) Viewership ( edit ) Take Me Out has proven popular with the public , generally pulling over 3 million viewers per episode . Critical reception ( edit ) In its early days , Take Me Out was reviewed negatively by critics . Shortly after the second series began in December 2010 , The Guardian 's Tim Dowling said that , `` When you strip away its tired , utterly false premise , all that remains of Take Me Out is a lot of flashing lights and some scripted innuendo delivered in a range of regional accents . '' Reviewing the show after the second series concluded in March 2011 , Manchester Grouch of Manchester Central wrote : `` ITV should consider renaming the show ' Desperate Moron Lift Disco ' '' and concluded the review by comparing it to `` ... a drunken Saturday night out that ends up in a dodgy club having a quick fumble with that girl from the hairdressers you 've been eyeing up all week . '' Writing for the Metro during the third series of the show in January 2012 , Rachel Tarley said that Take Me Out was the `` death knell for feminism disguised as entertainment '' . However , after the beginning of the fifth series in January 2013 , Julia Raeside , also writing for The Guardian , admitted that the show had become `` must - see TV '' and was `` a worthy successor to Blind Date '' : `` ... when Take Me Out noisily barged its way on to the Saturday night schedules in 2010 , it was too much for me . The little I 'd seen of it put me off trying a whole episode ... But about a series ago , Take Me Out really started to grow on me . One night , out of sheer laziness , I did n't bother to switch over -- and now they 've got me . I do n't like nightclubs and I cover my upper arms at all times . But the women behind those podiums , however much I fail to identify with them for wanting to be on TV with their armpits constantly on show , make it gripping viewing . ''",
"6": "Controversies ( edit ) Throughout its run , several Take Me Out contestants , both male and female , have caused controversy by hiding things that are against the show 's rules or have offended viewers and / or other contestants by their actions . Jim Brown ( edit ) Wrestler Jim Brown , the first contestant on the first series , was accused of continually harassing his date Caroline Mellor despite the fact that their date did not work out . Caroline claimed to receive numerous phone calls and texts from him for over four months . Jim was later also charged with possession of child pornography on his computer . Prior to this , Jim was caught pleasuring himself in a Wishaw Sports Centre cubicle , which alerted the police to investigate him . On 21 March 2014 , Jim was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for flouting a ban on going near children . Wen - Jing Mo and Aaron Withers ( edit ) The date segment of contestant Wen - Jing Mo scoring a date with construction worker Aaron Withers was axed from the programme after it transpired that Aaron had a criminal conviction for punching a woman , had worked as an escort , and also had a long - term girlfriend , and that Wen - Jing had also worked as an escort for a short period ten years previously . Damion Merry ( edit ) The studio segment of contestant Chelsea Stewart scoring a date with model Damion Merry caused controversy when broadcast . During the third and final round , it became apparent that Damion used to date reality television series personality Jodie Marsh , and he later told one of the girls who had turned her light off , Lucy Harrold , that he would have picked her , offending all the girls who still had their lights on . It later transpired that not only was Damion not single at the time the programme was filmed , he was also about to marry his girlfriend Sarah Ann Gras ; the segment was broadcast a month after the wedding took place . On This Morning , Marsh later denied having ever dated Damion , saying : `` I tell you what , this guy - I went on one date with him , one date ... We had pictures in a nightclub , he sold the pictures to the TV show or whoever and gave ' em away and now , it 's being told that we had a whole full blown relationship and that I was his ex-girlfriend . ''",
"7": "Rory Alexander ( edit ) The studio segment of contestant Jade scoring a date with banker Rory Alexander was axed from the programme , after it transpired that Rory was serving a suspended sentence for common assault . Jade did not return to the show . Jarvis Walters ( edit ) The studio segment of contestant Hannah Reville scoring a date with semi-professional footballer Jarvis Walters was axed from the programme , after it transpired that Jarvis had served a 12 - month community order for assaulting another man in a nightclub in 2009 . Hannah did not return to the show . Param Singh ( edit ) Many viewers were extremely offended when one of the girls , who had left her light on for contestant Param Singh , made a joke about contestant Param 's turban , saying she was interested in him because she could use his turban to store her phone . Despite the fact Param himself took it light - heartedly , many Sikhs found this remark to be extremely offensive . Param later went on to describe the backlash that he received from sections of the Sikh community . Fakery claims ( edit ) In 2012 , several of the contestants accused the show 's producers of telling them whom to choose on each episode . Female contestants complained that they were forced to choose men who they did n't find attractive , while some of the show 's male contestants went home without a date after the girls were told not to choose them . `` The whole thing is totally misleading and leaves a whole lot of people feeling humiliated and exploited afterwards , '' one girl who had appeared on the show told the media . `` The producers pulled some of the girls in and said , ' If you 're waiting for George Clooney or Brad Pitt , they 're not coming ' , '' `` They told us to keep our lights on for the next contestant , who was more than 10 years younger than me . I refused and was taken off . '' Other female contestants reported that producers had told them to reject certain men even if they liked them because it made better television . Influences ( edit ) Take Me Out is cited by the creators of the website tubecrush.net as being an influence for their website , as they saw it as an example of how the sexual objectification of men had become part of mainstream culture in the UK .",
"8": "10th anniversary ( edit ) On February 24 , 2018 , Take Me Out celebrated its 10th anniversary on ITV with a special addition show . Take Me Out -- the Album ( edit ) Take Me Out -- The Album is a 60 - song compilation album , which was released 18 November 2013 . Track listing ( edit ) ( show ) Disc One No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 4 : 17 2 . `` It 's My Party '' Jessie J 3 : 38 3 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 3 : 48 4 . `` Disco Love '' The Saturdays 3 : 13 5 . `` La La La '' Naughty Boy featuring Sam Smith 3 : 40 6 . `` Summertime Sadness '' ( Cedric Gervais Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) Lana Del Rey 3 : 34 7 . `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' Rihanna 3 : 55 8 . `` Starships '' Nicki Minaj 3 : 30 9 . `` How We Do ( Party ) '' Rita Ora 4 : 06 10 . `` Milkshake '' Kelis 3 : 02 11 . `` Ready for the Weekend '' Calvin Harris 3 : 37 12 . `` Call My Name '' Cheryl Cole 3 : 28 13 . `` OMG '' Usher featuring will.i.am 4 : 28 14 . `` Do n't Cha '' The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes 4 : 01 15 . `` Let Me Blow Ya Mind '' Eve featuring Gwen Stefani 3 : 47 16 . `` Dip It Low '' Christina Milian 3 : 16 17 . `` Hips Do n't Lie '' Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean 3 : 37 18 . `` 1 Thing '' Amerie 3 : 59 19 .",
"9": "`` Good Feeling '' Flo Rida 4 : 07 20 . `` Candy '' Robbie Williams 3 : 21 ( show ) Disc Two No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii 4 : 08 2 . `` When Love Takes Over '' David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland 3 : 08 3 . `` Hot Right Now '' DJ Fresh featuring Rita Ora 2 : 59 4 . `` Just Dance '' Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis 4 : 01 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 3 : 52 6 . `` Million Voices '' Otto Knows 3 : 13 7 . `` Moves Like Jagger '' Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera 3 : 20 8 . `` Boomerang '' Nicole Scherzinger 3 : 17 9 . `` Maneater '' Nelly Furtado 3 : 16 10 . `` Let Me Love You ( Until You Learn to Love Yourself ) '' Ne - Yo 4 : 13 11 . `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Pitbull featuring TJR 3 : 26 12 . `` Beautiful '' Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell and Uncle Charlie Wilson 4 : 57 13 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' The Black Eyed Peas 4 : 49 14 . `` Hollaback Girl '' Gwen Stefani 3 : 20 15 . `` All About Tonight '' Pixie Lott 3 : 04 16 . `` Beggin ' '' Madcon 3 : 35 17 . `` Hey Ya ! '' Outkast 3 : 55 18 . `` I Need You Tonight '' Professor Green featuring Ed Drewett 3 : 43 19 . `` Changed the Way You Kiss Me '' Example 3 : 12 20 .",
"10": "`` Miami 2 Ibiza '' Swedish House Mafia vs. Tinie Tempah 2 : 56 ( show ) Disc Three No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Blurred Lines '' Robin Thicke featuring Pharrell 3 : 51 2 . `` Love Me Again '' John Newman 3 : 34 3 . `` I Love It '' Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX 2 : 33 4 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3 : 38 5 . `` Spice Up Your Life '' Spice Girls 2 : 52 6 . `` Toxic '' Britney Spears 3 : 20 7 . `` Wings '' Little Mix 3 : 38 8 . `` Love Machine '' Girls Aloud 3 : 24 9 . `` Mama Do the Hump '' Rizzle Kicks 3 : 35 10 . `` Call Me Maybe '' Carly Rae Jepsen 3 : 12 11 . `` Domino '' Jessie J 3 : 19 12 . `` Push the Button '' Sugababes 3 : 37 13 . `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' Cyndi Lauper 3 : 51 14 . `` Murder on the Dancefloor '' Sophie Ellis - Bextor 3 : 36 15 . `` Do n't Stop Movin ' '' S Club 7 3 : 50 16 . `` Dreamer '' Livin ' Joy 3 : 39 17 . `` Two Can Play That Song '' ( K Klassic Radio Mix ) Bobby Brown 3 : 30 18 . `` Mysterious Girl '' Peter Andre 3 : 36 19 . `` Fernando '' ABBA 4 : 11 20 . `` All by Myself '' Jamie O'Neal 4 : 37 Board game ( edit ) A board game was released on 3 August 2011 .",
"11": "It contains : light and buzzer number unit , 100 single man cards , 50 the power is in your hand cards , 1 single girl pad , 12 isle of Fernando 's vouchers , coloured dice and rules . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bourne , Dianne ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Paddy McGuinness hopes his show Take Me Out makes a ' return ' date '' . Manchester Evening News . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Take Me Out renewed for two more series by ITV '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Package Holidays - Exclusive Offers - Last Minute Deals - Directline Holidays '' . Jump up ^ `` Where is the Isle of FERNANDO 'S ! ? '' . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out and all new Take Me Out : The Gossip return to ITV and ITV2 '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Jump up ^ Dowling , Tim ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` TV review : Take Me Out '' . The Guardian . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Take Me Out '' . Manchester Confidential. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Tarley , Rachel ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Take Me Out is the death knell for feminism disguised as entertainment '' . Metro . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Raeside , Julia ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` TV review : Take Me Out '' . The Guardian . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Crick and Alastair Taylor ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` ' I was stalked by Take Me Out date ' - Child porn fiend harassed mum '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Paedophile who exposed himself at Wishaw Sports Centre freed from prison Daily Record Jump up ^ Cockerton , Paul ( 21 March 2014 ) .",
"12": "`` Serial sex offender who appeared on Take Me Out is jailed for two years after defying ban to stay away from children '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen , Emily ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` ITV Take Me Out : New scandal as winner Wen - Jing Mo reveals she was a ' prostitute ' '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out - Damion Merry : the most embarrassing moment EVER ! ! ( 4.2. 12 ) '' . YouTube . 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` ' Take Me Out ' Jodie Marsh ex ' marries secret girlfriend ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jodie Marsh denies dating Take Me Out rat Damion Merry '' . New ! . 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ mirror.co.uk ( 14 January 2012 ) . `` Take Me Out rocked after SECOND criminal assault conviction is revealed '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Amy ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Take Me Out beauty Hannah axed after her date hides his assault conviction '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is your faith holding you back ? '' . Channel 4 . 2013 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Metro . `` Take Me Out Branded Fake '' . Jump up ^ Metro . `` Fake Me Out : '' . Jump up ^ Simon , Boyle . `` Fake Me Out : Girls ' told which men to choose for date ' in TV scam '' . Jump up ^ Bunce , Jane ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` Dating show branded a sham '' . Daily Mail . London .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Cooke , Matt ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Tube and train commuters caught on camera '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/take-me-out-woman-pick-men-switch-10th-anniversary-history-paddy-mcguinness-a8220706.html Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out - The Album : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out Board Game '' . External links ( edit ) FremantleMedia 's Site Take Me Out on IMDb Take Me Out at itv.com . Take Me Out at UKGameshows.com . Take Me Out Flirting website of the show operated by Handmade Mobile Entertainment . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Me_Out_(UK_game_show)&oldid=837198246 '' Categories : 2010s British reality television series 2010 British television programme debuts British dating and relationship reality television series British game shows English - language television programs ITV game shows Television programmes produced by Thames Television Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was harry potter and the deathly hallows part 1 filmed
|
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"on location"
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{
"0": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Theatrical release poster Directed by David Yates Produced by David Heyman David Barron J.K. Rowling Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Helena Bonham Carter Maggie Smith Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon Brendan Gleeson Richard Griffiths John Hurt Jason Isaacs Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Timothy Spall Imelda Staunton David Thewlis Julie Walters Music by Alexandre Desplat ( Harry Potter themes composed by John Williams ) Cinematography Eduardo Serra Edited by Mark Day Production company Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 11 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 146 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $250 million ( Shared with Part 2 ) Box office $960.3 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling and features an ensemble cast . The film , which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron , and Rowling . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , respectively , reprising roles as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and is followed by the concluding entry , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 .",
"1": "The story follows Harry Potter who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . Filming began on 19 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) and was completed on 12 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 12 ) . Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010 . In the film 's worldwide opening weekend , Part 1 grossed $330 million , the third - highest in the series , and the highest opening of 2010 , as well as the eighth - highest of all time . With a worldwide gross of $960 million , Part 1 is the third highest - grossing film of 2010 , behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , and the third - highest - grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals , behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Philosopher 's Stone , and the 39th highest - grossing film of all - time . The film received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards : Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Sets 3.2 Costumes 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Minister of Magic Rufus Scrimgeour addresses the wizarding media , and states that the Ministry will remain strong , even as Lord Voldemort gains strength . The Death Eaters have made major gains after Dumbledore 's death , committing mass killings of Muggles and infiltrating the Ministry itself . Harry , Ron , and Hermione set out to complete the mission Dumbledore gave Harry by hunting down and destroying Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Meanwhile , Severus Snape informs Lord Voldemort and the Death Eaters of Harry 's impending departure from Privet Drive .",
"2": "Voldemort commandeers Lucius Malfoy 's wand , as Voldemort 's own wand can not be used to kill Harry because they share the same core . The Order of the Phoenix gather and escort Harry to safety , using Polyjuice Potion to create decoy Harrys for the trip . During their flight they all are ambushed by Death Eaters who kill Mad - Eye Moody and Hedwig , injure George Weasley , and knock out Hagrid . After arriving at the Burrow , Harry has a vision of the wand - maker Ollivander being tortured by Voldemort . The next day Scrimgeour arrives at the Burrow with Albus Dumbledore 's will and distributes three items to Ron , Hermione , and Harry . Ron receives Dumbledore 's Deluminator , Hermione receives a copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , and Harry receives the first Golden Snitch that he ever caught in a Quidditch match . Scrimgeour reveals that Harry was also bequeathed the Sword of Godric Gryffindor . The minister tells Harry that the sword was not Dumbledore 's to bequeath , and in any case is missing . The Death Eaters kill Scrimgeour and replace him with Pius Thicknesse . The Ministry begins arresting and persecuting Muggle - born witches and wizards . Before the wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour , Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley kiss passionately until George interrupts them . At Bill and Fleur 's wedding , however , Death Eaters attack . Kingsley Shacklebolt 's patronus charm forewarns the wedding party , and most escape . Harry , Hermione , and Ron disapparate to London , where they are attacked in a diner by Death Eaters . The trio are forced to seek refuge at 12 Grimmauld Place . While there , they discover that the `` R.A.B. '' from the fake Horcrux locket is Regulus Arcturus Black , the younger brother of Sirius Black . Kreacher , the Black 's house elf , tells them that Mundungus Fletcher broke in and stole many items from the house including the real locket . Kreacher and Dobby apprehend Fletcher , who reveals that the locket is in the possession of Dolores Umbridge .",
"3": "Using Polyjuice Potion , the trio infiltrate the Ministry and find the locket around Umbridge 's neck . Harry stuns Umbridge and Hermione retrieves the locket . The trio escape from their pursuers by apparating in the wilderness but Ron is injured and can not apparate again until he recovers . After several unsuccessful attempts to destroy the Horcrux , the trio take turns wearing it to dilute its power . Harry sees a vision of Voldemort interrogating and killing the wand - maker Gregorovitch , who claims that a teenage boy had once stolen the legendary Elder Wand from his shop . While Ron is wearing the locket , he is overcome by negative feelings and argues with Harry before leaving him and Hermione behind . Hermione deduces that the sword of Gryffindor can destroy Horcruxes and decides with Harry to go to Godric 's Hollow . They visit Harry 's parents ' graves and the house where they were killed . They encounter Bathilda Bagshot , who they believe may have the sword . Bathilda lets Harry and Hermione into her house , and is revealed to actually be Nagini , controlling Bathilda 's reanimated corpse from inside of her . Hermione and Harry escape into the Forest of Dean , but Hermione accidentally breaks Harry 's wand whilst fighting Nagini . Hermione is then able to identify the mysterious thief seen in Harry 's vision as Gellert Grindelwald . That evening Harry sees a Patronus in the form of a doe , which leads him to a frozen pond . Gryffindor 's sword lies beneath the pond 's ice , which Harry breaks and jumps in to retrieve it . The locket around his neck attempts to strangle him , but Ron arrives just in time to rescue Harry . Harry uses parseltongue to open the locket , and Ron destroys the Horcrux with the sword . Hermione and Ron reconcile , and the trio decide to go and visit Xenophilius Lovegood to learn more about a symbol drawn in the book Dumbledore left Hermione . Lovegood explains to them that the symbol represents the Deathly Hallows , three magical objects that when combined make a wizard master of Death .",
"4": "Hermione reads the story of the Hallows from her book , and after some awkward conversation the trio try to leave but are stopped by Lovegood . He explains that Luna has been kidnapped before betraying them and summoning the Death Eaters . Harry , Ron , and Hermione disapparate as Lovegood 's house is destroyed . Arriving back in the wilderness , the trio sets up camp when Snatchers find and chase them down . Hermione strikes Harry with a curse to disguise his features as the Snatchers take them all to Malfoy Manor . Bellatrix Lestrange imprisons Harry and Ron in the cellar with Luna , Ollivander , and Griphook the goblin . Bellatrix then tortures Hermione for information on how they got the sword of Gryffindor , which Bellatrix claims was in her vault at Gringott 's . Harry requests help , communicating with a piece of broken mirror in his possession . Dobby apparates into the cellar to save them . Harry and Ron rush to save Hermione , and a battle ensues that sees Harry disarm Draco Malfoy . Dobby drops a chandelier above Bellatrix , forcing her to release Hermione . Bellatrix throws her knife at them as Dobby grabs everyone and disapparates . They arrive at Shell Cottage and find that Bellatrix 's knife has fatally wounded Dobby . Harry insists that they bury Dobby properly without any magic , which they all agree to do . In the final scene , Voldemort breaks into Dumbledore 's tomb and steals the Elder Wand . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , one of Harry 's best friends . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , one of Harry 's best friends . Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , a Death Eater and Sirius Black 's cousin and murderer . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Harry 's half - giant friend , and gamekeeper at Hogwarts . Warwick Davis as Griphook , a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank . Davis replaced Verne Troyer , who portrayed the character physically in the first film , though Davis had dubbed Griphook 's lines .",
"5": "Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , a Death Eater and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy . Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , an evil , power - hungry wizard , and the leader of the Death Eaters . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , former headmaster of Hogwarts killed by Severus Snape in the previous film . Brendan Gleeson as Alastor ' Mad - Eye ' Moody , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle uncle . John Hurt as Garrick Ollivander , a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters . Rhys Ifans as Xenophilius Lovegood , the eccentric father of the trio 's friend Luna . Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Draco Malfoy 's father and a disgraced Death Eater . Bill Nighy as Rufus Scrimgeour , the new Minister of Magic . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , a double agent to the Death Eaters and the new headmaster of Hogwarts . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Imelda Staunton as Dolores Umbridge , Senior Undersecretary to the Minister and Head of the Muggle - born Registration Commission . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former teacher at Hogwarts . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry . Production ( edit ) Main article : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Daniel Radcliffe filming Dobby 's death scene in Pembrokeshire , Wales . Part 1 was filmed back - to - back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010 . Director David Yates , who shot the film alongside director of photography Eduardo Serra , described Part 1 as `` quite real '' ; a `` road movie '' that 's `` almost like a vérité documentary '' .",
"6": "Originally set for a single theatrical release , the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to what David Heyman called `` creative imperative '' . Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea , but Wigram asked , `` No , David . How are we going to do it ? '' . After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves , he agreed with the division . The production filmed at Dartford Crossing for the dramatic chase where Hagrid and Harry are being ambushed by Death Eaters . Sets ( edit ) Stuart Craig , set designer for all of the previous Harry Potter films , returned for the final two parts . He said , `` We made a very different kind of film , which was shot a great deal on location . We travelled quite far , we built sets , and they spend a lot of time in a forest , '' he explained . `` We built forest sets and integrated them into the real forests , so there were challenges there , as you might imagine . '' Craig was ultimately nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Part 1 . On the wedding tent for Bill and Fleur 's wedding in Part 1 , Craig commented on his aim to `` rather than make it an extension of the house , which is rather eccentric , homemade , we decided to make it rather elegant ... It 's lined with silk and beautiful , floating candelabra . So it 's a nice contrast with the house . '' For the Ministry of Magic set , he noted , `` This is an underground world ; this is a ministry , so we went to the real ministries , the Muggle ministries -- Whitehall , in London -- and decided that our magical ministry was kind of a parallel universe to these real ministries . '' Craig also commented on his design of Malfoy Manor , saying that it is `` a very strong architectural set . The exterior is based on an Elizabethan house here in this country called Hardwick Hall and it has massive windows , and these windows are kind of blinded out . The shutters are drawn so they are like blind windows and they have a real kind of presence , an ominous presence , so that gave us the basis for a good exterior .",
"7": "There 's an extraordinary magical roof that 's added and surrounded by forest which is n't there in reality , but again is one of the devices to make it more threatening and mysterious . '' Costumes ( edit ) The costumes for Part 1 were designed by Jany Temime , who has been the costume designer on Harry Potter productions since Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) . Temime was involved in a controversy regarding her work on Fleur Delacour 's wedding dress . She was accused of copying the design from a similar dress from Alexander McQueen 's Fall 2008 collection . Temime spoke about the dress , saying that she `` wanted it to be a witch wedding dress but not a Halloween dress . The dress is white but it needed to have something fantastic to it . So there is the phoenix ( motif ) , the bird , which is a symbol of love in a way because there is rebirth , love never dies , it is born again . '' Visual Effects ( edit ) The motorcycle with a sidecar used by Hagrid and Harry in the film . After working on every film since Prisoner of Azkaban , Double Negative was asked to provide visual effects for the final instalments of the story , in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 . Working closely with the film 's VFX Supervisor , Tim Burke , the team was led by VFX Supervisor , David Vickery and VFX Producer Charlotte Loughlane . The main team also included 3D Supervisor , Rick Leary and 2D Supervisor , Sean Stranks . Double Negative 's work for Part 1 included the corroding Warner Brothers logo and extensive environment extensions of the Burrows and its surrounds . Additional environment work was completed on Xenophilius Lovegood 's home , extending it in 3D and culminating in the Death Eaters ' attack . Double Negative also advanced the Death Eaters ' smoke effects , with the introduction of the ' flayed man ' stage in between their smokey , fluid , flying state and their live - action presence upon landing . Other work included the Patronus charm that interrupts the wedding party to inform the guests that Voldemort has taken over the Ministry of Magic .",
"8": "The visual effects company Framestore produced most of the creature CGI , as in previous films , as well as the animated Tale of the Three Brothers sequence , which was directed and designed by Ben Hibon . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of the Harry Potter films Composer Nicholas Hooper , who scored Order of the Phoenix and Half - Blood Prince , did not return for Deathly Hallows . Instead , Alexandre Desplat was hired to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 1 . The film also featured the song `` O Children '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The first official picture from the first film was released on 1 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) , showing Harry , Ron and Hermione in a London street . A clip was officially released on 8 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) with the release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince on Blu - ray and DVD . At the 2010 ShoWest convention , Alan F. Horn premiered unfinished footage from both films . The 2010 MTV Movie Awards premiered more footage from Deathly Hallows . Following this was the release of the official teaser poster , which shows the release date of both Part 1 and Part 2 and a destroyed Hogwarts castle . ABC Family broadcast interviews and additional scenes from both parts during their Harry Potter weekend , which began on 8 July 2010 . A two - minute trailer for the film was released worldwide on 22 September 2010 . On 29 September 2010 , three character posters for Part 1 of Harry , Ron , and Hermione were released by Yahoo ! Movies . The following day , a Part 1 cinema poster was released featuring the trio on the run in a forest . The theatrical poster has the tagline `` Nowhere is safe '' , and another version with no credits has the tagline `` The end begins '' . Various other character posters for Part 1 were released on 6 October 2010 , featuring Harry , Ron , Hermione , Lord Voldemort , Bellatrix Lestrange , Severus Snape and Fenrir Greyback . On 12 October , four new character posters were released .",
"9": "The posters are set to the theme of `` Trust no one '' and `` The hunt begins '' . On 15 October 2010 , tickets began selling on Fandango for the US release of Part 1 , and on 19 October , a 50 - second clip featuring never - before - seen footage was aired at the 2010 Scream Awards . On 16 October , the second TV spot was released on Cartoon Network during a premiere of Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster . On 25 October 2010 , Yahoo ! Movies released an exclusive featurette of the film . On 30 October 2010 , Entertainment Weekly released two new featurettes titled `` Horcruxes '' and `` The Story '' , featuring a large amount of never - before - seen footage . On the same day , the Warner Bros. Harry Potter website was updated to reveal twelve miniature clips from the film . On 3 November 2010 , the Los Angeles Times released an extended clip of Harry leaving the Burrow to find the Horcruxes , titled `` No One Else Is Going to Die for Me '' . On 4 November , a new clip was released from the Harry Potter Facebook page , titled `` The Seven Potters '' . Two more clips were released over the next two days , including a scene depicting a café attack and another taking place in Malfoy Manor . Theatrical release ( edit ) On 26 August 2010 , director David Yates , producers David Heyman and David Barron , and with Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn attended a test screening for Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 in Chicago . The unfinished film gained rave reviews from test screeners , some of whom labelled it `` amazing and dark '' and `` the most perfect Harry Potter film '' . Others expressed that the film faithfully adapted the novel , which led to an inheritance of the `` book 's own problems '' . Warner Bros. Pictures was originally going to release Part 1 of Deathly Hallows in 2D and 3D formats . On 8 October 2010 , it was announced that plans for a 3D version of Part 1 had been scrapped . `` Warner Bros.",
"10": "Pictures has made the decision to release Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 in 2D , in both conventional and IMAX cinemas ( because ) we will not have a completed 3D version of the film within our release date window . Despite everyone 's best efforts , we were unable to convert the film in its entirety and meet the highest standards of quality . '' Part 1 of Deathly Hallows was released on Blu - ray 3D as a Best Buy Exclusive . Part 2 was still released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX formats . The world premiere for Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was held in Leicester Square in London on 11 November 2010 , with fans from across the world turning up -- some of whom had camped for days in the square . This was followed by the Belgian premiere on 12 November and the US premiere in New York City on 15 November . Just 48 hours prior to the official North American launch of Part 1 , the first 36 minutes of the film were leaked on the internet . Even before the leak , the film was already the fifth - biggest generator of advance ticket sales in history , after selling out 1,000 cinemas across the United States . Despite widely circulating rumours that the leaked footage was a marketing ploy to generate hype for the movie release date , no screener discs had been created by Warner Bros. , and executives called it `` a serious breach of copyright violation and theft of Warner Bros. property '' . In Australia , the film had its premiere on 13 November at Warner Bros. Movie World , located on the Gold Coast , Queensland . Three hundred people attended the viewing , which was the second official showing in the world , behind the UK premiere . The film premiered in Kuwait 's release on 16 November . In Israel , Estonia , and New Zealand , the film was released on 18 November . Home media ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was released on a single and double disc DVD and 3 - disc Blu - ray combo pack on 11 April 2011 in the UK and on 15 April 2011 in the US .",
"11": "On 28 January 2011 , it was announced by Emma Watson on the Harry Potter UK Facebook page that the page 's fans will get to vote for their preferred cover for the Part 1 Blu - ray . The cover with the most votes will be the cover for the disc . Voting started that same day . The DVD and Blu - ray include eight deleted scenes , with the Blu - ray Combo Pack containing an opening scene from Part 2 featuring Harry and Ollivander discussing the Deathly Hallows . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 performed well in DVD sales , selling 7,237,437 DVD units and adding $86,932,256 to the gross revenue of the film , bringing the total to $1,043,331,967 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 grossed $24 million in North America during its midnight showing , beating the record for the highest midnight gross of the series , previously held by Half Blood Prince , at $22.2 million . The film also had the third - highest midnight gross of all time , behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse and The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which grossed $30 million and $26.3 million , respectively . The film broke the record for the highest midnight gross in IMAX , with $1.4 million in box office sales , surpassing Eclipse , which grossed $1 million . All of these records were later topped in 2011 by the film 's sequel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . In North America , the film grossed $61.7 million on its opening day , marking the sixth highest single day gross ever at the time . It became the highest opening day for a Harry Potter film in the series , a record previously held by Half - Blood Prince with $58.2 million , until it was broken by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 with $92.1 million . The film grossed a total of $125 million in its opening weekend , marking the largest opening for the franchise , previously held by Goblet of Fire and later topped by its sequel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 .",
"12": "It also was the second biggest November opening ever at the time , behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon 's $142.8 million , the ninth biggest weekend opening for a film of all time at the North American box office , and the second biggest opening weekend for a 2010 film in the United States and Canada behind Iron Man 2 's $128.1 million . The film stayed at the top of the box office for two weeks , grossing $75 million over the five - day Thanksgiving weekend , bringing its total to $219.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , the film broke records for the highest Friday gross ( £ 5.9 million ) , Saturday gross ( £ 6.6 million ) , and Sunday gross ( £ 5.7 million ) . Additionally , the film set the largest single day gross ( £ 6.6 million ) and the largest opening three - day gross ( £ 18,319,721 ) , a record previously held by Quantum of Solace , which grossed £ 15.4 million . As of 13 February 2011 , Part 1 has grossed £ 52,404,464 ( $86,020,929 ) , becoming the second highest - grossing 2010 release in the country , behind Toy Story 3 ( £ 73,405,113 ) . Outside North America , the film grossed an estimated $205 million in its opening weekend , becoming the sixth highest of all time , the highest for a 2010 release , and the second highest for a Harry Potter movie , behind only Half - Blood Prince . Globally , the film grossed $330 million in its opening weekend , ranking seventh on the all - time chart . It was the highest grossing 2010 film in Indonesia ( $6,149,448 ) , Singapore ( $4,546,240 ) , Thailand ( $4,933,136 ) , Belgium and Luxembourg ( $8,944,329 ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $51,104,397 ) , Germany ( $61,430,098 ) , the Netherlands ( $13,790,585 ) , Norway ( $7,144,020 ) , Sweden ( $11,209,387 ) , and Australia ( $41,350,865 ) .",
"13": "In total overseas earnings , it surpassed Philosopher 's Stone ( $657.2 million ) to become the highest grossing Harry Potter film overseas . On 7 April 2011 , Part 1 ended its run with $295,983,305 in the United States and Canada , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2010 in these regions , and $664,300,000 from other countries around the world , for a worldwide total of $960,283,305 , making it the third highest - grossing film of 2010 worldwide behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland , as well as the 38th highest - grossing film of all time worldwide and the third highest grossing Harry Potter film in the series behind The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and The Philosopher 's Stone . Due to the success of the sequel in Germany , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 could return to No. 9 on the country 's Cinema Charts with 28,000 viewers in July 2011 . Critical response ( edit ) Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 78 % based on 261 reviews , with an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` It ca n't help but feel like the prelude it is , but Deathly Hallows : Part I is a beautifully filmed , emotionally satisfying penultimate installment for the Harry Potter series . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating to reviews , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The UK 's Daily Telegraph also gave the film a positive review , remarking , `` For the most part the action romps along , spurred by some impressive special effects , '' adding , `` It 's just slightly disappointing that , with the momentum having been established so effectively , we now have to wait until next year to enjoy the rest of the ride . '' Roger Ebert awarded the first part three out of four stars , praising the cast and calling it `` a handsome and sometimes harrowing film ... completely unintelligible for anyone coming to the series for the first time '' .",
"14": "Scott Bowles of USA Today called it , `` Menacing and meditative , Hallows is arguably the best instalment of the planned eight - film franchise , though audiences who have n't kept up with previous chapters will be hopelessly lost '' , while Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly likewise praised the film as `` the most cinematically rewarding chapter yet . '' In a review for the Orlando Sentinel , Roger Moore proclaimed Part I as `` Alternately funny and touching , it 's the best film in the series , an Empire Strikes Back for these wizards and their wizarding world . And those effects ? They 're so special you do n't notice them . '' Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek gave a negative review , writing , `` They 've taken one of the most enchanting series in contemporary fiction and sucked out all the magic ... while Rowling 's stories are endlessly inventive , Potter onscreen just gives you a headache . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post found the film to be `` Beautifully shot but a soulless cash machine ... ( that ) delivers no dramatic payoff , no resolution and not much fun . '' Accolades ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects at the 83rd Academy Awards . It is the second film in the Harry Potter film series to be nominated for a Visual Effects Oscar ( the previous one being Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) . The film was long - listed for eight different categories , including Best Cinematography , Production Design , and Original Score , at the 64th BAFTA awards , and ultimately was nominated for Best Special Visual Effects and Make - up .",
"15": "( show ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Result Recipient Source 83rd Academy Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig Stephenie McMillan Best Visual Effects Nominated Tim Burke John Richardson Christian Manz Nicolas Aithadi 64th BAFTA Awards Special Visual Effects Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Nominated Amanda Knight Lisa Tomblin BAFTA Britannia Awards Artistic Excellence in Directing Won David Yates ( for Harry Potter films 5 -- 8 ) 37th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Nominated David Yates Best Special Effects Nominated Tim Burke John Richardson Nicolas Ait'Hadi Christian Manz Best Make - Up Nominated Mark Coulier Nick Dudman Amanda Knight Best Costume Nominated Jany Temime 2011 Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) Nominated David Yates , Steve Kloves 2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Best Male Performance Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Best Female Performance Nominated Emma Watson Best Villain Won Tom Felton Best Kiss Nominated Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson Best Fight Nominated Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Rupert Grint Satellite Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra Best Original Score Nominated Alexandre Desplat Washington D.C.",
"16": "Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Stuart Craig Art Directors Guild Awards 2010 Best Art Direction in a Fantasy Film Nominated Golden Reel Awards 2011 Best Sound Editing : Music in a Feature Film Nominated Gerard McCann Peter Clarke Stuart Morton Allan Jenkins Kirsty Whalley Rob Houston Best Sound Editing : Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Nominated James Harley Mather Bjorn Ole Schroeder Dan Laurie Jon Olive Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Stuart Craig Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2010 Best Cinematography Nominated Eduardo Serra Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2011 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual - Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture Nominated Tim Burke Emma Norton John Richardson Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ( Dobby ) Won Mathieu Vig Ben Lambert Laurie Brugger Marine Poirson Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ( Kreacher ) Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2010 Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Makeup Nominated St.",
"17": "Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2010 Best Visual Effects Nominated Special Merit ( Obliviate Scene ) Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Best Visual Effects Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Nominated Alexandre Desplat 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Nominated Emma Watson Empire Awards 2011 Best Actress Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won 2011 National Movie Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Performance of the Year Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Emma Watson Nominated Rupert Grint 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Actor Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Daniel Radcliffe Choice Movie : Actress Sci - Fi / Fantasy Won Emma Watson Choice Movie : Villain Won Tom Felton Choice Movie : Liplock Won Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson 2011 British Academy Children 's Awards ( BAFTA ) Favorite Film Nominated BAFTA Kids ' Vote ( Film Category ) Nominated See also ( edit ) List of films split into multiple parts Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Warner officials say shooting parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' ( the second part comes out in July ) kept cost below the more than $250 million that was spent on 2009 's `` Half - Blood Prince . '' Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Looks to Shatter Box Office Record With $150 M+ Debut '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Parts 1 and 2 of `` Deathly Hallows '' were filmed at a cost of roughly $250 million , essentially giving Warner Bros. a license to print money off the profits it will bank over the upcoming weekend .",
"18": "^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Alison ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe Calls Wrapping Up Harry Potter Devastating '' . People . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release Date Set for Harry Potter 7 : Part I '' . Coming Soon . 25 April 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IFCO : Irish Film Classification Office -- Reviews of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 '' . Ifco.ie . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates ! '' . Comingsoon.net. 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosse '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . Warner Bros.",
"19": "Entertainment Inc. 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Filming Wraps -- For The Last Time '' . MTV News . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` Find out where Harry Potter and the Death Hallows Part 1 will end '' . io9 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Rob ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` If The Two ' Harry Potter and the Death Hallows ' Films Were A Person This Would Be Perineum '' . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Heyman ' Fantastic Beasts & Where To Find Them ' script is wonderful '' . YouTube . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 2010 '' . Kent Film Office . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` ' Deathly Hallows ' Designer Reveals Scene Secrets '' . MTV . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar 2011 : Art Direction '' . Oscar.go.com . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ordoña , Michael ( 14 November 2010 ) . `` Stuart Craig , Harry Potter 's production designer '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' countdown : The ' Deathly Hallows ' wedding is last festive moment in grim finale '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did Harry Potter 's Costume Designer Steal A Dress From Alexander McQueen ? -- Fashionist '' . Fashionist.ca .",
"20": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 '' . Double Negative Visual Effects . Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animated Sequence in `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' `` . Cartoon Brew. 20 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat Scoring Harry Potter & the Deathly Hallows '' . FirstShowing.net. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Todd Martens ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` So how did a Nick Cave song end up in ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sue . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallow Sneak Peek Online '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros. Hits a Home Run At Showest '' . Collider . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` DH Clip '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com . Archived from the original on 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Teaser Poster '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Harry Potter Weekend ' Airs From July 8 -- 11th -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com .",
"21": "Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 22 September 2010 ) . `` Second Epic Harry Potter & the Deathly Hallows Official Trailer '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Turgis , Chloe ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Yahoo ! Movies Posters '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Theatrical '' . MSN movies . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 ' Character Banners Debuts '' . 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Get Caught ! Exclusive `` Deathly Hallows : Part One '' Banners -- The Leaky Cauldron `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows TV Spot '' . YouTube . 16 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WB Released New Harry Potter Deathly Hallows Scream Movie Trailer '' . OnTheFlickx. 26 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Imler , Gregory ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' countdown : Watch new exclusive clip from ' Deathly Hallows ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Clip '' . Movie Web . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ `` Third Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Clip '' . Movie Web . 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Sims , Andrew ( 21 August 2010 ) . `` Full Coverage : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 1 test screened today in Chicago '' . MuggleNet . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leaky coverage on Test Screening '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 23 August 2010 ) . `` Deathly Hallows Rave Reviews '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Deane , Derrick ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` ' Deathly Hallows ' Part One Will Not Be In 3D '' . Fandango Movie Blog . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Deathly Hallows : Part 1 '' US and UK Premiere Dates and Locations Announced `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Studio Execs Call Theory That Warner Bros. Leaked Potter Footage ' Absurd ' '' . Wired . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter 7 ' Reaches 1,000 Sellouts -- RopeofSilicon.com Movie News , Trailers , Reviews and More '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros. probes ' Potter ' leak '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 November 2010 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ ASIN B001UV4XHY , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 1 ( 2010 ) ( 15 August 2011 ) Jump up ^ M. Ricks , Hanako ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Details Released for `` Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' DVD Release `` . Hollywood News . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Pt. 1 DVD '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ' Blu - ray promo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Potter ' conjures $24 M at midnight showings '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` Weekend Briefing : ' Harry Potter ' Has Hallowed Midnight Launch '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Posts Big Opening Night Numbers '' . Celebrity-Gossip.net. 19 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Harry Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo. 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Opening Day . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 January 2011 Jump up ^ AGENCIES 1 ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` ' Potter ' enchants fans with $58.2 mn opening day - Economic Times '' . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 15 July 2011 ) .",
"24": "`` Box Office Report : ' Harry Potter ' Grosses Record $92.1 Million on Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOP SINGLE DAY GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Top November Opening Weekend at the Box Office . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Opening Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 26 -- 28 , 2010 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter film breaks box office records '' . Mirror News . 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25th Frame . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total : All Time Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Openings Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallow Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter '' zaubert an den Kinokassen -- media control `` .",
"25": "Media-control.de. 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I reviews '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' . CBS Interactive Metacritic . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Harry Potter Rekindles the Magic Daily Telegraph ' . ' . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` ' Deathly Hallows , Part 1 ' : A magical beginning to the end '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` ' Deathly Hallows ' ? Try Deadly Boring '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou . `` ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ' movie opens , is half - hearted and weary '' . New York Post . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2011 -- Longlist '' ( PDF ) . British Academy Film Awards . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kendal , Richard ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` 2011 Film Awards Nominees '' . British Academy Film Awards . Archived from the original on 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Britannia Awards -- John Lasseter & David Yates '' . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . John Lasseter and David Yates are master creators of joy and imagination ... Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise ... delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` Inception tops Saturn Awards noms '' . Collider.com. 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Renovation -- Hugo Awards '' . Renovationsf.org . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` 2011 MTV Movie Awards : The Full Nomination List MTV Movie Awards '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nominations 15 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Press Academy . 1 December 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( 5 December 2010 ) . `` Fincher , The Social Network Wins DC Critics '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Art Directors Guild nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Golden Reel Awards : Best Sound Editing : Music in a Feature Film '' ( PDF ) . Motion Picture Sound Editors. 20 February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Reel Awards : Best Sound Editing : Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film '' ( PDF ) . Motion Picture Sound Editors. 20 February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( 12 December 2010 ) . `` The Houston Area Film Critics Nominations '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` San Diego Critics nominations '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 PHOENIX FILM CRITICS SOCIETY AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . 14 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inception Tops Visual Effects Society Award '' . Cinefundas.com . Archived from the original on 15 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . 14 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( 12 December 2010 ) . `` St. Louis Film Critics Assn . Nominations '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( 16 December 2010 ) . `` The Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA : Desplat , Hallows Pt. 1 '' .",
"28": "Filmmusiccritics.org . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Authentic Entertainment . `` Nickelodeon 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees Announced '' . The Hot Hits . Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Nominees - The National Movie Awards 2011 '' . Nationalmovieawards.com. 26 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 Nominees Announced : Harry Potter vs Twilight '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Awards '' . bafta.org . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Official website Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 on IMDb Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at Box Office Mojo The Harry Potter series by J.K.",
"29": "Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"30": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"31": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World Films by David Yates Feature films The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 ) Television productions The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) State of Play ( 2003 ) Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Short films Rank ( 2002 ) Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince",
"32": "The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 )",
"33": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) VIAF : 176505995 LCCN : no2010185170 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_ -- _Part_1&oldid = 835197026 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films American films American adventure films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British adventure films British sequel films Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Empire Award winners Films directed by David Yates Films set in London Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in London Films shot in Pembrokeshire Harry Potter ( film series ) Heyday Films films IMAX films Films shot at Pinewood Studios American road movies British road movies Warner Bros. films Films shot in Suffolk Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Merseyside Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Bavaria High fantasy films Films using computer - generated imagery Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films produced by David Heyman Films produced by David Barron Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2014 Use British English from June 2014 Good articles Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia",
"34": "articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi",
"35": "Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Thanksgiving ( United States ) - wikipedia Thanksgiving ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search See also : Thanksgiving An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://factreal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/heritagepilgrimsmourtsrelationjournalbywinslow.pdf Triggered by \\ bfiles \\. wordpress \\. com \\ b on the global blacklist Thanksgiving Family saying grace before Thanksgiving dinner in Neffsville , Pennsylvania , 1942 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Giving thanks , prayer , feasting , spending time with family , football games , parades Date Fourth Thursday in November Frequency Annual Related to Thanksgiving in Canada Thanksgiving in Norfolk Island Thanksgiving in Liberia Thanksgiving in Leiden , Netherlands Thanksgiving in Saint Lucia Thanksgiving , or Thanksgiving Day , is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States . It originated as a harvest festival . Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789 , after Congress requested a proclamation by George Washington . It has been celebrated as a federal holiday every year since 1863 , when , during the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national day of `` Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens , '' to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November . Together with Christmas and the New Year , Thanksgiving is a part of the broader fall / winter holiday season in the U.S. The event that Americans commonly call the `` First Thanksgiving '' was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621 . This feast lasted three days , and -- as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow -- it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims . The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating `` thanksgivings '' -- days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early thanksgiving observances 1.2 Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth 1.3 The Revolutionary War to nationhood 1.4 Thanksgiving proclamations in the first thirty years of nationhood 1.5 Lincoln and the Civil War 1.6 Post-Civil War era 1.7 1939 to 1941 1.8 1942 to present 2 Traditional celebrations 2.1 Charity 2.2 Foods of the season 2.3 Giving thanks 2.4 Parades 2.5 Sports 2.5. 1 American football 2.5. 2 Other sports 2.6 Television 2.7 Radio 2.8 Turkey pardoning 2.9 Vacation and travel 3 Criticism and controversy 4 Date 4.1 Table of dates ( 2000 -- 2103 ) 4.2 Days after Thanksgiving 5 Literature 5.1 Poetry 6 Music 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Early Thanksgiving observances ( edit ) Shrine of the first U.S. Thanksgiving in 1619 at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County , Virginia Setting aside time to give thanks for one 's blessings , along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest , are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America . The first documented thanksgiving services in territory currently belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards and the French in the 16th century . Wisdom practices such as expressing gratitude , sharing , and giving away , are integral to many indigenous cultures and communities . Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607 , with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown , Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1610 . In 1619 , 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County , Virginia . The group 's London Company charter specifically required `` that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned ... in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God . ''",
"2": "Three years later , after the Indian massacre of 1622 , the Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned and colonists moved their celebration to Jamestown and other more secure spots . External video The True Story of the First Thanksgiving , American Experience , PBS , November 24 , 2015 Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth ( edit ) Americans also trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation , where the settlers held a harvest feast after a successful growing season . Autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years , first as an impromptu religious observance and later as a civil tradition . Squanto , a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe , taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn and served as an interpreter for them . Squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England . The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient . The Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621 . The exact time is unknown , but James Baker , the Plimoth Plantation vice president of research , stated in 1996 , `` The event occurred between Sept. 21 and Nov. 11 , 1621 , with the most likely time being around Michaelmas ( Sept. 29 ) , the traditional time . '' Seventeenth - century accounts do not identify this as a Thanksgiving observance , rather it followed the harvest . It included 50 persons who were on the Mayflower ( all who remained of the 100 who had landed ) and 90 Native Americans . The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World ( Eleanor Billington , Elizabeth Hopkins , Mary Brewster , and Susanna White ) , along with young daughters and male and female servants . `` Pilgrims '' are often confused with `` Puritans '' . This sculpture The Pilgrim by Augustus St. Gaudens is based on his earlier work The Puritan Two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth .",
"3": "The Pilgrims , most of whom were Separatists ( English Dissenters ) , are not to be confused with Puritans , who established their own Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula ( current day Boston ) in 1630 . Both groups were strict Calvinists , but differed in their views regarding the Church of England . Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it , while the Pilgrims wanted complete separation from the church . William Bradford , in Of Plymouth Plantation wrote : They began now to gather in the small harvest they had , and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter , being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty . For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad , others were exercised in fishing , about cod and bass and other fish , of which they took good store , of which every family had their portion . All the summer there was no want ; and now began to come in store of fowl , as winter approached , of which this place did abound when they can be used ( but afterward decreased by degrees ) . And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys , of which they took many , besides venison , etc . Besides , they had about a peck a meal a week to a person , or now since harvest , Indian corn to the proportion . Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England , which were not feigned but true reports . The First Thanksgiving 1621 , oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris ( 1899 ) . The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times : Pilgrims did not wear such outfits , and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of Native Americans from the Great Plains . Edward Winslow , in Mourt 's Relation wrote : Our harvest being gotten in , our governor sent four men on fowling , that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labor . They four in one day killed as much fowl as , with a little help beside , served the company almost a week .",
"4": "At which time , amongst other recreations , we exercised our arms , many of the Indians coming amongst us , and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit , with some ninety men , whom for three days we entertained and feasted , and they went out and killed five deer , which we brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor , and upon the captain and others . And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us , yet by the goodness of God , we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty . The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , oil on canvas by Jennie Augusta Brownscombe ( 1914 ) The Pilgrims held a true Thanksgiving celebration in 1623 following a fast , and a refreshing 14 - day rain which resulted in a larger harvest . William DeLoss Love calculates that this thanksgiving was made on Wednesday , July 30 , 1623 , a day before the arrival of a supply ship with more colonists , but before the fall harvest . In Love 's opinion this 1623 thanksgiving was significant because the order to recognize the event was from civil authority ( Governor Bradford ) , and not from the church , making it likely the first civil recognition of Thanksgiving in New England . Referring to the 1623 harvest after the nearly catastrophic drought , Bradford wrote : And afterwards the Lord sent them such seasonable showers , with interchange of fair warm weather as , through His blessing , caused a fruitful and liberal harvest , to their no small comfort and rejoicing . For which mercy , in time convenient , they also set apart a day of thanksgiving ... By this time harvest was come , and instead of famine now God gave them plenty ... for which they blessed God . And the effect of their particular planting was well seen , for all had ... pretty well ... so as any general want or famine had not been amongst them since to this day . These firsthand accounts do not appear to have contributed to the early development of the holiday . Bradford 's `` Of Plymouth Plantation '' was not published until the 1850s . While the booklet `` Mourt 's Relation '' was summarized by other publications without the now - familiar thanksgiving story . By the eighteenth century the original booklet appeared to be lost or forgotten .",
"5": "A copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820 , with the first full reprinting in 1841 . In a footnote the editor , Alexander Young , was the first person to identify the 1621 feast as the first Thanksgiving . According to historian James Baker , debates over where any `` first Thanksgiving '' took place on modern American territory are a `` tempest in a beanpot '' . Jeremy Bang claims , `` Local boosters in Virginia , Florida , and Texas promote their own colonists , who ( like many people getting off a boat ) gave thanks for setting foot again on dry land . '' Baker claims , `` the American holiday 's true origin was the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving . Never coupled with a Sabbath meeting , the Puritan observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to God 's providence . '' Nevertheless , President John F. Kennedy , in an attempt to strike a compromise between the regional claims , issued Proclamation 3560 on November 5 , 1963 stating , `` Over three centuries ago , our forefathers in Virginia and in Massachusetts , far from home in a lonely wilderness , set aside a time of thanksgiving . On the appointed day , they gave reverent thanks for their safety , for the health of their children , for the fertility of their fields , for the love which bound them together and for the faith which united them with their God . '' The Revolutionary War to nationhood ( edit ) During the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed one or more thanksgiving days each year , each time recommending to the executives of the various states the observance of these days in their states . The First National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the Continental Congress in 1777 from its temporary location in York , Pennsylvania , while the British occupied the national capital at Philadelphia . Delegate Samuel Adams created the first draft .",
"6": "Congress then adapted the final version : For as much as it is the indispensable Duty of all Men to adore the superintending Providence of Almighty God ; to acknowledge with Gratitude their Obligation to him for Benefits received , and to implore such farther Blessings as they stand in Need of : And it having pleased him in his abundant Mercy , not only to continue to us the innumerable Bounties of his common Providence ; but also to smile upon us in the Prosecution of a just and necessary War , for the Defense and Establishment of our unalienable Rights and Liberties ; particularly in that he hath been pleased , in so great a Measure , to prosper the Means used for the Support of our Troops , and to crown our Arms with most signal success : It is therefore recommended to the legislative or executive Powers of these United States to set apart Thursday , the eighteenth Day of December next , for Solemn Thanksgiving and Praise : That at one Time and with one Voice , the good People may express the grateful Feelings of their Hearts , and consecrate themselves to the Service of their Divine Benefactor ; and that , together with their sincere Acknowledgments and Offerings , they may join the penitent Confession of their manifold Sins , whereby they had forfeited every Favor ; and their humble and earnest Supplication that it may please God through the Merits of Jesus Christ , mercifully to forgive and blot them out of Remembrance ; That it may please him graciously to afford his Blessing on the Governments of these States respectively , and prosper the public Council of the whole : To inspire our Commanders , both by Land and Sea , and all under them , with that Wisdom and Fortitude which may render them fit Instruments , under the Providence of Almighty God , to secure for these United States , the greatest of all human Blessings , Independence and Peace : That it may please him , to prosper the Trade and Manufactures of the People , and the Labor of the Husbandman , that our Land may yield its Increase : To take Schools and Seminaries of Education , so necessary for cultivating the Principles of true Liberty , Virtue and Piety , under his nurturing Hand ; and to prosper the Means of Religion , for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom , which consisteth `` in Righteousness , Peace and Joy in the Holy Ghost .",
"7": "And it is further recommended , That servile Labor , and such Recreation , as , though at other Times innocent , may be unbecoming the Purpose of this Appointment , be omitted on so solemn an Occasion . George Washington , leader of the revolutionary forces in the American Revolutionary War , proclaimed a Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a victory celebration honoring the defeat of the British at Saratoga . Thanksgiving proclamations in the first thirty years of nationhood ( edit ) Main article : National Thanksgiving Proclamation George Washington 's Thanksgiving Proclamation , 1789 ( top ) and 1795 The Continental - Confederation Congress , the legislative body that governed the United States from 1774 to 1789 , issued several `` national days of prayer , humiliation , and thanksgiving '' , a practice that was continued by Presidents Washington and Adams under the Constitution , and has manifested itself in the established American observances of Thanksgiving and the National Day of Prayer today . This proclamation was published in The Independent Gazetteer , or the Chronicle of Freedom , on November 5 , 1782 , the first being observed on November 28 , 1782 : By the United States in Congress assembled , PROCLAMATION .",
"8": "It being the indispensable duty of all nations , not only to offer up their supplications to Almighty God , the giver of all good , for His gracious assistance in a time of distress , but also in a solemn and public manner , to give Him praise for His goodness in general , and especially for great and signal interpositions of His Providence in their behalf ; therefore , the United States in Congress assembled , taking into their consideration the many instances of Divine goodness to these States in the course of the important conflict , in which they have been so long engaged , -- the present happy and promising state of public affairs , and the events of the war in the course of the year now drawing to a close ; particularly the harmony of the public Councils which is so necessary to the success of the public cause , -- the perfect union and good understanding which has hitherto subsisted between them and their allies , notwithstanding the artful and unwearied attempts of the common enemy to divide them , -- the success of the arms of the United States and those of their allies , -- and the acknowledgment of their Independence by another European power , whose friendship and commerce must be of great and lasting advantage to these States ; Do hereby recommend it to the inhabitants of these States in general , to observe and request the several states to interpose their authority , in appointing and commanding the observation of THURSDAY the TWENTY - EIGHTH DAY OF NOVEMBER next as a day of SOLEMN THANKSGIVING to GOD for all His mercies ; and they do further recommend to all ranks to testify their gratitude to God for His goodness by a cheerful obedience to His laws and by promoting , each in his station , and by his influence , the practice of true and undefiled religion , which is the great foundation of public prosperity and national happiness . Done in Congress at Philadelphia , the eleventh day of October , in the year of our LORD , one thousand seven hundred and eighty - two , and of our Sovereignty and Independence , the seventh . JOHN HANSON , President . CHARLES THOMSON , Secretary . On Thursday , September 24 , 1789 , the first House of Representatives voted to recommend the First Amendment of the newly drafted Constitution to the states for ratification .",
"9": "The next day , Congressman Elias Boudinot from New Jersey proposed that the House and Senate jointly request of President Washington to proclaim a day of thanksgiving for `` the many signal favors of Almighty God '' . Boudinot said that he `` could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining , with one voice , in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them . '' As President , on October 3 , 1789 , George Washington made the following proclamation and created the first Thanksgiving Day designated by the national government of the United States of America : Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God , to obey his will , to be grateful for his benefits , and humbly to implore his protection and favor , and whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me `` to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness . '' Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being , who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was , that is , or that will be . That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks , for his kind care and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a Nation , for the signal and manifold mercies , and the favorable interpositions of his providence , which we experienced in the course and conclusion of the late war , for the great degree of tranquility , union , and plenty , which we have since enjoyed , for the peaceable and rational manner , in which we have been enabled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness , and particularly the national One now lately instituted , for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed ; and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge ; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us .",
"10": "And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions , to enable us all , whether in public or private stations , to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually , to render our national government a blessing to all the people , by constantly being a Government of wise , just , and constitutional laws , discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed , to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations ( especially such as have shown kindness unto us ) and to bless them with good government , peace , and concord . To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue , and the encrease of science among them and Us , and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best . Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789 . George Washington again proclaimed a Thanksgiving in 1795 . President John Adams declared Thanksgivings in 1798 and 1799 . No Thanksgiving proclamations were issued by Thomas Jefferson but James Madison renewed the tradition in 1814 , in response to resolutions of Congress , at the close of the War of 1812 . Caleb Strong , Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , declared the holiday in 1813 , `` for a day of public thanksgiving and prayer '' for Thursday , the 25th of November of that year . Madison also declared the holiday twice in 1815 ; however , none of these were celebrated in autumn . In 1816 , Governor Plumer of New Hampshire appointed Thursday , November 14 to be observed as a day of Public Thanksgiving and Governor Brooks of Massachusetts appointed Thursday , November 28 to be `` observed throughout that State as a day of Thanksgiving '' . A thanksgiving day was annually appointed by the governor of New York from 1817 . By 1858 proclamations appointing a day of thanksgiving were issued by the governors of 25 states and two territories . Lincoln and the civil War ( edit ) Sketch by Alfred Waud of Thanksgiving in camp ( of General Louis Blenker ) during the U.S.",
"11": "Civil War in 1861 Home to Thanksgiving , lithograph by Currier and Ives ( 1867 ) In the middle of the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln , prompted by a series of editorials written by Sarah Josepha Hale , proclaimed a national Thanksgiving Day , to be celebrated on the 26th , the final Thursday of November 1863 . The document , written by Secretary of State William H. Seward , reads as follows : The year that is drawing towards its close , has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies . To these bounties , which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come , others have been added , which are of so extraordinary a nature , that they can not fail to penetrate and soften even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful providence of Almighty God . In the midst of a civil war of unequalled magnitude and severity , which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression , peace has been preserved with all nations , order has been maintained , the laws have been respected and obeyed , and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict ; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union . Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defence , have not arrested the plough , the shuttle , or the ship ; the axe had enlarged the borders of our settlements , and the mines , as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals , have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore . Population has steadily increased , notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp , the siege and the battle - field ; and the country , rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor , is permitted to expect continuance of years , with large increase of freedom . No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things . They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God , who , while dealing with us in anger for our sins , hath nevertheless remembered mercy . It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly , reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and voice by the whole American people .",
"12": "I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States , and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands , to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next , as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens . And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings , they do also , with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience , commend to his tender care all those who have become widows , orphans , mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged , and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace , harmony , tranquility and Union . In testimony whereof , I have hereunto set my hand , and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed . Done at the city of Washington , this third day of October , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty - three , and of the independence of the United States the eighty - eighth . '' Proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln , October 3 , 1863 . Since 1863 , Thanksgiving has been observed annually in the United States . Post-civil War era ( edit ) Servicemen eating a Thanksgiving dinner after the end of World War I ( 1918 ) During the second half of the 19th century , Thanksgiving traditions in America varied from region to region . A traditional New England Thanksgiving , for example , consisted of a raffle held on Thanksgiving Eve ( in which the prizes were mainly geese or turkeys ) , a shooting match on Thanksgiving morning ( in which turkeys and chickens were used as targets ) , church services -- and then the traditional feast , which consisted of some familiar Thanksgiving staples such as turkey and pumpkin pie , and some not - so - familiar dishes such as pigeon pie .",
"13": "The earliest high school football rivalries took root in the late 19th century in Massachusetts , stemming from games played on Thanksgiving ; professional football took root as a Thanksgiving staple during the sport 's genesis in the 1890s , and the tradition of Thanksgiving football both at the high school and professional level continues to this day . In New York City , people would dress up in fanciful masks and costumes and roam the streets in merry - making mobs . By the beginning of the 20th century , these mobs had morphed into Ragamuffin parades consisting mostly of children dressed as `` ragamuffins '' in costumes of old and mismatched adult clothes and with deliberately smudged faces , but by the late 1950s the tradition had diminished enough to only exist in a few communities around New York . 1939 to 1941 ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln 's successors as president followed his example of annually declaring the final Thursday in November to be Thanksgiving . But in 1939 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt broke with this tradition . November had five Thursdays that year ( instead of the more - common four ) , Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgiving rather than the fifth one . Although many popular histories state otherwise , he made clear that his plan was to establish the holiday on the next - to - last Thursday in the month instead of the last one . With the country still in the midst of The Great Depression , Roosevelt thought an earlier Thanksgiving would give merchants a longer period to sell goods before Christmas . Increasing profits and spending during this period , Roosevelt hoped , would help bring the country out of the Depression . At the time , advertising goods for Christmas before Thanksgiving was considered inappropriate . Fred Lazarus , Jr. , founder of the Federated Department Stores ( later Macy 's ) , is credited with convincing Roosevelt to push Thanksgiving to a week earlier to expand the shopping season , and within two years the change passed through Congress into law . Republicans decried the change , calling it an affront to the memory of Lincoln . People began referring to November 30 as the `` Republican Thanksgiving '' and November 23 as the `` Democratic Thanksgiving '' or `` Franksgiving '' .",
"14": "Regardless of the politics , many localities had made a tradition of celebrating on the last Thursday , and many football teams had a tradition of playing their final games of the season on Thanksgiving ; with their schedules set well in advance , they could not change . Since a presidential declaration of Thanksgiving Day was not legally binding , Roosevelt 's change was widely disregarded . Twenty - three states went along with Roosevelt 's recommendation , 22 did not , and some , like Texas , could not decide and took both days as government holidays . In 1940 and 1941 , years in which November had four Thursdays , Roosevelt declared the third one as Thanksgiving . As in 1939 , some states went along with the change while others retained the traditional last - Thursday date . 1942 to present ( edit ) Dr. Mordecai Johnson , president of Howard University , serving portions of Thanksgiving turkey to members of his family in 1942 . On October 6 , 1941 , both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution fixing the traditional last - Thursday date for the holiday beginning in 1942 . However , in December of that year the Senate passed an amendment to the resolution that split the difference by requiring that Thanksgiving be observed annually on the fourth Thursday of November , which was usually the last Thursday and sometimes ( two years out of seven , on average ) the next to last . The amendment also passed the House , and on December 26 , 1941 , President Roosevelt signed this bill , for the first time making the date of Thanksgiving a matter of federal law and fixing the day as the fourth Thursday of November . For several years some states continued to observe the last - Thursday date in years with five November Thursdays ( the next such year being 1944 ) , with Texas doing so as late as 1956 . Traditional celebrations ( edit ) Charity ( edit ) Hungry diners line up outside a church for a free Thanksgiving meal The poor are often provided with food at Thanksgiving time . Most communities have annual food drives that collect non-perishable packaged and canned foods , and corporations sponsor charitable distributions of staple foods and Thanksgiving dinners . The Salvation Army enlists volunteers to serve Thanksgiving dinners to hundreds of people in different locales . Additionally , pegged to be five days after Thanksgiving is Giving Tuesday , a celebration of charitable giving .",
"15": "Foods of the season ( edit ) Main article : Thanksgiving dinner U.S. tradition compares the holiday with a meal held in 1621 by the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth Plantation . It is continued in modern times with the Thanksgiving dinner , traditionally featuring turkey , playing a central role in the celebration of Thanksgiving . In the United States , certain kinds of food are traditionally served at Thanksgiving meals . Turkey , usually roasted and stuffed ( but sometimes deep - fried instead ) , is typically the featured item on any Thanksgiving feast table , so much so that Thanksgiving is colloquially known as `` Turkey Day . '' In fact , 45 million turkeys were consumed on Thanksgiving Day alone in 2015 . With 85 percent of Americans partaking in the meal , that 's an estimated 276 million Americans dining on the festive poultry , spending an expected $1.05 billion on turkeys for Thanksgiving in 2016 . Mashed potatoes with gravy , stuffing , sweet potatoes , cranberry sauce , sweet corn , various fall vegetables , squash , brussels sprouts and pumpkin pie are commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner . Green bean casserole was introduced in 1955 and remains a favorite . All of these are actually native to the Americas or were introduced as a new food source to the Europeans when they arrived . Turkey may be an exception . In his book Mayflower , Nathaniel Philbrick suggests that the Pilgrims might already have been familiar with turkey in England , even though the bird is native to the Americas . The Spaniards had brought domesticated turkeys back from Central America in the early 17th century , and the birds soon became popular fare all over Europe , including England , where turkey ( as an alternative to the traditional goose ) became a `` fixture at English Christmases '' . The Pilgrims did not observe Christmas . As a result of the size of Thanksgiving dinner , Americans eat more food on Thanksgiving than on any other day of the year . Giving thanks ( edit ) Thanksgiving Day Service , November 23 , 1944 Thanksgiving was founded as a religious observance for all the members of the community to give thanks to God for a common purpose .",
"16": "Historic reasons for community thanksgivings are : the 1541 thanksgiving mass after the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado safely crossing the high plains of Texas and finding game , and the 1777 thanksgiving after the victory in the Revolutionary War Battle of Saratoga . In his 1789 National Thanksgiving Proclamation , President Washington gave many noble reasons for a national Thanksgiving , including `` for the civil and religious liberty '' , for `` useful knowledge '' , and for God 's `` kind care '' and `` His Providence '' . After President Washington delivered this message , the `` Episcopal Church , of which President Washington was a member , announced that the first Thursday in November would become its regular day for giving thanks '' . After Washington , the only presidents to express a specifically Christian perspective in their proclamation have been Grover Cleveland in 1896 , and William McKinley in 1900 . Several other presidents have cited the Judeo - Christian tradition . The tradition of giving thanks to God is continued today in many forms , most notably the attendance of religious services , as well as the saying of a mealtime prayer before Thanksgiving dinner . Many houses of worship offer worship services and events on Thanksgiving themes the weekend before , the day of , or the weekend after Thanksgiving . At home , it is a holiday tradition in many families to begin the Thanksgiving dinner by saying grace ( a prayer before or after a meal ) . The custom is portrayed in the photograph `` Family Holding Hands and Praying Before a Thanksgiving Meal '' . Before praying , it is a common practice at the dining table for `` each person ( to ) tell one specific reason they 're thankful to God that year . '' While grace is said , many families hold hands until the prayer concludes , often indicated with an `` Amen '' . Traditionally , grace was led by the hostess or host , though in later times it is usual for others to contribute . Joy Fisher , a Baptist Christian writer , states that `` this holiday takes on a spiritual emphasis and includes recognition of the source of the blessings they enjoy year round -- a loving God . '' In the same vein , Hesham A. Hassaballa , an American Muslim scholar and physician , has written that Thanksgiving `` is wholly consistent with Islamic principles '' and that `` few things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings '' .",
"17": "Similarly many Sikh Americans also celebrate the holiday by `` giving thanks to Almighty '' . Parades ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of holiday parades . The 1979 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . Since 1924 , in New York City , the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held annually every Thanksgiving Day from the Upper West Side of Manhattan to Macy 's flagship store in Herald Square , and televised nationally by NBC . The parade features parade floats with specific themes , scenes from Broadway plays , large balloons of cartoon characters , TV personalities , and high school marching bands . The float that traditionally ends the Macy 's Parade is the Santa Claus float , the arrival of which is an unofficial sign of the beginning of the Christmas season . It is billed as the world 's largest parade . The oldest Thanksgiving Day parade is the Philadelphia 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , which launched in 1920 and takes place in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Philadelphia 's parade was long associated with Gimbels , a prominent Macy 's rival , until that store closed in 1986 . Its current sponsors are WPVI - TV , the channel 6 ABC affiliate in Philadelphia ; and Dunkin ' Donuts donut chain . Founded in 1924 , the same year as the Macy 's parade , America 's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit is one of the largest parades in the country . The parade runs from Midtown to Downtown Detroit and precedes the annual Detroit Lions Thanksgiving football game . The parade includes large balloons , marching bands , and various celebrity guests much like the Macy 's parade and is nationally televised on various affiliate stations . The Mayor of Detroit closes the parade by giving Santa Claus a key to the city . There are Thanksgiving parades in many other cities , including : Ameren Missouri Thanksgiving Day Parade ( St.",
"18": "Louis , Missouri ) America 's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade ( Plymouth , Massachusetts ) Belk Carolinas ' Carrousel Parade ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Celebrate the Season Parade ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade ( El Paso , Texas ) H-E-B Holiday Parade ( Houston , Texas ) McDonald 's Thanksgiving Parade ( Chicago , Illinois ) Santa Claus Parade ( Peoria , Illinois ) , the nation 's oldest , dating to 1887 and held the day after Thanksgiving Parada de los Cerros Thanksgiving Day Parade ( Fountain Hills , Arizona ) UBS Parade Spectacular ( Stamford , Connecticut ) -- held the Sunday before Thanksgiving so it does n't directly compete with the Macy 's parade 30 miles ( 48 km ) away . Most of these parades are televised on a local station , and some have small , usually regional , syndication networks ; most also carry the parades via Internet television on the TV stations ' websites . Several other parades have a loose association with Thanksgiving , thanks to CBS 's now - discontinued All - American Thanksgiving Day Parade coverage . Parades that were covered during this era were the Aloha Floral Parade held in Honolulu , Hawaii every September , the Toronto Santa Claus Parade in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and the Opryland Aqua Parade ( held from 1996 to 2001 by the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville ) ; the Opryland parade was discontinued and replaced by a taped parade in Miami Beach , Florida in 2002 . A Disneyland parade was also featured on CBS until Disney purchased rival ABC . For many years the Santa Claus Lane Parade ( now Hollywood Christmas Parade ) in Los Angeles was held on the Wednesday evening before Thanksgiving . In 1978 this was switched to the Sunday following the holiday . Sports ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American football ( edit ) Main articles : American football on Thanksgiving and NFL on Thanksgiving Day American football is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States , a tradition that dates to the earliest era of the sport in the late 19th century .",
"19": "Professional football games are often held on Thanksgiving Day ; until recently , these were the only games played during the week apart from Sunday or Monday night . The National Football League has played games on Thanksgiving every year since its creation . The Detroit Lions have hosted a game every Thanksgiving Day from 1934 to 1938 and again every year since 1945 . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . The league added a third game in prime time in 2006 , which aired on the NFL Network , then moved to NBC in 2012 . The third game has no set site or team , providing an opportunity for all teams in the league to host a Thanksgiving game in the future . For college football teams that participate in the highest level ( all teams in the Football Bowl Subdivision , as well as three teams in the historically black Southwestern Athletic Conference of the Championship Subdivision ) , the regular season ends on Thanksgiving weekend , and a team 's final game is often against a regional or historic rival , such as the Iron Bowl between Alabama and Auburn , the Civil War between Oregon and Oregon State , the Apple Cup between Washington and Washington State , and Michigan and Ohio State playing in their rivalry game . Most of these college games are played on the Friday or Saturday after Thanksgiving , but usually one or two college games are played on Thanksgiving itself . The lower divisions of the game , including all of Divisions II and III , the NAIA , club football and the rest of the Championship Subdivision ( except the Ivy League , whose season ends before Thanksgiving ) . are in the midst of playoff tournaments over Thanksgiving weekend . Some high school football games ( which include some state championship games ) , and informal `` Turkey Bowl '' contests played by amateur groups and organizations , are frequently held on Thanksgiving weekend . Games of football preceding or following the meal in the backyard or a nearby field are also common during many family gatherings . Amateur games typically follow less organized backyard - rules , two - hand touch or flag football styles . Other sports ( edit ) College basketball holds several elimination tournaments on over Thanksgiving weekend , before the conference season . These include the Anaheim - based Wooden Legacy , the Orlando - based AdvoCare Invitational , and the Bahamas - based Battle 4 Atlantis , all of which are televised on ESPN2 and ESPNU in marathon format .",
"20": "The NCAA owned - and - operated NIT Season Tip - Off has also since moved to Thanksgiving week . This is a relatively new phenomenon , dating only to 2006 . The National Basketball Association also briefly played on Thanksgiving , albeit in the evening , with a doubleheader airing Thanksgiving night on TNT , a practice that ran from 2009 to 2011 ; the Atlanta Hawks hosted the early game each year , while the Los Angeles Clippers hosted the late game in both 2010 and 2011 ( both of the 2011 NBA Thanksgiving games were canceled due to a labor dispute ) . The NBA did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 2012 or 2013 , mainly due to the move of the NFL 's primetime Thanksgiving game to NBC . U.S. Army serviceman dressed in a turkey costume leads the Kabul Satellite Turkey Chase 10K Run on Thanksgiving Day , 2011 Though golf and auto racing are in their off - seasons on Thanksgiving , there are events in those sports that take place on Thanksgiving weekend . The Turkey Night Grand Prix is an annual automobile race that takes place at various venues in southern California on Thanksgiving night ; due in part to the fact that this is after the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Verizon IndyCar Series have finished their seasons , it allows some of the top racers in the United States to participate . In golf , Thanksgiving weekend was the traditional time of the Skins Game from 1983 to 2008 ; the event was canceled in 2009 due to a lack of sponsorship and a difficulty in drawing star talent . A return was , at the time of the cancellation , planned for the next year , but no skins game has been included on the PGA Tour schedule since that time . The world championship pumpkin chunking contest was held in early November in Delaware and televised each Thanksgiving on Science Channel . In ice hockey , the National Hockey League announced , as part of its decade - long extension with NBC , that they would begin airing a game on the Friday afternoon following Thanksgiving beginning the 2011 -- 12 NHL season ; the game has since been branded as the Thanksgiving Showdown . ( The Boston Bruins have played matinees on Black Friday since at least 1990 , but 2011 is the first time the game has been nationally televised . )",
"21": "The NHL has played games on Thanksgiving , usually scheduling games involving Canadian teams ( but not always , as was the case in 2016 , when the league scheduled a nationally televised game Thanksgiving night between two American teams on the West Coast ) . In Canada , Thanksgiving is in October , although no games were scheduled in 2011 and only one was scheduled in 2012 ( both the Thanksgiving Showdown and the lone Canadian game on U.S. Thanksgiving were canceled as a result of a labor dispute in 2012 ) ; as a result of the effective day off , almost all of the league 's teams play the day after Thanksgiving . Professional wrestling promotions have typically held premier pay - per - view events on or around the time of Thanksgiving . This trend began in 1983 when Jim Crockett Promotions , the largest promoter in the National Wrestling Alliance , introduced Starrcade . Starrcade , later incorporated into World Championship Wrestling , moved off Thanksgiving in 1988 ; the year prior , the rival World Wrestling Federation had introduced Survivor Series ' , an event that continues to be hosted in November to the present day . TNA Wrestling held pay - per - view events , including TNA Genesis and TNA Turning Point , in November from 2005 to 2013 . The Turkey Trot is a road running event held in numerous cities on Thanksgiving morning . Depending on the organizations involved , these can range from one - mile ( 1.6 km ) fun runs to full marathons ( although no races currently use the latter ; the Atlanta Marathon stopped running on Thanksgiving beginning in 2010 ) . Most Turkey Trots range from between three and ten miles ( 5 -- 16 km ) . Television ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Thanksgiving television specials . While not as prolific as Christmas specials , which usually begin right after Thanksgiving , there are many special television programs transmitted on or around Thanksgiving , such as A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , in addition to the live parades and football games mentioned above . In some cases , television broadcasters begin programming Christmas films and specials to run on Thanksgiving Day , taking the day as a signal for the beginning of the Christmas season .",
"22": "Radio ( edit ) `` Alice 's Restaurant '' , an 18 - minute monologue by Arlo Guthrie that is partially based on an incident that happened on Thanksgiving in 1965 , was first released in 1967 . It has since become a tradition on numerous classic rock and classic hits radio stations to play the full , uninterrupted recording to much fanfare each Thanksgiving Day , a tradition that appears to have originated with counterculture radio host Bob Fass , who introduced the song to the public on his radio show . Another song that traditionally gets played on numerous radio stations ( of many different formats ) is `` The Thanksgiving Song '' , a 1992 song by Adam Sandler . Prominent radio host Rush Limbaugh has an annual tradition known as The Real Story of Thanksgiving , in which he gives his interpretation of the Thanksgiving story on his program the day before Thanksgiving . The public radio series Science Friday broadcasts coverage of the Ig Nobel Prize ceremonies on the day after Thanksgiving . Football play - by - play and , in at least one case , parade coverage , is also available on the radio . Turkey pardoning ( edit ) John F. Kennedy unofficially spares a turkey on November 19 , 1963 . The practice of `` pardoning '' turkeys in this manner became a permanent tradition in 1989 . Since 1947 , the National Turkey Federation has presented the President of the United States with one live turkey and two dressed turkeys , in a ceremony known as the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation . John F. Kennedy was the first president reported to spare the turkey given to him ( he announced he did n't plan to eat the bird ) , and Ronald Reagan was the first to grant the turkey a presidential pardon , which he jokingly presented to his 1987 turkey ( a turkey that would indeed be spared and sent to a petting zoo ) . There are legends that state that the `` pardoning '' tradition dates to the Harry Truman administration or even to an anecdote of Abraham Lincoln pardoning his son 's pet turkey ( a Christmas turkey ) ; both stories have been quoted in more recent presidential speeches , but neither has any evidence in the Presidential record . In more recent years , two turkeys have been pardoned , in case the original turkey becomes unavailable for presidential pardoning . George H.W.",
"23": "Bush , who served as vice president under Reagan , made the turkey pardon a permanent annual tradition upon assuming the presidency in 1989 , a tradition that has been carried on by every president each year since . The pardoned turkeys have typically ended up in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington , D.C. From 1989 to 2004 they were sent to a children 's farm called `` Frying Pan Farm Park '' in Herndon , Virginia . From 2009 to 2013 they were sent to George Washington 's Mount Vernon estate near Alexandria , Virginia , and in 2014 they were sent to an estate in Leesburg , Virginia once owned by former state governor and turkey farmer Westmoreland Davis . However , from 2005 to 2009 they were sent to either Walt Disney World or Disneyland . The turkeys rarely live to see the next Thanksgiving due to being bred for large size . Vacation and travel ( edit ) U.S. President George W. Bush visits Iraq to have Thanksgiving dinner with soldiers in November 2003 On Thanksgiving Day , families and friends usually gather for a large meal or dinner . Consequently , the Thanksgiving holiday weekend is one of the busiest travel periods of the year . Thanksgiving is a four - day or five - day weekend vacation for schools and colleges . Most business and government workers ( 78 % in 2007 ) are given Thanksgiving and the day after as paid holidays . Thanksgiving Eve , the night before Thanksgiving , is one of the busiest nights of the year for bars and clubs ( where it is often identified by the derogatory name Blackout Wednesday ) , as many college students and others return to their hometowns to reunite with friends and family . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Much like Columbus Day , Thanksgiving is considered by some to be a `` national day of mourning '' , as a celebration of the cultural genocide and conquest of Native Americans by colonists . Thanksgiving has long carried a distinct resonance for Native Americans , who see the holiday as an embellished story of `` Pilgrims and Natives looking past their differences '' to break bread . Professor Dan Brook of the University of California , Berkeley condemns the `` cultural and political amnesia '' of Americans who celebrate Thanksgiving : `` We do not have to feel guilty , but we do need to feel something . ''",
"24": "Professor Robert Jensen of the University of Texas at Austin is somewhat harsher : `` One indication of moral progress in the United States would be the replacement of Thanksgiving Day and its self - indulgent family feasting with a National Day of Atonement accompanied by a self - reflective collective fasting . '' Some of the controversy regarding Thanksgiving have been used to justify the Christmas creep ( the act of putting up Christmas decorations before Thanksgiving ) . Since 1970 , the United American Indians of New England , a protest group led by Frank `` Wamsutta '' James has accused the United States and European settlers of fabricating the Thanksgiving story and of whitewashing a genocide and injustice against Native Americans , and it has led a National Day of Mourning protest on Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth , Massachusetts in the name of social equality and in honor of political prisoners . On November 27 , 1969 , as another notable example of anti-Thanksgiving sentiment , hundreds of supporters traveled to Alcatraz on Thanksgiving Day to celebrate the Occupation of Alcatraz ( which had started a week earlier and lasted until 1971 ) by Native Americans of All Tribes . The American Indian Movement and the Native American Church ( peyote religion ) both also hold a negative view of Thanksgiving ; the AIM has used it as a platform for protest , most notably when they took over a Mayflower float in a Thanksgiving Day parade . Some Native Americans hold `` Unthanksgiving Day '' celebrations in which they mourn the deaths of their ancestors , fast , dance , and pray . This tradition has been taking place since 1975 . Seminoles having a Thanksgiving Meal in the mid-1950s The perception of Thanksgiving among Native Americans is not , however , universally negative . Tim Giago , founder of the Native American Journalists Organization , seeks to reconcile Thanksgiving with Native American traditions . He compares Thanksgiving to `` wopila '' , a thanks - giving celebration practiced by Native Americans of the Great Plains . He wrote in The Huffington Post : `` The idea of a day of Thanksgiving has been a part of the Native American landscape for centuries . The fact that it is also a national holiday for all Americans blends in perfectly with Native American traditions . '' He also shares personal anecdotes of Native American families coming together to celebrate Thanksgiving .",
"25": "Members of the Oneida Indian Nation marched in the 2010 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade with a float called `` The True Spirit of Thanksgiving '' and have done so every year since . In the early part of the twentieth century , the American Association for the Advancement of Atheism ( 4A ) opposed the celebration of Thanksgiving Day , offering an alternative observance called Blamegiving Day , which was in their eyes , `` a protest against Divine negligence , to be observed each year on Thanksgiving Day , on the assumption , for the day only , that God exists . '' Citing their view of the separation of church and state , some atheists in recent times have particularly criticized the annual recitation of Thanksgiving proclamations by the President of the United States , because these proclamations often revolve around the theme of giving thanks to God . The move by retailers to begin holiday sales during Thanksgiving Day ( as opposed to the traditional day after ) has been criticized as forcing ( under threat of being fired ) low - end retail workers , who compose an increasing share of the nation 's workforce , to work odd hours and to handle atypical , unruly crowds on a day reserved for rest . In response to this controversy , Macy 's and Best Buy ( both of which planned to open on Thanksgiving , even earlier than they had the year before ) stated in 2014 that most of their Thanksgiving Day shifts were filled voluntarily by employees who would rather have the day after Thanksgiving off instead of Thanksgiving itself . Blue laws in several Northeastern states prevent retailers in those states from opening on Thanksgiving . Such retailers typically open at midnight on the day after Thanksgiving to circumvent the laws as much as legally possible . Date ( edit ) Since being fixed on the fourth Thursday in November by law in 1941 , the holiday in the United States can occur on any date from November 22 to 28 . When it falls on November 22 or 23 , it is not the last Thursday , but the penultimate Thursday in November . Regardless , it is the Thursday preceding the last Saturday of November . Because Thanksgiving is a federal holiday , all United States government offices are closed and all employees are paid for that day . It is also a holiday for the New York Stock Exchange and most other financial markets and financial services companies .",
"26": "Table of dates ( 2000 -- 2103 ) ( edit ) The date of Thanksgiving Day follows a 28 - year cycle , broken only by century years that are not also a multiple of 400 ( 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , 2500 , ... ) . The cycle break is an effect of the leap year algorithm , which dictates that such years are common years as an adjustment for the calendar - season alignment that leap years provide .",
"27": "Past and future dates of celebration include : November 22 November 23 November 24 November 25 November 26 November 27 November 28 2000 2007 2006 2005 2003 2002 2012 2011 2009 2008 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2029 2028 2027 2026 2025 2024 2035 2034 2033 2032 2031 2030 2040 2039 2038 2037 2036 2046 2045 2044 2043 2042 2041 2051 2050 2049 2048 2047 2057 2056 2055 2054 2053 2052 2063 2062 2061 2060 2059 2058 2068 2067 2066 2065 2064 2074 2073 2072 2071 2070 2069 2079 2078 2077 2076 2075 2085 2084 2083 2082 2081 2080 2091 2090 2089 2088 2087 2086 2096 2095 2094 2093 2092 2103 2102 2101 2100 2099 2098 2097 Days after Thanksgiving ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"28": "( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The day after Thanksgiving is a day off for some companies and most schools , particularly those that remain open on Columbus Day . It is known as Black Friday and has historically been known as a day for chaotic , early - morning sales at major retailers that were historically closed on Thanksgiving ; those who oppose the consumerist nature of the day can instead participate in Buy Nothing Day . The day after Thanksgiving is also Native American Heritage Day , a day to pay tribute to Native Americans for their many contributions to the United States . Small Business Saturday , a movement promoting shopping at smaller local establishments , takes place on the last Saturday in November , two days after Thanksgiving . Cyber Monday is a nickname given to the Monday following Thanksgiving ; the day evolved in the early days of the Internet , when consumers returning to work took advantage of their employers ' broadband Internet connections to do online shopping and retailers began offering sales to meet the demand . Giving Tuesday takes place on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving . Literature ( edit ) `` A Hymn of Thanksgiving '' sheet music cover -- November 26 , 1899 . Poetry ( edit ) `` Thanksgiving '' ( 1909 ) , by Florence Earle Coates . `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' ( 1844 ) , by Lydia Maria Child `` Thanksgiving Day , November 28 , 1986 '' , by William S. Burroughs in Tornado Alley . Music ( edit ) `` A Hymn of Thanksgiving '' ( 1899 ) , composed and written by Fanny J. Crosby and Ira D. Sankey . `` Alice 's Restaurant '' , a song by Arlo Guthrie on his 1967 album Alice 's Restaurant , based on a true incident in his life that began on Thanksgiving Day , 1965 . `` Thanksgiving '' , a song by George Winston on his 1982 album December . `` The Thanksgiving Song '' , a song by Adam Sandler on his album They 're All Gonna Laugh at You ! ( 1994 ) `` Thanksgiving Day Parade '' , a song by Dan Bern on his album New American Language ( 2001 ) . `` Thanksgiving Day '' , a song by Ray Davies on his album Other People 's Lives ( 2006 ) .",
"29": "`` We Gather Together '' , hymn of Dutch origin now associated with Thanksgiving Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Did Thanksgiving End Up On The Fourth Thursday ? '' . Jump up ^ Frank , Priscilla ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Christie 's Is Selling The Proclamation That Established Thanksgiving , Signed By George Washington '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation of Thanksgiving ( October 3 , 1863 ) '' . Abraham Lincoln Online . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Abraham Lincoln 's Thanksgiving Day Proclamation of October 3 , 1863 ( Presidential Proclamation 106 ) '' . National Archives and Records Administration ( United States ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1789 -- 1897 , pp. 85 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Edward ( 1622 ) , Mourt 's Relation ( PDF ) , p. 133 , retrieved November 20 , 2013 , many of the Indians coming amongst us , and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt , with some ninetie men , whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources for `` The First Thanksgiving '' at Plymouth '' ( PDF ) . Pilgrim Hall Museum . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Day '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thanksgiving '' . The Teachers Page . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Catholics Did It First '' . Jump up ^ Davis , Kenneth C. ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` A French Connection '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morill , Ann `` Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals '' Infobase Publishing , ISBN 1 - 60413 - 096 - 2 p. 33 Jump up ^ `` The First Thanksgiving '' .",
"30": "The Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dowdy , Clifford ( 1957 ) . The Great Plantation . Rinehart and Co. pp. 29 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The True Story of the First Thanksgiving '' . American Experience at PBS . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julian , Sheryl . `` History is Served '' , The Boston Globe , November 20 , 1996 Jump up ^ Johnson , Caleb . `` Women of Early Plymouth '' . MayflowerHistory.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Banner , David . `` Boston History -- The History of Boston , Massachusetts '' . SearchBoston . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lawrence W. ( 1994 ) . Planning the city upon a hill : Boston since 1630 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 923 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Talk Turkey : 5 myths about the Thanksgiving holiday '' . The Patriot Ledger . November 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mourt 's Relation Or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . 1865 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Of Plymouth Plantation , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Bradford , History of Plymouth Plantation , pp. 135 -- 136 . ^ Jump up to : Love , William DeLoss . The fast and thanksgiving days of New England , Houghton , Mifflin and Co. , Cambridge , 1895 Jump up ^ Bradford , History of Plymouth Plantation , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Edward ( 1624 ) .",
"31": "`` Good Newes from New - England : or , A true relation of things very remarkable at the plantation of Plimoth in New - England ... Together with a relation of such religious and civill lawes and customes , as are in practise amongst the Indians '' ( PDF ) . MayflowerHistory.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . , original at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bradford , Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620 -- 1647 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , James W. ( 2009 ) . Thanksgiving : the biography of an American holiday . UPNE . p. 273 . ISBN 9781584658016 . Jump up ^ Bangs , Jeremy ( September 2005 ) . `` The Truth About Thanksgiving Is that the Debunkers Are Wrong '' . History News Network . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy XXXV President , Thanksgiving Proclamation , Nov. 5 , 1963 '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : LIbrary of Congress . `` Religion and the Congress of the Confederation , 1774 -- 89 '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellis Sandoz . Republicanism , Religion , and the Soul of America . University of Missouri Press . 2013 . p40 Jump up ^ compiled from authentic materials by Joseph Gales , Senior ( 1834 ) , The Annals of the Congress , The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States , 1 , Washington , DC : Gales and Seaton , pp. 949 -- 950 Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Proclamation , 3 October 1789 '' . George Washington Papers . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strong , Caleb ( 1813 - 10 - 15 ) . `` The Weekly Messenger Newspaper - October 15 , 1813 '' . 1812 History .",
"32": "Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( Zanesville Express , October 31 , 1816 . ) Jump up ^ Nigro , Carmen . `` Thanksgiving Ragamuffin Parade '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings '' . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum . Marist College . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Fred Lazarus Jr. in Giving Us Department Stores Like Macy 's and Bloomingdale 's '' . ATouchofBusiness.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's , Inc . History -- Macy 's , Inc '' . Macysinc.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Happy Franksgiving '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Establishes Thanksgiving '' . The National Archives . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 U.S.C. 87b . Dec. 26 , 1941 , ch. 631 , 55 Stat. 862 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Day a Time for Reflection , Gratitude , Sharing '' . Bureau of International Information Programs . U.S. Department of State . November 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Easton , Kimberley ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Annual Salvation Army Thanksgiving dinner serves those in need '' . WLKY . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Susan ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Magic , Salvation Army feed thousands on Thanksgiving '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ `` Today 's Turkey Talks Thanksgiving '' . National Turkey Federation . Jump up ^ `` Americans to spend over $1.05 billion on Thanksgiving turkey this year '' . finder.com . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2006 ) . Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War . New York : Penguin Books . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311197 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` When Americans banned Christmas '' . theweek.com . Jump up ^ Corwin , Tom ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl party food need not send diets crashing '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Augusta , Georgia . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 1541 '' . Timeline 1525 -- 1549 . Timeslines of History . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations '' . Pilgrim Hall Museum . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raise the Banners High ! : Making and Using Processional Banners . Liturgy Training Publications . 2002 . p. 38 . ISBN 1568543689 . Jump up ^ Warth , Gary ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Many blessings : Throughout history , we have given thanks in various ways '' . North County Times . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Put ' Thanks ' in Thanksgiving '' . The Courier . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linton Weeks . `` Table For One , Please . A Solo Thanksgiving '' . wgbhnews.org . Jump up ^ Thanksgiving traditions : A mix of blessings . `` The Charleston Gazette '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Archived December 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pilato , Donna ( 2010 ) . `` Giving Thanks and Saying Grace '' .",
"34": "About.com : Entertaining Guide . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Thanksgiving with the family '' . Baptist Press . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hassaballa , Hesham . `` A Muslim Gives Thanks : Few things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings '' . Beliefnet . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikhs participate in interfaith celebration of Thanksgiving '' ( PDF ) . The South Asian Insider . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pilgrims and parades : A brief history of Thanksgiving '' . Newsworks.org ( WHYY ) . November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Parade '' . Christmas in St. Louis Foundation . 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade '' . Sun Bowl Association . 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H-E-B Holiday Parade '' . Houston Festival Foundation . 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus Parade kicks off the Christmas season in Peoria on Friday '' . Peoria Journal Star . November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Events '' . Fountain Hills Chamber of Commerce . 2010 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Event Calendar '' . Stamford Downtown Special Services District . 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Storey , Will .",
"35": "`` A History of the Presidential Turkey Pardon '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Edwards , Cynthia ( December 5 , 2003 ) . `` Did Truman pardon a Turkey ? '' . Truman Trivia . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Pardons `` Flyer and Fryer '' in National Thanksgiving Turkey Ceremony `` . Office of the Press Secretary . The White House Archives . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dizikes , Cynthia ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Pumpkin and Pecan off the Thanksgiving menu '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Turkey Pardon '' . snopes.com . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Montanaro , Domenico . `` Why presidents pardon turkeys -- a history '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Five things to know about the turkey pardon '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 24 million expected to fly over Thanksgiving holiday period '' . eTurboNews . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cody , Karen James ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` Thanksgiving Holiday Leave Reaches New High ; Turkey Stages a Comeback as Employer Holiday Gift '' . The Bureau of National Affairs . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ronan , Gayle B. ( November 23 , 2005 ) . `` Bars , restaurants grateful for Thanksgiving Eve '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCray , Ashley Nicole ; Ware , Lawrence ( November 26 , 2015 ) . Decolonizing the History of Thanksgiving . Counterpunch.org . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giving thanks , with mixed feelings '' by Sarah Parvini .",
"36": "Los Angeles Times . Thursday , November 26 , 2015 : : latimes.com/California Jump up ^ Brook , Dan ( November 26 , 2002 ) . `` Celebrating Genocide ! '' . Counterpunch.org . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Jensen ( November 23 , 2005 ) . `` No Thanks to Thanksgiving '' . Alternet.org . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Thanksgiving is National Day of Mourning for people in historic New England town '' . occupy.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeShonda ( May 9 , 1973 ) . `` American Indian Movement ( AIM ) - AIM 'S BACKGROUND , EARLY AIM ACTIVISM , AIM AND ATHLETIC MASCOTS , EXPANDING THE AIM MISSION '' . Encyclopedia.jrank.org . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thanks , or no Thanksgiving '' . American River Current . November 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Is Not An Island '' . PBS.org . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giago , Tim ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` A Day to Give Thanks is part of Native American Tradition '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Virginia ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Oneida Indian Nation float in Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . Oneidadispatch.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Harry ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Hateful History of Blamegiving Day , the Most Bitter , Godless Holiday of All Time '' . Vice . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving : A Violation of the Separation of Church and State ? '' . Washington Post .",
"37": "Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sreenivasan , Hari ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` How ' Black Friday ' Morphed Into ' Gray Thursday ' '' . PBS . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Krystina ( October 14 , 2014 ) . Macy 's to open at 6 pm on Thanksgiving Day . CNBC . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Best Buy Doorbuster Deals Start at 5 p.m. on Thanksgiving and at 8 a.m. on Black Friday . Press release . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ see e.g. `` TimeandDate.com '' . and `` CalendarHome.com '' retrieved December 1 , 2014 References ( edit ) Bradford , William ( 1856 ) ( 1620 -- 1647 ) . Charles Deane , ed . History of Plymouth Plantation . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . OCLC 45416485 . Bradford , William ( 1952 ) ( 1620 -- 1647 ) . Samuel Eliot Morison , ed . Of Plymouth Plantation , 1620 -- 1647 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 43895 - 5 . Love , William DeLoss ( 1895 ) . The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . OCLC 277223356 . Further reading ( edit ) `` American as Pumpkin Pie : A History of Thanksgiving '' . BackStory with the American History Guys . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . An hour - long history public radio program examining the roots of America 's Thanksgiving rituals Armstrong , Elizabeth ( November 27 , 2002 ) . `` The first Thanksgiving '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 .",
"38": "`` Of Harvest , Prayer , and Football : A History of Thanksgiving '' . RandomHistory.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . `` Thanksgiving '' . FreeAudio.org . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Free audio readings of Thanksgiving proclamations by William Bradford , George Washington , and Abraham Lincoln `` The Background Leading Up To and Story of the First Thanksgiving '' . The Council of Seven / Royal House of Pokanoket / Pokanoket Tribe / Wampanoag Nation . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Historical perspective from the Pokanoket Tribe `` The First Thanksgiving '' . Plymouth , Massachusetts : Pilgrim Hall Museum . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . T.K. Byron , Ph. D. `` George Washington and the History of Thanksgiving '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThanksgiving ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Thanksgiving at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ' Thanksgiving To Almighty God ' : Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations From George Washington To Barack Obama ( hide ) Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth ,",
"39": "Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People ,",
"40": "Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Links to related articles Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr .",
"41": "Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL ,",
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"45": "Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&oldid=818948478 '' Categories : Thanksgiving ( United States ) Public holidays in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Thursday observances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use mdy dates from November 2010 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Iñupiak Македонски Nederlands Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who's gonna save my soul now breaking bad
|
[
"the closing scene of the final episode of the first season"
] |
{
"0": "Who 's Gonna Save My Soul - wikipedia Who 's Gonna Save My Soul Jump to : navigation , search `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' Single by Gnarls Barkley from the album The Odd Couple B - side `` Mystery Man '' Released September 4 , 2008 Format CD single , DVD single Recorded 2008 Genre Alternative hip hop , soul , R&B Length 3 : 17 Label Warner Music Songwriter ( s ) Danger Mouse Cee - Lo Green Producer ( s ) Danger Mouse Gnarls Barkley singles chronology `` Going On '' ( 2008 ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Going On '' ( 2008 ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' is the third and final single taken from hip - hop duo Gnarls Barkley 's second studio album , The Odd Couple , released in late 2008 . The song 's official music video was directed by Chris Milk and was released on July 25 , 2008 . The video featured work by character animator Keith Sintay . The single was only released physically in America , in a special limited edition CD + DVD single package .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Reception 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 - CD `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Original Mix ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( MTV Live 52 Version ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Demo Version ) `` Mystery Man '' `` Neighbors '' ( Live From The 40 Watt ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Instrumental ) Disc 2 - DVD `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Video ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Subtitled Version ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( MTV Live 52 Version ) `` Mystery Man '' `` A Little Better '' ( MTV Live 52 Version ) `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' ( Making Of The Video ) `` Neighbors '' ( Live From The 40 Watt ) Music video ( edit ) A couple sits at a booth in a diner , while the woman ( Friday Night Lights star Aasha Davis ) breaks up with her boyfriend ( Saturday Night Live writer and The Lonely Island band member Jorma Taccone ) . After receiving the plate he requested from the waitress , the man stabs himself in the chest , and pulls out his heart , places it on the plate and gives it to the woman . He explains that his heart `` is actually ( hers ) now , '' that he will never be able to get over her , and says `` from now on every girl that I meet will be meticulously compared to the false memory of what you and I once ' had . ' '' The woman offers to return it after keeping it temporarily for a `` shitty day '' or when she needs to move something heavy , but the man insists that he is now `` heartless '' and thus will passively / aggressively ruin all his future relationships . The heart then comes to life , growing arms , legs and a mouth , and begins to sing the lyrics to the song on the counters of the diner using a piece of broccoli as a microphone before finally stabbing itself with a knife and pulling the man 's head out of its body . The head looks around , staring off into space .",
"2": "The scene cuts back to the man staring out the window as the woman speaks . The woman finally asks , `` Are you even listening to me ? '' The man simply replies `` No . '' Cee - Lo and Danger Mouse also made cameos as chefs in the diner . Reception ( edit ) The song found popular acclaim : Entertainment Weekly put the video on its `` Must List '' and Rolling Stone on its `` Hot List '' in August 2008 . On December 3 , 2008 , the video was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video . Sintay won a 2009 D&AD Yellow Pencil Award for Music Video Animation . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard magazine said of the single , `` Cee - Lo scorches the vocal hook -- '' Who 's gon na save my soul now ? `` -- and it stops the moderately paced dance cut dead in its tracks . '' The magazine also said it `` might be his finest performance to date . '' Entertainment Weekly called the song `` dolefully paced : and `` nearly dirgelike , '' while People called it `` a gritty , gospel - infused plea . '' Performing Songwriter praised the song as `` a stark song with plucked strings and bass so heavy and distant it could be a psychic echo . '' USA Today said of the single , `` Nobody lays bare their broken heart more painfully or more plaintively than Cee - Lo , '' and named the tune its `` Pick of the Week '' in late January 2009 . It was featured in the closing scene of the final episode of the first season of the AMC original series Breaking Bad and Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 in its 17th episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 7 / 23 / 08 . `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul Gnarls Barkley Music Video '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Sintay Animation '' . Keithsintay.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 .",
"3": "^ Jump up to : http://awards.dandad.org/2009/categories/musv/music-videos/20421/whos-gonna-save-my-soul ^ Jump up to : `` Images for Gnarls Barkley - Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ No byline ( August 8 , 2008 ) , `` The MUST LIST '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1005 ) : 74 Jump up ^ No byline ( August 21 , 2008 ) , `` HOT LIST '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1059 ) : 22 Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( July 14 , 2007 ) , `` CRAZY TRAIN '' . Billboard. 119 ( 28 ) : 16 - 18 Jump up ^ Vrabel , Jeff ( March 22 , 2008 ) , `` THE DARK SIDE OF GNARLS '' . Billboard. 120 ( 12 ) : 19 - 21 Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( March 28 , 2008 ) , `` Less'Crazy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 984 ) : 65 Jump up ^ Arnold , Chuck ( April 14 , 2008 ) , `` Gnarls Barkley '' . People . 69 ( 14 ) : 41 Jump up ^ No byline ( May 2008 ) , `` The Odd Couple '' . Performing Songwriter. 15 ( 109 ) : 28 Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( January 27 , 2009 ) , `` Pick of the week '' . USA Today Jump up ^ Second Gnarls Barkley Disc Due April 8 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Gnarls Barkley CeeLo Green Danger Mouse Studio albums St. Elsewhere The Odd Couple Singles `` Crazy '' `` Smiley Faces '' `` Who Cares ?",
"4": "/ Gone Daddy Gone '' `` Run ( I 'm a Natural Disaster ) '' `` Going On '' `` Who 's Gonna Save My Soul '' Related articles Discography Dot Hacker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Gonna_Save_My_Soul&oldid=751041041 '' Categories : 2008 singles Gnarls Barkley songs Song recordings produced by Danger Mouse ( musician ) Music videos directed by Chris Milk Soul ballads 2008 songs Songs written by CeeLo Green Warner Music Group singles Songs written by Danger Mouse ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2016 , at 00 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
who won the medals in men's figure skating 2018
|
[
"Yuzuru Hanyu",
"Shoma Uno",
"Javier Fernández",
"Yuzuru Hanyu",
"Shoma Uno",
"Javier Fernández",
"Yuzuru Hanyu",
"Yuzuru Hanyu",
"Yuzuru Hanyu",
"Shoma Uno",
"Javier Fernández"
] |
{
"0": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall .",
"1": "In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.",
"2": "00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.",
"3": "57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.",
"4": "00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.",
"5": "04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.",
"6": "00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.",
"7": "13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.",
"8": "71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.",
"9": "56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.",
"10": "56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) .",
"11": "International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.",
"12": "87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S.",
"13": "Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia",
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151881767183299162
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the first permanent european settlement on future united states soil was located where
|
[
"St. Augustine",
"Puerto Rico",
"Jamestown",
"St. Augustine",
"St. Augustine"
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{
"0": "Colonial History of the United States - wikipedia Colonial History of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For a timeline of events , see timeline of Colonial America . `` American colonists '' redirects here . For other uses , see American colonists ( disambiguation ) . `` Colonial America '' redirects here . For other uses , see Colonial America ( disambiguation ) . `` American Colonial Period '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with American Colonial Period ( Philippines ) . Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European settlements from the start of colonization in the early 16th century until their incorporation into the United States of America . In the late 16th century , England , France , Spain , and the Netherlands launched major colonization programs in eastern North America . Small early attempts sometimes disappeared , such as the English Lost Colony of Roanoke . Everywhere , the death rate was very high among the first arrivals . Nevertheless , successful colonies were established within several decades . European settlers came from a variety of social and religious groups , including adventurers , soldiers , farmers , and tradesmen , and some from the aristocracy .",
"1": "Settlers traveling to the new continent included the Dutch of New Netherland , the Swedes and Finns of New Sweden , the English Quakers of Pennsylvania , the English Puritans of New England , the English settlers of Jamestown , the `` worthy poor '' of Georgia , the Germans who settled the mid-Atlantic colonies , and the Ulster Scots people of the Appalachian Mountains . These groups all became part of the United States when it gained its independence in 1776 . Russian America and parts of New France and New Spain were also incorporated into the United States at various points . The diverse groups from these various regions built colonies of distinctive social , religious , political , and economic style . Over time , non-British colonies East of the Mississippi River were taken over and most of the inhabitants were assimilated . In Nova Scotia , however , the British expelled French Acadian inhabitants ; many relocated to Louisiana . No major civil wars occurred in the thirteen colonies . The two chief armed rebellions were short - lived failures in Virginia in 1676 and in New York in 1689 -- 91 . Some of the colonies developed legalized systems of slavery , centered largely around the Atlantic slave trade . Wars were recurrent between the French and the British during the French and Indian Wars . By 1760 , France was defeated and its colonies were seized by Britain . On the eastern seaboard of what became the United States , the four distinct English regions were New England , the Middle Colonies , the Chesapeake Bay Colonies ( Upper South ) , and the Lower South . Some historians add a fifth region of the Frontier , which was never separately organized . By the time that European settlers arrived around 1600 -- 1650 , a significant percentage of the Indians living in the eastern region had been ravaged by disease , possibly introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors ( although no conclusive cause has ever been established ) .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 The goals of colonization 1.1 Mercantilism 1.2 Freedom from religious persecution 2 Early colonial failures 3 New Spain 3.1 Florida 3.2 New Mexico 3.3 California 3.4 Texas 3.5 Puerto Rico 4 New France 4.1 Pays d'en Haut 4.2 Illinois Country 4.3 Louisiana 5 New Netherland 6 New Sweden 7 Russian colonies 8 English colonies 8.1 Chesapeake Bay area 8.1. 1 Virginia 8.2 New England 8.2. 1 Puritans 8.2. 2 Other New England 8.2. 3 Dominion of New England 8.3 Middle Colonies 8.4 South 8.4. 1 Chesapeake society 8.4. 2 Carolinas 8.4. 3 Georgia 8.4. 4 East and West Florida 9 Unification of the British colonies 9.1 Colonial wars : a common defense 9.1. 1 French and Indian War 9.2 Ties to the British Empire 9.2. 1 Republicanism 9.2. 2 Consumption of British goods 9.3 Atlantic world 9.4 Growing dissent and the American Revolution 10 Colonial life 10.1 British colonial government 10.1. 1 Political culture 10.2 Medical conditions 10.3 Religion 10.3. 1 Great Awakening 10.4 Women 's roles 10.5 Slaves 10.6 New England 10.6. 1 Farm and family life 10.6. 2 Town life 10.6. 3 Culture and education 10.6. 4 Religion 10.7 Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic region 10.7. 1 Ways of life 10.7. 2 Farming 10.7. 3 Seaports 10.8 Southern colonies 10.8.",
"3": "1 Women in the South 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Bibliography 13.1 Reference books 13.2 Surveys 13.3 Special topics 13.4 Primary sources 13.5 Online sources 14 External links The goals of colonization ( edit ) Colonizers came from European kingdoms that had highly developed military , naval , governmental , and entrepreneurial capabilities . The Spanish and Portuguese centuries - old experience of conquest and colonization during the Reconquista , coupled with new oceanic ship navigation skills , provided the tools , ability , and desire to colonize the New World . These efforts were managed respectively by the Casa de Contratación and the Casa da Índia . England , France , and the Netherlands had also started colonies in both the West Indies and North America . They had the ability to build ocean - worthy ships but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Portugal and Spain . However , English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a foundation of merchant - based investment that seemed to need much less government support . Initially , matters concerning the colonies were dealt with primarily by the Privy Council and its committees . The Commission of Trade was set up in 1625 as the first special body convened to advise on colonial ( plantation ) questions . From 1696 until the end of the revolution , colonial affairs were the responsibility of the Board of Trade in partnership with the relevant secretaries of state , which changed from the Secretary of State for the Southern Department to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1768 . Mercantilism ( edit ) Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies from the 1660s . Mercantilism meant that the government became a partner with merchants based in England , with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires and even other merchants based in its own colonies . The government protected its London - based merchants and kept out others by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from the realm and minimize imports .",
"4": "The government also fought smuggling , and this became a direct source of controversy with American merchants when their business activities became classified as smuggling according to the Navigation Acts -- including activities that had been considered business as normal previously , such as direct trade with the French , Spanish , Dutch , and Portuguese . The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy which protected the British colonies and also threatened the colonies of the other empires , sometimes even seizing them . Thus , the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . Freedom from religious persecution ( edit ) The prospect of religious persecution by authorities of the crown and the Church of England prompted a significant number of colonization efforts . People fleeing persecution by King Charles I were responsible for settling most of New England , and the Province of Maryland was founded in part to be a haven for Roman Catholics . Early colonial failures ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Anonymous Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to map the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from New York to Florida , as documented in the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . However , they kept their discoveries a secret and did not attempt to settle in North America , as the Inter caetera had granted these lands to Spain , issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 . Other countries did attempt to found colonies in America over the following century , and most of these attempts ended in failure . The colonists faced high rates of death due to many reasons , including disease , starvation , inefficient resupply , conflict with Indians , and attacks by rival European powers .",
"5": "Spain had numerous failed attempts , including San Miguel de Gualdape in Georgia ( 1526 ) , Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition to Florida 's Gulf coast ( 1528 -- 36 ) , Pensacola in West Florida ( 1559 -- 61 ) , Fort San Juan in North Carolina ( 1567 -- 68 ) , and the Ajacán Mission in Virginia ( 1570 -- 71 ) . The French failed at Parris Island , South Carolina ( 1562 -- 63 ) , Fort Caroline on Florida 's Atlantic coast ( 1564 -- 65 ) , Saint Croix Island , Maine ( 1604 - 05 ) , and Fort Saint Louis , Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) . The most notable English failures were the `` Lost Colony of Roanoke '' ( 1587 -- 90 ) in North Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine ( 1607 -- 08 ) . It was at the Roanoke Colony that Virginia Dare became the first English child born in the Americas ; her fate is unknown . New Spain ( edit ) Main articles : Viceroyalty of New Spain and Spanish colonization of the Americas The Spaniard Juan Ponce de León named and explored Florida . Starting in the 15th century , Spain built a huge colonial empire in the Americas , consisting of New Spain and other viceroyalties . New Spain included territories in present - day Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , much of the United States west of the Mississippi River , parts of Latin America ( including Puerto Rico ) , and the Spanish East Indies ( including Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands ) . New Spain encompassed the territory of Louisiana after the 1762 signing of the Treaty of Fontainebleau , though Louisiana reverted to France in the 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Many territories that had been part of New Spain would become part of the United States after 1776 through various wars and treaties , including the Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) , the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) , the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 1848 ) , and the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) .",
"6": "Spain also sent several expeditions to the Pacific Northwest , and it transferred its claims to the Pacific Northwest to the United States in the Adams -- Onís Treaty . In terms of Spanish settlers , there were several thousand families in New Mexico and California that became American citizens in 1848 , plus small numbers in the other colonies . The Castillo de San Marcos , built to defend Spanish St. Augustine , Florida . Construction began in 1672 . Florida ( edit ) Main articles : History of Florida and Spanish Florida Spain established several small outposts in Florida in the early 16th century . The most important of these was St. Augustine , founded in 1565 but repeatedly attacked and burned by pirates , privateers , and English forces . Its buildings survived , even as nearly all the Spanish left . It claims to be the oldest European settlement in the continental United States . The British attacked Spanish Florida during numerous wars . As early as 1687 , the Spanish government had begun to offer asylum to slaves from British colonies . In 1693 , the Spanish Crown officially proclaimed that runaways would find freedom in Florida , in return for converting to Catholicism and a term for men of four years ' military service to the Crown . In effect , Spain created a maroon settlement in Florida as a front - line defense against English attacks from the north . Spain also intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a free black community to attract slaves seeking escape and refuge from the British slavery . In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War . Florida was home to about 3,000 Spaniards at the time , and nearly all quickly left . Britain occupied Florida , but did not send many settlers to the area , and control was restored to Spain in 1783 by the Peace of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War . Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries to Florida during this second colonial period . The inhabitants of West Florida revolted against the Spanish in 1810 and formed the Republic of West Florida , which was quickly annexed by the United States . The United States took possession of East Florida in 1821 according to the terms of the Adams -- Onís Treaty .",
"7": "New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : History of New Mexico Throughout the 16th century , Spain explored the southwest from Mexico , with the most notable explorer being Francisco Coronado , whose expedition rode throughout modern New Mexico and Arizona . The Spanish moved north from Mexico , settling villages in the upper valley of the Rio Grande , including much of the western half of the present - day state of New Mexico . The capital was Santa Fe . Local Indians expelled the Spanish for 12 years following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 ; they returned in 1692 in the bloodless reoccupation of Santa Fe . Control was by Spain ( 223 years ) and Mexico ( 25 years ) until 1846 , when the American Army of the West took over in the Mexican -- American War . About a third of the population in the 21st century is descended from the Spanish settlers . California ( edit ) Main article : History of California through 1899 Further information : Spanish missions in California and Territorial evolution of California The ruins of the Spanish Mission San Juan Capistrano in California . Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of present - day California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century , but no settlements were established over those centuries . From 1769 until the independence of Mexico in 1820 , Spain sent missionaries and soldiers to Alta California who created a series of missions operated by Franciscan priests . They also operated presidios ( forts ) , pueblos ( settlements ) s , and ranchos ( land grant ranches ) , along the southern and central coast of California . Father Junípero Serra , founded the first missions in Spanish upper Las Californias , starting with Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 . Through the Spanish and Mexican eras they eventually comprised a series of 21 missions to spread Roman Catholicism among the local Native Americans , linked by El Camino Real ( `` The Royal Road '' ) . They were established to convert the indigenous peoples of California , while protecting historic Spanish claims to the area . The missions introduced European technology , livestock , and crops . The Indian Reductions converted the native peoples into groups of Mission Indians ; they worked as laborers in the missions and the ranchos . In the 1830s the missions were disbanded and the lands sold to Californios .",
"8": "The indigenous Native American population was around 150,000 ; the Californios ( Mexican era Californians ) around 10,000 ; with the rest immigrant Americans and other nationalities involved in trade and business in California . Texas ( edit ) Further information : Spanish Texas and Spanish missions in Texas Puerto Rico ( edit ) Further information : History of Puerto Rico In September 1493 , Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships from Cádiz . On November 19 , 1493 he landed on the island of Puerto Rico , naming it San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist . The first European colony , Caparra , was founded on August 8 , 1508 by Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , who was greeted by the Taíno Cacique Agüeybaná and who later became the first governor of the island . Ponce de Leon was actively involved in the Higuey massacre of 1503 in Puerto Rico . In 1508 , Sir Ponce de Leon was chosen by the Spanish Crown to lead the conquest and slavery of the Taíno Indians for gold mining operations . The following year , the colony was abandoned in favor of a nearby islet on the coast , named Puerto Rico ( Rich Port ) , which had a suitable harbor . In 1511 , a second settlement , San Germán was established in the southwestern part of the island . During the 1520s , the island took the name of Puerto Rico while the port became San Juan . As part of the colonization process , African slaves were brought to the island in 1513 . Following the decline of the Taíno population , more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico ; however , the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands . Also , early in the colonization of Puerto Rico , attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain . The Caribs , a raiding tribe of the Caribbean , attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were easily repelled by the superior Spanish firepower . However , these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico . The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them .",
"9": "Nonetheless , Puerto Rico remained a Spanish possession until the 19th century . The last half of the 19th century was marked by the Puerto Rican struggle for sovereignty . A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308 . Of these , 300,406 ( 51.5 % ) were white and 282,775 ( 48.5 % ) were persons of color , the latter including people of primarily African heritage , mulattos and mestizos . The majority of the population in Puerto Rico was illiterate ( 83.7 % ) and lived in poverty , and the agricultural industry -- at the time , the main source of income -- was hampered by lack of road infrastructure , adequate tools and equipment , and natural disasters , including hurricanes and droughts . The economy also suffered from increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by the Spanish Crown . Furthermore , Spain had begun to exile or jail any person who called for liberal reforms . The Spanish -- American War broke out in 1898 , in the aftermath of the explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor . The U.S. defeated Spain by the end of the year , and won control of Puerto Rico in the ensuing peace treaty . In the Foraker Act of 1900 , the U.S. Congress established Puerto Rico 's status as an unincorporated territory . New France ( edit ) Main articles : New France and French colonization of the Americas The 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink and purple ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( orange ) in contrast to the borders of contemporary Canada and the United States . New France was the vast area centered on the Saint Lawrence river , Great Lakes , Mississippi River and other major tributary rivers that was explored and claimed by France starting in the early 17th century . It was composed of several colonies : Acadia , Canada , Newfoundland , Louisiana , Île - Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) , and Île Saint Jean ( present - day Prince Edward Island ) . These colonies came under British or Spanish control after the French and Indian War , though France briefly re-acquired a portion of Louisiana in 1800 . The United States would gain much of New France in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , and the U.S. would acquire another portion of French territory with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 .",
"10": "The remainder of New France became part of Canada , with the exception of the French island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Pays d'en Haut ( edit ) By 1660 , French fur trappers , missionaries , and military detachments based in Montreal pushed west along the Great Lakes upriver into the Pays d'en Haut and founded outposts at Green Bay , Fort de Buade and Saint Ignace ( both at Michilimackinac ) , Sault Sainte Marie , Vincennes , and Detroit in 1701 . During the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) many of these settlements became occupied by the British . By 1773 , the population of Detroit was 1,400 . At the end of the War for Independence in 1783 , the region south of the Great Lakes formally became part of the United States . Illinois country ( edit ) The Illinois country by 1752 had a French population of 2,500 ; it was located to the west of the Ohio Country and was concentrated around Kaskaskia , Cahokia , and Sainte Genevieve . According to one scholar , `` The Illinois Habitant was a gay soul ; he seemed shockingly carefree to later , self - righteous Puritans from the American colonies . '' Louisiana ( edit ) French claims to French Louisiana stretched thousands of miles from modern Louisiana north to the largely unexplored Midwest , and west to the Rocky Mountains . It was generally divided into Upper and Lower Louisiana . This vast tract was first settled at Mobile and Biloxi around 1700 , and continued to grow when 7,000 French immigrants founded New Orleans in 1718 . Settlement proceeded very slowly ; New Orleans became an important port as the gateway to the Mississippi River , but there was little other economic development because the city lacked a prosperous hinterland . In 1763 , Louisiana was ceded to Spain around New Orleans and west of the Mississippi River . In the 1780s , the western border of the newly independent United States stretched to the Mississippi River . The United States reached an agreement with Spain for navigation rights on the river and was content to let the `` feeble '' colonial power stay in control of the area .",
"11": "The situation changed when Napoleon forced Spain to return Louisiana to France in 1802 and threatened to close the river to American vessels . Alarmed , the United States offered to buy New Orleans . Napoleon needed funds to wage another war with Great Britain , and he doubted that France could defend such a huge and distant territory . He therefore offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million . The United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , doubling the size of the nation .",
"12": "New Netherland ( edit ) Main articles : New Netherland and Dutch colonization of the Americas ( show ) New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications : Fort Amsterdam Fort Nassau ( North ) Fort Orange Fort Nassau ( South ) Fort Goede Hoop De Wal Fort Casimir Fort Altena Fort Wilhelmus Fort Beversreede Fort Nya Korsholm De Rondout Settlements : Noten Eylandt Nieuw Amsterdam Rensselaerswijck Nieuw Haarlem Beverwijck Wiltwijk Bergen Pavonia Vriessendael Achter Col Vlissingen Oude Dorpe Colen Donck Greenwich Heemstede Rustdorp Gravesende Breuckelen Nieuw Amersfoort Midwout Nieuw Utrecht Boswijk Swaanendael Nieuw Amstel Nieuw Dorp The Patroon System Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions Cornelius Jacobsen May ( 1620 -- 25 ) Willem Verhulst ( 1625 -- 26 ) Peter Minuit ( 1626 -- 32 ) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol ( 1632 -- 33 ) Wouter van Twiller ( 1633 -- 38 ) Willem Kieft ( 1638 -- 47 ) Peter Stuyvesant ( 1647 -- 64 ) People of New Netherland New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men Nine Men Flushing Remonstrance A map of New Amsterdam in 1660 Nieuw - Nederland , or New Netherland , was a colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered in 1614 , in what became New York State , New Jersey , and parts of other neighboring states . The peak population was less than 10,000 . The Dutch established a patroon system with feudal - like rights given to a few powerful landholders ; they also established religious tolerance and free trade .",
"13": "The colony 's capital of New Amsterdam was founded in 1625 and located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan , which grew to become a major world city . The city was captured by the English in 1664 ; they took complete control of the colony in 1674 and renamed it New York . However the Dutch landholdings remained , and the Hudson River Valley maintained a traditional Dutch character until the 1820s . Traces of Dutch influence remain in present - day northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State , such as homes , family surnames , and the names of roads and whole towns . New Sweden ( edit ) Main articles : New Sweden and Swedish colonization of the Americas Map of New Sweden by Amandus Johnson New Sweden ( Swedish : Nya Sverige ) was a Swedish colony that existed along the Delaware River Valley from 1638 to 1655 and encompassed land in present - day Delaware , southern New Jersey , and southeastern Pennsylvania . The several hundred settlers were centered around the capital of Fort Christina , at the location of what is today the city of Wilmington , Delaware . The colony also had settlements near the present - day location of Salem , New Jersey ( Fort Nya Elfsborg ) and on Tinicum Island , Pennsylvania . The colony was captured by the Dutch in 1655 and merged into New Netherland , with most of the colonists remaining . Years later , the entire New Netherland colony was incorporated into England 's colonial holdings . The colony of New Sweden introduced Lutheranism to America in the form of some of the continent 's oldest European churches . The colonists also introduced the log cabin to America , and numerous rivers , towns , and families in the lower Delaware River Valley region derive their names from the Swedes . The Nothnagle Log House in present - day Gibbstown , New Jersey was constructed in the late 1630s during the time of the New Sweden colony . It remains the oldest European - built house in New Jersey and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States . Russian colonies ( edit ) Main articles : Russian America and Russian colonization of the Americas Russia explored the area that became Alaska , starting with the Second Kamchatka expedition in the 1730s and early 1740s .",
"14": "Their first settlement was founded in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov . The Russian - American Company was formed in 1799 with the influence of Nikolay Rezanov , for the purpose of buying sea otters for their fur from native hunters . In 1867 , the U.S. purchased Alaska , and nearly all Russians abandoned the area except a few missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church working among the natives . English colonies ( edit ) See also : English overseas possessions , British America , British colonization of the Americas , and Thirteen Colonies The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' England made its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons . During this era , English proto - nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion , assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and the energy of Queen Elizabeth . At this time , however , there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire . Rather , the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable . Practical considerations played their parts , such as commercial enterprise , over-crowding , and the desire for freedom of religion . The main waves of settlement came in the 17th century . After 1700 , most immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants , young unmarried men and women seeking a new life in a much richer environment . The consensus view among economic historians and economists is that the indentured servitude occurred largely as `` an institutional response to a capital market imperfection , '' but that it `` enabled prospective migrants to borrow against their future earnings in order to pay the high cost of passage to America . '' Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 convicts to its American colonies . The first convicts to arrive pre-dated the arrival of the Mayflower . Dr. Alexander Hamilton ( 1712 -- 1756 ) was a Scottish - born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis , Maryland .",
"15": "Leo Lemay says that his 1744 travel diary Gentleman 's Progress : The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton is `` the best single portrait of men and manners , of rural and urban life , of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America . '' His diary has been widely used by scholars , and covers his travels from Maryland to Maine . Biographer Elaine Breslaw says that he encountered : the relatively primitive social milieu of the New World . He faced unfamiliar and challenging social institutions : the labor system that relied on black slaves , extraordinarily fluid social statuses , distasteful business methods , unpleasant conversational quirks , as well as variant habits of dress , food , and drink . Chesapeake Bay area ( edit ) Main articles : Jamestown , Virginia ; Colony of Virginia ; and Province of Maryland Virginia ( edit ) The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . By the late 17th century , Virginia 's export economy was largely based on tobacco , and new , richer settlers came in to take up large portions of land , build large plantations and import indentured servants and slaves . In 1676 , Bacon 's Rebellion occurred , but was suppressed by royal officials . After Bacon 's Rebellion , African slaves rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia 's main labor force . The colonial assembly shared power with a royally appointed governor . On a more local level , governmental power was invested in county courts , which were self - perpetuating ( the incumbents filled any vacancies and there never were popular elections ) . As cash crop producers , Chesapeake plantations were heavily dependent on trade with England . With easy navigation by river , there were few towns and no cities ; planters shipped directly to Britain . High death rates and a very young population profile characterized the colony during its first years . Randall Miller points out that `` America had no titled aristocracy ... although one aristocrat , Lord Thomas Fairfax , did take up residence in Virginia in 1734 . ''",
"16": "Lord Fairfax ( 1693 - 1781 ) was a Scottish baron who came to America permanently to oversee his family 's vast land holdings . Historian Arthur Schlesinger says that he `` was unique among the permanent comers in bearing so high a rank as baron . '' He was a patron of George Washington and was not disturbed during the war . New England ( edit ) Main articles : History of New England , Connecticut Colony , Plymouth Colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony , Province of New Hampshire , and Colony of Rhode Island Puritans ( edit ) Main articles : Puritans and Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves themselves from the Church of England . They initially moved to the Netherlands , then decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . The Puritans created a deeply religious , socially tight - knit , and politically innovative culture that still influences the modern United States . They hoped that this new land would serve as a `` redeemer nation '' . They fled England and attempted to create a `` nation of saints '' or a `` City upon a Hill '' in America : an intensely religious , thoroughly righteous community designed to be an example for all of Europe . Economically , Puritan New England fulfilled the expectations of its founders .",
"17": "The Puritan economy was based on the efforts of self - supporting farmsteads that traded only for goods which they could not produce themselves , unlike the cash crop - oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region . There was a generally higher economic standing and standard of living in New England than in the Chesapeake . New England became an important mercantile and shipbuilding center , along with agriculture , fishing , and logging , serving as the hub for trading between the southern colonies and Europe . Other New England ( edit ) Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . Dominion of New England ( edit ) Under King James II of England , the New England colonies , New York , and the Jerseys were briefly united as the Dominion of New England ( 1686 -- 89 ) . The administration was eventually led by Governor Sir Edmund Andros and seized colonial charters , revoked land titles , and ruled without local assemblies , causing anger among the population . The 1689 Boston revolt was inspired by England 's Glorious Revolution against James II and led to the arrest of Andros , Boston Anglicans , and senior dominion officials by the Massachusetts militia . Andros was jailed for several months , then returned to England . The Dominion of New England was dissolved and governments resumed under their earlier charters .",
"18": "However , the Massachusetts charter had been revoked in 1684 , and a new one was issued in 1691 that combined Massachusetts and Plymouth into the Province of Massachusetts Bay . King William III sought to unite the New England colonies militarily by appointing the Earl of Bellomont to three simultaneous governorships and military command over Connecticut and Rhode Island . However , these attempts failed at unified control . Middle colonies ( edit ) Main article : Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies consisted of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware and were characterized by a large degree of diversity -- religious , political , economic , and ethnic . The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York . However , large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany . Meanwhile , Yankees from New England started moving in , as did immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . New Jersey began as a division of New York , and was divided into the proprietary colonies of East and West Jersey for a time . Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . By the mid-18th century , Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to the small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal summed it up in 1756 : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in ( are fond of ) Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . South ( edit ) The predominant culture of the South was rooted in the settlement of the region by British colonists . In the seventeenth century , most voluntary immigrants were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard .",
"19": "The majority of early British settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage . The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights , to encourage settlement . The French and Spanish established colonies in Florida , Louisiana , and Texas . The Spanish colonized Florida in the 16th century , with their communities reaching a peak in the late 17th century . In the British and French colonies , most immigrants arrived after 1700 . They cleared land , built houses and outbuildings , and worked on the large plantations that dominated export agriculture . Many were involved in the labor - intensive cultivation of tobacco , the first cash crop of Virginia . With a decrease in the number of British willing to go to the colonies in the eighteenth century , planters began importing more enslaved Africans , who became the predominant labor force on the plantations . Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly , requiring new fields to be cleared on a regular basis . Old fields were used as pasture and for crops such as corn and wheat , or allowed to grow into woodlots . Also in the seventeenth century , colonists started importing African laborers . In the coastal and other settlements , early workers lived closely together in a multiracial society . Europeans married and made unions with Africans and Native Americans . The colonies gradually passed laws that hardened early conditions of indenture into lifelong racial slavery attached to African descent . Africans contributed to the economy of rice and indigo cultivation with their skilled knowledge , technology and labor , as well as to all the commodity crops ; and to every aspect of culture ( food , music , stories and religion ) . Rice cultivation in South Carolina became another major commodity crop . Some historians have argued that slaves from the lowlands of western Africa , where rice was a basic crop , provided key skills , knowledge and technology for irrigation and construction of earthworks to support rice cultivation . The early methods and tools used in South Carolina were congruent with those in Africa . British immigrants would have had little or no familiarity with the complex process of growing rice in fields flooded by irrigation works . Africans were instrumental in the development of major earthworks for cultivating these commodities , as well as in the knowledge of technology and techniques for processing . The earthworks included extensive , elaborate systems of dams and irrigation for rice .",
"20": "In the mid - to late - 18th century , large groups of Scots and Ulster - Scots ( later called the Scots - Irish ) immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont . They were the largest group of immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution . In a census taken in 2000 of Americans and their self - reported ancestries , areas where people reported ' American ' ancestry were the places where , historically , many Scottish , Scotch - Irish and English Borderer Protestants settled in America : the interior as well as some of the coastal areas of the South , and especially the Appalachian region . The population with some Scots and Scots - Irish ancestry may number 47 million , as most people have multiple heritages , some of which they may not know . The early colonists , especially the Scots - Irish in the back - country , engaged in warfare , trade , and cultural exchanges . Those living in the backcountry were more likely to join with Creek Indians , Cherokee , and Choctaws and other regional native groups . The oldest university in the South , The College of William & Mary , was founded in 1693 in Virginia ; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson , Monroe and Tyler , all from Virginia . Indeed , the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era : for example , four of the first five Presidents -- Washington , Jefferson , Madison , and Monroe -- were from Virginia . The two oldest public universities are also in the South : the University of North Carolina ( 1795 ) and the University of Georgia ( 1785 ) . The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region ( Virginia , Maryland , and , by some classifications , Delaware ) and the lower South ( Carolina , which eventually split into North and South Carolina ; and Georgia ) . Chesapeake society ( edit ) The top five percent or so of the white population of Virginia and Maryland in the mid-18th century were planters who possessed growing wealth and increasing political power and social prestige . They controlled the local Anglican church , choosing ministers and handling church property and disbursing local charity . They sought election to the house of purchases or appointment as justice of the peace . About 60 percent of white Virginians were part of a broad middle class that owned substantial farms .",
"21": "By the second generation , death rates from malaria and other local diseases had declined so much that a stable family structure was possible . The bottom third owned no land and verged on poverty . Many were recent arrivals , recently released from indentured servitude . In some districts near present - day Washington DC , 70 percent of the land was owned by a handful of families , and three fourths of the whites had no land at all . Large numbers of Irish and German Protestants had settled in the frontier districts , often moving down from Pennsylvania . Tobacco was not important here ; farmers focused on hemp , grain , cattle , and horses . Entrepreneurs had begun to mine and smelt the local iron ores . Sports occupied a great deal of attention at every social level , starting at the top . In England , hunting was sharply restricted to landowners and enforced by armed gameskeepers . In America , game was more than plentiful . Everyone could and did hunt , including servants and slaves . Poor men with good rifle skills won praise ; rich gentlemen who were off target won ridicule . In 1691 , governor Sir Francis Nicholson organized competitions for the `` better sort of Virginians onely who are Batchelors , '' and he offered prizes `` to be shot for , wrastled , played at backswords , & Run for by Horse and foott . '' Horse racing was the main event . The typical farmer did not own a horse in the first place , and racing was a matter for gentlemen only , but ordinary farmers were spectators and gamblers . Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers . Horse racing was especially important for knitting together the gentry . The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding , training , boasting , and gambling , and especially winning the races themselves . Historian Timothy Breen explains that horse racing and high - stakes gambling were essential to maintaining the status of the gentry . When they publicly bet a large sum on their favorite horse , it told the world that competitiveness , individualism , and materialism where the core elements of gentry values . Historian Edmund Morgan ( 1975 ) argues that Virginians in the 1650s and for the next two centuries turned to slavery and a racial divide as an alternative to class conflict .",
"22": "`` Racism made it possible for white Virginians to develop a devotion to the equality that English republicans had declared to be the soul of liberty . '' That is , white men became politically much more equal than was possible without a population of low - status slaves . By 1700 , the Virginia population reached 70,000 and continued to grow rapidly from a high birth rate , low death rate , importation of slaves from the Caribbean , and immigration from Britain , Germany , and Pennsylvania . The climate was mild ; the farm lands were cheap and fertile . Carolinas ( edit ) Main articles : History of South Carolina , History of North Carolina , and Province of Carolina The Province of Carolina was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . The original settlers in South Carolina established a lucrative trade in food for the slave plantations in the Caribbean . The settlers came mainly from the English colony of Barbados and brought African slaves with them . Barbados was a wealthy sugarcane plantation island , one of the early English colonies to use large numbers of Africans in plantation - style agriculture . The cultivation of rice was introduced during the 1690s and became an important export crop . At first , South Carolina was politically divided . Its ethnic makeup included the original settlers ( a group of rich , slave - owning English settlers from the island of Barbados ) and Huguenots , a French - speaking community of Protestants . Nearly continuous frontier warfare during the era of King William 's War and Queen Anne 's War drove economic and political wedges between merchants and planters . The disaster of the 1715 Yamasee War threatened the colony 's viability and set off a decade of political turmoil .",
"23": "By 1729 , the proprietary government had collapsed , and the Proprietors sold both colonies back to the British crown . North Carolina had the smallest upper - class . The richest 10 percent owned about 40 percent of all land , compared to 50 to 60 percent in neighboring Virginia and South Carolina . There were no cities of any size and very few towns , so there was scarcely an urban middle class at all . Heavily rural North Carolina was dominated by subsistence farmers with small operations . In addition , one fourth of the whites had no land at all . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Province of Georgia Savannah , Georgia Colony , early 18th century British Member of Parliament James Oglethorpe established the Georgia Colony in 1733 as a solution to two problems . At that time , tension was high between Spain and Great Britain , and the British feared that Spanish Florida was threatening the British Carolinas . Oglethorpe decided to establish a colony in the contested border region of Georgia and to populate it with debtors who would otherwise have been imprisoned according to standard British practice . This plan would both rid Great Britain of its undesirable elements and provide her with a base from which to attack Florida . The first colonists arrived in 1733 . Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles . Slavery was officially forbidden , as were alcohol and other forms of immorality . However , the reality of the colony was far different . The colonists rejected a moralistic lifestyle and complained that their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations . Georgia initially failed to prosper , but eventually the restrictions were lifted , slavery was allowed , and it became as prosperous as the Carolinas . The colony of Georgia never had an established religion ; it consisted of people of various faiths . East and West Florida ( edit ) Main articles : British Florida , East Florida , and West Florida Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763 , which established the colonies of East and West Florida . The Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution . They were returned to Spain in 1783 in exchange for the Bahamas , at which time most of the British left . The Spanish then neglected the Floridas ; few Spaniards lived there when the US bought the area in 1819 .",
"24": "Unification of the British colonies ( edit ) Colonial wars : a common defense ( edit ) Main article : Colonial American military history Efforts began as early as the 1640s toward a common defense of the colonies , principally against shared threats from Indians , the French , and the Dutch . The Puritan colonies of New England formed a confederation to coordinate military and judicial matters . From the 1670s , several royal governors attempted to find means of coordinating defensive and offensive military matters , notably Sir Edmund Andros ( who governed New York , New England , and Virginia at various times ) and Francis Nicholson ( governed Maryland , Virginia , Nova Scotia , and Carolina ) . After King Phillips War , Andros successfully negotiated the Covenant Chain , a series of Indian treaties that brought relative calm to the frontiers of the middle colonies for many years . The northern colonies experienced numerous assaults from the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French from Acadia during the four French and Indian Wars , particularly present - day Maine and New Hampshire , as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War . Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) by Peter Monamy One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) in Europe . This conflict spilled over into the colonies , where it was known as `` King George 's War '' . The major battles took place in Europe , but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York , New England , and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) . At the Albany Congress of 1754 , Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense , expansion , and Indian affairs . The plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II , but it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification . French and Indian War ( edit ) Main article : French and Indian War George Washington during the French and Indian War Benjamin Franklin 's political cartoon calling for colonial unity during the French and Indian War , used again during the American Revolution . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War .",
"25": "Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans . The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still `` American '' . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained American ones for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefitted the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively , for the first time , in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . Territorial changes following the French and Indian War : land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection .",
"26": "The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . Ties to the British empire ( edit ) The colonies were very different from one another but they were still a part of the British Empire in more than just name . Socially , the colonial elite of Boston , New York , Charleston , and Philadelphia saw their identity as British . Many had never been to Britain , yet they imitated British styles of dress , dance , and etiquette . This social upper echelon built its mansions in the Georgian style , copied the furniture designs of Thomas Chippendale , and participated in the intellectual currents of Europe , such as the Enlightenment . The seaport cities of colonial America were truly British cities in the eyes of many inhabitants . Republicanism ( edit ) Many of the political structures of the colonies drew upon the republicanism expressed by opposition leaders in Britain , most notably the Commonwealth men and the Whig traditions . Many Americans at the time saw the colonies ' systems of governance as modeled after the British constitution of the time , with the king corresponding to the governor , the House of Commons to the colonial assembly , and the House of Lords to the governor 's council . The codes of law of the colonies were often drawn directly from English law ; indeed , English common law survives not only in Canada , but also throughout the United States . Eventually , it was a dispute over the meaning of some of these political ideals ( especially political representation ) and republicanism that led to the American Revolution . Consumption of British goods ( edit ) Another point on which the colonies found themselves more similar than different was the booming import of British goods .",
"27": "The British economy had begun to grow rapidly at the end of the 17th century and , by the mid-18th century , small factories in Britain were producing much more than the nation could consume . Britain found a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America , increasing her exports to that region by 360 % between 1740 and 1770 . British merchants offered credit to their customers ; this allowed Americans to buy a large amount of British goods . From Nova Scotia to Georgia , all British subjects bought similar products , creating and anglicizing a sort of common identity . Atlantic world ( edit ) In recent years , historians have enlarged their perspective to cover the entire Atlantic world in a subfield now known as Atlantic history . Of special interest are such themes as international migration , trade , colonization , comparative military and governmental institutions , the transmission of religions and missionary work , and the slave trade . It was the Age of the Enlightenment , and ideas flowed back and forth across the Atlantic , with Philadelphian Benjamin Franklin playing a major role . Francois Furstenberg ( 2008 ) offers a different perspective on the historical period . He suggests that warfare was critical among the major imperial players : Britain , the American colonies , Spain , France , and the First Nations ( Indians ) . They fought a series of conflicts from 1754 to 1815 that Furstenberg calls a `` Long War for the West '' over control of the region . Women played a role in the emergence of the capitalist economy in the Atlantic world . The types of local commercial exchange in which they participated independently were well integrated with the trade networks between colonial merchants throughout the Atlantic region , especially markets in dairy and produce commodities . For example , local women merchants were important suppliers of foodstuffs to transatlantic shipping concerns . Growing dissent and the American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution In the colonial era , Americans insisted on their rights as Englishmen to have their own legislature raise all taxes . Tax loads in practice were very light and far lower than in England . Beginning in 1765 , the British Parliament asserted its supreme authority to lay taxes , and a series of American protests began that led directly to the American Revolution .",
"28": "The first wave of protests attacked the Stamp Act of 1765 , and marked the first time that Americans met together from each of the 13 colonies and planned a common front against British taxation . The Boston Tea Party of 1773 dumped British tea into Boston Harbor because it contained a hidden tax that Americans refused to pay . The British responded by trying to crush traditional liberties in Massachusetts , leading to the American revolution starting in 1775 . The idea of independence steadily became more widespread , after being first proposed and advocated by a number of public figures and commentators throughout the Colonies . One of the most prominent voices on behalf of independence was Thomas Paine in his pamphlet Common Sense published in 1776 . Another group which called for independence was the Sons of Liberty , which had been founded in 1765 in Boston by Samuel Adams and which was now becoming even more strident and numerous . The Parliament attempted a series of taxes and punishments which met more and more resistance : First Quartering Act ( 1765 ) ; Declaratory Act ( 1766 ) ; Townshend Revenue Act ( 1767 ) ; and Tea Act ( 1773 ) . In response to the Boston Tea Party , Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts : Second Quartering Act ( 1774 ) ; Quebec Act ( 1774 ) ; Massachusetts Government Act ( 1774 ) ; Administration of Justice Act ( 1774 ) ; Boston Port Act ( 1774 ) ; Prohibitory Act ( 1775 ) . By this point , the 13 colonies had organized themselves into the Continental Congress and began setting up shadow governments and drilling their militia in preparation for war . Colonial life ( edit ) British colonial government ( edit ) In the British colonies , the three forms of government were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England , with no explicit relationship with the British Parliament . Beginning late in the 17th century , the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London . Each colony had a paid colonial agent in London to represent its interests . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies . The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king .",
"29": "A governor and ( in some provinces ) his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . They were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors , rather than the king , appointed the governor . They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Political culture ( edit ) The primary political cultures of the United States had their origins in the colonial period . Most theories of political culture identify New England , the Mid-Atlantic , and the South as having formed separate and distinct political cultures . As Bonomi ( 1971 ) shows , the most distinctive feature of colonial society was the vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . First , suffrage was the most generous in the world , with every man allowed to vote who owned a certain amount of property . Fewer than one - percent of British men could vote , whereas a majority of American freemen were eligible .",
"30": "The roots of democracy were present , although deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . Second , a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies in the colonies , especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony . They handled land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans sued each other at a very high rate , with binding decisions made not by a great lord but by local judges and juries . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , so that the intense involvement of lawyers in politics became an American characteristic by the 1770s . Third , the American colonies were exceptional in the world because of the representation of many different interest groups in political decision - making . The American political culture was open to economic , social , religious , ethnic , and geographical interests , with merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups taking part . Elected representatives learned to listen to these interests because 90 % of the men in the lower houses lived in their districts , unlike England where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . All of this was very unlike Europe , where aristocratic families and the established church were in control . Finally and most dramatically , the Americans were fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of Republicanism which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . Republicanism provided the framework for colonial resistance to British schemes of taxation after 1763 , which escalated into the Revolution . None of the colonies had stable political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power , especially in the perennial battles between the appointed governor and the elected assembly . There were often `` country '' and `` court '' factions , representing those opposed to the governor 's agenda and those in favor of it , respectively . Massachusetts had particularly low requirements for voting eligibility and strong rural representation in its assembly from its 1691 charter ; consequently , it also had a strong populist faction that represented the province 's lower classes . Up and down the colonies , non-English ethnic groups had clusters of settlements . The most numerous were the Scotch Irish and the Germans .",
"31": "Each group assimilated into the dominant English , Protestant , commercial , and political culture , albeit with local variations . They tended to vote in blocs , and politicians negotiated with group leaders for votes . They generally retained their historic languages and cultural traditions , even as they merged into the developing American culture . Ethnocultural factors were most visible in Pennsylvania . During 1756 -- 76 , the Quakers were the largest faction in the legislature , but they were losing their dominance to the growing Presbyterian faction based on Scotch - Irish votes , supported by Germans . Medical conditions ( edit ) Main articles : Disease in colonial America and History of medicine in the United States Mortality was very high for new arrivals , and high for children in the colonial era . Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals in the Southern colonies . For an example of newly arrived able - bodied young men , over one - fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas . Mortality was high for infants and small children , especially from diphtheria , yellow fever , and malaria . Most sick people turned to local healers and used folk remedies . Others relied upon the minister - physicians , barber - surgeons , apothecaries , midwives , and ministers ; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain or an apprenticeship in the colonies . There was little government control , regulation of medical care , or attention to public health . Colonial physicians introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century , following the models in England and Scotland , and made some advances in vaccination , pathology , anatomy , and pharmacology . Religion ( edit ) Main article : History of religion in the United States The religious history of the United States began with the first Pilgrim settlers who came on the Mayflower in 1620 . Their Puritan faith motivated their move from Europe . The Spanish set up a network of Catholic missions in California , but they had all closed decades before 1848 when California became part of the U.S. There were a few important French Catholic churches and institutions in New Orleans . Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in England and Western Europe , with a small proportion of Catholics ( chiefly in Maryland ) and a few Jews in port cities . The English and the Germans brought along multiple Protestant denominations .",
"32": "Several colonies had an `` established '' church , which meant that local tax money went to the established denomination . Freedom of religion became a basic American principle , and numerous new movements emerged , many of which became established denominations in their own right . The Puritans of New England kept in close touch with nonconformists in England , as did the Quakers and the Methodists . The Church of England ( Anglican ) was officially established in five Southern colonies , which meant that local taxes paid the salary of the clergy . The parish had civic responsibilities such as poor relief . The local gentry controlled the budget , rather than the clergy . The Crown never appointed a bishop in the American colonies because of resistance from other churches . Anglicans in America were under the authority of the Bishop of London . He sent out missionaries from England and ordained men from the Colonies to minister there in parishes . Historians debate how influential Christianity was in the era of the American Revolution . Many of the founding fathers were active in a local church ; some of them had Deist sentiments , such as Jefferson , Franklin , and Washington . Catholics were few outside of Maryland ; however , they played the Patriot role during the Revolution . Leaders such as George Washington strongly endorsed tolerance for them and indeed for all denominations . Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening was the nation 's first major religious revival , occurring in the middle of the 18th century , and it injected new vigor into Christian faith . It was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American religion . Jonathan Edwards was a key leader and a powerful intellectual in colonial America . George Whitefield came over from England and made many converts . The Great Awakening emphasized the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep awareness of personal sin and redemption by Christ Jesus , spurred on by powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners . Pulling away from ritual and ceremony , the Great Awakening made religion personal to the average person . The Awakening had a major impact in reshaping the Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , and German Reformed denominations , and it strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist denominations .",
"33": "It brought Christianity to the slaves and was a powerful event in New England that challenged established authority . It incited rancor and division between the new revivalists and the old traditionalists who insisted on ritual and liturgy . The Awakening had little impact on Anglicans and Quakers . The First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members , unlike the Second Great Awakening that began around 1800 and reached out to the unchurched . It changed their rituals , their piety , and their self - awareness . The new style of sermons and the way that people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America . People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion , rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner . Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called `` new lights '' , while the traditional - styled preachers were called `` old lights '' . People began to study the Bible at home , which effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious manners and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation . Women 's roles ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies The experiences of women varied greatly from colony to colony during the colonial era . In New England , the Puritan settlers brought their strong religious values with them to the New World , which dictated that a woman be submissive to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God - fearing children to the best of her ability . There were ethnic differences in the treatment of women . Among Puritan settlers in New England , wives almost never worked in the fields with their husbands . In German communities in Pennsylvania , however , many women worked in fields and stables . German and Dutch immigrants granted women more control over property , which was not permitted in the local English law . Unlike English colonial wives , German and Dutch wives owned their own clothes and other items and were also given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage . By the mid-18th century , the values of the American Enlightenment became established and weakened the view that husbands were natural `` rulers '' over their wives . There was a new sense of shared marriage . Legally , husbands took control of wives ' property when marrying . Divorce was almost impossible until the late eighteenth century .",
"34": "Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States Slaves imported to American colonies 1620 - 1700 ... 21,000 1701 - 1760 ... 189,000 1761 - 1770 ... 63,000 1771 - 1790 ... 56,000 1791 - 1800 ... 79,000 1801 - 1810 ... 124,000 1810 - 1865 ... 51,000 Total ... 597,000 About 600,000 slaves were imported into what is now the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought from Africa . The great majority went to sugarcane - growing colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . Life expectancy was much greater in the North American colonies because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care , so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . The Africans are commonly referred to as African slaves , although they were not considered slaves until they were officially purchased by a planter or plantation owner . Those who worked in the indigo , tobacco , and rice fields in the South came from mainly western and central Africa . Slavery in colonial America was very oppressive , as it passed from generation to generation , and slaves had no legal rights . The colonies that had the most specialization in agricultural production , such as sugar and coffee , and relied the most upon slaves , had the highest per capita ( including slaves ) income in the New World . However , the slaves did not accrue wages or receive rights ; they provided free labor to those who purchased them , receiving just enough to live . They were considered to be in chattel slavery . In 1700 , there were about 9,600 slaves in the Chesapeake region and a few hundred in the Carolinas . About 170,000 more Africans were forcibly brought over during the next five decades .",
"35": "By 1750 , there were more than 250,000 slaves in British America , and they made up about 60 percent of the total population in the Carolinas . New England ( edit ) In New England , the Puritans created self - governing communities of religious congregations of farmers ( or yeomen ) and their families . High - level politicians gave out plots of land to settlers ( or proprietors ) who then divided the land amongst themselves . Large portions were usually given to men of higher social standing , but every man who was n't indentured or criminally bonded had enough land to support a family . Every male citizen had a voice in the town meeting . The town meeting levied taxes , built roads , and elected officials who managed town affairs . The towns did not have courts ; that was a function of the county , whose officials were appointed by the state government . The Congregational Church which the Puritans founded was not automatically joined by all New England residents because of Puritan beliefs that God singled out specific people for salvation . Instead , membership was limited to those who could convincingly `` test '' before members of the church that they had been saved . They were known as `` the elect '' or `` Saints . '' Farm and family life ( edit ) A majority of New England residents were small farmers . A man had complete power over the property within these small farm families . When married , an English woman gave up her maiden name . The role of wives was to raise and nurture healthy children and support their husbands . Most women carried out these duties . During the 18th century , couples usually married between the ages of 20 - 24 , and 6 - 8 children were typical of a family , with three on average surviving to adulthood . Farm women provided most of the materials needed by the rest of the family by spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings , making candles and soap from ashes , and churning milk into butter . long - term economic growth Most New England parents tried to help their sons establish farms of their own . When sons married , fathers gave them gifts of land , livestock , or farming equipment ; daughters received household goods , farm animals , or cash .",
"36": "Arranged marriages were very unusual ; normally , children chose their own spouses from within a circle of suitable acquaintances who shared their race , religion , and social standing . Parents retained veto power over their children 's marriages . New England farming families generally lived in wooden houses because of the abundance of trees . A typical New England farmhouse was one - and - a-half stories tall and had a strong frame ( usually made of large square timbers ) that was covered by wooden clapboard siding . A large chimney stood in the middle of the house that provided cooking facilities and warmth during the winter . One side of the ground floor contained a hall , a general - purpose room where the family worked and ate meals . Adjacent to the hall was the parlor , a room used to entertain guests that contained the family 's best furnishings and the parents ' bed . Children slept in a loft above , while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the back of the house . Colonial families were large , and these small dwellings had much activity and there was little privacy . By the middle of the 18th century , New England 's population had grown dramatically , going from about 100,000 people in 1700 to 250,000 in 1725 and 375,000 in 1750 thanks to high birth rates and relatively high overall life expectancy . ( A 15 - year - old boy in 1700 could expect to live to about 63 . ) Colonists in Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Rhode Island continued to subdivide their land between farmers ; the farms became too small to support single families , and this threatened the New England ideal of a society of independent yeoman farmers . Some farmers obtained land grants to create farms in undeveloped land in Massachusetts and Connecticut or bought plots of land from speculators in New Hampshire and what later became Vermont . Other farmers became agricultural innovators . They planted nutritious English grass such as red clover and timothy - grass , which provided more feed for livestock , and potatoes , which provided a high production rate that was an advantage for small farms . Families increased their productivity by exchanging goods and labor with each other . They lent livestock and grazing land to one another and worked together to spin yarn , sew quilts , and shuck corn .",
"37": "Migration , agricultural innovation , and economic cooperation were creative measures that preserved New England 's yeoman society until the 19th century . Town life ( edit ) Saltbox - style homes originated in New England after 1650 By the mid-18th century in New England , shipbuilding was a staple , particularly as the North American wilderness offered a seemingly endless supply of timber . ( By comparison , Europe 's forests had been depleted , and most timber had to be purchased from Scandinavia . ) The British crown often turned to the inexpensive yet strongly built American ships . There was a shipyard at the mouth of almost every river in New England . By 1750 , a variety of artisans , shopkeepers , and merchants provided services to the growing farming population . Blacksmiths , wheelwrights , and furniture makers set up shops in rural villages . There they built and repaired goods needed by farm families . Stores were set up by traders selling English manufactures such as cloth , iron utensils , and window glass , as well as West Indian products such as sugar and molasses . The storekeepers of these shops sold their imported goods in exchange for crops and other local products , including roof shingles , potash , and barrel staves . These local goods were shipped to towns and cities all along the Atlantic Coast . Enterprising men set up stables and taverns along wagon roads to serve this transportation system . These products were delivered to port towns such as Boston and Salem in Massachusetts , New Haven in Connecticut , and Newport and Providence in Rhode Island . Merchants then exported them to the West Indies , where they were traded for molasses , sugar , gold coins , and bills of exchange ( credit slips ) . They carried the West Indian products to New England factories , where the raw sugar was turned into granulated sugar and the molasses distilled into rum . The gold and credit slips were sent to England where they were exchanged for manufactures , which were shipped back to the colonies and sold along with the sugar and rum to farmers . Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich fishing areas along the Atlantic Coast and financed a large fishing fleet , transporting its catch of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and Europe . Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England . They funded sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding .",
"38": "Hundreds of New England shipwrights built oceangoing ships , which they sold to British and American merchants . Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population , and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities . Unlike yeoman farmhouses , these merchants lived in elegant 2 ⁄ - story houses designed in the new Georgian style , imitating the lifestyle of the upper class of England . These Georgian houses had a symmetrical façade with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door . The interior consisted of a passageway down the middle of the house with specialized rooms off the sides , such as a library , dining room , formal parlor , and master bedroom . Unlike the multi-purpose space of the yeoman houses , each of these rooms served a separate purpose . These houses contained bedrooms on the second floor that provided privacy to parents and children . Culture and education ( edit ) Main articles : History of education in the United States § Colonial Era , and Education in Colonial America Education was primarily the responsibility of families , but numerous religious groups established tax - supported elementary schools , especially the Puritans in New England , so that their children could read the Bible . Nearly all the religious denominations set up their own schools and colleges to train ministers . Each city and most towns had private academies for the children of affluent families . Massachusetts Hall , oldest building at Harvard University , built 1718 -- 1720 as a dormitory The practical sciences were of great interest to colonial Americans , who were engaged in the process of taming and settling a wild frontier country . The mainstream of intellectual activity in the colonies was on technological and engineering developments rather than more abstract topics such as politics or metaphysics . American scientific activity was pursued by such people as : David Rittenhouse , who constructed the first planetarium in the Western Hemisphere New York lieutenant governor Cadwallader Colden , botanist and anthropologist Dr. Benjamin Rush , physician , social reformer , and member of the American Philosophical Society Benjamin Franklin , founder of the above American Philosophical society who contributed important discoveries to physics such as electricity , but was more successful in his practical inventions , such as stoves and lightning rods The arts in colonial America were not as successful as the sciences . Literature in the European sense was nearly nonexistent , with histories being far more noteworthy .",
"39": "These included The History and present State of Virginia ( 1705 ) by Robert Beverly and History of the Dividing Line ( 1728 -- 29 ) by William Byrd , which was not published until a century later . Instead , the newspaper was the principal form of reading material in the colonies . Printing was expensive , and most publications focused on purely practical matters , such as major news , advertisements , and business reports . Almanacs were very popular , also , Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac being the most famous . Literary magazines appeared at mid-century , but few were profitable and most went out of business after only a few years . American publications never approached the intellectual quality of European writers , but they were much more widespread and achieved a greater readership than anything produced by Voltaire , Locke , or Rousseau . New Englanders wrote journals , pamphlets , books , and especially sermons -- more than all of the other colonies combined . Boston minister Cotton Mather published Magnalia Christi Americana ( The Great Works of Christ in America , 1702 ) , while revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work A Careful and Strict Enquiry Into ... Notions of ... Freedom of Will ... ( 1754 ) . Most music had a religious theme , as well , and was mainly the singing of Psalms . Because of New England 's deep religious beliefs , artistic works that were insufficiently religious or too `` worldly '' were banned , especially the theater . The leading theologian and philosopher of the colonial era was Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts , an interpreter of Calvinism and the leader of the First Great Awakening . Art and drama were somewhat more successful than literature . Benjamin West was a noteworthy painter of historical subjects , and two first - rate portrait painters emerged in John Copley and Gilbert Stuart , yet all three men spent much of their lives in London . Theater was more developed in the Southern colonies , especially South Carolina , but nowhere did stage works attain the level of Europe . Puritans in New England and Quakers in Pennsylvania opposed theatrical performances as immoral and ungodly . Elementary education was widespread in New England . Early Puritan settlers believed that it was necessary to study the Bible , so children were taught to read at an early age . It was also required that each town pay for a primary school .",
"40": "About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling and funded grammar schools in larger towns . Most boys learned skills from their fathers on the farm or as apprentices to artisans . Few girls attended formal schools , but most were able to get some education at home or at so - called `` Dame schools '' where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses . By 1750 , nearly 90 % of New England 's women and almost all of its men could read and write . Puritans founded Harvard College in 1636 and Yale College in 1701 . Later , Baptists founded Rhode Island College ( now Brown University ) in 1764 and Congregationalists established Dartmouth College in 1769 . Virginia founded the College of William and Mary in 1693 ; it was primarily Anglican . The colleges were designed for aspiring ministers , lawyers , or doctors . There were no departments or majors , as every student shared the same curriculum , which focused on Latin and Greek , mathematics , and history , philosophy , logic , ethics , rhetoric , oratory , and a little basic science . There were no sports or fraternities and few extracurricular activities apart from literary societies . There were no separate seminaries , law schools , or divinity schools . The first medical schools were founded late in the colonial era in Philadelphia and New York . Religion ( edit ) Some emigrants who came to Colonial America were in search of religious freedom . London did not make the Church of England official in the colonies -- it never sent a bishop -- so religious practice became diverse . The Great Awakening was a major religious revival movement that took place in most colonies in the 1730s and 1740s . The movement began with Jonathan Edwards , a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims ' Calvinist roots and to reawaken the `` Fear of God . '' English preacher George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers continued the movement , traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style . Followers of Edwards and other preachers called themselves the `` New Lights '' , as contrasted with the `` Old Lights '' who disapproved of their movement . To promote their viewpoints , the two sides established academies and colleges , including Princeton and Williams College . The Great Awakening has been called the first truly American event .",
"41": "A similar pietistic revival movement took place among some German and Dutch settlers , leading to more divisions . By the 1770s , the Baptists were growing rapidly both in the north ( where they founded Brown University ) and in the South ( where they challenged the previously unquestioned moral authority of the Anglican establishment ) . Delaware valley and Mid-Atlantic region ( edit ) Unlike New England , the Mid-Atlantic region gained much of its population from new immigration and , by 1750 , the combined populations of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania had reached nearly 300,000 people . By 1750 , about 60,000 Irish and 50,000 Germans came to live in British North America , many of them settling in the Mid-Atlantic Region . William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682 , and attracted an influx of British Quakers with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership . ( `` Freehold '' meant owning land free and clear , with the right to resell it to anyone . ) The first major influx of settlers were the Scotch Irish who headed to the frontier . Many Germans came to escape the religious conflicts and declining economic opportunities in Germany and Switzerland . Thousands of poor German farmers , chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany , migrated to upstate districts after 1700 . They kept to themselves , married their own , spoke German , attended Lutheran churches , and retained their own customs and foods . They emphasized farm ownership . Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities . They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery ( although few were rich enough to own a slave ) . Ways of life ( edit ) Grumblethorpe Tenant House , Germantown , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where 80 percent of the buildings were made entirely of stone . Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the diversity of its people . In Albany and New York City , a majority of the buildings were Dutch style with brick exteriors and high gables at each end , while many Dutch churches were octagonal . German and Welsh settlers in Pennsylvania used cut stone to build their houses , following the way of their homeland and completely ignoring the plethora of timber in the area . An example of this would be Germantown , Pennsylvania where 80 percent of the buildings in the town were made entirely of stone .",
"42": "On the other hand , settlers from Ireland took advantage of America 's ample supply of timber and constructed sturdy log cabins . Ethnic cultures also affected styles of furniture . Rural Quakers preferred simple designs in furnishings such as tables , chairs , and chests , and shunned elaborate decorations . However , some urban Quakers had much more elaborate furniture . The city of Philadelphia became a major center of furniture - making because of its massive wealth from Quaker and British merchants . Philadelphian cabinet makers built elegant desks and highboys . German artisans created intricate carved designs on their chests and other furniture , with painted scenes of flowers and birds . German potters also crafted a large array of jugs , pots , and plates of both elegant and traditional design . By the time of the Revolutionary War , approximately 85 percent of white Americans were of English , Irish , Welsh , or Scottish descent . Approximately 8.8 percent of whites were of German ancestry , and 3.5 percent were of Dutch origin . Farming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ethnicity made a difference in agricultural practice . As an example , German farmers generally preferred oxen rather than horses to pull their plows and Scots - Irish made a farming economy based on hogs and corn . Eventually cows were brought with the horses . They were more useful than horses for many reasons . Almost all the farms had cows on their land . In Ireland , people farmed intensively , working small pieces of land trying to get the largest possible production - rate from their crops . In the American colonies , settlers from northern Ireland focused on mixed - farming . Using this technique , they grew corn for human consumption and as feed for hogs and other livestock . Many improvement - minded farmers of all different backgrounds began using new agricultural practices to raise their output . During the 1750s , these agricultural innovators replaced the hand sickles and scythes used to harvest hay , wheat , and barley with the cradle scythe , a tool with wooden fingers that arranged the stalks of grain for easy collection .",
"43": "This tool was able to triple the amount of work done by farmers in one day . Farmers also began fertilizing their fields with dung and lime and rotating their crops to keep the soil fertile . By 1700 , Philadelphia was exporting 350,000 bushels of wheat and 18,000 tons of flour annually . The Southern colonies in particular relied on cash crops such as tobacco and cotton . South Carolina produced rice and indigo . North Carolina was somewhat less involved in the plantation economy , but because a major producer of naval stores . Virginia and Maryland came to be almost totally dependent on tobacco , which would ultimately prove fatal at the end of the 18th century thanks to exhausted soil and collapsing prices , but for most of the century , the soil remained good and a single - crop economy profitable . Before 1720 , most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small - scale farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the West Indies with corn and flour . In New York , a fur - pelt export trade to Europe flourished adding additional wealth to the region . After 1720 , mid-Atlantic farming stimulated with the international demand for wheat . A massive population explosion in Europe brought wheat prices up . By 1770 , a bushel of wheat cost twice as much as it did in 1720 . Farmers also expanded their production of flax seed and corn since flax was a high demand in the Irish linen industry and a demand for corn existed in the West Indies . Thus , by mid-century , most colonial farming was a commercial venture , although subsistence agriculture continued to exist in New England and the middle colonies . Some immigrants who just arrived purchased farms and shared in this export wealth , but many poor German and Irish immigrants were forced to work as agricultural wage laborers . Merchants and artisans also hired these homeless workers for a domestic system for the manufacture of cloth and other goods . Merchants often bought wool and flax from farmers and employed newly arrived immigrants , who had been textile workers in Ireland and Germany , to work in their homes spinning the materials into yarn and cloth . Large farmers and merchants became wealthy , while farmers with smaller farms and artisans only made enough for subsistence . The Mid-Atlantic region , by 1750 , was divided by both ethnic background and wealth . Seaports ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification .",
"44": "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seaports that expanded from wheat trade had more social classes than anywhere else in the Middle Colonies . By 1773 , the population of Philadelphia had reached 40,000 , New York 25,000 , and Baltimore 6,000 . Merchants dominated seaport society , and about 40 merchants controlled half of Philadelphia 's trade . Wealthy merchants in Philadelphia and New York , like their counterparts in New England , built elegant Georgian - style mansions . Shopkeepers , artisans , shipwrights , butchers , coopers , seamstresses , cobblers , bakers , carpenters , masons , and many other specialized professions made up the middle class of seaport society . Wives and husbands often worked as a team and taught their children their crafts to pass it on through the family . Many of these artisans and traders made enough money to create a modest life . Laborers stood at the bottom of seaport society . These poor people worked on the docks unloading inbound vessels and loading outbound vessels with wheat , corn , and flax seed . Many of these were African American ; some were free , while others were enslaved . In 1750 , blacks made up about 10 percent of the population of New York and Philadelphia . Hundreds of seamen worked as sailors on merchant ships , some of whom were African American . Southern colonies ( edit ) The Southern colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters in Maryland , Virginia , and South Carolina . They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves . Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750 , about 250,000 or 40 percent , were slaves . The plantations grew tobacco , indigo and rice for export , and raised most of their own food supplies . In addition , many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated by yeoman . Most white men owned some land , and therefore could vote . Women in the South ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"45": "( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historians have paid special attention to the role of women , family , and gender in the colonial South since the social history revolution in the 1970s . Very few women were present in the early Chesapeake colonies . In 1650 , estimates put Maryland 's total population near six hundred , with fewer than two hundred women present . Much of the population consisted of young , single , white indentured servants and , as such , the colonies lacked social cohesiveness , to a large degree . African women entered the colony as early as 1619 , although their status remains a historical debate -- free , slave , or indentured servant . In the 17th century , high mortality rates for newcomers and a very high ratio of men to women made family life either impossible or unstable for most colonists . These factors made families and communities fundamentally different from their counterparts in Europe and New England in the Virginia - Maryland region before 1700 , along with dispersed settlements and a reluctance to live in villages , together with a growing immigration of white indentured servants and black slaves . These extreme conditions both demeaned and empowered women . Women were often vulnerable to exploitation and abuse , especially teenage girls who were indentured servants and lacking male protectors . On the other hand , young women had much more freedom in choosing spouses , without parental oversight , and the shortage of eligible women enabled them to use marriage as an avenue to upward mobility . The high death rates meant that Chesapeake wives generally became widows who inherited property ; many widows increased their property by remarrying as soon as possible . The population began to stabilize around 1700 , with a 1704 census listing 30,437 white people present with 7,163 of those being women . Women married younger , remained wed longer , bore more children , and lost influence within the family polity .",
"46": "See also ( edit ) British North America Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial American military history Disease in colonial America European colonization of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America List of place names in the United States of Native American origin New France New Spain Political culture of the United States Slavery in the colonial United States Thirteen Colonies Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cooke , ed . North America in Colonial Times ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ William M. Wiecek , `` The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America , '' William and Mary Quarterly 34 # 2 ( 1977 ) in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Wallace Notestein , English People on Eve of Colonization , 1603 -- 30 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ Board of Trade and Secretaries of State : America and West Indies , Original Correspondence , The National Archives Jump up ^ Charles McLean Andrews , Colonial Self - Government , 1652 - 1689 , ( 1904 ) Jump up ^ Charles M. Andrews , British Committees , Commissions , and Councils of Trade and Plantations , 1622 - 1675 , ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ American and West Indian colonies before 1782 , The National Archives Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish Frontier in North America . '' OAH Magazine of History 14.4 ( 2000 ) : 5 - 11 . online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish Borderlands , Historiography Redux . '' History Teacher 39.1 ( 2005 ) : 43 - 56 .",
"47": "( https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036743 online ) Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish legacy in North America and the historical imagination . '' Western Historical Quarterly 23.1 ( 1992 ) : 4 - 24 . online Jump up ^ Linebaugh , Peter ; Rediker , Marcus ( 2001 ) . The Many - Headed Hydra : Sailors , Slaves , Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic . United States : Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5007 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tebeau , Charlton W. ( 1971 ) . A History of Florida . Coral Gables , Florida : University of Miami Press . pp. 114 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Michael Gannon , The New History of Florida ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ David Grant Noble , Santa Fe : History of an Ancient City ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) ch 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Weber , ch 5 Jump up ^ Charles E. Chapman , A History of California : The Spanish Period ( 1991 ) ch 27 - 31 online Jump up ^ Brau , Salvador ( 1894 ) . Puerto Rico y su historia : investigaciones críticas ( in Spanish ) . Valencia , Spain : Francisco Vives Moras . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived on the island . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos - Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05181 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dietz , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard B. , Advance in the Antilles ; the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , OCLC 1445643 Jump up ^ Dietz , James L. ( 1987 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02248 - 8 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ Jacqueline Peterson , Jennifer S.H. Brown , Many roads to Red River ( 2001 ) , p69 Jump up ^ Natalia Maree Belting ; Carl J. Ekberg ( 2003 ) . Kaskaskia Under the French Regime . SIU Press . p. 153 . Jump up ^ John Garretson Clark ( 1970 ) . New Orleans , 1718 - 1812 : An Economic History . Pelican Publishing . p. 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/louisiana-purchase Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez , The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) ch. 1 online Jump up ^ Amandus Johnson The Swedes on the Delaware ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ `` Nothnagle Log Cabin , Gibbstown '' . Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey . Richard Stokton College of New Jersey . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ OLDEST - Log House in North America - Superlatives on Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Meeting of Frontiers : Alaska -- The Russian Colonization of Alaska '' . Lcweb2.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hubert Howe Bancroft , The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft vol. 33 : History of Alaska , 1730 -- 1885 ( 1886 ) online Jump up ^ Herbert Moller , `` Sex Composition and Correlated Culture Patterns of Colonial America , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 2 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1945 ) , pp.",
"49": "113 -- 153 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 , 144 . JSTOR 2123771 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) ... ( the ) vast majority ( of economic historians and economists ) accept the view that indentured servitude was an economic arrangement designed to iron out imperfections in the capital market . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review 2 ( October 1896 ) : 12 -- 33 Jump up ^ J.A. Leo Lemay , Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland ( 1972 ) p 229 . Jump up ^ Elaine G. Breslaw ( 2008 ) . Dr. Alexander Hamilton and Provincial America : Expanding the Orbit of Scottish Culture . LSU Press . p. x . ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Randall M. Miller ( 2008 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America . ABC - CLIO . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger , `` The Aristocracy in Colonial America . '' Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . Vol. 74 . Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1962 ) p 3 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Ernest Lee Tuveson , Redeemer nation : the idea of America 's millennial role ( University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Anne Mackin , Americans and their land : the house built on abundance ( University of Michigan Press , 2006 ) p 29 ^ Jump up to : James Ciment , ed . Colonial America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History , 2005 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams , The founding of New England ( 1921 ) pp 398 -- 431 online Jump up ^ Wayne Bodle , `` Themes and directions in Middle Colonies historiography , 1980 - 1994 . '' William and Mary Quarterly 51.3 ( 1994 ) : 355 - 388 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' Jump up ^ Isaac , Rhys ( 1982 ) . The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4814 - X . Jump up ^ Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 - 1800 . Yale University Press . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03548 - 9 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , pp. 361 - 368 Jump up ^ `` Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region : 2005 '' . Retrieved 22 Aug 2006 . Jump up ^ Albert H. Tillson ( 1991 ) . Gentry and Common Folk : Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier , 1740 - 1789 . UP of Kentucky . p. 20ff . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( 2002 ) p 157 . Jump up ^ John E. Selby , The Revolution in Virginia , 1775 - 1783 ( 1988 ) p 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Nancy L. Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite : The Chesapeake Gentry , 1650 - 1720s . '' Journal of Sport History 13 # 3 ( 1986 ) p 219 . online Jump up ^ Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite pp 212 - 16 . Jump up ^ Timothy H. Breen , `` Horses and gentlemen : The cultural significance of gambling among the gentry of Virginia . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1977 ) 34 # 2 pp : 239 - 257 . online Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan , American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia ( 1975 ) p 386 Jump up ^ Ronald H Heinemann et al. Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A history of Virginia 1607 - 2007 ( 2007 ) pp 83 -- 90 Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Jackson Turner Main ( 1965 ) . Social Structure of Revolutionary America . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hugh Talmage Lefler , and William Stevens Powell , Colonial North Carolina : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth Coleman , Kenneth . Colonial Georgia : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ H.W.",
"52": "Brands , The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Vickers , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) , ch 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) ; Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Miller , John C ( 1959 ) . `` Origins of the American Revolution '' . Stanford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick , eds. , The British Atlantic World , 1500 -- 1800 ( 2002 ) ; Jump up ^ Alison . Games , `` Atlantic History : Definitions , Challenges , and Opportunities , '' American Historical Review , June 2006 , Vol. 111 Issue 3 , pp 741 -- 757 Jump up ^ François Furstenberg , `` The Significance of the Trans - Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History , '' American Historical Review , June 2008 , Vol. 113 Issue 3 , pp 647 -- 677 , Jump up ^ James E ... McWilliams , `` Butter , Milk , and a ' Spare Ribb ' : Women 's Work and the Transatlantic Economic Transition in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts , '' New England Quarterly , March 2009 , Vol. 82 Issue 1 , pp 5 -- 24 Jump up ^ Thomas P. Slaughter , `` The Tax Man Cometh : Ideological Opposition to Internal Taxes , 1760 -- 1790 , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 41 , No. 4 ( October 1984 ) , pp. 566 -- 591 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed.",
"53": "2008 ) pp 49 -- 76 Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online Jump up ^ Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . 142 - 181 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Pole , J.R. ( 1962 ) . `` Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 46 . doi : 10.2307 / 1844105 . Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 340 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp 281 -- 2 Jump up ^ Cooke , Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies ( 1993 ) vol 1 pp 341 -- 62 , 391 -- 402 ; 435 -- 39 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the Legal Profession in America : Volume 1 , The Colonial Experience ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , p. 282 Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp 281 -- 286 Jump up ^ On the historiography , see Alan Tully , `` Colonial Politics , '' in Daniel Vickers ed .",
"54": "A Companion to Colonial America ( Blackwell , 2006 ) pp 288 -- 310 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene , Peripheries and Center : Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States , 1607 -- 1788 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Aaron Spencer Fogleman , Hopeful Journeys : German Immigration , Settlement and Political Culture in Colonial America , 1717 -- 1775 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene , `` ' Pluribus ' or ' Unum ? ' White Ethnicity in the Formation of Colonial American Culture , '' History Now , 1998 , Vol. 4 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 12 Jump up ^ Wayne L. Bockelman , and Owen S. Ireland , `` The Internal Revolution in Pennsylvania : An Ethnic - Religious Interpretation , '' Pennsylvania History , March 1974 , Vol. 41 Issue 2 , pp 125 -- 159 Jump up ^ Rebecca Jo Tannenbaum , Health and Wellness in Colonial America ( ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Henry R. Viets , `` Some Features of the History of Medicine in Massachusetts during the Colonial Period , 1620 - 1770 , '' Isis ( 1935 ) , 23 : 389 - 405 Jump up ^ Bradford J. Wood , `` ' A Constant Attendance on God 's Alter ' : Death , Disease , and the Anglican Church in Colonial South Carolina , 1706 - 1750 , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine ( 1999 ) 100 # 3 pp. 204 - 220 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard H. Shryock , `` Eighteenth Century Medicine in America , '' Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society ( Oct 1949 ) 59 # 2 pp 275 - 292 . online Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ See , for example , Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford .",
"55": "Jump up ^ see History of the Religious Society of Friends Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 121 - 384 excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Anglican clergy in the southern colonies were commonly referred to as `` ministers '' to distinguish them from Roman Catholic priests -- although they were actually ordained as priests , unlike other Protestants . Jump up ^ See Religion in early Virginia . Jump up ^ John Nelson , A Blessed Company : Parishes , Parsons , and Parishioners in Anglican Virginia , 1690 -- 1776 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Mitre and Sceptre : Transatlantic Faiths , Ideas , Personalities , and Politics , 1689 - 1775 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Compare Steven K. Green , Inventing a Christian America : The Myth of the Religious Founding ( 2015 ) with Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Robert Emmett Curran , Papist Devils : Catholics in British America , 1574 - 1783 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ John Howard Smith , The First Great Awakening : Redefining Religion in British America , 1725 -- 1775 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Laurel Thatcher Ulrich , `` Of pens and needles : sources in early American women 's history . '' Journal of American History 77.1 ( 1990 ) : 200 - 207 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Carol Berkin , First Generations : Women in Colonial America ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec.",
"56": "2000 105 : 5 online Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Lockridge , A New England Town , The First Hundred Years : Dedham , Massachusetts , 1636 -- 1736 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. Conforti , Saints and Strangers : New England in British North America ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan , The Puritan Family : Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth - Century New England ( 1966 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Brian Donahue , The Great Meadow : Farmers and the Land in Colonial Concord ( Yale Agrarian Studies Series ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Percy Wells Bidwell , Rural economy in New England at the beginning of the nineteenth century ( 1916 ) full text online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( Harper , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) ch 17 -- 22 Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) ch 18 , 20 Jump up ^ Historian Jon Butler has questioned the concept of a Great Awakening , but most historians use it . John M. Murrin ( June 1983 ) . `` No Awakening , No Revolution ? More Counterfactual Speculations '' . Reviews in American History . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 11 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 171 . ISSN 0048 - 7511 . JSTOR 2702135 . doi : 10.2307 / 2702135 . Jump up ^ Philip Otterness , Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ An Illustrated History of Baltimore , Suzanne Ellery Greene , Woodland Hills , California : Windsor Publications , 1980 Jump up ^ Robert W. Twyman and David C. Roller , eds. , Encyclopedia of Southern History ( 1979 ) .",
"57": "ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0575 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown , Virginia , 1705 -- 1786 : Democracy or Aristocracy ? ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Cynthia A. Kierner , `` Gender , Families , and Households in the Southern Colonies , '' Journal of Southern History , Aug 2007 , Vol. 73 Issue 3 , pp 643 -- 658 Jump up ^ On Virginia , see Kathleen M. Brown , Good Wives , Nasty Wenches , and Anxious Patriarchs : Gender , Race , and Power in Colonial Virginia ( 1996 ) 512pp excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Ben Marsh , Georgia 's Frontier Women : Female Fortunes in a Southern Colony ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Carr , Lois Green ; Walsh , Lorena S. ( Oct 1977 ) . `` The Planter 's Wife : The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth - Century Maryland '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 34 ( 4 ) : 542 -- 571 . JSTOR 2936182 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936182 . Bibliography ( edit ) Reference books ( edit ) American National Biography ( 20 vol 2000 ; also online ) ; scholarly biographies of every major figure Ciment , James , ed . Colonial America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History ( 2005 ) Cooke , Jacob Ernest , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies ( 3 vol 1993 ) Cooke , Jacob , ed . North America in Colonial Times : An Encyclopedia for Students ( 1998 ) Faragher , John Mack . The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America ( 1996 ) Gallay , Alan , ed . Colonial Wars of North America , 1512 -- 1763 : An Encyclopedia ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes ) ( 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Pencak , William .",
"58": "Historical Dictionary of Colonial America ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; 400 entries ; 492pp Taylor , Dale . The Writer 's Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America , 1607 - 1783 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) , long topics essays by scholars Surveys ( edit ) Adams , James Truslow . The Founding of New England ( 1921 ) . online Andrews , Charles M. ( 1934 -- 38 ) . The Colonial Period of American History . ( the standard overview in four volumes ) Bonomi , Patricia U. ( 1988 ) . Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America . ( online at ACLS History e-book project ) Butler , Jon . Religion in Colonial America ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) online Conforti , Joseph A. Saints and Strangers : New England in British North America ( 2006 ) . 236pp ; the latest scholarly history of New England Greene , Evarts Boutelle . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 ( 1905 ) old , comprehensive overview by scholar online Kupperman , Karen Ordahl , ed . Major Problems In American Colonial History : Documents and Essays ( 1999 ) short excerpts from scholars and primary sources McNeese , Tim . Colonial America 1543 -- 1763 ( 2010 ) , short survey Middleton , Richard and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History , 1565 -- 1776 ( 4th ed 2011 ) , 624pp excerpt and text search Nettels Curtis P. Roots Of American Civilization ( 1938 ) online 800pp Savelle , Max . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 1965 ) comprehensive survey of intellectual history online edition Taylor , Alan . American Colonies , ( 2001 ) survey by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp excerpt and text search Special topics ( edit ) Andrews , Charles M. ( October 1914 ) .",
"59": "`` Colonial Commerce '' . American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 20 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 63 . JSTOR 1836116 . Also online at JSTOR Andrews , Charles M. ( 1904 ) . Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 . online Beeman , Richard R . The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth - Century America ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Beer , George Louis . `` British Colonial Policy , 1754 -- 1765 , '' Political Science Quarterly , vol 22 ( March 1907 ) pp 1 -- 48 ; Berkin , Carol . First Generations : Women in Colonial America ( 1997 ) 276pp excerpt and text search Bonomi , Patricia U. ( 1971 ) . A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York . Breen , T. H ( 1980 ) . Puritans and Adventurers : Change and Persistence in Early America . Bremer , Francis J. The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Brown , Kathleen M. Good Wives , Nasty Wenches , and Anxious Patriarchs : Gender , Race , and Power in Colonial Virginia ( 1996 ) 512pp excerpt and text search Bruce , Philip A. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century : An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People , Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records . ( 1896 ) , very old fashioned history Carr , Lois Green and Philip D. Morgan . Colonial Chesapeake Society ( 1991 ) , 524pp excerpt and text search Crane , Verner W. ( 1920 ) . The Southern Frontier , 1670 -- 1732 . Crane , Verner W. ( April 1919 ) . `` The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne 's War '' . American Historical Review . 24 : 379 -- 95 . JSTOR 1835775 . doi : 10.2307 / 1835775 . Curran , Robert Emmett .",
"60": "Papist Devils : Catholics in British America , 1574 - 1783 ( 2014 ) Daniels , Bruce C. `` Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut : An Overview , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1980 ) 37 # 3 pp. 429 -- 450 in JSTOR Daniel , Bruce . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England ( 1996 ) excerpt Fischer , David Hackett . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America ( 1989 ) , comprehensive look at major ethnic groups excerpt and text search Fogleman , Aaron . Hopeful Journeys : German Immigration , Settlement , and Political Culture in Colonial America , 1717 - 1775 ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 1996 ) online Hatfield , April Lee . Atlantic Virginia : Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History , ( 1976 ) online edition Kammen , Michael . Colonial New York : A History , ( 2003 ) Katz , Stanley , et al. eds . Colonial America : Essays in Politics and Social Development ( 6th ed. 2010 ) , 606pp ; essays by 28 leading scholars table of contents Kidd , Thomas S . The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) Kulikoff , Allan ( 2000 ) . From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers . Labaree , Benjamin Woods . Colonial Massachusetts : A History , ( 1979 ) Mancall , Peter C. `` Pigs for Historians : Changes in the Land and Beyond William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 2 pp. 347 - 375 in JSTOR , covers historiography of environmental history Morgan , Edmund S. American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia ( 1975 ) Pulitzer Prize online edition Nagl , Dominik . No Part of the Mother Country , but Distinct Dominions - Law , State Formation and Governance in England , Massachusetts und South Carolina , 1630 - 1769 ( 2013 ).",
"61": "online edition Struna , Nancy L. People of Prowess Sport Leisure and Labor in Early Anglo - America ( 1996 ) excerpt Tate , Thad W. Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . Wood , Betty . Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2005 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : A Documentary History ( 1973 ) 4 vol. 22 Phillips , Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents , 1649 -- 1863 ; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South : Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources . 2 Volumes. ( 1909 ) . vol 1 & 2 online edition Rushforth , Brett , Paul Mapp , and Alan Taylor , eds . North America and the Atlantic World : A History in Documents ( 2008 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds .",
"62": "The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Online sources ( edit ) Archiving Early America Colonial History of the United States at Thayer 's American History site Colonial America 1600 -- 1775 , K12 Resources at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 23 , 2007 ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : US History Media related to Colonial America at Wikimedia Commons Colonial American Culture The short film Americans : 1776 ( 1975 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Force of Citizens is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.",
"63": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro",
"64": "tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public",
"65": "debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"66": "php?title=Colonial_history_of_the_United_States&oldid=806578243 '' Categories : Colonization history of the United States Colonization of the Americas Eras of United States history Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano Latina Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season .",
"1": "The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics .",
"2": "Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong voices Sunny 's babbling , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella .",
"3": "Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose .",
"4": "Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital .",
"5": "David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as a yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Neil Patrick Harris ' husband David Burtka and their children Harper and Gideon cameo as the heckler Mr. Willums and his children , respectively , within the `` Carnivorous Carnival '' episodes . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor .",
"6": "`` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research .",
"7": "`` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine .",
"8": "Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them .",
"9": "Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No.",
"10": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail .",
"11": "The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom .",
"12": "12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police .",
"13": "Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow .",
"14": "While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for .",
"15": "Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital , and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information .",
"16": "While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival . Season 3 The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay .",
"17": "About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series .",
"18": "Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . ''",
"19": "Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' .",
"20": "Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response Season 1 The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . ''",
"21": "On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books .",
"22": "Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound .",
"23": "IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book .",
"24": "References Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' .",
"25": "Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' .",
"26": "ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) .",
"27": "`` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix .",
"28": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' .",
"29": "Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 .",
"30": "Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) .",
"31": "`` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) .",
"33": "`` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' .",
"34": "The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Category Book Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a",
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"39": "( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=837778132 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children 's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
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3347518453038702697
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who played the mom in the partridge family
|
[
"Shirley Mae Jones",
"Shirley Mae Jones",
"Shirley Mae Jones",
"Shirley Mae Jones",
"Shirley Mae Jones"
] |
{
"0": "Shirley Jones - wikipedia Shirley Jones Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Shirley Jones ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shirley Jones Jones in the 1970s Shirley Mae Jones ( 1934 - 03 - 31 ) March 31 , 1934 ( age 84 ) Charleroi , Pennsylvania , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1953 -- present Known for Oklahoma ! Carousel Elmer Gantry The Music Man The Partridge Family Spouse ( s ) Jack Cassidy ( m . 1956 ; div. 1974 ) Marty Ingels ( m . 1977 ; d . 2015 ) Children 3 ; including Shaun and Patrick Cassidy Musical career Genres Pop traditional pop gospel Instruments Vocals Labels Columbia RCA Victor Bell A&M Diadem Stage Door Encore Music Presents Associated acts The Partridge Family Jack Cassidy Pat Boone Gordon MacRae Website shirleyjones.com Shirley Mae Jones ( born March 31 , 1934 ) is an American actress and singer . In her six decades of show business , she has starred as wholesome characters in a number of well - known musical films , such as Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , Carousel ( 1956 ) , and The Music Man ( 1962 ) . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a vengeful prostitute in Elmer Gantry ( 1960 ) . She played the lead role of Shirley Partridge , the widowed mother of five children , in the musical situation - comedy television series The Partridge Family ( 1970 -- 74 ) , which co-starred her real - life stepson David Cassidy , son of Jack Cassidy .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early stage career 2.2 Movie actress of the 1950s and 1960s 2.3 The Partridge Family 2.4 Shirley and other projects 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 Discography 5.1 Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy albums 5.2 The Partridge Family albums 5.3 The Partridge Family singles 5.4 Shirley Jones albums 5.5 Shirley Jones singles 5.6 Soundtracks 5.7 Album appearances 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Jones was born on March 31 , 1934 , in Charleroi , Pennsylvania , to Methodist parents Marjorie ( née Williams ) , a homemaker , and Paul Jones , owners of the Jones Brewing Company . Jones ' paternal grandfather came from Wales . She was named for child star Shirley Temple . The family later moved to the small nearby town of Smithton , Pennsylvania . Jones began singing at the age of six in the Methodist Church choir and took voice lessons from Ralph Lewando . Upon attending South Huntingdon High School in Ruffs Dale , Pennsylvania , she participated in school plays . Jones won the Miss Pittsburgh contest in 1952 . A program featuring Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy at the White House in 1957 Career ( edit ) Early stage career ( edit ) Her first audition was for an open biweekly casting call held by John Fearnley , casting director for Rodgers and Hammerstein and their various musicals . At the time , Jones had never heard of Rodgers and Hammerstein . Fearnley was so impressed , he ran across the street to fetch Richard Rodgers , who was rehearsing with an orchestra for an upcoming musical . Rodgers then called Oscar Hammerstein at home . The two saw great potential in Jones . She became the first and only singer to be put under personal contract with the songwriters . They first cast her in a minor role in South Pacific .",
"2": "For her second Broadway show , Me and Juliet , she started as a chorus girl , and then an understudy for the lead role , earning rave reviews in Chicago . Movie actress of the 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) Jones impressed Rodgers and Hammerstein with her musically trained voice , and she was cast as the female lead in the film adaptation of their hit musical Oklahoma ! in 1955 . Other film musicals quickly followed , including Carousel ( 1956 ) , April Love ( 1957 ) , and The Music Man ( 1962 ) , in which she was often typecast as a wholesome , kind character . However , she won a 1960 Academy Award for her performance in Elmer Gantry portraying a woman corrupted by the title character played by Burt Lancaster . Her character becomes a prostitute who encounters her seducer years later and takes her revenge . The director , Richard Brooks , had originally fought against her being in the movie , but after seeing her first scene , told her she would win an Oscar for her performance . She was reunited with Ron Howard ( who had played her brother in The Music Man ) in The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( 1963 ) . Jones landed the role of a lady who fell in love with the professor in Fluffy ( 1965 ) . The Partridge Family ( edit ) The Partridge Family , season 1 In 1970 , after turning down the role of Carol Brady on The Brady Bunch , a role that ultimately went to her best friend , Florence Henderson , Jones was the producers ' first choice to audition for the lead role of Shirley Partridge in The Partridge Family , an ABC musical sitcom based loosely on the real - life musical family The Cowsills . The series focused on a young widowed mother whose five children form a pop rock group after the entire family painted its signature bus to travel . She was convinced that the combination of music and comedy would be a surefire hit .",
"3": "Jones realized , however , that : The problem with Partridge -- though it was great for me and gave me an opportunity to stay home and raise my kids -- when my agents came to me and presented it to me , they said if you do a series and it becomes a hit show , you will be that character for the rest of your life and your film career will go into the toilet , which is what happened . But I have no regrets . During its first season , it became a hit and was screened in over 70 countries . Within months , Jones and her co-stars were pop culture television icons . Her real - life 20 - year - old stepson David Cassidy , who was an unknown actor at the time , played Shirley Partridge 's eldest son Keith and became a teen idol . The show also spawned a number of albums and singles by The Partridge Family , performed by David Cassidy and Shirley Jones . That same year , `` I Think I Love You '' reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart , making Jones the second person , after Frank Sinatra , and the first woman to win an acting Oscar and also have a number - one hit on that chart , an achievement only matched by Cher and Barbra Streisand ( Cher had already topped the singles chart with I Got You Babe in 1965 , but did not win her Oscar until 1987 ) . The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best - selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit `` I Think I Love You '' . In 1971 , The Partridge Family was nominated for a Grammy under the Best New Artist category . Jones in 1972 By 1974 , it was one of six series to be canceled that year ( along with Room 222 , The F.B.I. , The Brady Bunch , Owen Marshall : Counselor at Law , and Here 's Lucy ) to make room for new shows . Shirley Jones 's friendship with David Cassidy 's family began in the mid-to - late 1950s , when David was just six , after he learned about his father 's divorce from his mother Evelyn Ward .",
"4": "Upon David 's first meeting with Shirley before co-starring with her on The Partridge Family , he said , `` The day he tells me that they 're divorced , he tells me , ' We 're remarried , and let me introduce you to my new wife . ' He was thrilled when her first film , Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , had come out ; and my dad took me to see it -- I just see her , and I go , uh - oh , it does n't really quite register with me , ' cause I 'm in total shock , because I wanted to hate her , but the instant that I met her , I got the essence of her . She 's a very warm , open , sweet , good human being . She could n't have thawed it for me -- the coldness and the ice -- any more than she did . '' Shirley was shocked to hear her real - life stepson was going to audition for the role of Keith Partridge . David said , `` At the auditions , they introduced me to the lead actress ( Shirley Jones ) ' cause they had no idea , they had no idea . So I said , ' What are you doing here ? ' She looked at me and said , ' What are you doing here ? ' And I said , ' Well , I 'm reading for the lead guy . ' I said , ' What are you doing here ? ' She said , ' I 'm the mother ! ' '' Cassidy discussed his relationship with his stepmother on the show : `` She was n't my mother , and I can be very open , and we can speak , and we became very close friends . She was a very good role model for me , watching the way , you know , she dealt with people on the set , and watching people revere her . '' Cassidy appeared on many shows alongside his stepmother , including A&E Biography , TV Land Confidential , and The Today Show , and he was one of the presenters of his stepmother 's Intimate Portrait on Lifetime Television , and the reality show pilot In Search of the Partridge Family , where he served as co-executive producer .",
"5": "The rest of the cast also celebrated the 25th , 30th , and 35th anniversaries of The Partridge Family ( although Cassidy was unavailable to attend the 25th anniversary in 1995 owing to other commitments ) . In addition , Jack Cassidy 's death in 1976 drew Jones and Cassidy closer as Shirley 's three children and stepson mourned their father . Shirley and other projects ( edit ) In 1979 , Jones tried her hand at television for the second time , starring in the NBC show Shirley , which , like The Partridge Family , featured a family headed by a widowed mother , but the show failed to win ratings and was cancelled toward the middle of the season . Jones also played the `` older woman '' girlfriend of Drew Carey 's character in several episodes of The Drew Carey Show , and reprised Shirley Partridge in a cameo in a 2000 episode of That ' 70s Show . Jones in 2010 She was also in the dramatic project There Were Times , Dear , in which she played a loyal wife whose husband is dying of Alzheimer 's disease ; she was nominated for an Emmy Award for this work . In February 1986 , Jones unveiled her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on Vine Street just around the corner from Hollywood Boulevard . In 1983 , she appeared in a rare revival of Noël Coward 's operetta , Bitter Sweet . In 2004 , she returned to Broadway in a revival of 42nd Street , portraying diva Dorothy Brock opposite Patrick Cassidy , the first time a mother and son were known to star together on Broadway . In July 2005 , Jones revisited the musical Carousel onstage in Massachusetts , portraying `` Cousin Nettie '' . In July 2006 , Jones received another Emmy Award nomination for her supporting performance in the television film Hidden Places . She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild award for the same film but lost to Helen Mirren for Elizabeth I. She also appeared in Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) as a nymphomaniac senior citizen . On November 16 , 2007 , she took the stage at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , during the Oklahoma Centennial Spectacular concert that celebrated the state 's 100th birthday . Jones sang the songs `` Oklahoma ! ''",
"6": "and `` People Will Say We 're In Love '' from the musical Oklahoma ! . Jones and Patrick Cassidy 2012 In early 2008 , it was announced that Jones would play Colleen Brady on the long - running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Jones guest - starred on ABC Family 's short - lived show Ruby & The Rockits as David and Patrick 's mother . In 2008 , U.K. label Stage Door Records released the retrospective collection Then & Now on . featuring 24 songs from Jones 's musical career , including songs from the films Oklahoma ! , Carousel , and April Love . The album featured new recordings of songs including `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` Memory '' , and a sentimental tribute to The Music Man . She had a recurring role as Burt Chance 's mother in the Fox TV comedy series Raising Hope . In mid-2012 , Jones played Mrs. Paroo , when her son Patrick played Harold Hill , in a California Musical Theatre revival of The Music Man . In 2014 , Jones guest - starred on an episode of General Hospital as Mrs. McClain . Personal life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jones ( left ) with U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan , September 29 , 1982 On August 5 , 1956 , Jones married actor and singer Jack Cassidy , with whom she had three sons , Shaun , Patrick , and Ryan . David Cassidy , Jack 's only child from his first marriage to actress Evelyn Ward , became her stepson . Divorcing Cassidy in 1974 , she later married comic / actor Marty Ingels on November 13 , 1977 . Despite drastically different personalities and several separations ( she filed , then withdrew , a divorce petition in 2002 ) , they remained married until Ingels 's death in 2015 . Jones and Ingels wrote an autobiography based on their quirky relationship / marriage , Shirley & Marty : An Unlikely Love Story .",
"7": "Ingels died on October 21 , 2015 following a massive stroke . After his death , Jones said : `` He often drove me crazy , but there 's not a day I wo n't miss him and love him to my core . '' Jones was friends with her late co-star Gordon MacRae and his ex-wife Sheila , and he was named godfather to her first son , Shaun . She also admitted that she had a crush on MacRae and was starstruck when she worked opposite him on Oklahoma ! and states she is the one who convinced MacRae to take the part as Billy Bigelow in Carousel . Frank Sinatra , who had originally been cast , suddenly dropped out during the first days of filming because each scene had to be shot twice , once in CinemaScope 55 ( a wider - than - usual , 55 - mm , 6 - track stereo system ) and once in 35 - mm CinemaScope . Sinatra felt that he should have been paid twice because technically he was shooting two films . Three weeks after he left , they found a way to film the scene once on 55 - mm , then transfer it onto 35 - mm . On the evening of December 11 , 1976 , after Jones had refused an offer of reconciliation from Jack Cassidy , she received news that her ex-husband's penthouse apartment was on fire . Apparently , the fire started from his lit cigarette when he fell asleep on the couch ; the following morning , firefighters found Cassidy 's body inside the gutted apartment . Jack `` wanted to come back ( to me ) right up to the day he died '' , Jones said in a 1983 newspaper interview . `` And as I realized later , I wanted him . That 's the terrible part . Much as I love Marty and have a wonderful relationship -- I 'd say this with Marty sitting here -- I 'm not sure if Jack were alive I 'd be married to Marty . '' Jones was 20 years old when she met Cassidy , who was eight years her senior , and she refers to him as the most influential person in her life . Jones is a supporter of PETA .",
"8": "Jones is the grandmother of ten : Caitlin , Jake , Juliet , Caleb , Roan , Lila , and Meaghan Cassidy by son Shaun , Cole and Jack , by son Patrick , and Meaghan by son Ryan Cassidy . Her grandson Jack was a contestant on the singing competition television show The Voice in 2017 . Jones was devastated when Suzanne Crough died on April 27 , 2015 ; Crough played one of her TV daughters on The Partridge Family . She had a very close relationship with the younger actress and remained close friends long after the series was cancelled . Jones said of Crough 's death on Hollywood life : I am so devastated to hear of the sad and sudden loss of Suzanne . I still remember her as my young daughter on The Partridge Family . She was the baby of the show . It 's a rude awakening that we are all mortal . How fleeting life is . My heart goes out to her family and children . Suzanne will always be remembered and I will always treasure my memories of her . Suzanne Crough ... my sweet TV baby for 5 years ... only 52 ... never a sick day ... two adorable children ... a devoted husband ... everything to live for ... just fell asleep at the dining room table and left us forever . Dear God take care of my baby . Referring to David Cassidy 's alcohol abuse and legal problems , Jones said : We are just scared to death that we are going to wake up one morning and find out that he is dead on the floor . David has not had a relationship with anyone in the family for years . We are sick over it ! In an unfortunate irony , David Cassidy died on November 21 , 2017 , at the age of 67 . It was reported the cause of death was organ failure complicated by early onset dementia . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1955 Oklahoma !",
"9": "Laurey Williams 1956 Carousel Julie Jordan 1957 April Love Liz Templeton Laurel Award for Top Female Musical Performance ( 5th place ) 1959 Never Steal Anything Small Linda Cabot Laurel Award for Top Female Musical Performance ( 3rd place ) 1959 Bobbikins Betty Barnaby 1960 Elmer Gantry Lulu Bains Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Laurel Award for Top Female Supporting Performance National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture 1960 Pepe Suzie Murphy 1961 Two Rode Together Marty Purcell 1962 The Music Man Marian Paroo Laurel Award for Top Female Musical Performance ( 3rd place ) Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1963 The Courtship of Eddie 's Father Elizabeth Martan 1963 A Ticklish Affair Amy Martin 1964 Dark Purpose Karen Williams 1964 Bedtime Story Janet Walker 1965 Fluffy Janice Claridge 1965 The Secret of My Success Marigold Marido 1969 The Happy Ending Flo Harrigan 1969 El Golfo Mary O'Hara 1970 The Cheyenne Social Club Jenny 1979 Beyond the Poseidon Adventure Nurse Gina Rowe 1984 Tank LaDonna Carey 1999 Gideon Elly Morton 2000 The Adventures of Cinderella 's Daughter Fairy Godmother 2000 Ping !",
"10": "Ethel Jeffries 2000 Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth Nurse Kervorkian 2002 Manna from Heaven Bunny The Creature of the Sunny Side Up Trailer Park Charlotte Raising Genius Aunt Sis 2006 Grandma 's Boy Grace 2007 Christmas Is Here Again Victoria Claus Voice 2013 Family Weekend GG 2013 A Strange Brand of Happy Mildred 2013 Zombie Night Nana 2014 Waiting in the Wings : The Musical Broadway Diva 2015 On the Wing Grandma Ryburn 2016 The Irresistible Blueberry Farm Ruth Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Television ( edit ) 1950 : Fireside Theatre ( acting début ) 1952 : Gruen Guild Playhouse 1956 : Ford Star Jubilee 1956 : Playhouse 90 1957 : Lux Video Theatre 1957 : The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom ( guest ) 1957 : The United States Steel Hour 1958 : DuPont Show of the Month 1959 : Make Room for Daddy ( as herself ) 1964 : Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre 1969 : Silent Night , Lonely Night 1969 : The Name of the Game 1970 -- 74 : The Partridge Family 1973 : The Girls of Huntington House 1975 : The Family Nobody Wanted 1975 : The Lives of Jenny Dolan 1975 : Winner Take All 1977 : McMillan & Wife 1977 : Yesterday 's Child 1978 : Evening in Byzantium 1978 : Who 'll Save Our Children ?",
"11": "1979 : A Last Cry for Help 1979 -- 80 : Shirley 1980 : The Children of An Lac 1981 : Inmates : A Love Story 1982 : The Adventures of Pollyanna 1983 / 87 : Hotel 1983 : Hotel ( pilot ) 1983 : The Love Boat 1988 / 90 : Murder , She Wrote 1989 : Charlie ( unsold pilot ) 1997 : Dog 's Best Friend 1998 : Melrose Place 1998 : The Drew Carey Show 1999 : Sabrina the Teenage Witch 2000 : That ' 70s Show ( cameo ) 2003 : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 2006 : Hidden Places 2006 : Monarch Cove 2008 : Days of Our Lives 2009 : Ruby & The Rockits 2011 / 13 : Raising Hope ( 2 episodes ) 2012 : Good Luck Charlie ( Episodes : `` Welcome Home '' , `` A Duncan Christmas '' ) 2012 : Victorious ( Episode : `` Car , Rain , and Fire '' ) 2013 : Cougar Town 2013 : Hot in Cleveland 2014 : General Hospital 2014 : Over the Garden Wall ( voice ) Stage ( edit ) 1953 : South Pacific ( Broadway ) 1954 : Me and Juliet ( Chicago ) 1956 : Oklahoma ! ( European tour with Jack Cassidy ) 1957 : The Beggar 's Opera ( with Cassidy ) 1959 : Wish You Were Here !",
"12": "( Dallas State Fair Theater , with Cassidy ) 1966 : The Sound of Music ( Westbury Music Fair ) 1967 : Wait Until Dark ( with Cassidy ) 1968 : Maggie Flynn ( Broadway , with Cassidy ) 1972 : The Marriage Band ( with Cassidy ) 1974 : On a Clear Day You Can See Forever 1976 : Show Boat 1977 : The Sound of Music 1982 : Bitter Sweet 1994 : Love Letters ( with Marty Ingels ) 1994 : The King & I 1994 : A Christmas Carol 1995 : Love Letters ( with Marty Ingels ) 2004 : 42nd Street ( Broadway , with Patrick Cassidy ) 2005 : Carousel 2012 : The Music Man ( Sacramento Music Circus , with Patrick Cassidy ) Discography ( edit ) Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy albums ( edit ) Speaking of Love ( 1957 ) Columbia Records Brigadoon ( 1957 ) Columbia Records With Love from Hollywood ( 1958 ) Columbia Records Marriage Type Love ( 1959 ) RCA Records unreleased Maggie Flynn ( 1968 ) RCA Records Show Tunes ( 1995 ) Sony Music Essential Masters ( 2011 ) Master Classics Records Marriage Type Love ( 2014 ) Columbia Masterworks The Partridge Family albums ( edit ) The Partridge Family Album ( 1970 ) Bell Records Up To Date ( 1971 ) Bell Records Sound Magazine ( 1971 ) Bell Records A Partridge Family Christmas Card ( 1971 ) Bell Records Shopping Bag ( 1972 ) Bell Records At Home With Their Greatest Hits ( 1972 ) Bell Records Notebook ( 1972 ) Bell Records Crossword Puzzle ( 1973 ) Bell Records Bulletin Board ( 1973 ) Bell Records The World of the Partridge Family ( 1974 ) Bell Records Greatest Hits ( 1989 ) Arista Records The Definitive Collection ( 2001 ) Arista Records Come On Get Happy !",
"13": ": The Very Best of The Partridge Family ( 2005 ) Arista Records The Partridge Family singles ( edit ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1970 ) Bell Records `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' ( 1971 ) Bell Records `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' ( 1971 ) Bell Records `` I Woke Up In Love This Morning '' ( 1971 ) Bell Records `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' ( 1972 ) Bell Records `` Am I Losing You '' ( 1972 ) Bell Records `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' ( 1972 ) Bell Records `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' ( 1972 ) Bell Records `` Friend and a Lover '' ( 1973 ) Bell Records `` Walking in the Rain '' ( 1973 ) Bell Records `` Looking For a Good Time '' ( 1973 ) Bell Records Shirley Jones albums ( edit ) Silent Strength ( 1989 ) Diadem Records Shirley ( 1992 ) A & M Records Shirley Jones ( 2000 ) Ingels Ent . Records Then & Now ( 2008 ) Stage Door Records A Touch of Christmas ( 2009 ) Encore Music Presents Records A Tribute to Richard Rodgers ( 2010 ) Encore Music Presents Records Shirley Jones singles ( edit ) `` Clover in the Meadow '' b / w `` Give me a Gentle Girl '' ( 1957 ) Dot Records from April Love movie soundtrack `` Pepe '' b / w `` Lovely Day '' ( 1960 ) Colpix Records from Pepe movie soundtrack ( This record hit the top 5 in Spain , 1961 , on the Discophon label ) `` I 've Still Got My Heart Joe '' b / w `` Everybody 's Reachin ' Out for Someone '' ( 1971 ) Bell Records 119 `` Ai n't Love Easy '' b / w `` Roses in the Snow '' ( 1972 ) Bell Records 253 `` Walk in Silence '' b / w `` The World is a Circle '' ( 1973 ) Bell Records 350 Soundtracks ( edit ) Oklahoma !",
"14": "( 1955 ) Capitol Records ( songs : `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' , `` Many a New Day '' , `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' , `` Out of My Dreams '' , `` Oklahoma '' ) Carousel ( 1956 ) Capitol Records ( songs : `` You 're A Queer One , Julie Jordan '' , `` If I Loved You '' , `` What 's The Use Of Wond'rin '' , `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ) April Love ( 1957 ) Dot Records ( songs : `` Give Me A Gentle Girl '' , `` April Love '' with Pat Boone , `` Do It Yourself '' with Pat Boone , `` The Bentonville Fair '' with Pat Boone , `` Finale '' with Pat Boone ) Never Steal Anything Small ( 1959 ) ( song : `` I Have n't Got a Thing to Wear '' ) Pepe ( 1960 ) Colpix Records ( songs : `` Pepe '' , `` Lovely Day '' ) The Music Man ( 1962 ) Warner Bros.",
"15": "Records ( songs : `` Piano Lesson / If You Do n't Mind My Saying So '' , `` Goodnight , My Someone '' , `` Being in Love '' , `` Lida Rose / Will I Ever Tell You '' , `` Till There Was You '' ) Endless Night ( 1972 ) ( song : `` Endless Night '' ) Manna from Heaven ( 2002 ) ( song : `` Just the Way You Look Tonight '' ) Christmas Is Here Again ( 2007 ) ( songs : `` Easy To Dream '' , `` All Because of Me '' ) Album appearances ( edit ) Free to Be ... You and Me ( 1972 ) Bell Records ( song : `` Girl Land '' with Jack Cassidy ) The Christmas Album ... A Gift of Hope ( 1991 ) Children 's Hospital Benefit Album ( song : `` Silver Bells '' with Shaun Cassidy ) An Evening with Rodgers & Hammerstein , The Sullivan Years ( 1993 ) TVT Records Embraceable You -- Broadway In Love ( 1993 ) Sony Music George & Ira Gershwin , A Musical Celebration ( 1994 ) MCA Records ( song : `` Someone to watch over Me '' ) Lerner , Loewe , Lane & Friends ( 1998 ) Varèse Sarabande Records ( song : `` Before I Gaze at You Again '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ianzito , Christina ( March 2014 ) . `` Happy March Birthday to ... '' AARP The Magazine . AARP . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Shirley Jones Reveals Passion , Pride and ' Partridge Family ' in New Book '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Jones Interview : Archive of American Television retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shirley Jones - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ Conley , Patti ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Shirley 's doin ' fine in ' Oklahoma ' '' . Beaver County Times . p . B1 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 .",
"16": "^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( October 18 , 1954 ) . `` Writer Ranks Shirley Jones Luckiest Girl in Hollywood '' . Reading Eagle . ^ Jump up to : `` Shirley Jones Sings For Richard Rodgers '' . National Public Radio . January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Why a Director Did n't Want Shirley Jones in His Film Archived August 9 , 2013 , at Archive.is , dc50tv.com , August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ King , Susan ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Shirley Jones : No Regrets , and Still Going Strong at 75 '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ C'mon , Get Happy ... Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus , by David Cassidy and Chip Deffaa , 1994 DBC Enterprises , Warner Books Inc , p. 92 Jump up ^ The Palm Beach Post-Times . Sunday , March 14 , 1971 . `` Elite of the Record Industry Await the Grammy Awards '' , page B16 Jump up ^ David Cassidy quoted on a Biography Channel episode about Shirley Jones -- airdate January 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Music Man '' . California Musical Theatre . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Shirley Jones Guests on General Hospital '' . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Jones To Guest On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingels , Marty ; Jones , Shirley ; Herskowitz , Mickey ( 1990 ) . Shirley & Marty : An Unlikely Love Story . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 08457 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Ingels , Shirley Jones Dead at 79 '' . Variety.com . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Cassidy dead '' . Montreal Gazette . Associated Press .",
"17": "December 14 , 1976 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , D'Arcy ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` Nice - Girl Image Plagues Actress Shirley Jones '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Life and Death for Factory - Farmed Turkeys ' , With Shirley Jones '' . PetaTv.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Jones ' Devastated ' Over Suzanne Crough 's Passing '' . Hollywoodlife.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Cassidy Stepmom Shirley Jones Family Scared To Death For His Life '' . Closerweekly.com . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wing ( 2015 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck Charlie '' . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , David . `` BWW CD Reviews : Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy 's MARRIAGE TYPE LOVE is Sweet Nostalgia '' . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy SHOW TUNES '' . amazon.com . Sony Music . 1995 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Jones , Shirley ; Ingels , Marty ; Herskowitz , Mickey ( 1990 ) . Shirley and Marty : An Unlikely Love Story . New York City : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 08457 - 5 . Jones , Shirley ; Leigh , Wendy ( 2013 ) . Shirley Jones : A Memoir . New York City : Gallery Books . ISBN 978 - 1476725956 .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) Biography portal Shirley Jones on IMDb Shirley Jones at the Internet Broadway Database Shirley Jones at discogs Archive of American Television Shirley Jones Interview Shirley Jones at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Shirley Jones interview Shirley Jones New Album ' Then & Now ' Shirley Jones interview video at the Archive of American Television Shirley Jones and Marty Ingels discuss their 9 / 11 memorial park , September , 2015 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman (",
"19": "1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 )",
"20": "Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress Nina Foch ( 1954 ) Marjorie Rambeau ( 1955 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1956 ) Sybil Thorndike ( 1957 ) Kay Walsh ( 1958 ) Edith Evans ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Ruby Dee ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Edith Evans ( 1964 ) Joan Blondell ( 1965 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1966 ) Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Virginia Maskell ( 1968 ) Pamela Franklin ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Marisa Berenson ( 1972 ) Sylvia Sidney ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Ronee Blakley ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1980 ) Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Glenn Close ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Sabine Azéma ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Frances McDormand ( 1988 ) Mary Stuart Masterson ( 1989 ) Winona Ryder ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas (",
"21": "1996 ) Anne Heche ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Julianne Moore ( 1999 ) Lupe Ontiveros ( 2000 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2001 ) Kathy Bates ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Gong Li ( 2005 ) Catherine O'Hara ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Anna Kendrick ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2011 ) Ann Dowd ( 2012 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2013 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2014 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 2015 ) Naomie Harris ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) The Partridge Family David Cassidy Shirley Jones Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Jeremy Gelbwaks Brian Forster Suzanne Crough Dave Madden Studio albums The Partridge Family Album Up to Date Sound Magazine A Partridge Family Christmas Card Shopping Bag The Partridge Family Notebook Crossword Puzzle Bulletin Board Other albums At Home with Their Greatest Hits The World of the Partridge Family Greatest Hits The Definitive Collection Come On Get Happy !",
"22": ": The Very Best of The Partridge Family Singles `` I Think I Love You '' `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' `` I Woke Up in Love This Morning '' `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' Related articles List of The Partridge Family episodes The Partridge Family discography David Cassidy discography Wes Farrell Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. VIAF : 118327710 LCCN : n81026232 ISNI : 0000 0001 1497 4509 GND : 119019175 SUDOC : 099027941 BNF : cb14066992c ( data ) ULAN : 500121355 MusicBrainz : 681cc70d - fa1e - 44f5 - bfec - a28d18743329 BNE : XX1519430 SNAC : w6d79kmg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Jones&oldid=837326451 '' Categories : 1934 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Pittsburgh American people of Welsh descent American female singers American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American television personalities Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners California Republicans Living people Musicians from Pittsburgh People from Washington County ,",
"23": "Pennsylvania Bell Records artists Columbia Records artists RCA Records artists A&M Records artists 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Singers from Pennsylvania American United Methodists 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from October 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with IBDb links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Yorùbá 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones - Wikipedia Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Jump to : navigation , search `` Star Wars II '' redirects here . For the second film released , see The Empire Strikes Back . For the video game , see Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( video game ) . Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by George Lucas Produced by Rick McCallum Screenplay by George Lucas Jonathan Hales Story by George Lucas Starring Ewan McGregor Natalie Portman Hayden Christensen Ian McDiarmid Samuel L. Jackson Christopher Lee Anthony Daniels Kenny Baker Frank Oz Music by John Williams Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Ben Burtt Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 12 ) ( Tribeca ) May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $115 million Box office $649.4 million Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones is a 2002 American epic space opera film directed by George Lucas and written by Lucas and Jonathan Hales . It is the second installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy , and stars Ewan McGregor , Natalie Portman , Hayden Christensen , Ian McDiarmid , Samuel L. Jackson , Christopher Lee , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker and Frank Oz . Set ten years after the events in The Phantom Menace , the galaxy is on the brink of civil war . Led by a former Jedi named Count Dooku , thousands of planetary systems threaten to secede from the Galactic Republic . After Senator Padmé Amidala evades assassination , Jedi apprentice Anakin Skywalker becomes her protector , while his mentor Obi - Wan Kenobi investigates the attempt on Padmé 's life . Soon Anakin , Padmé and Obi - Wan witness the onset of a new threat to the galaxy , the Clone Wars .",
"1": "Development of Attack of the Clones began in March 2000 , after the release of The Phantom Menace . By June 2000 , Lucas and Hales completed a draft of the script and principal photography took place from June to September 2000 . The film crew primarily shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , Australia , with additional footage filmed in Tunisia , Spain and Italy . It was one of the first motion pictures shot completely on a high - definition digital 24 - frame system . The film was released in the United States on May 16 , 2002 . It received mixed reviews , with some critics hailing it as an improvement over its predecessor The Phantom Menace and others considering it the worst entry of the franchise . The visual effects , costume design , musical score , action scenes and Ewan McGregor 's performance as Obi - Wan Kenobi were all praised , however the romance of Anakin and Padmé , the dialogue and the film 's long runtime were all criticized . The film was a financial success , making over $649 million worldwide ; however , it also became the first Star Wars film to be outgrossed in its year of release , placing third domestically and fourth internationally . The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 12 , 2002 and was later released on Blu - ray on September 16 , 2011 . Following Attack of the Clones , the third and final film of the prequel trilogy , Revenge of the Sith , premiered in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 3D re-release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Novelizations 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Sources 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Ten years after the Trade Federation 's invasion of Naboo , the Galactic Republic is threatened by the Separatist movement organized by former Jedi Master Count Dooku .",
"2": "Senator Padmé Amidala comes to Coruscant to vote on a motion to create an army to assist the Jedi against this threat . Narrowly avoiding an assassination attempt upon arrival , she is placed under the protection of Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi and his now 19 year old apprentice , Anakin Skywalker . The two Jedi thwart a second attempt on her life and subdue the assassin , Zam Wesell , a shape - shifter who is soon killed by her bounty hunter client before she can reveal his identity . The Jedi Council assigns Obi - Wan to identify and capture the bounty hunter , while Anakin is assigned to escort Padmé back to Naboo , where the pair develop a romantic attraction towards each other . Obi - Wan 's investigation leads him to the remote ocean planet Kamino , where he discovers an army of clones are being produced for the Republic , with bounty hunter Jango Fett serving as their genetic template . Obi - Wan deduces Jango to be the bounty hunter he is seeking , and follows him and his clone son , Boba , to the desert planet Geonosis via a homing beacon placed on their ship , the Slave I . Meanwhile , Anakin becomes troubled by premonitions of his mother , Shmi , in pain , and travels to Tatooine with Padmé to save her . They meet Owen Lars , Anakin 's stepbrother and the son of Shmi 's new husband , Cliegg Lars . Cliegg tells Anakin that Shmi was abducted by Tusken Raiders weeks earlier and is likely dead . Determined to find her , Anakin ventures out and finds Shmi at the Tusken campsite , where she dies in Anakin 's arms . Enraged , Anakin massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead with Shmi 's body . After revealing his deed to Padmé , Anakin says that he wants to prevent death . On Geonosis , Obi - Wan discovers a Separatist gathering led by Count Dooku , whom Obi - Wan learns had authorized Padmé 's assassination and is developing a battle droid army with Trade Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray . Obi - Wan transmits his findings to Anakin to relay to the Jedi Council , but is captured mid-transmission .",
"3": "With knowledge of the droid army , Supreme Chancellor Palpatine is voted emergency powers to send the clones into battle . Anakin and Padmé journey to Geonosis to rescue Obi - Wan , but are also captured . The three are sentenced to death , but are eventually saved by a battalion of Jedi ( many of whom are killed ) and clone troopers led by Mace Windu and Yoda ; Jango Fett is killed by Mace during the rescue . As the clone and droid armies battle , Obi - Wan and Anakin intercept Dooku , and the three engage in a lightsaber battle . Dooku injures Obi - Wan and severs Anakin 's right arm , but Yoda arrives and duels Dooku . The battle ends in a stalemate , as Dooku flees to Coruscant , where he delivers blueprints for a superweapon to his Sith master , Darth Sidious . As the Jedi gravely acknowledge the beginning of the Clone Wars , Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and secretly marries Padmé on Naboo , with C - 3PO and R2 - D2 as their witnesses . Cast ( edit ) Ewan McGregor ( left ) as Obi - Wan Kenobi and Hayden Christensen ( right ) as Anakin Skywalker in Attack of the Clones . Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Ewan McGregor as Obi - Wan Kenobi : A Jedi Master and mentor of Anakin Skywalker . Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala : The former Queen of Naboo , who has recently been elected the planet 's senator . Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker : Obi - Wan 's Padawan apprentice , who has grown into a powerful but arrogant Jedi . Ian McDiarmid as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious : A former senator of Naboo and secretly a Sith Lord who has recently been elected Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic . Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu : A Jedi Master sitting on the Jedi Council who warily watches the Galactic Senate 's politics . Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus : A former Jedi Master who now leads a Separatist movement and is Darth Sidious ' new Sith apprentice .",
"4": "Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A protocol droid built by Anakin for his mother . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : An astromech droid often seen on missions with Anakin and Obi - Wan . Frank Oz voices Yoda : The centuries - old Jedi Grand Master of an unknown species who , in addition to sitting on the Jedi Council , is the instructor for young Jedi . Ahmed Best , Pernilla August , Oliver Ford Davies , Andy Secombe , Silas Carson and Liam Neeson reprise their roles as Jar Jar Binks , Shmi Skywalker , Sio Bibble , Watto , Nute Gunray and Qui - Gon Jinn , respectively from The Phantom Menace , with the latter returning in an uncredited voice role cameo while Silas Carson also portrayed Ki - Adi - Mundi , a member of the Jedi Council . Alethea McGrath portrays Jocasta Nu , the chief librarian of the Jedi Archives . Temuera Morrison portrays Jango Fett , a Mandalorian bounty hunter who provides his DNA to use for cloning purposes in the creation of the clone army . Jimmy Smits portrays Bail Organa , a senator of the Republic , and Jay Laga'aia portrays Captain Typho , the head of security for Padmé Amidala . Daniel Logan portrays a young Boba Fett , Jango 's son , who is created from his `` father '' 's DNA . Leeanna Walsman portrays Zam Wesell , a shape - shifting Clawdite bounty hunter and partner of Jango 's , who is given the task of assassinating Padmé . Jack Thompson portrays Cliegg Lars , a moisture farmer who freed and married Shmi , thus becoming the stepfather of Anakin Skywalker . Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse appear as Owen Lars , the son of Cliegg Lars and stepbrother of Anakin Skywalker , and Beru Whitesun , Owen 's girlfriend . Ayesha Dharker appears as Jamillia , the Queen of Naboo , and Rose Byrne and Verónica Segura appear as Dormé and Cordé , Padmé 's handmaidens and the latter who serves as a decoy to the senator and is killed during an assassination attempt . A large search for the new Anakin Skywalker was performed across the United States .",
"5": "Lucas auditioned various actors , mostly unknown , before casting Christensen . Among the many established actors who auditioned were Jonathan Brandis , Ryan Phillippe , Colin Hanks , and Paul Walker . Leonardo DiCaprio also met with Lucas for the role , but was `` definitely unavailable '' according to DiCaprio publicist Ken Sunshine . Co-star Natalie Portman later told Time magazine that Christensen `` gave a great reading . He could simultaneously be scary and really young . '' Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) After the mixed critical response to The Phantom Menace , Lucas was hesitant to return to the writing desk . In March 2000 , just three months before the start of principal photography , Lucas finally completed his rough draft for Episode II . Lucas continued to iterate on his rough draft , producing a proper first and second draft . For help with the third draft , which would later become the shooting script , Lucas brought on Jonathan Hales , who had written several episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles for him , but had limited experience writing theatrical films . The final script was completed just one week before the start of principal photography . As an in - joke , the film 's working title was Jar Jar 's Big Adventure , a sarcastic reference to the negative fan response to the Episode I character . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by Obi - Wan Kenobi in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which were used by the Republic as an army in the war that followed . Filming ( edit ) See also : List of Star Wars filming locations Plaza de España was the filming location for the Naboo palace . Principal photography occurred between June 26 , 2000 and September 20 , 2000 at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney . Location shooting took place in the Tunisian desert , at the Plaza de España in Seville , London , China , Vancouver , San Diego , and Italy ( Villa del Balbianello on Lake Como , and in the former royal Palace of Caserta ) .",
"6": "At his own personal request , Samuel L. Jackson 's character Mace Windu received a lightsaber that emitted an amethyst glow , as opposed to traditional blue and green for `` good guys '' and red for `` bad guys '' . Reshoots were performed in March 2001 . During this time , a new action sequence was developed featuring the droid factory after Lucas had decided that the film lacked a quick enough pace in the corresponding time - frame . The sequence 's previsualization was rushed , and the live - action footage was shot within four and a half hours . Because of Lucas ' method of creating shots through various departments and sources that are sometimes miles and years apart from each other , Attack of the Clones became the first film ever to be produced through what Rick McCallum called `` virtual filmmaking '' . Like The Phantom Menace , Attack of the Clones furthered technological development , effectively moving Hollywood into the `` digital age '' with the use of the HDW - F900 , developed by Sony and Panavision , a digital camera using an HD digital 24 - frame system . This spawned controversy over the benefits and disadvantages of digital cinematography that continues as more filmmakers `` convert '' to digital filmmaking while many filmmakers oppose it . In contrast to previous installments , for which scenes were shot in the Tunisian desert in temperatures up to 125 ° F ( 51 ° C ) , the camera would still run without complications . Lucas had stated that he wished to film The Phantom Menace on this format but Sony was unable to build the cameras quickly enough . In 2002 , Attack of the Clones became the third film to be released that was shot entirely on a 24p digital camera ( preceded by 2001 's Jackpot and Vidocq ) . The cameras record in the 16 : 9 HDCAM format ( 1080p ) , although the image was cropped to a 2.40 : 1 widescreen ratio . The area above and below the 2.40 extraction area was available for Lucas to reframe the picture as necessary in post-production . Despite Lucas ' efforts to persuade movie theaters to switch to digital projectors for viewing of Episode II , few theaters did .",
"7": "Visual effects ( edit ) The film relied almost solely on digital animatics as opposed to storyboards in order to previsualize sequences for editing early on in the film 's production . While Lucas had used other ways of producing motion - based storyboards in the past , after The Phantom Menace the decision was made to take advantage of the growing digital technology . The process began with Ben Burtt 's creation of what the department dubbed as `` videomatics '' , so called because they were shot on a household videocamera . In these videomatics , production assistants and relatives of the department workers acted out scenes in front of greenscreen . Using computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , the previsualization department later filled in the green screen with rough background footage . Burtt then cut together this footage and sent it off to Lucas for changes and approval . The result was a rough example of what the final product was intended to be . The previsualization department then created a finer version of the videomatic by creating an animatic , in which the videomatic actors , props , and sets were replaced by digital counterparts to give a more precise , but still rough , look at what would eventually be seen . The animatic was later brought on set and shown to the actors so that they could understand the concept of the scene they were filming in the midst of the large amount of bluescreen used . Unlike most of the action sequences , the Battle of Geonosis was not storyboarded or created through videomatics but was sent straight to animatics after the department received a small vague page on the sequence . The intent was to create a number of small events that would be edited together for pacing inside the finished film . The animatics department was given a free hand regarding events to be created within the animatic ; Lucas only asked for good action shots that he could choose from and approve later . In addition to introducing the digital camera , Attack of the Clones emphasized `` digital doubles '' as computer - generated models that doubled for actors , in the same way that traditional stunt doubles did . It also furthered the authenticity of computer - generated characters by introducing a new , completely CGI - created version of the character Yoda . Rob Coleman and John Knoll prepared two tests featuring a CGI - animated Yoda using audio from The Empire Strikes Back .",
"8": "Yoda 's appearance in Episode V also served as the reference point for the creation of the CGI Yoda ; Lucas repeatedly stated to the animation department that `` the trick '' to the animation of the CGI Yoda was to make him like the puppet from which he was based , in order to maintain a flow of continuity . Frank Oz ( voice and puppeteer for Yoda in the original trilogy and The Phantom Menace ) was consulted ; his main piece of advice was that Yoda should look extremely old , sore , and frigid . Coleman later explained the process of making the digital Yoda like the puppet version , by saying `` When Frank ( Oz ) would move the head , the ears would jiggle . If we had n't put that in , it would n't look like Yoda . '' Because of the acrobatics of the lightsaber fight between Count Dooku and Yoda , the then 78 - year - old Christopher Lee relied on a stunt double to perform the most demanding scenes instead . Lee 's face was superimposed onto the double 's body in all shots other than close - ups , which he performed himself . Lucas often called the duel crucial to the animation department , as it had such potential to be humorous rather than dramatic . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to the film was released on April 23 , 2002 by Sony Classical Records . The music was composed and conducted by John Williams , and performed by the London Voices and London Symphony Orchestra . The soundtrack recreates `` The Imperial March '' from the film The Empire Strikes Back for its first chronological appearance in Attack of the Clones , even though a hint of it appeared in the previous movie in one of the final scenes . A music video for the main theme `` Across the Stars '' was produced specifically for the DVD . On March 15 , 2016 , a limited edition vinyl version of the soundtrack was released . Only 1,000 copies were pressed initially . Themes ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Lucas has noted that Palpatine 's rise to power is very similar to that of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany ; as Chancellor of Germany , the latter was granted `` emergency powers '' , as is Palpatine .",
"9": "Comparisons have been made to Octavian -- who became Augustus , the first emperor of Rome -- and to Napoleon Bonaparte , who rose to power in France from 1796 to 1799 . Octavian was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of political opponents well before he was granted tribunician powers ; Bonaparte was appointed First Consul for life ( and later Emperor ) by the French Consulate after a failed attempt on his life and the subsequent coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 . References to the American Civil War can also be discerned . English scholar Anne Lancashire describes Attack of the Clones as `` thoroughly political in its narrative '' , to the point that interpersonal relations are made subordinate to the political drama that unfolds , and `` a critique of the increasing role played by economic and political appetite in contemporary First World international politics in general '' . In this political drama , the Trade Federation , the former idealist Dooku and Palpatine `` ( represent ) the economic and political greed and ambition ( ... ) of the political and business classes '' , while the Jedi have become a force of aggression , and the cityscape of Coruscant has devolved into a dystopian environment that references 1982 's Blade Runner . Clone troopers march onto their starships . War journalism , combat films , and footage of World War II combat influenced the documentary - style camera work of the Battle of Geonosis , even to the point that hand - held shakes were digitally added to computer - generated sequences . The prequel trilogy films often refer to the original trilogy in order to help connect the films together . Lucas has often referred to the films as a long poem that rhymes . Such examples include the line `` I have a bad feeling about this '' , a phrase used in each film , and lightsaber duels which almost always occur over a pit . As with Attack of the Clones , The Empire Strikes Back was the middle film in a trilogy , and of the original trilogy films , The Empire Strikes Back is the object of the most references in Attack of the Clones . In both films , an asteroid field is the backdrop of a major star battle in the middle of the film .",
"10": "Obi - Wan escapes Jango Fett by attaching his spacecraft to an asteroid in order to disappear from the enemy sensors ; Han Solo uses a similar tactic by attaching the Millennium Falcon to a Star Destroyer in The Empire Strikes Back . As a retcon , John Knoll confirms on the film 's DVD commentary that Boba Fett , who would later catch Solo in the act in The Empire Strikes Back , `` learned his lesson '' from the events of Attack of the Clones . Release ( edit ) After a teaser trailer premiered with the film Monsters , Inc. , a new trailer for the film aired on the Fox Network on March 10 , 2002 between Malcolm in the Middle and The X-Files , and was made available on the official Star Wars web site the same day . The outplacement firm Challenger , Gray & Christmas from Chicago predicted before the film 's release that U.S. companies could lose more than $319 million in productivity due to employees calling in sick and then heading to theaters to see the film . The film premiered as part of the inaugural Tribeca Film Festival at the BMCC Performing Arts Center , 199 Chambers St. in New York City at a Sunday , May 12 set of screenings benefitting the Children 's Aid Society , a charity supported by George Lucas . Attack of the Clones was then screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival , before getting a worldwide theatrical release on May 16 , 2002 . The film was also later released in IMAX theaters ; the film had not been filmed for IMAX but was `` up converted '' with the digital remastering process . Because of the technical limitations of the IMAX projector , an edited , 120 - minute version of the film was presented . Before the film 's release , there was a string of controversies regarding copyright infringement . In 2000 , an underground organization calling itself the Atlas Group , based in Perth , Western Australia offered a copy of the screenplay , with an asking price of US $100,000 , to various fan sites and media organizations , including TheForce.Net . The scheme was subsequently reported to Lucasfilm Ltd. by the fan site . An unauthorized copy was allegedly made at a private showing , using a digital recorder that was pointed at the screen .",
"11": "This copy spread over the internet , and analysts predicted up to a million fans would have seen the film before the day of its release . In addition , authorities seized thousands of bootlegs throughout Kuala Lumpur before the film opened . Home media ( edit ) Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones was released on DVD and VHS on November 12 , 2002 . The DVD features an audio commentary from director George Lucas , producer Rick McCallum , editor and sound designer Ben Burtt , ILM animation director Rob Coleman , and ILM visual effects supervisors Pablo Helman , John Knoll , and Ben Snow . Eight deleted scenes are included along with multiple documentaries , which include a full - length documentary about the creation of digital characters and two others that focus on sound design and the animatics team . Three featurettes examine the storyline , action scenes , and love story , and a set of 12 short web documentaries cover the overall production of the film . The Attack of the Clones DVD also features a trailer for a mockumentary - style short film known as R2 - D2 : Beneath the Dome . Some stores offered the full mockumentary as an exclusive bonus disc for a small extra charge . The film gives an alternate look at the `` life '' of the droid R2 - D2 . The story , which Lucas approved , was meant to be humorous . The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4 , 2008 . The Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc on September 16 , 2011 in three different editions . On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Attack of the Clones through the iTunes Store , Amazon Video , Vudu , Google Play , and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10 , 2015 .",
"12": "3D re-release ( edit ) On September 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) , it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo - converted to 3D , and re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace which was released on February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . Attack of the Clones was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) , but was postponed due to Lucasfilm 's desire to focus on Star Wars : The Force Awakens . However , the 3D presentation of the film was shown at Celebration Europe II in July 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 65 % based on 243 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones benefits from an increased emphasis on thrilling action , although they 're once again undercut by ponderous plot points and underdeveloped characters . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , which indicates `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Numerous critics characterized the dialogue as `` stiff '' and `` flat '' . The acting was also disparaged by some critics . Conversely , other critics felt fans would be pleased to see that Jar Jar Binks has only a minor role . Additionally , Jar Jar 's attempts at comic relief seen in The Phantom Menace were toned down ; instead , C - 3PO reprised some of his bumbling traditions in that role . McGregor referred to the swordplay in the film as `` unsatisfactory '' when comparing it to the climactic duel in Revenge of the Sith as it neared release . ReelViews.",
"13": "net 's James Berardinelli gave a positive review , saying `` in a time when , more often than not , sequels disappoint , it 's refreshing to uncover something this high - profile that fulfills the promise of its name and adds another title to a storied legacy . '' Roger Ebert , who had praised the previous Star Wars films , gave Episode II only two out of four stars , noting `` ( As ) someone who admired the freshness and energy of the earlier films , I was amazed , at the end of Episode II , to realize that I had not heard one line of quotable , memorable dialogue . '' About Anakin and Padme 's relationship , Ebert stated `` There is not a romantic word they exchange that has not long since been reduced to cliché . '' Leonard Maltin , who also liked all of the previous installments , only awarded two stars out of four to this endeavor as well , as seen in his Movie and Video Guide from the 2002 edition onward . Maltin cited an `` overlong story '' as reason for his dissatisfaction and added `` Wooden characterizations and dialogue do n't help . '' Following suit with the series ' previous installments , the Academy Awards nominated Attack of the Clones ' Rob Coleman , Pablo Helman , John Knoll , and Ben Snow for Best Visual Effects at the 2003 Academy Awards , but the award ultimately went to The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . Natalie Portman was also honored at the Teen Choice Awards , and the film received an award for Best Fight at the MTV Movie Awards . In contrast , the film also received seven nominations from the Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture , Worst Director ( George Lucas ) , Worst Screenplay ( George Lucas ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Hayden Christensen ) , Worst Supporting Actress ( Natalie Portman ) , Worst Screen Couple ( Hayden Christensen and Natalie Portman ) and Worst Remake or Sequel . It took home two awards for Worst Screenplay ( George Lucas ) and Worst Supporting Actor ( Hayden Christensen ) . Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $310,676,740 in North America and $338,721,588 overseas for a worldwide total of $649,398,328 . Though a huge financial success , it was nevertheless overshadowed by the even greater box - office success of The Phantom Menace three years earlier .",
"14": "It was not the top grossing film of the year , either in North America ( where it finished in third place ) or worldwide ( where it was fourth ) , the first time that a Star Wars film did not have this distinction . In North America it was outgrossed by Spider - Man and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , both of which were more favourably received by critics . Worldwide , it was also outgrossed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , though Attack of the Clones performed better than The Chamber of Secrets in North America . Adjusted for inflation , Attack of the Clones is the lowest - performing live - action Star Wars film at the North American box office , though is still among the 100 highest - grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation . It sold an estimated 52,012,300 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Visual Effects Society February 19 , 2003 Best Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture John Knoll , Ben Snow , Pablo Helman , Rob Coleman Nominated Best Character Animation in a Live Action Motion Picture Rob Coleman , Hal Hickel , Chris Armstrong , James Tooley Nominated Best Matte Painting in a Motion Picture Paul Huston , Yusei Uesugi , Jonathan Harb Won Best Models and Miniatures in a Motion Picture Brian Gernand , Russell Paul , Geoff Campbell , Jean Bolte Nominated Best Visual Effects Photography in a Motion Picture Patrick Sweeney , Marty Rosenberg , Carl Miller , Fred Meyers Nominated Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture Alex Jaeger , Doug Chiang , Erik Tiemens , Ryan Church Nominated Novelizations ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( novel ) Two novels based on the movie were published , a tie - in junior novel by Scholastic , and a novelization written by R.A. Salvatore , which includes some unique scenes . A four - issue comic book adaptation was written by Henry Gilroy and published by Dark Horse Comics .",
"15": "Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Science fiction portal List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the theatrical and home video distribution rights to all other Star Wars films were to be transferred to Walt Disney Studios by May 2020 , 20th Century Fox was to continue to own theatrical , home video , digital , and broadcast distribution rights to A New Hope for the foreseeable future . On December 14 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company announced it is acquiring most of Fox 's parent company , 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Power Lawyers : How ' Star Wars ' Nerds Sold Lucasfilm to Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' . The Walt Disney Company ( Press release ) . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars - Episode II - Attack of the Clones '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode II - Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` All 8 ' Star Wars ' Movies Ranked , From ' New Hope ' to ' Rogue One ' '' .",
"16": "TheWrap . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Every Star Wars movie , ranked from worst to best '' . ScreenRant. April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Phillippe Recalls Missing Out On Anakin Role In ' Star Wars ' Prequels '' . MTV . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Colin Hanks rises in ' Untraceable ' '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Looking for Anakin '' . BBC . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( April 4 , 2000 ) . `` ROLE CALL : Leo out of Anakin Sweepstakes '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` Meet Mr. and Mrs. Vader '' . Time , Canadian Edition : 53 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007b , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007b , p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 8 . Episode 15 . June 2 , 2002 . Bravo . ^ Jump up to : State of the Art : The Previsualization of Episode II DVD Special Feature , ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Here We Go Again : The Digital Cinema Revolution Begins DVD Special Feature , ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Disney To Roll Out Pearl Harbor Again This Week '' . Internet Movie Database . August 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Carus , Felicity ( March 20 , 2003 ) . `` Reel change '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : From Puppets to Pixels : Digital Characters in Episode II DVD Special Feature , ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` Yoda Goes Digital - and Conquers Too '' , Time Canadian Edition , page 48 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones '' . The Official Star Wars Music Website . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Sony Music Classical . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Across The Stars music video '' . Starwars.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones is Being Released on Limited Edition Vinyl '' . Classicalite. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones DVD commentary featuring George Lucas , Rick McCallum , Rob Coleman , Ben Burtt , Pablo Helman , John Knoll and Ben Snow , ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Lancashire , Anne ( 2002 ) . `` Attack of the Clones and the Politics of Star Wars '' . The Dalhousie Review . Retrieved June 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Beginning '' Making Episode I Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace DVD documentary , ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` World premiere of new `` Star Wars : Episode II '' trailer on March 10 `` . Hollywood.com . March 1 , 2002 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Star Wars ' clobber business ? '' . CNN . May 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` My Tribeca film festival : Robert de Niro & Jane Rosenthal '' . New York Post . April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Children 's Aid Society and The Tribeca Film Festival to Co-Host The ... - re > NEW YORK , April 10 / PRNewswire / '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode II Making it BIG : Episode II -- The IMAX Experience '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2004 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael ( March 10 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars ' Clones ' Showing Up On Web '' . InterNetNews . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Clones Attack Star Wars '' . The Financial Express . May 15 , 2002 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Episode II : Unlocking the DVD '' . Starwars.com . October 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R2 - D2 : Beneath the Dome DVD '' . Starwars.com . December 23 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Saga Repacked in Trilogy Sets on DVD '' . Lucasfilm . StarWars.com . August 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-order Star Wars : The Complete Saga on Blu - ray Now ! '' . StarWars.com . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , T.J. ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars 3D Continues Next Fall With Release of Episodes II and III '' . Spinoff Online . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars Attack Of The Clones And Revenge Of The Sith Wo n't Be Getting 3D Re-Releases '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : No More ' Star Wars ' 3D Prequel Releases ; Lucasfilm Passes To Focus On New Trilogy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Focusing on Episode VII , Lucasfilm Postpones Episodes II and III 3D '' . StarWars.com . January 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Attack Of The Clones 3D Screenings At Celebration Europe '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2002 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode II Attack of the Clones '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 .",
"20": "^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( May 10 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack Of The Clones '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard and Jess Cagle , ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` Dark Victory '' , Time Canadian Edition , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Nev ( April 1 , 2005 ) . `` The Total Film Interview -- Ewan McGregor '' . Total Film . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( United States , 2002 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin ( Author ) . `` p. 1322 of 2004 edition '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 75th Academy Award Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Award Winners '' . AllYourTV.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2002 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Annual RAZZIE Nominations / Press Release '' . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . February 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Annual RAZZIE `` Winners '' `` . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . March 22 , 2003 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode II - Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` 1st Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Jump up ^ Patricia C. Wrede ( April 23 , 2002 ) . Star Wars , Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( Junior Novelization ) . Scholastic Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 439 - 13928 - 7 . OCLC 49622734 . Jump up ^ `` Episode II Novel Paperback Edition '' . Starwars.com . December 5 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Episode II Adaptation & Free Comic '' . Starwars.com . March 5 , 2002 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2005 . Sources ( edit ) Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of Star Wars '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007b ) . `` The Secret History of Star Wars '' . v3. 0 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . OCLC 37691005 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones '' dated March 16 , 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at StarWars.com Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at Lucasfilm.com Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones on IMDb Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at the TCM Movie Database Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at AllMovie Star Wars Episode II",
"22": ": Attack of the Clones at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at Box Office Mojo Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones at Metacritic Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones Official Production Notes Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Other Television films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage The Battle for Endor Radio dramas Star Wars Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Languages The Force Physics Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiee List of Star Wars creatures Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles",
"23": "Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe Characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.",
"24": "Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA )",
"25": "Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 )",
"26": "Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone ,",
"27": "James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler ,",
"28": "story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) VIAF : 226720287 LCCN : no2002034817 GND : 4694161 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Episode_II_ -- _Attack_of_the_Clones&oldid = 822364121 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films American films 2000s adventure films Science fantasy films 2000s science fiction films 2000s sequel films Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones American epic films American robot films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American space adventure films American sequel films Cloning in fiction Genetic engineering in fiction Films about cloning Films shot in Italy Films shot in Spain Films shot in Sydney Films shot in Tunisia Films using computer - generated imagery Flying cars in fiction IMAX films Prequel films Science fiction adventure films Shapeshifting in fiction Star Wars films Telekinesis in film 20th Century Fox films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Films scored by John Williams Films directed by George Lucas Films produced by Rick McCallum Screenplays by George Lucas Hidden categories : CS1 maint :",
"29": "BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский",
"30": "संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
who plays dawn on nicky ricky dicky and dawn
|
[
"Lizzy Greene",
"Lizzy Greene",
"Lizzy Greene",
"Lizzy Greene",
"Lizzy Greene"
] |
{
"0": "Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn - wikipedia Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Jump to : navigation , search Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Genre Sitcom Created by Matt Fleckenstein Developed by Michael Feldman Starring Brian Stepanek Allison Munn Aidan Gallagher Casey Simpson Mace Coronel Lizzy Greene Gabrielle Elyse Kyla - Drew Simmons Theme music composer Doug Rockwell Composer ( s ) Chris Lee and Scott Clausen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 68 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Feldman Douglas Danger Lieblein David DiPietro Paul Ciancarelli Producer ( s ) Sarah Jane Cunningham and Suzie V. Freeman Barbara Brace Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) November 13th Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website www.nick.com/nicky-ricky-dicky-and-dawn/ Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn is an American sitcom developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 13 , 2014 . The series stars Brian Stepanek , Allison Munn , Aidan Gallagher , Casey Simpson , Mace Coronel , Lizzy Greene , Gabrielle Elyse , and Kyla - Drew Simmons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn Harper , 10 - years - old at the start of the series , who have nothing in common and often fight , but must work together to solve everyday situations . Characters ( edit ) Tom ( Brian Stepanek ) is the father of the quadruplets .",
"1": "It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children , but he loves his family and is a kid at heart . Anne ( Allison Munn ) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom 's new obsessions . Nicky ( Aidan Gallagher ) is the youngest of the quadruplets . He is shown to be quite comedic , quirky , and easily confused . Ricky ( Casey Simpson ) is the second oldest of the quadruplets . He is the smart one of the group , always seen carrying a book or doing his homework . He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two - shoes , though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well . Dicky ( Mace Coronel ) is the easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . Dawn ( Lizzy Greene ) is the oldest of the quadruplets . Although she 's always seen bothering her brothers , she does care about them deeply . There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky . Josie ( Gabrielle Elyse ) is a worker at Tom 's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky , Ricky , Dicky and Dawn . She only appears in the first season . Mae ( Kyla - Drew Simmons ) is the quads ' friend and Dawn 's best friend . She once called herself `` the fifth quad '' . In the first two seasons , she is a recurring character , but is promoted to a main character in the third season . Production ( edit ) The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , but was later increased to 20 episodes . The series premiered on September 13 , 2014 . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on May 23 , 2015 . On February 9 , 2016 , Nickelodeon renewed Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes . It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner .",
"2": "Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26 , 2016 . The third season premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20 , 2017 . On October 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.60 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.75 1.75 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.11 August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 1.31 1.46 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 1.58 TBA TBD 1.47 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources .",
"3": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ricky Harper . `` Mall in the Family '' . Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn. 2 : 00 minutes in . She 's eleven . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider , Two Other Live - Action Series '' . Deadline . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon '' . Screener . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon ; Creator Exits '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Season 3 starts today ca n't wait for you guys to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Four by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/10/nicky-ricky-dicky-dawn-mace-coronel-abruptly-exits-nickelodeon-comedy-series-1202182216/ Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 8.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn on IMDb Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr.",
"5": "Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aaahh ! ! !",
"6": "Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2000 ; 2012 -- 13 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ; moved to Nicktoons ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up !",
"7": "( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 09 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 11 ) T.U.F.F.",
"8": "Puppy ( 2010 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2012 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky ,",
"9": "Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky,_Ricky,",
"10": "_Dicky_%26_Dawn&oldid=805357734 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2014 American television series debuts Nickelodeon shows Television series about families Television series about siblings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 21 : 03 . About Wikipedia",
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who played tom in four weddings and a funeral
|
[
"James Fleet",
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"James Fleet",
"James Fleet",
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{
"0": "Four Weddings and a Funeral - wikipedia Four Weddings and a Funeral Jump to : navigation , search Four Weddings and a Funeral UK theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Newell Produced by Duncan Kenworthy Written by Richard Curtis Starring Hugh Grant Andie MacDowell Kristin Scott Thomas Simon Callow James Fleet John Hannah Charlotte Coleman David Bower Corin Redgrave Rowan Atkinson Music by Richard Rodney Bennett Cinematography Michael Coulter Edited by Jon Gregory Production company PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Channel Four Films Working Title Films Distributed by Rank Film Distributors Release date 20 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance Festival ) 13 May 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 13 ) ( UK ) Running time 117 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English British Sign Language Budget £ 2.8 million Box office $245.7 million Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy film directed by Mike Newell . It was the first of several films by screenwriter Richard Curtis to feature Hugh Grant , and follows the adventures of Charles ( Grant ) and his circle of friends through a number of social occasions as they each encounter romance . Andie MacDowell stars as Charles ' love interest Carrie , with Kristin Scott Thomas , James Fleet , Simon Callow , John Hannah , Charlotte Coleman , David Bower , Corin Redgrave and Rowan Atkinson in supporting roles . It was made in six weeks and cost under £ 3 million , becoming an unexpected success and the highest - grossing British film in cinema history at the time , with worldwide box office in excess of $245.7 million , and receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay . In addition to this , Grant won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , and the film also won the BAFTA Awards Best Film , Best Direction and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Scott Thomas . In 1999 , Four Weddings and a Funeral placed 23rd on the British Film Institute 's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century .",
"1": "In 2017 a poll of 150 actors , directors , writers , producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 74th best British film ever . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Accolades 6.1 Wins 6.2 Nominations 6.3 Recognition 7 Television series 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the adventures of a group of friends through the eyes of Charles , a good - natured but socially awkward man living in London , who becomes smitten with Carrie , an American whom Charles keeps meeting at four weddings and a funeral . The first wedding is in Somerset and is that of Angus and Laura , at which Charles is the best man . Charles and his single friends wonder whether they will ever get married . Charles meets Carrie and spends the night with her . Carrie pretends that , now they have slept together , they will have to get married , to which Charles endeavours to respond before realising she is joking . Carrie observes that they may have missed an opportunity and then returns to America . The second wedding is that of Bernard and Lydia , a couple who became romantically involved at the previous wedding . Charles encounters Carrie again , but she introduces him to her fiancé , Sir Hamish Banks , a wealthy politician . At the reception , Charles finds himself seated with several ex-girlfriends who relate embarrassing stories about his inability to be discreet and afterwards bumps into Henrietta , known among Charles ' friends as `` Duckface '' , with whom he had a particularly difficult relationship . Charles retreats to an empty hotel suite , seeing Carrie and Hamish leave in a taxicab , only to be trapped in a cupboard after the newlyweds stumble into the room to have sex . After Charles awkwardly exits the room , Henrietta confronts him about his habit of `` serial monogamy '' , telling him he is afraid of letting anyone get too close to him . Charles then runs into Carrie , and they end up spending another night together . A month later , Charles receives an invitation to Carrie 's wedding .",
"2": "While shopping for a present , he coincidentally encounters Carrie and ends up helping her select her wedding dress . Carrie lists her more than thirty sexual partners . Charles later awkwardly tries confessing his love to her and hinting that he would like to have a relationship with her , to no avail . The third wedding is that of Carrie and Hamish . Charles attends , depressed at the prospect of Carrie marrying Hamish . At the reception , Gareth instructs his friends to seek potential mates ; Fiona 's brother , Tom , stumbles through an attempt to connect with a woman until she reveals that she is the minister 's wife , while Charles 's flatmate , Scarlett , strikes up a conversation with an American named Chester . As Charles watches Carrie and Hamish dance , Fiona deduces his feelings about Carrie . When Charles asks why Fiona is not married , she confesses that she has loved Charles since they first met years earlier . Charles is appreciative and empathetic but does not requite her love . During the groom 's toast , Gareth dies of a heart attack . At Gareth 's funeral , his partner Matthew recites the poem `` Funeral Blues '' by W.H. Auden , commemorating his relationship with Gareth . Charles and Tom discuss whether hoping to find your `` one true love '' is just a futile effort and ponder that , while their clique have always viewed themselves as proud to be single , Gareth and Matthew were a `` married '' couple all the while . The fourth wedding is ten months later . Charles has decided to marry Henrietta . However , shortly before the ceremony , Carrie arrives , revealing to Charles that she and Hamish are separated . Charles has a crisis of confidence , which he reveals to his deaf brother David and Matthew . During the ceremony , when the vicar asks whether anyone knows a reason why the couple should not marry , David , who was reading the vicar 's lips , asks Charles to translate for him , and says in sign language that he suspects the groom loves someone else . The vicar asks whether Charles does love someone else , and Charles replies , `` I do . '' Henrietta punches Charles and the wedding is halted . Carrie visits Charles to apologise for attending the wedding .",
"3": "Charles confesses that , while standing at the altar , he realised that for the first time in his life he totally and utterly loved one person , `` and it was n't the person standing next to me in the veil . '' Charles makes a proposal of lifelong commitment without marriage to Carrie , who accepts . Henrietta marries an officer in the Grenadier Guards ; David marries his girlfriend Serena ; Scarlett marries Chester ; Tom marries his distant cousin Deirdre ( whom he met , for the second time in 25 years , at Charles 's wedding ) ; Matthew finds a new partner ; Fiona marries Prince Charles ; and Charles and Carrie have a young son . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Grant as Charles Andie MacDowell as Carrie James Fleet as Tom Simon Callow as Gareth John Hannah as Matthew Kristin Scott Thomas as Fiona David Bower as David Charlotte Coleman as Scarlett Timothy Walker as Angus Sara Crowe as Laura Rowan Atkinson as Father Gerald David Haig as Bernard Sophie Thompson as Lydia Corin Redgrave as Sir Hamish Banks Anna Chancellor as Henrietta Production ( edit ) The film was shot mainly in London and the Home Counties , including Hampstead , Islington where the final moments take place on Highbury Terrace , Greenwich Hospital , Betchworth in Surrey , Amersham in Buckinghamshire , St Bartholomew - the - Great ( wedding number four ) and West Thurrock in Essex . Exterior shots of guests arriving for the funeral were filmed in Thurrock , Essex overlooking the River Thames with the backdrop of the Dartford River Crossing and at stately homes in Bedfordshire ( Luton Hoo for wedding two 's reception ) and Hampshire . Music ( edit ) The original score was composed by British composer Richard Rodney Bennett . The movie also featured a soundtrack of popular songs , including a cover version of The Troggs ' `` Love Is All Around '' performed by Wet Wet Wet that remained at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for fifteen weeks and was then the ninth ( now twelfth ) biggest selling single of all time in Britain . This song would later be adapted into `` Christmas Is All Around '' and sung by the character of Billy Mack in Richard Curtis ' 2003 film Love Actually , in which Grant also stars .",
"4": "Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film was very well received with critics , currently holding a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval on reviews aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , with the site 's consensus stating , `` While frothy to a fault , Four Weddings and a Funeral features irresistibly breezy humor , and winsome performances from Hugh Grant and Andie MacDowell . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , calling it `` delightful and sly '' , and directed with `` light - hearted enchantment '' by Newell . He praised Grant 's performance , describing it as a kind of `` endearing awkwardness '' . The film had its detractors . Writing for the Chicago Reader , Jonathan Rosenbaum called the film `` generic '' and `` standard issue '' , stating that the audience should n't `` expect to remember it ten minutes later '' . Time magazine writer Richard Corliss was less scathing , but agreed that it was forgettable , saying that people would `` forget all about ( the movie ) by the time they leave the multiplex , '' even joking at the end of his review that he had forgotten the film 's name . The character of Carrie was voted one of the most annoying film characters of all time in a British online poll . Box Office ( edit ) The film earned £ 27.8 million in the United Kingdom . Upon its North American limited release on 11 March 1994 , Four Weddings and a Funeral opened with $138,486 in five theatres . But upon its wide release on 15 April 1994 , the film topped the box office with $4,162,489 . The film would continue to gross $52.7 million in North America with an additional $193 million internationally , earning $245.7 million worldwide .",
"5": "Accolades ( edit ) Wins ( edit ) BAFTA Awards Best Film Best Direction ( Mike Newell ) Best Actor ( Hugh Grant ) Best Supporting Actress ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) Australian Film Institute Best Foreign Film British Comedy Awards Best Comedy Film César Awards César Award for Best Foreign Film Chicago Film Critics Most Promising Actor ( Hugh Grant ) Evening Standard Awards Best Actress ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) Best Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy ( Hugh Grant ) London Film Awards British Film of the Year British Director of the Year ( Mike Newell ) British Producer of the Year ( Duncan Kenworthy ) British Screenwriter of the Year ( Richard Curtis ) Writers Guild of America Award Best Original Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Film -- Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards Best Picture ( lost to Forrest Gump ) Best Original Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) BAFTA Awards Best Film Music -- Richard Rodney Bennett ( lost to Backbeat ) Best Original Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actor -- Simon Callow ( lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actor -- John Hannah ( lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actress -- Charlotte Coleman ( lost to Kristin Scott Thomas for this film ) Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directoring -- Feature Film -- Mike Newell ( lost to Robert Zemeckis for Forrest Gump ) Golden Globe Awards Best Musical or Comedy ( lost to The Lion King ) Best Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy -- Andie MacDowell ( lost to Jamie Lee Curtis for True Lies ) Recognition ( edit ) The film was voted the 27th greatest comedy film of all time by readers of Total Film in 2000 . In 2004 , the same magazine named it the 34th greatest British film of all time .",
"6": "It is number 96 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . Television series ( edit ) It was reported in November 2017 that writer / director Richard Curtis was developing an anthology television series based upon the film with producers including Mindy Kaling and Matt Warburton for streaming service Hulu . See also ( edit ) BFI Top 100 British films Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , also written by Curtis and starring Grant Love Actually ( 2003 ) , another film by Curtis starring Grant and Atkinson Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley , worn by Hurley to the film 's premiere List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 -- The Reunion -- Four Weddings and a Funeral , 13 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` The 100 best British films '' . Time Out . Retrieved 26 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Making of Four Weddings and a Funeral '' . Empire . June 1994 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Filming Locations for Four Weddings and a Funeral . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Four Weddings And A Funeral : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ CINEMA : Four Weddings and a Funeral : Well Groomed . Time ( 14 March 1994 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce ( 19 May 1999 ) , `` The Daring Genesis of J.J. Abrams 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' , Vanity Fair ( June 2015 ) , retrieved 7 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Top Films of All Time at the UK Box Office '' ( PDF ) .",
"7": "British Film Institute . April 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 11 -- 13 March 1994 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 15 -- 17 April 1994 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` ' Four Weddings And a Funeral ' Anthology Series From Mindy Kaling In Works At Hulu '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Four Weddings and a Funeral Four Weddings and a Funeral in the British Film Institute 's `` Explore film .",
"8": "'' database Four Weddings and a Funeral on IMDb Four Weddings and a Funeral at the TCM Movie Database Four Weddings and a Funeral at AllMovie Four Weddings and a Funeral at Box Office Mojo Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes Related topic navboxes Films directed by Mike Newell The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Awakening ( 1980 ) Bad Blood ( 1982 ) Birth of a Nation ( 1983 ) Dance with a Stranger ( 1985 ) The Good Father ( 1985 ) Amazing Grace and Chuck ( 1987 ) Soursweet ( 1988 ) Enchanted April ( 1992 ) Into the West ( 1992 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1995 ) Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Love in the Time of Cholera ( 2007 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) Great Expectations ( 2012 ) The Interestings ( 2016 ) The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society ( 2018 ) Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 - 1989 ) Mr.",
"9": "Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe ,",
"10": "Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing ,",
"11": "Missouri ( 2017 ) César Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I ,",
"12": "Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Loveless ( 2018 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) GND : 102892173X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeral&oldid=836237830 '' Categories : 1994 films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s independent films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s LGBT - related films Best Foreign Film César Award winners British films British comedy - drama films British independent films British LGBT - related films British romantic comedy films British romantic drama films English - language films British Sign Language films Films directed by Mike Newell Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films about weddings Films about funerals Films set in England Films shot in England Funeral homes in fiction LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT romance films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Screenplays by Richard Curtis Working Title Films films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Film4 Productions films Gramercy Pictures films Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who directed the iconic animated short educational film ek anek aur ekta
|
[
"Vijaya Mulay",
"Vijaya Mulay",
"Vijaya Mulay",
"Vijaya Mulay",
"Vijaya Mulay"
] |
{
"0": "Ek Anek Aur Ekta - Wikipedia Ek Anek Aur Ekta Jump to : navigation , search Ek Anek Aur Ekta Directed by Vijaya Mulay Produced by Films Division of India Screenplay by Vijaya Mulay Music by Vasant Desai Edited by Waman B. Bhosle and Guru Dutt Shirali ( Waman - Guru ) Production company National Centre for Education Technology ( NCERT ) Release date Running time 7 : 07 Country India Language Hindi Ek Anek Aur Ekta or `` One , Many , and Unity '' ( also known as Ek Chidiya , Anek Chidiyan after the title song ) is a traditionally animated short educational film released by the Films Division of India ( Government of India ) . It was released in 1974 . It was aired on the public broadcaster channel Doordarshan and became very popular among children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 The team 3 References 4 External links Summary ( edit ) The film was intended to teach the value of unity and teamwork to children ( Unity in Diversity ) . It also contains the message of how India is stronger if its citizens stand united , regardless of cultural differences . It begins with a group of children playing in a garden with one of them asking his elder sister , `` Didi , yeh anek kya hota hai ? '' , or in English , `` Sis , what do you mean by Many ? '' . The rest of the film is the sister 's reply , using a metaphorical story of how a group of birds escape a bird catcher by uniting to recruit their friends , a group of mice . The team ( edit ) The film was directed by Vijaya Mulay . The film 's design , animation and creation was done by Bhimsain Khurana . The lyrics of Hind Desh ke Niwasi were written by Pandit Vinay Chandra Maudgalya . Sadhna Sargam sang Ek Chidiya , Anek Chidiyan . The assistants were S.M. Hasan , Mahesh Taavre and Girish Rao . The film won the National Film Award for Best Educational Film.",
"1": ", and it was the first film from the animation studios of then Center for Education Technology . The film also won the Best Children 's Film award in Japan . The film is considered to be one of India 's greatest examples of animation story - telling , and well remembered by the 80s generation as a classic illustration of Anekta mein Ekta . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jubilee Year - Films Division celebrates six decades of telling the story of India '' . Indian Express . 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Narwekar , Sanjit ( 1994 ) . Directory of Indian film - makers and films . Trowbridge , Wiltshire , England : Flicks Books . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 948911 - 40 - 8 . OCLC 30386224 . Jump up ^ Abhimanyu Mishra . `` I wo n't mind singing an item number : unknown singer '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Sharma , Bela Rani ( 1998 ) . Vijay Kaushik , ed . Women 's Rights and World Development . Encyclopaedia of human rights & women 's development . 5 . Sarup & Sons . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 015 - 3 . OCLC 70510934 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards '' . The Education quarterly . Ministry of Education and Social Welfare , Government of India . 27 : 34 . 1975 . ISSN 0013 - 1482 . OCLC 1567557 . Jump up ^ `` Documentaries and Shorts '' . Climb Media . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tales Well Told '' . The Tribune . 13 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Ek Anek Aur Ekta on IMDb Ek Anek Aur Ekta on YouTube ( hide ) Indian animation industry Notable feature films",
"2": "The Banyan Deer ( 1957 ) Ek Anek Aur Ekta ( 1974 ) Raja Chinna Roja ( 1989 ) Deepa & Rupa : A Fairy Tale from India ( 1990 ) Ramayana : The Legend of Prince Rama ( 1992 ) O ' Faby ( 1993 ) Pandavas : The Five Warriors ( 2000 ) Son of Aladdin ( 2003 ) Hanuman ( 2005 ) Bhagmati : The Queen of Fortune ( 2005 ) Kittu ( 2006 ) Bal Ganesh ( 2007 ) Inimey Nangathan ( 2007 ) Return of Hanuman ( 2007 ) My Friend Ganesha ( 2007 ) My Friend Ganesha 2 ( 2008 ) Cheenti Cheenti Bang Bang ( 2008 ) Ghatothkach ( 2008 ) Dashavatar ( 2008 ) Jumbo ( 2008 ) Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Bal Ganesh 2 ( 2009 ) My Friend Ganesha 3 ( 2010 ) Lava Kusa : The Warrior Twins ( 2010 ) Ramayana : The Epic ( 2010 ) Toonpur Ka Super Hero ( 2010 ) Main Krishna Hoon ( 2011 ) Crackers ( 2011 ) Anaganaga O Dheerudu ( 2011 ) Super K -- The Movie ( 2011 ) Arjun -- The Warrior Prince ( 2012 ) Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan ( 2012 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Delhi Safari ( 2012 ) Sons of Ram ( 2012 ) Krishna Aur Kans ( 2012 ) Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya ( 2013 ) Mahabharat ( 2013 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2013 ) Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali ( 2014 )",
"3": "Kochadaiiyaan ( 2014 ) Chaar Sahibzaade ( 2014 ) True Love Story ( 2014 ) Alibaba Aur 41 Chor ( 2016 ) Chhota Bheem Himalayan Adventure ( 2016 ) Nagarahavu ( 2016 ) Chaar Sahibzaade : The Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur ( 2016 ) Hanuman Da ' Damdaar ( 2017 ) Television The Adventures of Tenali Raman Akbar Birbal Chamatkari Telephone Chhota Bheem Chorr Police Ghayab Aaya Kumbh Karan Little Krishna Motu Patlu Pakdam Pakdai Roll No 21 Vir The Robot Boy Shiva Companies Children 's Film Society , India Crest Animation Studios Disney India Makuta Animation Pentamedia Graphics Tata Elxsi Toonz India Ltd Trace VFX Turner International India Key people Nikhil Advani Suddhasattwa Basu Rajiv Chilaka Jugal Hansraj Karan Johar Ram Mohan Vijaya Mulay S.P. Muthuraman S.S.",
"4": "Rajamouli Soundarya Rajinikanth Gitanjali Rao Kodi Ramakrishna Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Binu Sasidharan Pankaj Sharma Manick Sorcar Awards National Film Award for Best Animated Film National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film Schools , colleges and institutes Arena Animation DSK International Campus Frameboxx Animation & Visual Effects Image College of Arts , Animation & Technology Industrial Design Centre National Institute of Design National Institute of Design , Gandhinagar University Institute of Animation & Multimedia , Chandigarh University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Anek_Aur_Ekta&oldid=815577782 '' Categories : Hindi - language films 1974 films Indian films Indian documentary films 1970s animated short films Indian animated short films 1970s Hindi - language films 1974 animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use Indian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 11 . About Wikipedia",
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-544805225908484128
|
is greenland part of europe or north america
|
[
"physiographically a part of the continent of North America",
"North America",
"North America"
] |
{
"0": "Greenland - wikipedia Greenland Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Greenland ( disambiguation ) . Greenland Kalaallit Nunaat ( Greenlandic ) Grønland ( Danish ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit You Our Ancient Land Nuna asiilasooq The Land of Great Length Location of Greenland Capital and largest city Nuuk 64 ° 10 ′ N 51 ° 44 ′ W / 64.167 ° N 51.733 ° W / 64.167 ; - 51.733 Official languages Greenlandic Other languages Danish Ethnic groups 88 % Greenlandic Inuit ( and European mixed ) 12 % Danes and other Europeans Religion Church of Denmark Demonym Greenlander Greenlandic Sovereign state Kingdom of Denmark Government Devolved government within parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Margrethe II High Commissioner Mikaela Engell Prime Minister Kim Kielsen Speaker of the Inatsisartut Lars Emil Johansen Legislature Inatsisartut Autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark Norse colonization 11th century Unified with Norway 1262 Contact re-established ( Dano - Norwegian colonies ) 1721 Ceded to Denmark 14 January 1814 Amt status 5 June 1953 Home rule 1 May 1979 Further autonomy and self rule 21 June 2009 Area Total 2,166,086 km ( 836,330 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 83.1 Population Estimate 56,483 ( 14 September 2016 ) Density 0.028 / km ( 0.1 / sq mi ) ( last ) GDP ( PPP ) 2011 estimate Total 11.6 billion kr.",
"1": "( $1.8 billion ) ( n / a ) Per capita $37,000 ( n / a ) HDI ( 2010 ) 0.786 high 61st Currency Danish krone ( DKK ) Time zone ( UTC + 0 to − 4 ) Date format dd - mm - yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 299 ISO 3166 code GL Internet TLD . gl ^ Greenlandic has been the sole official language of Greenland since 2009 . ^ Danish influence reached Greenland in 1380 with the reign of Olav IV in Norway , son of Haakon VI of Norway and Margaret I of Denmark . ^ Although previously under Danish monarchy for four hundred years , Greenland , the Faroe Islands , and Iceland were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 . ^ As of 2000 : 410,449 km ( 158,475 sq mi ) ice - free ; 1,755,637 km ( 677,855 sq mi ) ice - covered . Density : 0.14 / km ( 0.36 / sq. mi ) for ice - free areas . Greenland ( / ˈɡriːnlənd / ; Greenlandic : Kalaallit Nunaat , pronounced ( kalaːɬit nunaːt ) ; Danish : Grønland , pronounced ( ˈɡʁɶnˌlanˀ ) ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island . Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three - quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica .",
"2": "With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . About a third of the population live in Nuuk , the capital and largest city . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements . Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark - Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island . Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , with Leif Erikson becoming the first known European to reach North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark . In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark .",
"3": "However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972,001 square kilometres ( 375,292 sq mi ) of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty - nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities -- Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata . In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self - Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower .",
"4": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early Paleo - Eskimo cultures 2.2 Norse settlement 2.3 The Thule Culture ( 1300 -- present ) 2.4 1500 -- 1814 2.5 Treaty of Kiel to World War II 2.6 Home rule and self - rule 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Postglacial glacier advances on the peninsula Nugssuaq in West - Greenland 4 Biodiversity 5 Politics 5.1 Political system 5.2 Government 5.3 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Economics and business 6.2 Transportation 7 Population 7.1 Demographics 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 7.4 Social issues 7.5 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Bibliography 11.3 Works cited 12 External links 12.1 Overviews and data 12.2 Government 12.3 Maps 12.4 News and media 12.5 Trade 12.6 Travel 12.7 Other Etymology ( edit ) The early Viking settlers named the island as Greenland . In the Icelandic sagas , the Norwegian - born Icelander Erik the Red was said to be exiled from Iceland for manslaughter . Along with his extended family and his thralls , he set out in ships to explore an icy land known to lie to the northwest . After finding a habitable area and settling there , he named it Grœnland ( translated as `` Greenland '' ) , supposedly in the hope that the pleasant name would attract settlers . The name of the country in Greenlandic ( Kalaallisut ) is Kalaallit Nunaat ( `` land of the Kalaallit '' ) . The Kalaallit are the indigenous Greenlandic Inuit people who inhabit the country 's western region . Maps showing the different cultures in Greenland , Labrador , Newfoundland and the Canadian arctic islands in the years 900 , 1100 , 1300 and 1500 .",
"5": "Green : Dorset Culture ; blue : Thule Culture ; red : Norse Culture ; yellow : Innu ; orange : Beothuk . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Greenland Early Paleo - Eskimo cultures ( edit ) In prehistoric times , Greenland was home to several successive Paleo - Eskimo cultures known today primarily through archaeological finds . The earliest entry of the Paleo - Eskimo into Greenland is thought to have occurred about 2500 BC . From around 2500 BC to 800 BC , southern and western Greenland were inhabited by the Saqqaq culture . Most finds of Saqqaq - period archaeological remains have been around Disko Bay , including the site of Saqqaq , after which the culture is named . From 2400 BC to 1300 BC , the Independence I culture existed in northern Greenland . It was a part of the Arctic small tool tradition . Towns , including Deltaterrasserne , started to appear . Around 800 BC , the Saqqaq culture disappeared and the Early Dorset culture emerged in western Greenland and the Independence II culture in northern Greenland . The Dorset culture was the first culture to extend throughout the Greenlandic coastal areas , both on the west and east coasts . It lasted until the total onset of the Thule culture in 1500 AD . The Dorset culture population lived primarily from hunting of whales and caribou . Norse Settlement ( edit ) See also : Herjolfsnes ( Norse Greenland ) Kingittorsuaq Runestone from Kingittorsuaq Island ( Middle ages ) From 986 , Greenland 's west coast was settled by Icelanders and Norwegians , through a contingent of 14 boats led by Erik the Red . They formed three settlements -- known as the Eastern Settlement , the Western Settlement and the Middle Settlement -- on fjords near the southwestern-most tip of the island . They shared the island with the late Dorset culture inhabitants who occupied the northern and western parts , and later with the Thule culture that entered from the north . Norse Greenlanders submitted to Norwegian rule in the 13th century under the Norwegian Empire . Later the Kingdom of Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark in 1380 , and from 1397 was a part of the Kalmar Union .",
"6": "The Norse settlements , such as Brattahlíð , thrived for centuries but disappeared sometime in the 15th century , perhaps at the onset of the Little Ice Age . Apart from some runic inscriptions , no contemporary records or historiography survives from the Norse settlements . Medieval Norwegian sagas and historical works mention Greenland 's economy as well as the bishops of Gardar and the collection of tithes . A chapter in the Konungs skuggsjá ( The King 's Mirror ) describes Norse Greenland 's exports and imports as well as grain cultivation . Icelandic saga accounts of life in Greenland were composed in the 13th century and later , and do not constitute primary sources for the history of early Norse Greenland . Modern understanding therefore mostly depends on the physical data from archeological sites . Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300 , the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic , with trees and herbaceous plants growing , and livestock being farmed . Barley was grown as a crop up to the 70th parallel . What is verifiable is that the ice cores indicate Greenland has had dramatic temperature shifts many times over the past 100,000 years . Similarly the Icelandic Book of Settlements records famines during the winters , in which `` the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs '' . One of the last contemporary written mentions of the Norse Greenlanders records a marriage which took place in 1408 in the church of Hvalsey -- today the best - preserved Nordic ruins in Greenland . These Icelandic settlements vanished during the 14th and early 15th centuries . The demise of the Western Settlement coincides with a decrease in summer and winter temperatures . A study of North Atlantic seasonal temperature variability during the Little Ice Age showed a significant decrease in maximum summer temperatures beginning in the late 13th century to early 14th century -- as much as 6 to 8 ° C ( 11 to 14 ° F ) lower than modern summer temperatures . The study also found that the lowest winter temperatures of the last 2000 years occurred in the late 14th century and early 15th century . The Eastern Settlement was likely abandoned in the early to mid-15th century , during this cold period .",
"7": "Theories drawn from archeological excavations at Herjolfsnes in the 1920s , suggest that the condition of human bones from this period indicates that the Norse population was malnourished , maybe due to soil erosion resulting from the Norsemen 's destruction of natural vegetation in the course of farming , turf - cutting , and wood - cutting . Malnutrition may also have resulted from widespread deaths due to pandemic plague ; the decline in temperatures during the Little Ice Age ; and armed conflicts with the Skrælings ( Norse word for Inuit ) . In 1379 , the Inuit attacked the Eastern Settlement , killed 18 men and captured two boys and a woman . Recent archeological studies somewhat challenge the general assumption that the Norse colonisation had a dramatic negative environmental effect on the vegetation . Data support traces of a possible Norse soil amendment strategy . More recent evidence suggests that the Norse , who never numbered more than about 2,500 , gradually abandoned the Greenland settlements over the 1400s as walrus ivory , the most valuable export from Greenland , decreased in price due to competition with other sources of higher - quality ivory , and that there was actually little evidence of starvation or difficulties . Other theories about the disappearance of the Norse settlement have been proposed ; Lack of support from the homeland . Ship - borne marauders ( such as Basque , English , or German pirates ) rather than Skraelings , could have plundered and displaced the Greenlanders . They were `` the victims of hidebound thinking and of a hierarchical society dominated by the Church and the biggest land owners . In their reluctance to see themselves as anything but Europeans , the Greenlanders failed to adopt the kind of apparel that the Inuit employed as protection against the cold and damp or to borrow any of the Eskimo hunting gear . '' The Thule culture ( 1300 -- present ) ( edit ) The Thule people are the ancestors of the current Greenlandic population . No genes from the Paleo - Eskimos have been found in the present population of Greenland . The Thule Culture migrated eastward from what is now known as Alaska around 1000 , reaching Greenland around 1300 . The Thule culture was the first to introduce to Greenland such technological innovations as dog sleds and toggling harpoons .",
"8": "1500 -- 1814 ( edit ) In 1500 , King Manuel I of Portugal sent Gaspar Corte - Real to Greenland in search of a Northwest Passage to Asia which , according to the Treaty of Tordesillas , was part of Portugal 's sphere of influence . In 1501 , Corte - Real returned with his brother , Miguel Corte - Real . Finding the sea frozen , they headed south and arrived in Labrador and Newfoundland . Upon the brothers ' return to Portugal , the cartographic information supplied by Corte - Real was incorporated into a new map of the world which was presented to Ercole I d'Este , Duke of Ferrara , by Alberto Cantino in 1502 . The Cantino planisphere , made in Lisbon , accurately depicts the southern coastline of Greenland . In 1605 -- 1607 , King Christian IV of Denmark sent a series of expeditions to Greenland and Arctic waterways to locate the lost eastern Norse settlement and assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland . The expeditions were mostly unsuccessful , partly due to leaders who lacked experience with the difficult arctic ice and weather conditions , and partly because the expedition leaders were given instructions to search for the Eastern Settlement on the east coast of Greenland just north of Cape Farewell , which is almost inaccessible due to southward drifting ice . The pilot on all three trips was English explorer James Hall . A 1747 map based on Egede 's descriptions and misconceptions After the Norse settlements died off , the area came under the de facto control of various Inuit groups , but the Danish government never forgot or relinquished the claims to Greenland that it had inherited from the Norse . When it re-established contact with Greenland in the early 18th century , Denmark asserted its sovereignty over the island . In 1721 , a joint mercantile and clerical expedition led by Danish - Norwegian missionary Hans Egede was sent to Greenland , not knowing whether a Norse civilization remained there . This expedition is part of the Dano - Norwegian colonization of the Americas . After 15 years in Greenland , Hans Egede left his son Paul Egede in charge of the mission there and returned to Denmark , where he established a Greenland Seminary . This new colony was centred at Godthåb ( `` Good Hope '' ) on the southwest coast .",
"9": "Gradually , Greenland was opened up to Danish merchants , and closed to those from other countries . Treaty of Kiel to world War II ( edit ) Eirik Raudes Land When the union between the crowns of Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814 , the Treaty of Kiel severed Norway 's former colonies and left them under the control of the Danish monarch . Norway occupied then - uninhabited eastern Greenland as Erik the Red 's Land in July 1931 , claiming that it constituted terra nullius . Norway and Denmark agreed to submit the matter in 1933 to the Permanent Court of International Justice , which decided against Norway . Main article : Greenland in World War II Greenland 's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940 , early in World War II , after Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany . On 8 April 1941 , the United States occupied Greenland to defend it against a possible invasion by Germany . The United States occupation of Greenland continued until 1945 . Greenland was able to buy goods from the United States and Canada by selling cryolite from the mine at Ivittuut . The major air bases were Bluie West - 1 at Narsarsuaq and Bluie West - 8 at Søndre Strømfjord ( Kangerlussuaq ) , both of which are still used as Greenland 's major international airports . Bluie was the military code name for Greenland . During this war , the system of government changed : Governor Eske Brun ruled the island under a law of 1925 that allowed governors to take control under extreme circumstances ; Governor Aksel Svane was transferred to the United States to lead the commission to supply Greenland . The Danish Sirius Patrol guarded the northeastern shores of Greenland in 1942 using dogsleds . They detected several German weather stations and alerted American troops , who destroyed the facilities . After the collapse of the Third Reich , Albert Speer briefly considered escaping in a small aeroplane to hide out in Greenland , but changed his mind and decided to surrender to the United States Armed Forces . Greenland had been a protected and very isolated society until 1940 . The Danish government had maintained a strict monopoly of Greenlandic trade , allowing only small scale troaking with Scottish whalers .",
"10": "In wartime Greenland developed a sense of self - reliance through self - government and independent communication with the outside world . Despite this change , in 1946 a commission including the highest Greenlandic council , the Landsrådene , recommended patience and no radical reform of the system . Two years later , the first step towards a change of government was initiated when a grand commission was established . A final report ( G - 50 ) was presented in 1950 : Greenland was to be a modern welfare state with Denmark as sponsor and example . In 1953 Greenland was made an equal part of the Danish Kingdom . Home rule was granted in 1979 . Home rule and self - rule ( edit ) See also : Greenlandic independence The orthography and vocabulary of the Greenlandic language is governed by Oqaasileriffik , the Greenlandic language secretariat , located in the Ilimmarfik University of Greenland , Nuuk . Following World War II , the United States developed a geopolitical interest in Greenland , and in 1946 the United States offered to buy the island from Denmark for $100,000,000 . Denmark refused to sell it . In the 21st century , the United States , according to Wikileaks , remains highly interested in investing in the resource base of Greenland and in tapping hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast . In 1950 Denmark agreed to allow the US to reestablish Thule Air Base in Greenland ; it was greatly expanded between 1951 and 1953 as part of a unified NATO Cold War defense strategy . The local population of three nearby villages was moved more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away in the winter . The United States tried to construct a subterranean network of secret nuclear missile launch sites in the Greenlandic ice cap , named Project Iceworm . It managed this project from Camp Century from 1960 to 1966 before abandoning it as unworkable . The Danish government did not become aware of the program 's mission until 1997 , when they discovered it while looking for records related to the crash of a nuclear - equipped B - 52 bomber at Thule in 1968 . With the 1953 Danish constitution , Greenland 's colonial status ended as the island was incorporated into the Danish realm as an amt ( county ) . Danish citizenship was extended to Greenlanders .",
"11": "Danish policies toward Greenland consisted of a strategy of cultural assimilation -- or de-Greenlandification . During this period , the Danish government promoted the exclusive use of the Danish language in official matters , and required Greenlanders to go to Denmark for their post-secondary education . Many Greenlandic children grew up in boarding schools in southern Denmark , and a number lost their cultural ties to Greenland . While the policies `` succeeded '' in the sense of shifting Greenlanders from being primarily subsistence hunters into being urbanized wage earners , the Greenlandic elite began to reassert a Greenlandic cultural identity . A movement developed in favour of independence , reaching its peak in the 1970s . As a consequence of political complications in relation to Denmark 's entry into the European Common Market in 1972 , Denmark began to seek a different status for Greenland , resulting in the Home Rule Act of 1979 . This gave Greenland limited autonomy with its own legislature taking control of some internal policies , while the Parliament of Denmark maintained full control of external policies , security , and natural resources . The law came into effect on 1 May 1979 . The Queen of Denmark , Margrethe II , remains Greenland 's Head of state . In 1985 , Greenland left the European Economic Community ( EEC ) upon achieving self - rule , as it did not agree with the EEC 's commercial fishing regulations and an EEC ban on seal skin products . Greenland voters approved a referendum on greater autonomy on 25 November 2008 . On 21 June 2009 , Greenland gained self - rule with provisions for assuming responsibility for self - government of judicial affairs , policing , and natural resources . Also , Greenlanders were recognized as a separate people under international law . Denmark maintains control of foreign affairs and defence matters . Denmark upholds the annual block grant of 3.2 billion Danish kroner , but as Greenland begins to collect revenues of its natural resources , the grant will gradually be diminished . This is generally considered to be a step toward eventual full independence from Denmark . Greenlandic was declared the sole official language of Greenland at the historic ceremony .",
"12": "Geography and climate ( edit ) Greenland map of Köppen climate classification Main article : Geography of Greenland See also : Administrative divisions of Greenland , Territorial claims in the Arctic , Climate change in the Arctic , Climate of the Arctic § Greenland , and Retreat of glaciers since 1850 § Greenland Map of Greenland Greenland is the world 's largest non-continental island and the third largest country in North America . It lies between latitudes 59 ° and 83 ° N , and longitudes 11 ° and 74 ° W . The Atlantic Ocean borders Greenland 's southeast ; the Greenland Sea is to the east ; the Arctic Ocean is to the north ; and Baffin Bay is to the west . The nearest countries are Canada , to the west and southwest across Baffin Bay , and Iceland , east of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean . Greenland also contains the world 's largest national park , and it is the largest dependent territory by area in the world , as well as the fourth largest country subdivision in the world , after Sakha Republic in Russia , Australia 's state of Western Australia , and Russia 's Krasnoyarsk Krai , and the largest in North America . Southeast coast of Greenland The average daily temperature of Nuuk , Greenland varies over the seasons from − 8 to 7 ° C ( 18 to 45 ° F ) . The total area of Greenland is 2,166,086 km ( 836,330 sq mi ) ( including other offshore minor islands ) , of which the Greenland ice sheet covers 1,755,637 km ( 677,855 sq mi ) ( 81 % ) and has a volume of approximately 2,850,000 km ( 680,000 cu mi ) . The highest point on Greenland is Gunnbjørn Fjeld at 3,700 m ( 12,139 ft ) of the Watkins Range ( East Greenland mountain range ) . The majority of Greenland , however , is less than 1,500 m ( 4,921 ft ) in elevation . The weight of the ice sheet has depressed the central land area to form a basin lying more than 300 m ( 984 ft ) below sea level , while elevations rise suddenly and steeply near the coast . The ice flows generally to the coast from the centre of the island .",
"13": "A survey led by French scientist Paul - Emile Victor in 1951 concluded that , under the ice sheet , Greenland is composed of three large islands . This is disputed , but if it is so , they would be separated by narrow straits , reaching the sea at Ilulissat Icefjord , at Greenland 's Grand Canyon and south of Nordostrundingen . All towns and settlements of Greenland are situated along the ice - free coast , with the population being concentrated along the west coast . The northeastern part of Greenland is not part of any municipality , but it is the site of the world 's largest national park , Northeast Greenland National Park . View of mountains on Greenland from the air At least four scientific expedition stations and camps had been established on the ice sheet in the ice - covered central part of Greenland ( indicated as pale blue in the map to the right ) : Eismitte , North Ice , North GRIP Camp and The Raven Skiway . Currently , there is a year - round station Summit Camp on the ice sheet , established in 1989 . The radio station Jørgen Brønlund Fjord was , until 1950 , the northernmost permanent outpost in the world . Southern Greenland lives up to its name as it is truly a green land . Agriculture thrives here with many farms and luxuriant vegetables , in contrast to a barren ice world that covers much of Greenland . Hay is harvested in Igaliku , Kujalleq . The extreme north of Greenland , Peary Land , is not covered by an ice sheet , because the air there is too dry to produce snow , which is essential in the production and maintenance of an ice sheet . If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely , the world 's sea level would rise by more than 7 m ( 23 ft ) . Between 1989 and 1993 , US and European climate researchers drilled into the summit of Greenland 's ice sheet , obtaining a pair of 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) long ice cores . Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world 's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another , with worldwide consequences .",
"14": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level at a faster rate than was previously believed . Between 1991 and 2004 , monitoring of the weather at one location ( Swiss Camp ) showed that the average winter temperature had risen almost 6 ° C ( 11 ° F ) . Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in / y between 1994 and 2005 . However , a recent study suggests a much warmer planet in relatively recent geological times : Scientists who probed 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) through a Greenland glacier to recover the oldest plant DNA on record said that the planet was far warmer hundreds of thousands of years ago than is generally believed . DNA of trees , plants , spiders and insects including butterflies from beneath the southern Greenland glacier was estimated to date to 450,000 to 900,000 years ago , according to the remnants retrieved from this long - vanished boreal forest . That view contrasts sharply with the prevailing one that a lush forest of this kind could not have existed in Greenland any later than 2.4 million years ago . These DNA samples suggest that the temperature probably reached 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) in the summer and − 17 ° C ( 1.4 ° F ) in the winter . They also indicate that during the last interglacial period , 130,000 -- 116,000 years ago , when local temperatures were on average 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) higher than now , the glaciers on Greenland did not completely melt away . View of Kangertittivaq in eastern Greenland , one of the largest sund - fjord systems in the world Greenland bedrock , at current elevation above sea level In 2003 , a small island , 35 by 15 metres ( 115 by 49 feet ) in length and width , was discovered by arctic explorer Dennis Schmitt and his team at the coordinates of 83 - 42 . Whether this island is permanent is not confirmed as of yet . If it is , it is the northernmost permanent known land on Earth . In 2007 the existence of a new island was announced .",
"15": "Named `` Uunartoq Qeqertaq '' ( English : Warming Island ) , this island has always been present off the coast of Greenland , but was covered by a glacier . This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly , and by 2007 had completely melted away , leaving the exposed island . The island was named Place of the Year by the Oxford Atlas of the World in 2007 . Ben Keene , the atlas 's editor , commented : `` In the last two or three decades , global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year , news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew : water , not rock , lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland . More islets are likely to appear as the sheet of frozen water covering the world 's largest island continues to melt '' . Some controversy surrounds the history of the island , specifically over whether the island might have been revealed during a brief warm period in Greenland during the mid-20th century . See also : Greenland 's Grand Canyon Postglacial glacier advances on the peninsula Nugssuaq in West - Greenland ( edit ) The 1310 m - high Qaqugdluit - mountain - land on the south - side of the peninsula Nugssuaq , situated 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) west of the Greenland inland ice at 70 ° 07'50.92 `` N 51 ° 44'30.52 '' W , is exemplary of the numerous mountain areas of West - Greenland . Up to the year 1979 ( Stage 0 ) it shows Historical to Holocene , i.e. Postglacial glacier stages dating back at least 7000 and at most about 10 000 years . In 1979 the glacier tongues came to an end -- according to the extent and height of the glacier nourishing area -- between 660 and 140 metres ( 2,170 and 460 feet ) above sea level . The pertinent climatic glacier snowline ( ELA ) ran at about 800 metres ( 2,600 feet ) in height . The snowline of the oldest ( VII ) of the three Holocene glacier stages ( V -- VII ) ran about 230 metres ( 750 feet ) deeper , i.e. at about 570 metres ( 1,870 feet ) in height .",
"16": "The four youngest glacier stages ( IV - I ) are of a Historical age . They have to be classified as belonging to the global glacier advances in the years 1811 to 1850 and 1880 to 1900 ( `` Little Ice Age '' ) , 1910 to 1930 , 1948 and 1953 . Their snowlines rose step by step up to the level of 1979 . The current snowline ( Stage 0 ) runs nearly unchanged . During the oldest Postglacial Stage VII an ice - stream - network from valley glaciers joining each other , has completely covered the landscape . Its nourishing areas consisted of high - lying plateau - glaciers and local ice caps . Due to the uplift of the snowline about that about 230 metres ( 750 feet ) -- what corresponds to a warming about 1.5 ° C ( 2.7 ° F ) , since 1979 there exists a plateau - glaciation with small glacier tongues hanging down on the margins that nearly did not reach the main valley bottoms any more . Biodiversity ( edit ) The musk ox is the largest land mammal in Greenland See also : Flora and fauna of Greenland , Reindeer hunting in Greenland , and Fishing industry in Greenland There are approximately 700 known species of insects in Greenland , which is low compared with other countries ( over one million species have been described worldwide ) . The sea is rich in fish and invertebrates , especially in the milder West Greenland Current , and a large part of the Greenland fauna associated with marine production , including large colonies of seabirds . The few native land mammals in Greenland include the polar bear , arctic fox , reindeer , arctic hare , musk ox , collared lemming , ermine , and arctic wolf . The last four are found naturally only in East Greenland , having immigrated from Ellesmere Island . There are dozens of species of seals and whales along the coast . Land fauna consists predominantly of animals that have spread from North America or for a lot of birds and insects coming from Europe . There are no native or free - living reptiles or amphibians on the island . Phytogeographically , Greenland belongs to the Arctic province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom .",
"17": "The island is sparsely populated in vegetation ; plant life consists mainly of grassland and small bushes , which is regularly grazed by livestock . The most common tree native to Greenland is the European white birch ( Betula pubescens ) along with gray - leaf willow ( Salix glauca ) , rowans ( Sorbus aucuparia ) , common junipers ( Juniperus communis ) and other smaller trees , mainly willows . Greenland 's flora comprises about 500 species of higher plants , i.e. flowering plants , ferns , horsetails and lycopodiophyta . Of the other groups , the lichens are the largest with about 950 species ; of major fungal species are known 600 -- 700 ; mosses and algae anything less . Most of Greenland 's higher plants are widespread , particularly in arctic and alpine regions , and only a dozen species of particular saxifrage and hawkweed is endemic . A few species were introduced by the Norsemen , such as cow vetch . The animals of Greenland include the Greenland dog , which was introduced by the Inuit , as well as European - introduced species such as Greenlandic sheep , goats , cattle , reindeer , horse , chicken and sheepdog , all descendants of animals imported by Europeans . Marine mammals include the hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) as well as the grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) . Whales frequently pass very close to Greenlandic shores in the late summer and early autumn . Species represented include the beluga whale , blue whale , Greenland whale , fin whale , humpback whale , minke whale , narwhal , pilot whale , sperm whale . Approximately 225 species of fish are known from the waters surrounding Greenland , and the fishing industry is a major part of Greenland 's economy , accounting for the majority of the country 's total exports . Birds , especially seabirds , are an important part of Greenland 's animal life . On steep mountainsides breed large colonies of auks , puffins , skuas , and kittiwakes . By common ducks include eiders , long - tailed ducks and the king eider and in West Greenland white - fronted goose and in East Greenland pink - footed goose and barnacle goose .",
"18": "Breeding migratory birds are also including snow bunting , lapland bunting , ringed plover , red - throated loon and red - necked phalarope . Of land birds that are usually sedentary , can be highlighted arctic redpoll , ptarmigan , short - eared owl , snowy owl , gyrfalcon and in West Greenland the white - tailed eagle . Politics ( edit ) Margrethe II , Queen since 1972 Kim Kielsen , Premier since 2014 Main article : Politics of Greenland See also : Politics of Denmark and Politics of the Faroe Islands Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy , in which Queen Margrethe II is the head of state . The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State ( privy council ) . However , following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government , the duties of the monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government . The monarch is not answerable for his or her actions , and the monarch 's person is sacrosanct . Political system ( edit ) The party system is currently dominated by the social democratic Forward Party ( 14 MPs ) , and the democratic socialist Inuit Community Party ( 11 MPs ) , both of which broadly argue for greater independence from Denmark . While the 2009 election saw the unionist -- and largely Danish -- Democrat Party ( 2 MPs ) decline greatly , the 2013 election consolidated the power of the two main parties at the expense of the smaller groups , and saw the far - left Inuit Party ( 2 MPs ) elected to the Parliament for the first time . The non-binding 2008 referendum on self - governance favoured increased self - governance 21,355 votes to 6,663 . In 1985 , Greenland left the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , unlike Denmark , which remains a member . The EEC later became the European Union ( EU , renamed and expanded in scope in 1992 ) . Greenland retains some ties with the EU via Denmark . However , EU law largely does not apply to Greenland except in the area of trade . Greenland is a member state of the Council of Europe .",
"19": "Government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Greenland Municipalities of Greenland Greenland 's head of state is Margrethe II , Queen regnant of Denmark . The Queen 's government in Denmark appoints a High Commissioner ( Rigsombudsmand ) to represent it on the island . The current commissioner is Mikaela Engell . Greenlanders elect two representatives to the Folketing , Denmark 's parliament , out of a total of 179 . The current representatives are Aleqa Hammond of the Siumut Party and Aaja Chemnitz Larsen of the Inuit Community Party . Greenland also has its own Parliament , which has 31 members . The government is the Naalakkersuisut whose members are appointed by the Premier . The head of government is the Premier , usually the leader of the majority party in Parliament . The current Premier is Kim Kielsen of the Siumut Party . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Greenland Although it is largely unpopulated , Greenland abolished its three counties in 2009 and has since been divided into four territories known as `` municipalities '' : Sermersooq ( `` Much Ice '' ) around the capital Nuuk ; Kujalleq ( `` South '' ) around Cape Farewell ; Qeqqata ( `` Centre '' ) north of the capital along the Davis Strait ; and Qaasuitsup ( `` Darkness '' ) in the northwest . The northeast of the island composes the unincorporated Northeast Greenland National Park . Thule Air Base is also unincorporated , an enclave within Qaasuitsup municipality administered by the United States Air Force . During its construction , there were as many as 12,000 American residents but in recent years the number has been below 1,000 . Economy ( edit ) Tasiilaq is a town in the Sermersooq municipality in southeastern Greenland Royal Greenland fishing vessel `` Akamalik '' , anchored at Sisimiut port Graphical depiction of Greenland 's product exports in 28 colour - coded categories Main article : Economy of Greenland The Greenlandic economy is highly dependent on fishing . Fishing accounts for more than 90 % of Greenland 's exports . The shrimp and fish industry is by far the largest income earner . Greenland is abundant in minerals .",
"20": "Mining of ruby deposits began in 2007 . Other mineral prospects are improving as prices are increasing . These include iron , uranium , aluminium , nickel , platinum , tungsten , titanium , and copper . Despite resumption of several hydrocarbon and mineral exploration activities , it will take several years before hydrocarbon production can materialize . The state oil company Nunaoil was created to help develop the hydrocarbon industry in Greenland . The state company Nunamineral has been launched on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange to raise more capital to increase the production of gold , started in 2007 . Electricity has traditionally been generated by oil or diesel power plants , even if there is a large surplus of potential hydropower . There is currently a programme to build hydro power plants . The first , and still the largest , is Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant . There are also plans to build a large aluminium smelter , using hydropower to create an exportable product . It is expected that much of the labour needed will be imported . The European Union has urged Greenland to restrict People 's Republic of China development of rare - earth projects , as China accounts for 95 % of the world 's current supply . In early 2013 , the Greenland government said that it had no plans to impose such restrictions . The public sector , including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities , plays a dominant role in Greenland 's economy . About half the government revenues come from grants from the Danish government , an important supplement to the gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Gross domestic product per capita is equivalent to that of the average economies of Europe . Greenland suffered an economic contraction in the early 1990s . But , since 1993 , the economy has improved . The Greenland Home Rule Government ( GHRG ) has pursued a tight fiscal policy since the late 1980s , which has helped create surpluses in the public budget and low inflation . Since 1990 , Greenland has registered a foreign - trade deficit following the closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mine that year . More recently , new sources of ruby in Greenland have been discovered , promising to bring new industry and a new export to the country . ( See Gemstone industry in Greenland ) . Economics and Business ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources .",
"21": "Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) About half of public spending on Greenland is funded by block grants from Denmark which in 2007 totalled over 3.2 billion kr . Additional proceeds from the sale of fishing licences and the annual compensation from the EU represents 280 million DKK per year . Greenland 's economy is based on a narrow professional basis with the fishing industry as the dominant sector with some 90 % of its exports . In a few years , quarrying and tourism could complement the fisheries that depend on the changing prices of fish and fishing opportunities . The long distances and lack of roads divides the domestic market into many small units that have high operating costs . Most of the fish factories are owned by Royal Greenland . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transport in Greenland and List of airports in Greenland Air Greenland Airbus A330 - 200 in - flight Air transportation exists both within Greenland and between the island and other nations . There is also scheduled boat traffic , but the long distances lead to long travel times and low frequency . There are no roads between cities because the coast has many fjords that would require ferry service to connect a road network . In addition , the lack of agriculture , forestry and similar countryside activities has meant that very few countryside roads have been built . All civil aviation matters are handled by the Civil Aviation Administration Denmark . Most airports including Nuuk Airport have short runways and can only be served by special fairly small aircraft on fairly short flights . Kangerlussuaq Airport around 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) inland from the west coast is the major airport of Greenland and the hub for domestic flights . Intercontinental flights connect mainly to Copenhagen . Travel between international destinations ( except Iceland ) and any city in Greenland requires a plane change . Air Iceland operates flights from Reykjavík to a number of airports in Greenland , and the company promotes the service as a day - trip option from Iceland for tourists . Otherwise flights are handled by the domestic airline Air Greenland . There are no direct flights to USA or Canada , although there have been flights Kangerlussuaq -- Baltimore , and Nuuk -- Iqaluit.",
"22": ", which were cancelled because of too few passengers and financial losses . An alternative between Greenland and USA / Canada is Air Iceland / Icelandair with a plane change in Iceland . Sea passenger and freight transport is served by the coastal ferries operated by Arctic Umiaq Line . It makes a single round trip per week , taking 80 hours each direction . Population ( edit ) Tunumiit Inuit couple from Kulusuk Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Greenland See also : List of Greenlanders Greenland has a population of 56,370 ( January 2013 estimate ) , of whom 88 % are Greenlandic Inuit ( including mixed persons ) . The remaining 12 % are of European descent , mainly Greenland Danes . Several thousand Greenlandic Inuit reside in Denmark proper . The majority of the population is Lutheran . Nearly all Greenlanders live along the fjords in the south - west of the main island , which has a relatively mild climate . More than 17,000 people reside in Nuuk , the capital city . Largest cities or towns in Greenland Statistics Greenland , Greenland in Figures 2013 and Population in localities ( 2013 ) Rank Name Municipality Pop . Rank Name Municipality Pop .",
"23": "Nuuk Sisimiut Nuuk Sermersooq 16,464 11 Uummannaq Qaasuitsup 1,282 Ilulissat Qaqortoq Sisimiut Qeqqata 5,598 12 Upernavik Qaasuitsup 1,181 Ilulissat Qaasuitsup 4,541 13 Qasigiannguit Qaasuitsup 1,171 Qaqortoq Kujalleq 3,229 14 Qeqertarsuaq Qaasuitsup 845 5 Aasiaat Qaasuitsup 3,142 15 Qaanaaq Qaasuitsup 656 6 Maniitsoq Qeqqata 2,670 16 Kangaatsiaq Qaasuitsup 558 7 Tasiilaq Sermersooq 2,017 17 Kangerlussuaq Qeqqata 512 8 Paamiut Sermersooq 1,515 18 Ittoqqortoormiit Sermersooq 452 9 Narsaq Kujalleq 1,503 19 Kullorsuaq Qaasuitsup 448 10 Nanortalik Kujalleq 1,337 20 Kangaamiut Qeqqata 353 Languages ( edit ) A bilingual sign in Nuuk , displaying the Danish and Kalaallisut for `` Parking forbidden for all vehicles '' Both Greenlandic and Danish have been used in public affairs since the establishment of home rule in 1979 ; the majority of the population can speak both languages . Kalaallisut ( Greenlandic ) became the sole official language in June 2009 . In practice , Danish is still widely used in the administration and in higher education , as well as remaining the first or only language for some Danish immigrants in Nuuk and other larger towns .",
"24": "A debate about the role of Kalaallisut ( Greenlandic ) and Danish in the future society is ongoing . The orthography of Kalaallisut ( Greenlandic ) was established in 1851 and revised in 1973 . The country has a 100 % literacy rate . A majority of the population speaks Kalaallisut ( West Greenlandic ) , most of them bilingually . It is spoken by about 50,000 people , making it the most populous of the Eskimo -- Aleut language family , spoken by more people than all the other languages of the family combined . Kalaallisut ( West Greenlandic ) , is the Inuit dialect of West Greenland , which has long been the most populous area of the island . This has led to its de facto status as the official `` Greenlandic '' language , although the northern dialect Inuktun remains spoken by 1,000 or so people around Qaanaaq , and the eastern dialect Tunumiisut by around 3,000 . Each of these dialects is almost unintelligible to the speakers of the other and are considered by some linguists to be separate languages . A UNESCO report has labelled the other dialects as endangered , and measures are now being considered to protect the East Greenlandic dialects . About 12 % of the population speaks Danish as a first or sole language , particularly Danish immigrants in Greenland , many of whom fill positions such as administrators , professionals , academics , or skilled tradesmen . While Kalaallisut ( Greenlandic ) is dominant in all smaller settlements , a part of the population of Inuit or mixed ancestry , especially in towns , speaks Danish . Most of the Inuit population speaks Danish as a second language . In larger towns , especially Nuuk and in the higher social strata , this is still a large group . While one strategy aims at promoting Greenlandic in public life and education , developing its vocabulary and suitability for all complex contexts , there are opponents of this that do not want Greenlandic becoming the sole national language . English is another important language for Greenland , taught in schools from the first school year .",
"25": "Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Greenland Religion in Greenland ( 2010 ) Protestantism ( 95.5 % ) Roman Catholicism ( 0.2 % ) Other Christian ( 0.4 % ) Inuit spiritual beliefs ( 0.8 % ) Agnostic ( 2.3 % ) Atheist ( 0.2 % ) Bahai and Other Religion ( 0.6 % ) Most Greenlandic villages , including Nanortalik , have their own church . The nomadic Inuit people were traditionally shamanistic , with a well - developed mythology primarily concerned with appeasing a vengeful and fingerless sea goddess who controlled the success of the seal and whale hunts . The first Norse colonists were pagan , but Erik the Red 's son Leif was converted to Christianity by King Olaf Trygvesson on a trip to Norway in 999 and sent missionaries back to Greenland . These swiftly established sixteen parishes , some monasteries , and a bishopric at Garðar . Rediscovering these colonists and spreading ideas of the Protestant Reformation among them was one of the primary reasons for the Danish recolonization in the 18th century . Under the patronage of the Royal Mission College in Copenhagen , Norwegian and Danish Lutherans and German Moravian missionaries searched for the missing Norse settlements , but no Norse were found , and instead they began preaching to the Inuit . The principal figures in the Christianization of Greenland were Hans and Poul Egede and Matthias Stach . The New Testament was translated piecemeal from the time of the very first settlement on Kangeq Island , but the first translation of the whole Bible was not completed until 1900 . An improved translation using the modern orthography was completed in 2000 . Today , the major religion is Protestant Christianity , represented mainly by the Church of Denmark , which is Lutheran in orientation . While there are no official census data on religion in Greenland , the Bishop of Greenland Sofie Petersen estimates that 85 % of the Greenlandic population are members of her congregation . The Church of Denmark is the established church through the Constitution of Denmark : The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark , and , as such , it shall be supported by the State .",
"26": "-- Section IV of Constitution of Denmark This applies to all of the Kingdom of Denmark , except for the Faroe Islands , as the Church of the Faroe Islands became independent in 2007 . The Roman Catholic minority is pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Copenhagen . There are still Christian missionaries on the island , but mainly from charismatic movements proselytizing fellow Christians . Social issues ( edit ) The rate of suicide in Greenland is very high . According to a 2010 census , Greenland holds the highest suicide rate in the world . Other significant social issues faced by Greenland are high rates of unemployment , alcoholism and HIV / AIDS . Alcohol consumption rates in Greenland reached their height in the 1980s , when it was twice as high as in Denmark , and had by 2010 fallen slightly below the average level of consumption in Denmark ( which is the 12th highest in the world ) . But at the same time alcohol prices are much higher , meaning that consumption has a high social impact . Education ( edit ) There is a 10 - year compulsory schooling for children . Secondary education is available in several places in the country . There are many higher schools in Greenland , including the University of Greenland in Nuuk . Traditionally many Greenlanders have received higher education in Denmark . Culture ( edit ) Panel discussion with Greenlandic movie maker Inuk Silis Høegh at the launch of his movie about groundbreaking Greenlandic band Sumé . Journalist and Sumé 's record producer Karsten Sommer is speaking . Main articles : Culture of Greenland and Music of Greenland Greenland 's culture began with settlement in the second millennium BC by the Dorset Culture , shortly after the end of the ice age . In the 10th century , Icelandic and Norwegian Vikings settled in the southern part of the island , while the Thule Inuit culture was introduced in the north of the island and expanded southward . Inuit culture dominated the island from the end of the Middle Ages to the recolonization in the early 18th century , where European culture was reintroduced . Today Greenlandic culture is a blending of traditional Inuit ( Kalaallit ) and Scandinavian culture . Inuit , or Kalaallit , culture has a strong artistic tradition , dating back thousands of years .",
"27": "The Kalaallit are known for an art form of figures called tupilak or a `` spirit object . '' Traditional art - making practices thrive in the Ammassalik . Sperm whale ivory remains a valued medium for carving . Greenland also has a successful , albeit small , music culture . Some popular Greenlandic bands and artists include Sume ( classic rock ) , Chilly Friday ( rock ) , Nanook ( rock ) , Siissisoq ( rock ) , Nuuk Posse ( hip hop ) and Rasmus Lyberth ( folk ) , who performed in the Danish Eurovision Song Contest 1979 , performing in Greenlandic . The singer - songwriter Simon Lynge is the first musical artist from Greenland to have an album released across the United Kingdom , and to perform at the UK 's Glastonbury Festival . The music culture of Greenland also includes traditional Inuit music , largely revolving around singing and drums . Sports ( edit ) Sports are an important part of Greenlandic culture , as the population is generally quite active . The main traditional sport in Greenland is Arctic sports , a form of wrestling thought to have originated in medieval times . Popular sports include association football , track and field , handball and skiing . Handball is often referred to as the national sport , and Greenland 's men 's national team was ranked among the top 20 in the world in 2001 . Greenlandic women excel at football relative to the size of the country . Greenland has excellent conditions for skiing , fishing , snowboarding , ice climbing and rock climbing , although mountain climbing and hiking are preferred by the general public . Although the country 's environment is generally ill - suited for golf , there are nevertheless golf courses on the island . Greenland hosts a biennial international the world 's largest multisport and cultural event for young people of the Arctic for the second time in 2016 . Association football is the national sport of Greenland . The governing body , the Football Association of Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaanni Arsaattartut Kattuffiat ) , is not yet a member of FIFA because of ongoing disagreements with FIFA leadership and an inability to grow grass for regulation grass pitches . However , it is the 17th member of the N.F. - Board .",
"28": "The FIFA Goal programme sponsored the Qaqortoq Stadium in Qaqortoq , which has an artificial grass pitch . The oldest sport association in Greenland is the Greenland Ski Federation ( GIF ) , founded in 1969 . This happened when the then - President of the GIF Daniel Switching took the initiative to found federations and institute reforms . Greenland Ski Federation is further divided into Alpine and cross-country selection committees . The federation is not a member of the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) , but Greenland skiers participated in the Olympics and World Championships under the Danish flag at the 1968 , 1994 , 1998 and 2014 Games . Greenland took part in the 2007 World Men 's Handball Championship in Germany , finishing 22nd in a field of 24 national teams . Greenland competes in the biennial Island Games , as well as the biennial Arctic Winter Games ( AWG ) . In 2002 , Nuuk hosted the AWG in conjunction with Iqaluit , Nunavut . In 1994 and again in 2002 , they won the Hodgson Trophy for fair play . See also ( edit ) Greenland portal Kingdom of Denmark portal Arctic portal NATO portal North America portal Outline of Greenland Index of Greenland - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nuna asiilasooq has equal status as a national anthem but is generally used only on the self - government of Greenland . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Not one but two national anthems '' . Government of Greenland . Retrieved 7 October 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greenland '' . CIA World Factbook . ^ Jump up to : ( in Danish ) TV 2 Nyhederne -- `` Grønland går over til selvstyre '' TV 2 Nyhederne ( TV 2 News ) -- Ved overgangen til selvstyre , er grønlandsk nu det officielle sprog . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Self - rule introduced in Greenland '' . BBC News . 21 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grønlands Statistik '' .",
"29": "stat.gl . ^ Jump up to : Greenland in Figures 2013 ( PDF ) . Statistics Greenland . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986787 - 7 - 9 . ISSN 1602 - 5709 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Avakov , Aleksandr Vladimirovich ( 2012 ) . Quality of Life , Balance of Powers , and Nuclear Weapons ( 2012 ) : A Statistical Yearbook for Statesmen and Citizens . Algora Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 892 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Danish ) Law of Greenlandic Selfrule ( see chapter 7 ) ^ Jump up to : The Fate of Greenland 's Vikings , by Dale Mackenzie Brown , Archaeological Institute of America , 28 February 2000 Jump up ^ `` Joshua Calder 's World Island Information '' . Worldislandinfo.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population density ( people per sq. km of land area ) '' . The World Bank . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saqqaq - kulturen kronologi '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Saillard J , Forster P , Lynnerup N , Bandelt HJ , Nørby S ( 2000 ) . `` mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos : the edge of the Beringian expansion '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 67 ( 3 ) : 718 -- 26 . PMC 1287530 . PMID 10924403 . doi : 10.1086 / 303038 . Jump up ^ The Portuguese Explorers . Heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved on 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenland in Figures 2012 ( PDF ) . stat.gl . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986787 - 6 - 2 . ISSN 1602 - 5709 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Nordic Investment Bank .",
"30": "`` Hydropower creates clean energy and jobs in Greenland '' . NIB . Nordic Investment Bank . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eirik the Red 's Saga '' . Gutenberg.org. 8 March 2006 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Greenland got its name '' . The Ancient Standard . 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . `` The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative '' . Journal of the North Atlantic . 2 : 30 -- 51 . doi : 10.3721 / 037.002. s206 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stern , p. 89 Jump up ^ Grønnow , B. ( 1988 ) . `` Prehistory in permafrost : Investigations at the Saqqaq site , Qeqertasussuk , Disco Bay , West Greenland '' . Journal of Danish Archaeology. 7 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1080 / 0108464X. 1988.10589995 ( inactive 2017 - 10 - 02 ) . Jump up ^ Møbjerg , T. ( 1999 ) . `` New adaptive strategies in the Saqqaq culture of Greenland , c. 1600 -- 1400 BC '' . World Archaeology. 30 ( 3 ) : 452 -- 65 . JSTOR 124963 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1999. 9980423 . Jump up ^ `` The history of Greenland -- From dog sled to snowmobile '' . Greenland.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Migration to Greenland -- the history of Greenland '' . Greenland.com . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Rasch , M. ; Jensen , J.F. ( 1997 ) .",
"31": "`` Ancient Eskimo dwelling sites and Holocene relative sea ‐ level changes in southern Disko Bugt , central West Greenland '' . Polar Research . 16 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1997PolRe ... 16 ... 101R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.1997. tb00252. x . Jump up ^ Ramsden , P. ; Tuck , J.A. ( 2001 ) . `` A Comment on the Pre-Dorset / Dorset Transition in the Eastern Arctic '' . Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska . New Series . 1 : 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Grønnow , B. ( 1986 ) . `` Recent archaeological investigations of West Greenland caribou hunting '' . Arctic anthropology. 23 : 57 -- 80 . JSTOR 40316103 . Jump up ^ Rowley , G. ( 1940 ) . `` The Dorset culture of the eastern Arctic '' . American Anthropologist. 42 ( 3 ) : 490 -- 99 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1940.42. 3.02 a00080 . Jump up ^ Gulløv , H.C. ; Appelt , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Social bonding and shamanism among Late Dorset groups in High Arctic Greenland '' . The archaeology of shamanism . Routledge . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25255 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gulløv , H.C. ( 1996 ) . In search of the Dorset culture in the Thule culture . The Paleo - Eskimo Cultures of Greenland . Copenhagen : Danish Polar Center ( Publication No. 1 ) . pp. 201 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Kudeba , N. ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 -- Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson '' , in Canadian Explorers . Jump up ^ Boraas , Tracey ( 2002 ) . Sweden .",
"32": "Capstone Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 0939 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jared Diamond ( 2006 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . Harmondsworth ( Eng . ) : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303655 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold C. ( June 2010 ) `` Cold did in the Norse , '' Earth Magazine . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Kulturgeschichte des Klimas : Von der Eiszeit zur globalen Erwärmung : Amazon.de : Wolfgang Behringer : Bücher '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Alley , R. ; Mayewski , P. ; Peel , D. ; Stauffer , B. ( 1996 ) . `` Twin ice cores from Greenland reveal history of climate change , more '' . Eos , Transactions American Geophysical Union . 77 ( 22 ) : 209 -- 10 . Bibcode : 1996EOSTr ... 77R. 209A . doi : 10.1029 / 96EO00142 . Jump up ^ `` Why societies collapse '' . ABC Science . Jump up ^ William P. Patterson , Kristin A. Dietrich , Chris Holmden , and John T. Andrews ( 2010 ) `` Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies . '' http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0902522107 ^ Jump up to : Helge Ingstad ; Anne Stine Ingstad ( 2000 ) . The Viking Discovery of America : The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows , Newfoundland . Breakwater Books . pp. 28 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55081 - 158 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Rosie R. , et al . `` A charcoal - rich horizon at Ø69 , Greenland : evidence for vegetation burning during the Norse landnám ? . ''",
"33": "Journal of Archaeological Science 40.11 ( 2013 ) : 3890 -- 902 Jump up ^ Mark P. Leone ; Jocelyn E. Knauf ( 2015 ) . Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism . Springer . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 12760 - 6 . Jump up ^ Folger , Tim . `` Why Did Greenland 's Vikings Vanish ? '' . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Trigger ; Wilcomb E. Washburn ; Richard E.W. Adams ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas . Cambridge University Press . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57393 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Inuit were not the first people to settle in the Arctic '' , CBC News ( Canada ) , 28 August 2014 Jump up ^ Nebenzahl , Kenneth . Rand McNally Atlas of Columbus and The Great Discoveries ( Rand McNally & Company ; Genoa , Italy ; 1990 ) ; The Cantino Planisphere , Lisbon , 1502 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Legal Status of Eastern Greenland Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , PCIJ Series A / B No. 53 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke ( 8 July 1941 ) . In Danger Undaunted : The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940 -- 1941 . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8841 - 8 . Jump up ^ Speer , Albert . Inside the Third Reich , 1971 Jump up ^ `` Deepfreeze Defense '' . Time . 27 January 1947 . Jump up ^ Miller , John J. ( 7 May 2001 ) . `` Let 's Buy Greenland ! -- A complete missile - defense plan '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Keil , Kathrin ( 29 August 2011 ) `` U.S. Interests in Greenland -- On a Path Towards Full Independence ? ''",
"34": ", The Arctic Institute Jump up ^ Andrews Kurth LLP , `` Oil and Gas in Greenland -- Still on Ice ? '' Archived 19 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Andrewskurth.com . Retrieved on 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Loukacheva , Natalia ( 2007 ) . The Arctic Promise : Legal and Political Autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut . University of Toronto Press , p. 25 ISBN 9780802094865 Jump up ^ Stern , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Greenland Vote Favors Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vejledende folkeafstemning om selvstyre ? 25 - 11 - 2008 '' ( in Kalaallisut ) . SermitValg. 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Description of the Greenlandic Self - Government Act on the webpage of the Danish Ministry of State Archived 22 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. `` The Self - Government Act provides for the Self - Government authorities to assume a number of new fields of responsibility , such as administration of justice , including the establishment of courts of law ; the prison and probation service ; the police ; the field relating to company law , accounting and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; as well as financial regulation and supervision , cf . Schedule I and II in the Annex to the Self - Government Act . '' Jump up ^ Greenland takes step toward independence from Denmark . The Daily Telegraph ( 21 June 2009 ) . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly independent day '' . The Economist. 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland set for self - rule '' . The Australian . 19 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` Greenland takes big step towards full independence '' . Canwest News Services . Canada.com . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Island of Greenland '' . Hidden Journeys -- explore the world from the air . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area , and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . United Nations . 2008 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IPCC Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis '' . Grida.no . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` map ( map on p. 4 ) '' . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ DK Atlas , 2001 . Jump up ^ Schneider D. ( 2003 ) . `` American Scientist Online -- Greenland or Whiteland ? '' . Sigma Xi . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Find Greenland Icecap Bridges Three Islands '' , Ellensburg Daily Record , 24 October 1951 , p. 6 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The National Park '' . Greenland.com . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland Melt May Swamp LA , Other Cities , Study Says '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Alley , Richard B . The Two - Mile Time Machine : Ice Cores , Abrupt Climate Change , and Our Future . Princeton University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 00493 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster , Study Says '' . National Geographic .",
"36": "Retrieved 13 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland ice sheet during 1991 -- 2004 , Konrad Steffen , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado , USA Nicloas Cullen , and Russell Huff University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria . Jump up ^ Satellite shows Greenland 's ice sheets getting thicker , The Register , 7 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Willerslev , E. ; Cappellini , E. ; Boomsma , W. ; Nielsen , R. ; Hebsgaard , M.B. ; Brand , T.B. ; Hofreiter , M. ; Bunce , M. ; Poinar , H.N. ; Dahl - Jensen , D. ; Johnsen , S. ; Steffensen , J.P. ; Bennike , O. ; Schwenninger , J. - L. ; Nathan , R. ; Armitage , S. ; De Hoog , C. - J. ; Alfimov , V. ; Christl , M. ; Beer , J. ; Muscheler , R. ; Barker , J. ; Sharp , M. ; Penkman , K.E.H. ; Haile , J. ; Taberlet , P. ; Gilbert , M.T.P. ; Casoli , A. ; Campani , E. ; Collins , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland '' . Science . 317 ( 5834 ) : 111 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317 ... 111W . PMC 2694912 . PMID 17615355 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1141758 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` An island made by global warming '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Place of the Year '' . Blog.oup.com. 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Publications , Usa Int'L Business . Denmark Company Laws and Regulations Handbook : Strategic Information and Basic Laws . Place of Publication Not Identified : Intl Business Pubns Usa , 2015 . 20 -- 21 . Print . Jump up ^ Revkin , Andrew C. ( 28 April 2008 ) . `` Arctic Explorer Rebuts ' Warming Island ' Critique '' . Dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Heim , A. ( 1911 ) . `` Über die Petrographie und Geologie der Umgebung von Karsuarsuk , Nordseite der Halbinsel Nugsuak , W. Grönland '' . Meddr . Grönland. 47 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Weidick , A. ( 1968 ) . `` Observations on some Holocene Glacial Fluctuations in West Greenland '' . Meddr . Grönland. 165 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 202 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 1983 ) : Postglacial Glacier Stades of Nugssuaq Peninsula , Westgreenland ( 70 ° 03 ' -- 70 ° 10'N ) . In : Schroeder - Lanz , H. ( ed . ) : Colloquium Trier 15. - 17.5. 1980 : Late - and Postglacial Oscillations of Glaciers : Glacial and Periglacial Forms , Rotterdam : 325 -- 355 ( Im memoriam Hans Kinzl ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Greenland Wildlife '' . Redaction . The Great Danish Encyclopedia . 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica , Eleventh Edition . Jump up ^ `` Animal life in Greenland -- an introduction by the tourist board '' . Greenland Guide . Narsaq Tourist Office . n.d . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The executive power is vested in the King . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 3 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` The body of Ministers shall form the Council of State , in which the Successor to the Throne shall have a seat when he is of age . The Council of State shall be presided over by the King ... '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 17 . Jump up ^ The Monarchy today -- The Danish Monarchy ( kongehuset.dk ) . Access date : 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` The King shall not be answerable for his actions ; his person shall be sacrosanct . '' The Constitution of Denmark -- Section 13 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Member States '' . Jump up ^ Folketinget -- Folketinget.dk . Ft.dk . Retrieved on 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Maurice ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . `` ' You ca n't live in a museum ' : the battle for Greenland 's uranium '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland 's red hot labour market '' . Nordic Labour Journal . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chinese Workers -- in Greenland ? 10 February 2013 BusinessWeek . Jump up ^ `` Who Goes to Greenland ? We Do . '' . Travel Addicts . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Maiden Flight US - Greenland -- Official national guide by Greenland Tourism and Business Council '' . Greenland.com. 24 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Air Greenland teams with First Air for Iqaluit flights '' . CBC News . 7 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Baltimore route is to close '' . Air Greenland. 12 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland '' . Stalvik.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danish doubts over Greenland vote '' .",
"39": "BBC News . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kleinschmidt , Samuel 1968 ( 1851 ) : Grammatik der grønlændischen Sprache : mit teilweisem Einschluss des Labradordialekts . Hildesheim : Olms , 1968 . Jump up ^ Mennecier , Philippe ( 1978 ) . Le tunumiisut , dialecte inuit du Groenland oriental : description et analyse , Collection linguistique , 78 , Societé de linguistique de Paris . Jump up ^ `` Sermersooq will secure Eastern Greenlandic '' ( in Danish ) . Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Travelling in Greenland '' . Greenland Representation to the EU , Greenland Home Rule Government . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland , Religion and Social Profile National Profiles International Data '' . Thearda.com. 2009 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/ Jump up ^ Sørensen , Leif Kiil ( 29 November 2000 ) . `` Grønlandsk bibel præsenteret Kristeligt Dagblad '' . Kristeligt-dagblad.dk . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bells ring a wake - up call for climate justice . '' World Council of Churches. 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Grønland , Grundloven og Gejstligheden '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Denmark '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Faheem . `` Ramadan in Greenland '' . Masjids.in .",
"40": "Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim in Greenland who Fasts for 21 hours '' . Malaysia News Hub . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetaka , Ahmed . `` The only Muslim in Greenland who fasts for 21 hours '' . Uganda Muslims . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ramadan in Greenland : The only Muslim in the island fasts for 21 hours '' . Ummid.com. 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Suicide Capital of the World '' . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rising suicide rate baffles Greenland '' . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland profile -- Overview '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Aage , H. ( 2012 ) . `` Alcohol in Greenland 1951 -- 2010 : consumption , mortality , prices '' . International Journal of Circumpolar Health . 71 : 18444 . PMC 3525923 . PMID 23256091 . doi : 10.3402 / ijch. v71i0. 18444 . Jump up ^ Madsen , M.H. ; Grønbæk , M. ; Bjerregaard , P. ; Becker , U. ( 2005 ) . `` Urbanization , migration and alcohol use in a population of Greenland Inuit '' . International Journal of Circumpolar Health . 64 ( 3 ) : 234 -- 45 . PMID 16050317 . doi : 10.3402 / ijch. v64i3. 17987 . Jump up ^ Hessel , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hessel , p. 21 Jump up ^ Wilcox and Latif , p. 109 Jump up ^ Wilcox and Latif , p.",
"41": "110 Jump up ^ Wilcox and Latif , p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Ski forbundet '' . gif.gl . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Winter Games '' . Gif.gl . Archived from the original on 25 March 2007 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hodgson Trophy Winners '' . Arcticwintergames.org . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hessel , Ingo ( 2006 ) . Arctic Spirit . Vancouver , BC : Douglas and McIntyre . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 189 - 5 . Stern , Pamela ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Inuit . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5058 - 3 . OCLC 54768167 . Wilcox , Jonathan ; Latif , Zawiah Abdul ( 2007 ) . Cultures of the World : Iceland . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2074 - 3 . Works cited ( edit ) Bardarson , I. ( ed . Jónsson , F . ) `` Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson ( Ivar Bårdssön ) '' , ( Copenhagen , 1930 ) . CIA World Factbook , 2000 . Conkling , P.W. et al. 2011 . The Fate of Greenland : Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change , co-authored with Richard Alley , Wallace Broecker and George Denton , with photographs by Gary Comer , MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . Lund S ( 1959 ) . `` The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 1 . Taxonomical Part '' . Meddr Gronland. 156 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 245 . Lund S ( 1959 ) . `` The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 11 . Geographic Distribution '' .",
"42": "Meddr Gronland. 156 : 1 -- 70 . Steffen , Konrad , N. Cullen , and R. Huff ( 2005 ) . `` Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland Ice Sheet during 1991 -- 2004 '' , Proceedings of the 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting ( San Diego ) . Sowa F ( 2013 ) . `` Indigenous Peoples and the Institutionalization of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Greenland . '' . Arctic Anthropology. 50 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 88 . doi : 10.3368 / aa. 50.1. 72 . Sowa , F. 2013 . Relations of Power & Domination in a World Polity : The Politics of Indigeneity & National Identity in Greenland . In : Heininen , L. Arctic Yearbook 2013 . The Arctic of regions vs. the globalized Arctic . Akureyri : Northern Research Forum , pp. 184 -- 198.www.arcticyearbook.com/ay2013 Sowa , F. 2014 . Greenland. in : Hund , A. Antarctica and the Arctic Circle : A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth 's Polar Regions . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , pp. 312 -- 316 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGreenlandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Overviews and data ( edit ) Greenland entry at Denmark.dk . `` Greenland '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Greenland entry at Encyclopædia Britannica . A guide to Greenlandic Culture at culture.gl . Greenland at UCB Libraries GovPubs . Greenland at DMOZ Daily updated satellite images from Greenland Greenland profile from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for the Kingdom of Denmark from International Futures Population in Greenland Official statistical information about Greenland from stat.gl .",
"43": "Government ( edit ) Government Offices of Greenland Greenlandic Government Information Center , the official English - language online portal ( administered by the Greenland Ministry for Foreign Affairs ) Departement of Foreign Affairs of Greenland Greenland represented with the Kingdom of Denmark Embassies Summary vital statistics about Greenland from Naatsorsueqqissaartarfik . Maps ( edit ) Geographic data related to Greenland at OpenStreetMap Wikimedia Atlas of Greenland Satellite image of Greenland at the NASA Earth Observatory . News and media ( edit ) Oil and Minerals Greenland at The Arctic Journal Google news Greenland History of Greenland : Primary Documents Greenland 's national museum and archive Geological maps of Greenland Trade ( edit ) World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Greenland Travel ( edit ) Visit Greenland -- the official Greenlandic Tourist Board A Photographer 's View of Greenland Documentary produced by Murray Fredericks Other ( edit ) The Norse in the North Atlantic : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Memorial University of Newfoundland . Vifanord.de -- library of scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries . NAPA -- Nordic Institute of Greenland Places adjacent to Greenland Nunavut , Canada Nares Strait Arkhangelsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Sakha and Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia Arctic Ocean Lincoln Sea Wandel Sea Fram Strait Svalbard Greenland Sea Jan Mayen Norway Nunavut , Canada Baffin Bay Davis Strait Greenland Denmark Strait Westfjords and Western Region , Iceland Nunavut and Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada Labrador Sea Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada North Atlantic Ocean Irminger Sea North Atlantic Ocean Coordinates : 72 ° 00 ′ N 40 ° 00 ′ W / 72.000 ° N 40.000 ° W / 72.000 ; - 40.000 Greenland articles Greenland is a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark History Timeline Paleo - Eskimo Dorset culture Thule people Norse Colonization Eastern Settlement Western Settlement Language Skræling Hans Egede Treaty of Kiel Erik the",
"44": "Red 's Land World War II Thulegate Home rule Autonomy ( self - rule ) Cartographic expeditions Geography Climate change Fjords Geology Glaciers Ice sheet Islands Mountains National park Rivers Straits Towns and villages Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Elections Independence movement Foreign relations Greenland and the EU High Commissioner Inatsisartut ( Greenlandic Parliament ) Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Political parties Prime Minister Territorial claims Economy Bank Companies Krone ( currency ) Fishing industry Mining National Bank Reindeer hunting Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Society Demographics Inuit Inughuit Kalaallit Tunumiit Danes Danish Suicide Culture Art ( Artists ) Cuisine Greenlandic Danish Jante Law Mythology Language Greenlandic Music Public holidays Religion Sports Symbols Coat of arms Flag National ( civic ) anthem Royal anthem Outline Index Portal Nordic countries Countries Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Dependencies Åland Islands Faroe Islands Greenland Climate of the Nordic countries Comparison of the Nordic countries Nordic Council Nordic Cross flag Subdivisions of the Nordic",
"45": "countries Dependencies of European Union states Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland France Clipperton Island French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Île Amsterdam Crozet Islands Îles Éparses Kerguelen Islands Île Saint - Paul New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Crown dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Sovereign Base Areas Akrotiri and Dhekelia Overseas territories Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Administrative divisions of Greenland ( since 2009 ) Municipalities Kujalleq Qaasuitsup Qeqqata Sermersooq Unincorporated Areas Pituffik ( Thule Air Base ) Northeast Greenland National Park International membership Nordic Council Members Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Associates Åland Islands Faroe Islands Greenland Observers Estonia ( accession ) Latvia Lithuania Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe ( see inclusion criteria for further information ) .",
"46": "Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Danish overseas territories Current overseas territories Faroe Islands Greenland Former colonies Danish Gold Coast ( Ghana ) Danish West Indies ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) Danish India Tranquebar ( Tharangambadi ) Balasore Frederiksnagore ( Serampore ) Danmarksnagore ( Gondalpara ) Calicut ( Kozhikode ) Oddeway Torre ( Malabar Coast ) Frederiksøerne ( Nicobar Islands ) See also : Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F.",
"47": "Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C.",
"48": "Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv .",
"49": "Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R.",
"50": "Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C.",
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"53": "All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français",
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"56": "This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when is an articulated lorry most likely to jackknife
|
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"If a vehicle towing a trailer skids",
"If a vehicle towing a trailer skids"
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{
"0": "Jackknifing - wikipedia Jackknifing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about vehicle accidents . For the statistics procedure , see Jackknife ( statistics ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How a truck jackknifes Jackknifing refers to the folding of an articulated vehicle i.e. one towing a trailer , such that it resembles the acute angle of a folding pocket knife . If a vehicle towing a trailer skids , the trailer can push the towing vehicle from behind until it spins the vehicle around and faces backwards . This may be caused by equipment failure , improper braking , or adverse road conditions such as an icy road surface . In extreme circumstances , a driver may attempt to jackknife the vehicle deliberately in order to halt it following brake failure . A jackknife event of a heavy vehicle can be fatal to the driver as the top of the cab can be crushed or sliced off as it swings round violently and tries to fold under the trailer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Trailer swing 2 Anti-jackknife devices 3 See also 4 References Trailer swing ( edit ) When a trailer skids to one side , this is known as a trailer swing or trailer slew . This could happen on a slippery road surface , often where there is a cant . This is not the same as `` jackknifing '' and is not as serious since the trailer moves back into line as the vehicle continues forwards . The driver must be aware , however , that the trailer could slide up against parked cars or a guard rail , or the wheels could slide into a ditch . This situation can occur especially when the trailer is empty or lightly loaded , and weather conditions cause violent gusts of crosswind . Anti-jackknife devices ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( June 2014 ) One system with limited success was a device that mechanically limited the angle which a trailer could swing . A much more successful system was to fit the tractor with anti-lock brakes .",
"1": "Fitted originally to airplanes in the 1950s , anti-lock brakes have significantly reduced the number of heavy vehicle accidents . Electronic brakeforce distribution varies the pressure to the rear brakes during heavy load or hard braking , enhancing driver control . Tractors used to be fitted with a lever in the cab to operate the trailer brakes . The vehicle could be slowed down or stopped using the trailer brakes only . Theoretically this was a sure way to prevent jackknifing , but this lever was often the cause of jackknifing in a roundabout way . Frequent use of the trailer brakes alone caused them to overheat and fade while the tractor brakes remained fresh . In the event of an emergency stop , the driver would go straight for the foot brake and the truck would surely jackknife because the tractor brakes would lock while the trailer brakes would be ineffective due to previous overheating . An alternative to having a trailer brake lever in the cab is to fit the trailer with an electromagnetic brake . See also ( edit ) Aquaplaning Black ice Fishtailing Underride guard References ( edit ) Trucks portal Jump up ^ `` Jackknifing accident types '' . Retrieved 13 April 2017 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ Brake Pressure Regulator - Patent 3762776 ( hide ) Traffic collisions Main topics Epidemiology Bus plunge Hit and run Park - to - reverse Roadside memorial Rollover Vehicle extrication Vehicle recovery Traffic collision reconstruction Road collisions Back - up collision Deer -- vehicle collisions Head - on collision Jackknifing Multiple - vehicle collision Rear - end collision Run - off - road collision Side collision Single - vehicle crash Causes Distracted driving Impaired driving Road rage Lists of traffic collisions Before 2000 2000 -- present Related lists List of bridge failures List of level crossing crashes Template : Automotive handling Template : Traffic law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackknifing&oldid=793240415 '' Categories : Trucks Road accidents and incidents Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 14 : 33 . About Wikipedia",
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who sang if you had a beautiful body would you hold it against me
|
[
"American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers",
"American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers",
"American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers"
] |
{
"0": "If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me - wikipedia If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me Jump to : navigation , search `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' 1979 single cover Single by The Bellamy Brothers from the album The Two and Only B - side `` Make Me Over '' Released March 1979 Format 7 '' Recorded 1978 Genre Country , country pop Length 3 : 14 Label Warner Bros. / Curb 8790 Songwriter ( s ) David Bellamy Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd The Bellamy Brothers singles chronology `` Lovin ' On '' ( 1978 ) `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' ( 1979 ) `` You Ai n't Just Whistlin ' Dixie '' ( 1979 ) `` Lovin ' On '' ( 1978 ) `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' ( 1979 ) `` You Ai n't Just Whistlin ' Dixie '' ( 1979 ) `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' is a song written by David Bellamy , and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers . It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album The Two and Only . The song became their first number 1 hit on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall , after their 1976 pop hit `` Let Your Love Flow '' . The title as shown on the original single was `` If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' , but on the album and subsequent releases , the title is shown as `` ... Had ... '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Re-recording 3 Britney Spears controversy 4 Chart performance 5 References Story ( edit ) `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body ... '' derived its double entendre title from a Groucho Marx line .",
"1": "Songwriter David Bellamy told country music journalist Tom Roland that he regularly watched Marx 's program , You Bet Your Life , where Marx sometimes used the quote while interviewing an attractive female contestant , then shake his cigar and raise his eyebrows to elicit a reaction . The comment stuck in Bellamy 's head as a possible hook line for a song . The song earned its first success in Northern Ireland before becoming a hit in the United States . The song was also a minor hit on Top 40 stations , peaking at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In a 2003 issue , Country Weekly magazine named it the number 1 country pick - up line of all time . Re-recording ( edit ) On their 2005 album Angels & Outlaws , Vol. 1 , The Bellamy Brothers re-recorded this song with Dolly Parton . This rendition peaked at number 60 on the country charts , giving the Bellamy Brothers their first chart entry since `` Not '' in 1994 . Britney Spears controversy ( edit ) In 2011 , the Brothers criticized pop singer Britney Spears 's song `` Hold It Against Me '' for sounding similar to `` If I Said You Had A Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' . In a statement , David Bellamy said `` professionally , well , in all honesty , we feel completely ripped off . Where 's the originality ? '' The Bellamy Brothers ' attorney Christopher E. Schmidt stated that `` ( it ) becomes somewhat uncanny if you simply double the beat of the Bellamy Brothers ' song and match it up with Britney 's version '' and pointed out that it was not the first time that songwriters Max Martin and Lukasz `` Dr. Luke '' Gottwald were accused of copyright infringement . On March 2 , 2011 , Max Martin , Dr. Luke , Bonnie McKee , and Mathieu `` Billboard '' Jomphe , all of whom wrote `` Hold It Against Me '' , filed a lawsuit against the Bellamy Brothers for defamation and libel because of the accusations , but the Brothers apologized and the case was dismissed on August 11 , 2011 . The Brothers released a statement that said , `` The Bellamy Brothers apologise to Dr.",
"2": "Luke and Max Martin for the Bellamys ' public statements and any false impressions suggested by the statements on their website that Dr. Luke and Max Martin copy the works of others . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 UK Singles Chart US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 39 Dutch Top 40 11 New Zealand Singles Chart 17 Preceded by `` Do n't Take It Away '' by Conway Twitty Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 19 -- June 2 , 1979 Succeeded by `` She Believes in Me '' by Kenny Rogers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Books , Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 233 - 234 . Jump up ^ Roland . Jump up ^ Bellamy brothers are coming ... so do n't hold that song against them Jump up ^ Staff , The Salt Lake Tribune ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Is Britney Spears ripping off the Bellamy Brothers with new single ? '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . MediaNews Group . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , The Salt Lake Tribune ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Bellamy Brothers still considering legal action against Britney Spears '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . MediaNews Group . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christman , Ed ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Britney Spears ' ' HIAM ' : Do Bellamy Brothers Have an Infringement Case ? '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , Contactmusic ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Luke - Defamation Lawsuit Over Spears Single Dropped '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bellamy Brothers Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` The Bellamy Brothers Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Allmusic -- If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body ( Would You Hold It Against Me ) by the Bellamy Brothers . ( hide ) The Bellamy Brothers David Bellamy Howard Bellamy Albums The Two and Only Notable singles `` Let Your Love Flow '' `` Bird Dog '' `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' `` You Ai n't Just Whistlin ' Dixie '' `` Sugar Daddy '' `` Dancin ' Cowboys '' `` Lovers Live Longer '' `` Do You Love as Good as You Look '' `` You 're My Favorite Star '' `` For All the Wrong Reasons '' `` Get into Reggae Cowboy '' `` Redneck Girl '' `` When I 'm Away from You '' `` I Love Her Mind '' `` Strong Weakness '' `` Forget About Me '' `` World 's Greatest Lover '' `` I Need More of You '' `` Old Hippie '' `` Lie to You for Your Love '' `` Feelin ' the Feelin ' '' `` Too Much Is Not Enough '' ( with The Forester Sisters ) `` Kids of the Baby Boom '' `` Crazy from the Heart '' `` Santa Fe '' `` I 'll Give You All My Love Tonight '' `` Rebels Without a Clue '' `` Big Love '' `` You 'll Never Be Sorry '' `` The Center of My Universe '' `` I Could Be Persuaded '' `` Cowboy Beat '' `` Some Broken Hearts Never Mend '' Guest singles `` Drive South '' ( with The Forester Sisters ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Said_You_Had_a_Beautiful_Body_Would_You_Hold_It_Against_Me&oldid=824617347 '' Categories : 1979 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1979 songs The Bellamy Brothers songs Warner Bros.",
"4": "Records singles Curb Records singles Songs written by David Bellamy ( singer ) Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Legal issues in airsoft - wikipedia Legal issues in airsoft Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is considered to be a modern shooting sport . Airsoft guns themselves are legal in many parts of the world , although some countries , states , and cities have specific restrictions against the items . For example , California State Law states that peoples of all age can use these items , classing them as both tools , and toys . Safety regulations in many areas require bright markings on the items ( such as an orange tip ) . They are officially classed as `` soft air devices '' or `` air compressed toys , '' depending on the location .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Argentina 3 Armenia 4 Belgium 5 Brazil 6 Bulgaria 7 Canada 8 Chile 9 China 10 Croatia 11 Czech Republic 12 Denmark 13 Egypt 14 Estonia 15 Finland 16 France 17 Germany 18 Greece 19 Hong Kong 20 Indonesia 21 India 22 Ireland 23 Israel 24 Italy 25 Japan 26 Kuwait 27 Lithuania 28 Macau 29 Malaysia 30 Malta 31 Mexico 32 Netherlands 33 New Zealand 34 Norway 35 Philippines 36 Poland 37 Portugal 38 Republic of Korea 39 Romania 40 Russia 41 Serbia 42 Slovakia 43 Slovenia 44 Singapore 45 Spain 46 Sweden 47 Switzerland 48 Thailand 49 Ukraine 50 United Kingdom 51 United States 51.1 Selected local requirements 52 References Australia ( edit ) Importation of airsoft guns ( referred officially as toy models by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection ) , regardless of their legal status by state , requires an Australian Customs B709 Importation of Firearms -- Police Confirmation and Certification Form . These forms can be obtained from the relevant state 's police department , however some states may require operators hold a valid license for the class of firearm wished to import before the forms will be issued even though airsoft possession is generally not considered a valid reason for obtaining a firearms license . As a general rule , the following types of airsoft guns are illegal in all states : Guns capable of fully automatic fire . Guns that outwardly resemble a sub-machine gun or machine pistol . In addition , each state has its own legislation regarding possession and use of airsoft guns : New South Wales Airsoft is regulated in New South Wales under the Firearms Act 1996 that classifies them as firearms , which the New South Wales Police do not allow for any reason .",
"2": "Victoria Airsoft articles are not permitted in Victoria under the Victorian Legislation , and Victoria Police Licensing & Regulation Division ( LRD ) will not issue any authorization for their importation on the basis that `` no genuine reason exists to own them , because there is no approved range in Victoria to undertake these war games '' and `` their militaristic appearance also plays a part in their perceived undesirability '' . Queensland Airsoft weapons , under current state legislation , irrespective of muzzle velocity , can not be lawfully possessed in Queensland . As airsoft guns can not be used in Queensland lawfully it can not be imported into Queensland . South Australia Changes to South Australian law ( in particular the Firearms Amendment Act 2008 ) mean that airsoft guns with a muzzle velocity of less than 53 m / s ( 175 ft / s ) are considered `` regulated imitation firearms '' , while those guns exceeding this limit are considered real firearms . In practice , both types fall under the same licensing and storage requirements , as `` regulated imitations '' are considered de facto firearms by law ; furthermore , they are considered to belong to the class of firearm they imitate -- for example , a Marushin M1 Carbine would be considered a Class D firearm , as it imitates a semi-automatic center - fire rifle . Regardless of this , South Australian Police will refuse to register an airsoft gun . Western Australia Airsoft articles are prohibited in Western Australia and Western Australian Police will not issue any authorization for their importation . Northern Territory Paintball guns are allowed in the Northern Territory , and all other airsoft firearms are legal with the right firearms licence . Australian Capital Territory The ACT is governed by the Australian Federal Police ; all airsoft guns that resemble semi-automatic or automatic military rifles or shotguns adapted for military purpose are considered prohibited weapons , as are an imitation or replica of any firearm ( including an imitation or replica pistol , shortened firearm , machine gun or submachine gun ) unless it is of a type approved by the Registrar . Tasmania Due to the nature of the sport of airsoft ( as with paintball ) it is classified as a `` war game '' which is defined in the Firearms Act 1996 as a simulated military exercise or similar activity in which a firearm is used or carried by a person .",
"3": "Section 119 of the Firearms Act 1996 ( TAS ) prohibits a person from taking part in , allowing , causing , assisting or advertising or promoting any war games . As a result , war games such as paintball and airsoft are prohibited in Tasmania . It has previously been established that an airsoft gun would be categorized as an air rifle or air pistol for which a Category A ( air rifle ) or Category H ( air pistol ) firearms licence would be required . However the Firearms Act does not provide for an appropriate `` genuine reason '' to possess a firearm for airsoft activities , therefore an airsoft gun would not be able to be registered in Tasmania as the applicant could not provide a satisfactory reason for wanting to own and possess the firearm . In short , the playing of the sport of airsoft and the possession of airsoft guns in Tasmania is currently banned and that position will most likely not change in the near future . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Airsoft guns can be bought and used by anyone over the age of 18 , however the import , sale and manufacture of replica guns is requires a permit by federal law 26.216 ( edited march 2018 ) Armenia ( edit ) Airsoft guns with muzzle energy below 3 joules ( muzzle velocity 173.2 m / s or 568 ft / s for a 0.20 g projectile ) are legal . They are not considered weapons and do not require any permission . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , weapons that launch a projectile without the use of a combustion / fire are unrestricted , it is stipulated as a free - to - purchase weapon which can be only bought by persons aged 18 years or older , as checked from any form of identification . The only exclusions are those on the Forbidden Weapons List . This includes those used for airsoft and Paintball . However , if a weapon is shorter than 60 cm , or has a barrel shorter than 30 cm and shoots 7.5 joules of energy ( 0.20 g pellet travelling at 273.9 m / s or 898.5 ft / s ) or above ( measured 2.5 meters from the muzzle ) , it is classified as a firearm and needs registration . Commercial sales / imports / exports may only be done by licensed firearms dealers .",
"4": "Non-commercial sales or owner transfers can be freely done by anyone aged 18 years or older . In general , all events must take place in private locations . Organizations may host airsoft events under the condition that they are not affiliated with ideological or religious agendas . Also the local authorities such as the mayor 's administration and the police need to be notified and their consent has to be given . In the Flemish region and when organizing more than two times per year with maximum four days in a row , it is mandatory to have an environment permit , also when organizing in a designated forest area a permission from the regional nature and forest agency is needed . In the Walloon area in general it is sufficient to inform the local authorities . There is no clear law on how to transport airsoft replicas , but it is commonly accepted among players to transport replicas as if they were real firearms , as to avoid any chance of hassle with the authorities . This means that the replicas must be covered while transporting them through public domain , in a gun - bag for example . Also when carrying / transporting airsoft replicas , a plausible explanation has to be given when asked by law enforcement authorities . Also due to strict environmental laws , it is mandatory to use bio-degradable BB 's . The use of gun - mounted lasers or night - vision scopes / sights is illegal for civilians , however the use of regular scopes / sights ( even illuminated ones ) and night - vision - goggles is not . This is because gun - mounted lasers and night - vision scopes / sights are looked upon as being only useful in military context or for assassination ( which is , of course , illegal ) . Also the possession and using a real silencer is forbidden for the same reasons though a dummy / fake silencer is legal . Brazil ( edit ) Airsoft is a very recent shooting sport in Brazil . In the past , due to lack of regulation , airsoft was usually misinterpreted as a firearm clone or replica . Nowadays , airsoft is legal but there are strong restrictions . Based on the current minutes that have gone public , airsoft is considered a gun subjected to control.To import is necessary to pay import taxes of 60 % of the value of the product including the freight plus about 150 reais ( around 50 dollars ) for administrative fees .",
"5": "It is also necessary before importing any weapon or accessory of weapon to make an application of CII ( International Import Certificate ) to the Brazilian Army containing the data of the equipment that wants to import , location of the airport or port of departure in the country of foreigner and in the national arrival , store and buyer data and product values . This request can be approved or denied and can take up to 3 months ( this response must be sent to the seller to attach to the outside of the merchandise if it does not have CII when the merchandise arrives in Brazil it will be confiscated ) . This bureaucracy causes a gigantic delay in the domestic market with the international market , it also causes the lack of use of low prices abroad and as Brazil has high - interest rates ( along with import taxes ) the product often comes to triple the price . All Guns do not need any transportation permit after import . People under 18 are not allowed to buy airsoft guns and commercial entities / importers are obliged to retain documentation of airsoft buyers for 5 years . An Orange tip or red tip is required in order to differentiate it from firearms . There are still strong restrictions to import accessories such as holographic sights , red dots , and magazines ( need CII and administrative taxes ) . Airsoft is also expensive in Brazil , as it costs almost the same as a real firearm in the US , which will make it very hard for airsoft to become popular in Brazil . However , now the sport has grown quite large due to the youtubers and it is estimated almost 100 thousand participants ( 11 / 14 / 2017 ) . The Brazilian market due to the high import rates are loaded with cheap weapons of entry of brands like CYMA , JG , King Arms , Cybergun , and Umarex . The airsoft community adopts national speed limits but there is no compelling law . The most usual limits are : Assault : 400FPS . Sniper : 550FPS and do not shoot less than 15 meters , mandatory secondary up to 400 fps . DMR : 450FPS and not shoot less than 15 meters , mandatory secondary up to 400 fps . Bulgaria ( edit ) Airsoft is a legal sport in Bulgaria and there are no restrictions placed on the guns apart from a parents ' permission for people under 18 .",
"6": "As airsoft guns are considered air guns by the Bulgarian law , no documents or licenses are needed to possess them . There are no restrictions about lasers , flashlights etc . Moreover , there is no need for the end of the barrel to be painted in orange ( like in the United States ) . There are neither restrictions about the power of the air guns / airsoft guns nor about carrying them in public areas , although it is highly advisable not to carry replica firearms in public places outside of a carry case or an appropriate backpack . This rule is unofficially enforced by the Airsoft Bulgaria organisation and is punishable by ban from official games ( temporary or permanent ) , as it creates an unwanted friction between the players and the authorities and public . Shooting in `` protected '' ( quote from the law ) areas is forbidden . Protected areas include schools , administrative buildings , public property , and public areas . Now it is required that private regulated land must obtain urban planning application / consent to make it public land before starting a paintball field with an internal boundary of 3 m . A lot of the people in Bulgaria have their own field rules which usually require to have 18 years of age . There are some exception tho : The CRG airsoft field in slunchev breag has no age limit ( http://www.crgroup.bg/ ) and the Airsoft Sofia Field has an age restriction of 16 , and players between the age of 16 and 18 can participate with parental permission . ( http://airsoftsofiafield.com ) Canada ( edit ) Under the Canadian Firearms Program , Airsoft guns resembling with near precision an existing make and model of an arm , other than an antique arm , are considered replica arms and therefore are prohibited devices . Models resembling antique arms may be allowed . Generally , antique arms are those manufactured before 1898 . Individuals may keep replica guns they owned on 1 December 1998 and no license is required , however the import or acquisition of replica firearms is prohibited . If the replica firearm is taken out of Canada it will not be allowed back in .",
"7": "Air guns ( other than replicas ) with a maximum muzzle velocity of 152.4 m / s ( 500 ft / s ) or a maximum muzzle energy of 5.7 joules ( 4.2 foot - pounds ) are exempt from licensing , registration , and other requirements ; and from penalties for possessing an arm without a valid license or registration certificate but are considered a firearm under the Criminal Code if used to commit a crime . Airsoft guns that exceed both the maximum velocity and maximum muzzle energy are subject to the same licence , registration , and safe handling requirements that apply to conventional firearm . A Airsoft ( bb ) gun may be imported if it meets the required markings . An airsoft gun that , is obviously a child 's toy ( e.g. made out of clear plastic ) , that only fires a very light pellet ( less than 2g ) no faster than 152.4 m / s ( 500 ft / s ) would not be classified as a firearm under the Canadian Firearms Act . In Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Ontario , British Columbia , and Quebec , the minimum age to purchase an airsoft gun is 18 . Children under that age are still able to use airsoft guns but only if supervised by someone over 18 . Overseas / international retailers may sell Canadian - ready guns , or offer services to make them meet Canada 's requirements . If the Canada Border Services Agency suspects an import is illegal a letter may be sent out to inform the importer , and an appeal can be made to test the gun . These airsoft guns are typically sent to the importer 's local police agency for the firearms to be tested . This process could take between 2 weeks to a year anecdotally . Chile ( edit ) Chile recognized airsoft as a legal sport activity under Exempt Resolution No. 245 of 20 January 2011 by the National Institute of Sports . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND . Page 1 . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND. Page 2 . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND. Page 3 . Although airsoft replicas are not clearly regulated under Chilean gun law , modifying toy guns to use real ammunition and carrying an unconcealed weapon in a public area is illegal and punishable by law .",
"8": "Also there is not law restriction to who is buying it or who is using an airsoft gun , but stores and sports club usually restrict them to be 18 or older to be able to buy or to play . China ( edit ) In People 's Republic of China , despite the common belief that airsoft is outright banned , the official stance on airsoft is that it is technically just `` tightly controlled '' . However , the control standards are so strict and the punishments are so heavy - handed , that involvement in the sport ( regarded as `` wargame '' or `` live action CS '' ) is considered too impractical for common individuals in Mainland China . According to the `` Identification Standards of Imitation Guns '' ( 仿真 枪 认定 标准 ) dictated by the Ministry of Public Security ( the central coordinating agency of the Chinese police system ) in 2008 , a replica ( `` imitation '' ) gun is recognized according to any one of the following criteria : Fulfils the firearm component parts stipulated by the Law of the People 's Republic of China on Control of Guns , and shoots pellets of metal or other materials that has a muzzle - ratio kinetic energy ( Chinese : 枪 口 比 动能 , the muzzle energy of a projectile divided by the internal / bore cross sectional area of the barrel that fired it ) less than 1.8 J / cm and greater than 0.16 J / cm ( equivalent to a single 0.20 gram , 6 mm airsoft pellet shot out at a muzzle velocity of 21.3 ~ 71.3 m / s or 70 ~ 234 fps , or kinetic energy of 0.045 ~ 0.51 J ) ; Has external features of a firearm , as well as barrel , trigger , receiver or action mechanisms that are either materially or functionally similar to a service firearm ; Has same or similar shape and color , as well as a size between 50 ~ 100 % ( later amended to `` 50 ~ 200 % '' in 2011 ) of the corresponding real service firearm . If a replica exceeds any single criterion , it will no longer be categorized as a replica / toy gun , but rather considered a real weapon , and therefore illegal to purchase and possess .",
"9": "Offenders can be judged as arms traffickers and subjected to penalties as high as capital punishment and life imprisonment . Prior to the Beijing Olympics , airsoft was an increasingly popular sport among Chinese military enthusiasts . However , since the 2008 standards came out , there has been thousands of arrests and seizures made on toy gun merchants and consumers for `` arms trafficking '' and `` illegal possession of firearms '' , because people are often unaware that their hobbies are now suddenly spelt as illegal under the new standards , and the Ministry of Public Security or police never actively informed the public about the change . Law enforcement is also highly arbitrary , and many of the merchandises confiscated are actually either non-functional props or well below the replica limit . This is also compounded by hyped moral panics from the mass media and parents groups who exaggerate the safety threat posed by these toys . Such examples include confusing the definition of airsoft guns with the far more powerful air guns , slippery slope arguments that airsoft weapons can be easily modified to shoot more lethal projectiles or even converted into real firearms , or alarmist overgeneralization of danger citing demonstrations from inappropriately designed experiments of how airsoft guns are capable of penetrate paper targets at point - blank range , all appealing for a blanket ban on replica toys out of concerns for child safety . As a result of the crackdown by the authorities and negative social sentiments from various moral entrepreneurs , airsoft is in effect banished from the public eyes , and domestic manufacturers and importers have become essentially extinct . However , despite all the negativities against the sport , many people ( even some police officers ) still take risks to acquire airsoft replicas ( often bought from Hong Kong , then secretly smuggled back into the Mainland via Shenzhen ) . To avoid the government tracing online , various underground airsoft community forums often refer the commonly seen battery - powered automatic airsoft guns as `` electric dogs '' ( Chinese : 电 狗 ; pinyin : Diàn Gǒu , playing a joking near - homophone on the English word `` gun '' ) or `` pets '' ( Chinese : 宠物 ; pinyin : Chǒng Wù ) . Alternative MilSim activities using gel ball shooters ( similar to Maya 's Xploderz ) or even foam dart shooters ( similar to Hasbro 's Nerf Blaster ) as replacements have also became increasingly popular .",
"10": "There has also been ongoing debates in the blogosphere against the official `` 1.8 J / cm '' definition , since the pre-2008 Chinese criteria defined that a minimal muzzle - ratio kinetic energy ( MRKE ) of 16 J / cm was needed to breach human skin at close range and hence qualifiable as a real firearm -- 9 times higher than the current standards . In comparison , the maximum MRKE allowed for replica guns in Hong Kong is at 7.077 J / cm , Taiwan at 20 J / cm and Japan at 3.2 J / cm , while most other countries like Germany and United States are often at up to 78.5 J / cm ( though with restrictions on minimal engagement distances ) . Some netizens even accused the legislative and law enforcement authorities of procrastinative / corrupt practices because it is much more convenient for police officers to claim commendations and promotions from picking on soft targets such as the generally law - obiding toy gun owners , rather than risking violence to confront the often threatening real criminals . This sentiment was often reinforced by reports of selective enforcements , where offenders of special backgrounds ( foreign nationals , ethnic minorities , political / social elites and associates ) were given significantly lighter penalty than other average citizens . Some legal academics and lawyers have also pointed out that the Ministry of Public Security , who solely dictated the above - mentioned definition on real guns vs. replicas , is a law enforcement body but not a legislative one , and thus has no jurisdiction in defining legal standards , meaning that the current replica gun standard is in fact unconstitutional . Croatia ( edit ) Airsoft replicas fall into the D category of weapons and to buy one , users have to be at least 18 years old .",
"11": "The maximum allowed muzzle velocity for various categories of rifles by Croatian Airsoft Federation are : AEG - 1 , 49J ( joules ) - max 1 , 56J Machinegun - 1 , 49J ( joula ) - max 1 , 56J DMR - 2 , 32J ( joules ) -- max 2 , 42J ( minimum allowed range of action is 20 m , mandatory sidearm and integrated optics to enlarge ) Bolt - action - 3 , 34J ( joules ) - max 3 , 46J ( minimum allowed range of action is 30 m , mandatory sidearm and integrated optics to enlarge ) use automatic ( burst ) mode shooting replicas in enclosed spaces is allowed if the replicas do not have a kinetic energy greater than 0 , 84J ( joules ) , mandatory reporting of such replicas to the organizer , it is referred to in the manner and at the discretion of the organizers - ALLOWED use only replicas which are in reality DMR any other conversions are not allowed AK / M4 ff . - Replicas of the DMR , which are not mechanically unable to switch to auto - fire regime can not be used at the meeting Czech Republic ( edit ) Airsoft guns in the Czech Republic are `` category D firearms '' , which are regulated by Czech Firearms and Ammunition act . Weapons and ammunition can be purchased , owned and used by anyone older than 18 years old . There is no need to have any certificate or permission . Airsoft weapons are prohibited to use in public places where they might threaten other people or damage property . Firearm laws prohibit ( not only in category D ) the use of specific gun accessories like night vision or a laser . Airsoft guns are limited to 16 joules , but this is a limitation for all weapons in category D , those with higher muzzle energy are category C weapons and require a Firearm License ( Zbrojní průkaz ) and registration of the weapon . However , most airsoft guns have much lower muzzle energy than 16 Joules . Carrying any visible firearm in public places is prohibited . Denmark ( edit ) Airsoft guns are mentioned as exempt in the Danish `` Våbenlov '' ( arms control legislation ) .",
"12": "Persons have to be at least 18 years old to buy , hand over , or possess airsoft guns . They may be used on police - approved sites , with a permission slip , at the age of 16 . A firearms certificate is not required . All airsoft guns have to be transported concealed in a bag , in a trunk , etc . Egypt ( edit ) Airsoft guns are Legal to own or possess in Egypt , it 's sold by some weapon stores . Civilians Cannot import or order Airsoft Weapons , only weapon stores can import them as Air Guns . You may also find some low quality unbranded Airsoft Guns in Toy Stores or Gift Store During Ramdan , Eid el - Fetr or Eid el - Adha . Currently civilians interested in the sport are appealing to the Egyptian government to allow the importation and ownership of airsoft guns . Estonia ( edit ) The law does not mention or recognize airsoft guns in detail , but sets restrictions on public carry of firearm replicas . While the current firearm law would classify airsoft guns as airguns , it also sets restrictions for airguns to not exceed 4.5 mm diameter pellets (. 177 caliber , ) making 6mm BB 's de jure illegal . Despite laws being unclear , the sport is practiced widely without any actual issues so far . Customs enable import without any limitations , local law enforcement is aware of public sales and organized events , and even the military has acquired airsoft guns for urban and close - quarters combat training . Finland ( edit ) Airsoft guns are not treated as firearms in law , but visible transportation of any replica firearms in public areas is forbidden . All replica firearms must be covered with something , for example , a firearm case , when moving on public area . Land owner 's permission is needed to play airsoft in any area . Minors ( under the age of 18 ) are able to purchase airsoft guns only with written permission from their legal guardians . France ( edit ) Visible transportation of replica firearms in public areas is forbidden . They must be covered with something like a firearm case . Land owner 's permission is needed to play airsoft in any area . An orange marking on the tip is not needed .",
"13": "Minors ( under 18 ) can only buy airsoft guns which are under 0.08 joules in power . Airsoft guns may only have a power under two joules ( 464 fps with 0.2 g bb 's ) , otherwise they are no longer qualified as airsoft replicas but firearms and owners should follow the French weapons law ( dated 2013 ) . Germany ( edit ) Airsoft guns under 0.5 joules are deemed to be toy guns and can be used by all people , although pretty much every shop will not sell airsoft guns to anyone under the age of 14 . In addition , they must not be worn in public as they can be authentic looking weapons . If the muzzle energy is between 0.5 and 7.5 joules , Airsoft guns are no longer seen as toy guns . In that case , they are treated as air rifles , the minimum age for purchasing and / or using an airsoft gun is 18 years . These guns need a special marking , the so - called `` F in a pentagon '' and have to be not able to shoot fully automatically , otherwise they are illegal to possess . The trade and possession of Airsoft guns is otherwise mainly unrestricted , but transportation is permitted only in a closed container . Transportation of toys with a weapon like look requires a locked container . The shoot or ready access port is permitted only on a closed private property . The possession of lamps or lasers meant for ( Airsoft ) guns requires a permission , a violation constitutes an offense . Greece ( edit ) Airsoft is basically an underground sport in Greece because the law is a little foggy . According to the law , airsoft guns fall into the same general category as air guns , which are not real firearms , and are free to be purchased from specialized shops . However , the purchase and use of airsoft guns is not permitted for people under 18 years old . It is prohibited to have any replica gun in public sight . This is treated similarly to illegal possession of a real firearm . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , airsoft guns are considered toys as long as they are not able to be fired with a muzzle energy above 2 joules of kinetic energy , above which they are considered as a firearm and need registration , and possession of an unregistered firearm is illegal .",
"14": "Under the Section 13 of Cap 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of the Hong Kong Law , unrestricted use of firearms and ammunition requires a license . Those found in possession without a license could be fined HKD $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to 14 years . Airsoft guns in Hong Kong are not required to have an orange tip . However , public possession or exposure of airsoft gun is not recommended by the police department in Hong Kong , as it is difficult to identify whether it is a real firearm or not . It is also not required to obtain a licence to sell an airsoft gun in Hong Kong . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , there are no strict rules about airsoft and there still has been no consideration by the government as to whether airsoft guns are treated as `` toys '' or are equal to real guns . However , when airsoft was first brought to Indonesia in 1996 , founders of Indonesian airsoft communities put some restrictions on airsoft games . For example , airsoft players are encouraged not to upgrade their gun above 450 fps , or they will be rejected from the community . Moreover , anyone who wants to buy an airsoft gun , must be at least 18 years old and know the regulations and rules about the airsoft gun . Some events have occurred that are perceived as endangering the continuity of the hobby , such as some robberies in which airsoft replicas were used . Therefore , in order to control its growth , there is a government - authorized club called Perbakin ( Indonesian Shooting Club ) which is currently appointed by police to accommodate airsoft as a new - born sport . Other authorized clubs that exist in Indonesia to accommodate airsoft and all of its users include the Persatuan Olahraga Airsoft Seluruh Indonesia ( PORGASI ) , the Airsoft Brotherhood Unity ( ABU ) , and the Indonesian Airsoft Federation ( FAI ) . In recent developments in the start of 2013 , the police and people from the airsoft communities have exchanged words and are now in a negotiation to legalize the sport provided the players make their units ( AEGs or GBBRs ) distinctive from a real firearm through the use of orange tipped muzzle brakes India ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources .",
"15": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is an unrecognized sporting activity in India . Officially , mention of this sport does not exist in Indian sports guidelines , laws or documents . Therefore it does not come under any category of sports or recreational activities . India does not have an airsoft manufacturing sector like most other nations . Thus every need for this activity has to be met through imports . Since the Indian Customs and the government are not aware about the existence of this sport or the nature of equipment used , imports will get seized citing resemblance to firearms . Inclusion of these items under Toy category rarely happens due to lack of awareness . There is also the risk of wrong classification under prohibited airgun caliber since only . 177 cal is allowed for conditional civilian import into India . Detained items may be destroyed or sent for lab tests depending on the situation , with long waiting periods to obtain results . Another side of non-recognition is the pseudo legal nature of this activity , since it is not mentioned anywhere . This has resulted in a thriving black market which effectively destroyed the true nature of this sport in India . Entry level equipment are being sold at more than premium prices with active support from corrupt authorities . This ended up turning airsoft into a collection activity than a field sport . This does not mean airsoft as a sport is not happening in India . It is unorganized and in a much smaller scale than developed nations . Also some imports are successful , but these are mostly exception than norm . Ireland ( edit ) The status of airsoft in Ireland was changed after the 2006 Criminal Justice Act , which amended the previous Firearms Acts . Where once authorisation or a license was required for all devices which fired a projectile from a barrel , the law now defines a firearm as ( amongst other things ) : an air gun ( including an air rifle and air pistol ) with a muzzle energy greater than one joule of kinetic energy or any other firearm incorporating a barrel from which any projectile can be discharged with such a muzzle energy The aim of this change was to establish a classification of firearms in order to eliminate the legal oddity where toy suction cup dart guns and the like were legally classified as firearms , thus bringing Ireland into line with the rest of the EU .",
"16": "In this case , one joule was used as the limit , as opposed to seven joules in Germany , twelve foot - pounds force ( 16.2 J ) in the UK and so on . The one - joule limit most likely arose from UK case law where it was found that energies in excess of one joule were required to penetrate an eyeball ( thus causing serious injury ) . As a result , airsoft devices under one joule of power have been declassified and have become legal to possess and use within Ireland . No airsoft site in Ireland would allow any player to use an airsoft device in excess of one Joule . Israel ( edit ) Airsoft guns are classified as `` dangerous toys '' in Israel which makes airsoft legal to import , manufacture and sell by licensed retailers only . Due to the fact that this law is not related to criminal acts , thus not being very well enforced , until the year 2010 , it was possible to find private retailers who import MPEG and AEG level airsoft guns . Currently , purchase of airsoft guns of all levels is possible only through one or two licensed retailers only . Israeli airsofters have created airsoft associations in an attempt to make airsoft legal − Girit `` Girit Airsoft Association in Israel '' ( `` גירית -- עמותת איירסופט לישראל '' ) and ASI − Association of Israeli Strikeball ( עמותת סטרייקבול ישראלית ) . Girit is cooperating with the Israeli Shooting Federation , joining it shortly as a member and cooperating with other governmental authorities in an attempt to make airsoft legal in Israel . Girit Airsoft Association has established cooperation with USAPSA , Ukrainian , Slovenian , Swedish , and Czech airsofters . An Israeli national airsoft tactical shooting competition took place near Beit Berel March 2007 . As of Jul 2010 , the Israeli airsoft associations had finished negotiations with the Israeli government . Since then , every association ( or Tacticball Club Member ) can carry airsoft gear ( guns , parts , etc . ) at home . Also transportation and carrying of airsoft guns may be done only if a tip of the barrel painted in red or orange color .",
"17": "Italy ( edit ) Airsoft guns and pistols are allowed a muzzle velocity below 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) ( i.e. equivalent to a muzzle energy equal or minor to one joule ) . Under the law , airsoft guns are not classified as firearms , but as toys . One can buy and sell them both from stores and from another private citizen , either domestically or from abroad . Internet purchasing and mail shipping is legal and unrestricted . No license or registration is required . There is no mandatory minimum age to purchase airsoft and use it . The Italian Ministry of Interior only recommends that their sale be restricted to people over the age of 18 or 14 if accompanied by a parent or legal tutor or if the replica is not particularly realistic or powerful ( i.e. low - grade airsoft products ) . Red tips must be present on the barrel ends of the airsoft gun when they are imported and sold by a store . Once owning the airsoft gun , one may remove the red tip . However , the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is mistaken for its real counterpart . Airsoft used to commit a crime is treated as if using the real gun , assault weapons carry an extra mandatory sentence in addition to the regular punishment for the crime committed . Usage and open carriage of airsoft guns in public places is forbidden . One can play on private property away from public sight or in a well - delimited private or state property after having asked the local authorities for a limited - time permit ( usually from six to 48 hours ) and having alerted the local police command to avoid alarmed citizens calling for emergency . As the law limits the muzzle energy that an airsoft replica can develop before being classified by law as an air gun , modifying an airsoft gun to deliver more power or to shoot anything other than 6 mm BB plastic pellets is a felony . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , airsoft guns are legal , but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above 0.988 joules . And for adolescents , 0.135 joules . Legal requirements are based on an airsoft model manufacturers to prevent any possibility of replica firearms being converted into actual firearms .",
"18": "Standards include ( but are not limited to ) use of low - melting point metals and non-ballistic plastics in structural components and incompatibility of mechanical components with actual firearm components and mechanisms . The overall litmus test used by the Japanese National Police Authority is whether the replica firearm can be made to chamber and fire an actual round of ammunition . These standards have proven successful within Japan , as it has been found that criminal elements discovered that it is significantly easier to purchase an actual illegal firearm in comparison to modifying a comparatively fragile replica into a functional firearm . Due to this reality , most crimes involving a threat of physical violence are perpetrated with edged weapons , as firearms seen in public are ( by default ) believed to be toys by the public at large . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , airsoft guns can be bought by anyone of any age . New growth in the airsoft market has helped to create many stores that sell gas and electric operated airsoft guns with an FPS ( Feet per second ) of 300 - 450 . Airsoft is also an unorganized sport , along with paint - balling , although official places do have official airsoft and paint - ball arenas . Thus , airsoft is legal , and is considered a toy . Lithuania ( edit ) Registration of any sort is not required for airsoft firearms . If the gun has under 2.5 Joules of energy , it is not considered a weapon and only those over 18 years of age can purchase airsoft . Macau ( edit ) Airsoft guns with under two joules muzzle energy are legal . Malaysia ( edit ) Airsoft guns are not classified as real weapon counterparts but airsoft is illegal to own , import , manufacture , and sell without a permit , which is very hard and expensive to get . Currently , no companies or sports associations have the permits to import airsoft weapons . Most applications come from security services related companies . As of now , no legislation specifically for Airsoft has been drafted . In their absence , the Firearms Act , has precedence . The legal status of Airsoft is that it is not legal to own , trade , transport , display , or play openly . Malta ( edit ) Airsoft guns were legally introduced in 1985 . They have been classified under the category of air guns .",
"19": "In this classification , one finds air rifles ( any power limit ) , airsoft guns , and paintball guns . At that time , to own and purchase any of these guns , one must have a Target Shooter B license and be member of a registered and licensed club . Now , there is an amendment to the current regulation which came into effect in 2013 for airsoft and paintball guns , which are non-lethal guns . It is no longer required to have a Target shooter license B to purchase , use , and own airsoft or paintball devices . México ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is not currently regulated in Mexico and replicas are not governed by the Federal Law on Firearms and Explosives nor its regulations . Accordingly , the practice of Airsoft as well as the ownership and possession of Airsoft replicas and accessories is a legal activity in the country under the Constitution . The import of Gas Blow Back Airsoft replicas or other replicas powered by a compressed gas and its parts are in fact regulated , requiring a permit issued by the Ministry of National Defense . Airsoft replicas powered by a piston and spring mechanism , such as bolt action replicas and AEGs , are not subject to an import permit . For purposes of the General Law on Import and Export Tariffs , Airsoft replicas as well as Paintball guns and any other artifacts shooting projectiles of any kind through the use of compressed gasses ( air , CO2 , propane , green gas , red gas , etc . ) that are not the result of the conflagration of gunpowder or similar substances , are classified under Heading 93 ( Weapons ) of the Tariff , subheading 04 pertaining to ( Other Weapons - actioned by spring or compressed gases ) , and would generally fall within the scope of subheading 9304.00. 99 ( Others ) , as provided by notes four , five and six of the Explanatory Notes to the Import Tariff , published by the Ministry of Economy on July , 7 , 2007 in the Official Gazette of the Federation .",
"20": "Under the Executive Order that governs the sections of the Import Tariff that are subject to prior permit from the Ministry of National Defense and its modification published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 10 June 2014 , the import of merchandise classified in tariff 9304.00. 99 is subject to a permit when dealing with Compressed gas contained in pressurized containers , such as CO2 or carbonic gas . Weapons based on air compressed by spring or piston are specifically excluded therefrom . Refer to the following regulations : Acuerdo que establece la clasificación y codificación de las mercancías cuya importación o exportación están sujetas a regulación por parte de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional , published in the Official Gazette of the Federation ( Diario Oficial de la Federación ) 30 June 2007 , modified by executive orders published on October 2014 , and 13 January 2016 . Even though AEGs and Spring Powered replicas are not required to process an import permit from the Ministry of Defense , care should be taken by anyone importing any such replicas as customs will seize the replica and direct the importer of record to get an Import Permit with the Ministry of Defense . The importer must be well prepared with documentation in Spanish showing the technical specifications and characteristics of the replicas in question , before the Customs authorities will authorize the extraction of the replica from customs premises . For any doubts as to whether a particular item is subject to an import permit , any individual or entity can submit a consultation with the National Defense Authority addressed to Dirección General del Registro Federal de Armas de Fuego y Control de Explosivos , Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra número 596 , Campo Militar número 1 - J , Predio Reforma , D.F. , colonia Irrigación , CDMX , México . Netherlands ( edit ) On 1 January 2013 , new Dutch laws regarding airsoft came into effect . Airsoft devices are air , gas , or spring powered weapons with a maximum shooting energy of 3.5 Joule and look almost completely like real firearms . Those who wish to possess an airsoft replica or participate in a skirmish will have to be registered with a certified airsoft organization . As of May 2016 , only the NABV , the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association , was registered .",
"21": "Participation in a skirmish for non members is allowed up to 6 times per Year , but the Dutch Airsoft Sports Association will need to receive certain details about the player , this is usually done when you Rent at an airsoft Site . In order to obtain membership with the NABV a person must pass a police background check and must not have committed any crimes in the last 8 years . Skirmish limits are 500 fps for Bolt action snipers or 2 second delay DMR , 450 fps for DMR without delay or 360 for any other Airsoftgun Any player who is not a Dutch citizen can play without membership in the Netherlands , but they have to file for Exemption at the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association New Zealand ( edit ) Air - powered firearms are legal to possess and use in New Zealand , provided that the person is either over 18 years of age or 16 with a firearms license . A person under 18 may not possess an air gun , but may use one under the direct supervision of someone over 18 or a firearms license holder ( Direct supervision requires that the license holder be able to take control of the firearm at all times , so they must remain within arms reach ) . It is illegal to use these firearms in any manner that may endanger or intimidate members of the public except where there is reasonable cause such as an airsoft game . Police , New Zealand , Airguns Factsheet , retrieved 24 July 2007 In order to import an airsoft gun , one must meet one of these stipulations : Seeks to possess the restricted airgun as part of a collection , and demonstrates that it fits with and enhances an existing collection . Participates in an identifiable shooting discipline or sport at an incorporated sports club with rules encouraging safe and legal use of airguns and a range certified for the shooting activity and intends to use the restricted airgun in an event at that sports club . Wishes to use the restricted airgun in a capacity equivalent to that described in section 29 ( 2 ) ( e ) of the Arms Act 1983 ( ' theatrical purposes ' ) . Wishes to replace an unsafe or unserviceable restricted airgun . Requires the restricted airgun for occupational purposes . The individual applying for the permit to import demonstrates the special significance of that particular restricted airgun as an heirloom or memento .",
"22": "A dealer needs to import restricted airguns for the purposes of maintaining a stock of restricted airguns used for an identifiable shooting discipline or sport . A dealer is importing the restricted airgun as agent for an individual who has a special reason for importing that item . A dealer wishes to replace an unsafe or unserviceable restricted airgun . Legislation , New Zealand , Arms Act 1983 , retrieved 15 July 2014 Norway ( edit ) The arms control legislation ( Våpenforskrift ) requires that one has to be at least 18 years old to buy airsoft but can use and own airsoft as a minor if they are wearing protection and have approval by parents . Using an airsoft firearm while committing a crime receives the same punishment as the one received for using a real weapon . One is also required to carry firearms inside a bag , or some other kind of container to conceal the firearm from the public . Philippines ( edit ) In the Letter of Instruction 1264 , a Presidential Directive , signed by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1982 , bans the import , sale and public display of gun replicas . The Philippine National Police has been given the authority to classify what constitutes a gun replica and airsoft guns were deemed different from replicas , therefore the common legal interpretation is that there may be no need to repeal LOI 1264 in order to achieve full legalization of airsoft in the Philippines . The Republic Act No. 10591 declassified airsoft weapons as actual firearms . A ban places airsoft guns on the list of banned firearms . It classifies that no person is permitted to carry firearms in public except for security officers , police officers and military personnel on duty . Despite this , there are many active Airsoft communities within the Philippines . which are left to their own devices . Poland ( edit ) Airsoft guns as well as the sport of Airsoft are legal in Poland . The law does not distinguish Airsoft guns from Airguns , thus the only requirement is that they can not exceed 17J of energy , which would classify them as pneumatic weapons . Open carrying an Airsoft replica in a public area is prohibited .",
"23": "Using an Airsoft replica is not a crime , but a lot of events take place in woods or abandoned buildings , so using grenades during the games may attract attention of police officers ( normally they give you a warning and go away ) . One must be 18 to buy an Airsoft gun but there are no age restrictions to who can use one . Usually power limits are only for playing in buildings from 350fps to 450fps depending on the region with single fire restriction for stronger guns . In some regions no fps limits apply , this may vary from event to event so checking with the event organizer is a must . Portugal ( edit ) With the new revision of the `` Firearms and Ammunition Act '' , airsoft guns are not considered as firearms . Currently , the formal definition of an Airsoft gun is a recreational firearm reproduction ( a `` replica '' have a different legal application under the same law ) . However , in order to be characterized as a recreational firearm reproduction , its muzzle energy must not exceed 1.3 J ( equivalent to a muzzle velocity of 374 fps with a 0 , 2g BB ) . The minimum age to purchase and use these reproductions is 18 years old but can drop to 16 if a written parental consent is issued . Under the same act , to purchase and operate an Airsoft gun , one must be a member of an APD - Sport Promotion Association . Recognition of this APD is made by the IPDJ - Portuguese Youth and Sports Institute as it represents the state . The Firearms and Ammunition Act also states that after being approved by the IDP , the APD must be enlisted as such by the Portuguese law enforcement authority . There are several APDs for Airsoft in Portugal , CAM - Clube de Airsoft da Maia , ALA ( FPA ) Associação Lusitana de Airsoft , APA - Associação Portuguesa de Airsoft , ANA - Associação Nacional de Airsoft , APMA - Associação Portuguesa de Milsim e Airsoft , ADAPT - Associação Desportiva de Airsoft Português , and AACP - Associação Airsoft Costa de Prata .",
"24": "In addition , Airsoft guns have to be painted either in fluorescent yellow or fluorescent red and be in compliance with the following criteria : Long guns ( ≥ 60 cm ) - 10 cm from the barrel tip and 100 % of the stock . Short guns ( ≤ 60 cm ) - 5 cm from the barrel tip and 100 % of the grip . Republic of Korea ( edit ) Airsoft guns in Republic of Korea are deemed to be toy guns ( not for sports ) but considered illegal and imitation guns if any of laws are broken . According to the `` ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE CONTROL OF FIREARMS , SWORDS , EXPLOSIVES , ETC . ACT '' , ( 총포 도검 화약류 등 단속법 시행령 ) in 2017 , imitation guns are recognized according to any one of the following criteria : 1 . An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material , very similar to shape of the gun that can be high possibility to use for crime . 2 . An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material , shoots metal or non-metal projectile , or make sound / fire that any one of the following criteria : a . Diameter of the projectile is less than 5.7 mm b . Weight of the projectile is over 0.2 g c . Kinetic energy ( destructive power ) of the projectile is over 0.02 kgm d . Head of the projectile is sharp that not round treated e . An object make instant explosion sound is over the 90db or make combustible flame Romania ( edit ) Law nr. 295 ( Regimul Armelor şi Muniţiilor ) regulates all use of firearms and associated ammunition . The law is quite unclear ( concerning airsoft firearms ) as to whether this kind of firearm classifies as a `` non-lethal weapon '' or `` toy . '' The law regulates the use of air - powered firearms ( e.g. sport / competition use that use a metal projectile ) under the `` non-lethal '' category and solely requires that one is at least 18 years old to purchase and register the firearm at the police precinct nearest to one 's location .",
"25": "Any air / gas - powered weapon that shoots plastic projectiles only and does not exceed the velocity of 200 m / s ( e.g. : airsoft guns ) can be purchased by anyone who has 18 + years old without any need of registering . The law specifies that usage of night vision ( infrared ) or laser aiming devices designed for military use is completely restricted to members of the army and associated entities even if the aiming device is used on a lower - restriction category firearm ( e.g. such as on an airsoft gun ) . The law , however , does not restrict in any way the use of aiming devices not designed for military use . The use or show of airsoft guns replicas is not permitted in public places , they can be used only in dedicated or non populated areas with the permission of the owner / administrator . For transporting , the airsoft replica must be unloaded and secured from public view ( transportation bag ) . Furthermore , the law specifies that , should one attempt to use a non-lethal or replica gun to perform ( or attempt to perform ) armed robbery , one shall be prosecuted as if a real firearm had been used . Russia ( edit ) Airsoft guns with a muzzle energy below 3 joules ( muzzle velocity 173.2 m / s for 0.20 g projectiles ) are legal , are not considered weapons , and do not require any permission . Serbia ( edit ) According to the Law on Weapons and Ammunition , airsoft guns fall into category D , which means anyone over 18 may legally acquire an airsoft gun . No licensing is required . There are no special regulations regarding shape , function or other characteristics of an airsoft gun . Slovakia ( edit ) Airsoft guns have a status similar to the Czech Republic and Slovakia , where they are considered to be firearms . All firearms are governed by law 190 / 2003 . Here , airsoft guns fit into firearm class D ( § 7b ) and no permit is needed . The use of airsoft guns is allowed by players that are least 18 years old . Guns may not have an energy greater than 15 joules . The use of night vision scopes is forbidden . The owner of a gun is required by law to secure the firearm when not using it .",
"26": "Importation of airsoft guns ( from outside of EU ) , all critical parts / components of airsoft guns and aiming devices ( optics , RDS , ... ) are permitted only with a weapon importation license . For airsoft parts , most monitored on customs are barrels , optics , magazines , receivers and accessories like grenades . Springs , gears , hop - ups , pistons , cylinders , switches , triggers are usually let through . External and non-critical parts like rails , holders , bipods , etc. can be legally imported without the license . Slovenia ( edit ) One has to be at least 18 years to buy airsoft guns . If the velocity of an airsoft gun is below 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) i.e. equivalent to one joule , it is considered to be a toy . If the velocity is higher than 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) , the airsoft gun is classified as a section D firearm in the Firearms control legislation of Slovenia . Singapore ( edit ) No form of airsoft weapons of any kind , is allowed . Spain ( edit ) Players have to comply with their Town Halls ' requirements , which differ from town to town . Some towns however require players to provide a clear Criminal Record Certificate , pass a psychological exam ( usual for firearms ) , have the guns serialized by a certified armorer , and have them inspected to check that the serial numbers match the declared ones . It is legal to buy , possess and sell airsoft replicas and accessories . Attention ! Since December 27 , 2012 , the airsoft guns are now considered 4th category weapons , for which we need to have them duly registered . Last update published on 10 / 23 / 2017 of the Spanish Weapon Regulations : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1993/BOE-A-1993-6202-consolidado.pdf Section 3 . Classification of statutory weapons Article 3 . 4th category : 1 . Carbines and pistols , semi-automatic and repeating shot ; and double revolvers action , driven by air or other compressed gas not assimilated to shotguns . 2 .",
"27": "Carbines and pistols , of smooth or striped bore , and of a single shot , and revolvers of simple action , driven by air or another compressed gas not assimilated to shotguns . Weapons cards : http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/seguridad/armas-y-explosivos/tarjetas-de-armas http://www.guardiacivil.es/es/servicios/armasyexplosivo/controldearmas/autorizaci_armas/tarjetas_armas/index.html Required documentation : Certificate of criminal record in force . Photocopy of the applicant 's DNI Purchase bill of the weapon Weapons cards Present the weapon for which the Card is requested Weapons transport To carry and use weapons of the fourth category , they must be documented individually by a weapon card according to article 105 of the Weapons Regulation . Articles 146 , 147 , 148 and 149 of said Weapons Regulation also apply . Sweden ( edit ) One must be at least 18 years old to buy and use airsoft firearms . Minors ( under the age of 18 ) can practice targetshooting under supervision by the legal guardian of the minor . In order to possess a CO , air , or spring operated firearm without a license , the impact energy of a projectile fired at a distance of four meters ( from the muzzle ) must be less than ten joules . As of 2 January 2015 it is legal to own and import gas operated airsoft weapons without special permits in Sweden . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , airsoft guns are considered weapons . Airsoft firearms may not be sold to or possessed by persons who are under 18 or who have a criminal conviction . Additionally , airsoft firearms may not be sold to individuals from Albania , Algeria , Bosnia - Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Serbia , Turkey or Sri Lanka . The importation of airsoft firearms is restricted to companies and individuals who hold weapons import licences . Private individuals can apply for a permit to import up to three firearms which is valid for six months . For private sales to take place , there must be a written contract between both parties . Both parties are required to retain the contract for a period of ten years . As long as they contain no propellant , there is no restriction on the purchase or import of airsoft BBs .",
"28": "It is illegal to carry any airsoft firearms in a public place , however it is permissible to transport them directly between a player 's home and an event site . Thailand ( edit ) Whilst shops sell Airsoft guns and supplies , the law is a bit vague . Paintball guns , BB guns , and airsoft guns are not considered firearms , so it is legal to possess them without having a permit or registering them . However the owner must comply with the following conditions : The gun has not been modified to use CO2 . Only plastic bullets are used . When carrying the gun outside of the owner 's property , it must be packed in a safe case or box . It is not allowed to be carried in shirt or trouser pockets , nor can it be left out in the open . The gun can not be used to commit a crime or torture animals . The gun is considered illegal if any of these rules are broken . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukrainian law the same as in Russia . United Kingdom ( edit ) There are currently certain restrictions on the possession of airsoft replicas , which came in with the introduction of the ASBA ( Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 ) Amendments , prohibiting the possession of any firearms replica in a public place without good cause ( to be concealed in a gun case or container only , not to be left in view of public at any time ) . According to Section 36 of the VCRA ( Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ) which came into effect on 1 October 2007 , RIF 's ( Realistic Imitation Firearms ) may not be sold , imported , or manufactured . Unrealistic imitation firearms ( IF 's ) must have their principle color as transparent , bright red , bright orange , bright yellow , bright blue , bright green , bright pink , or bright purple or have dimensions of no more than a height of 38 millimetres and a length of 70 millimetres ( as defined in the Home Office regulations for the VCRA ) . Exceptions to the act are available for the following : a museum or gallery theatrical performances and rehearsals of such performances the production of films and television programs the organisation and holding of historical re-enactments crown servants . The notes for the VCRA state the following : `` The regulations provide for two new defenses .",
"29": "The first is for the organisation and holding of airsoft skirmishing . This is defined by reference to `` permitted activities '' and the defence applies only where third party liability insurance is held in respect of the activities . '' and `` The defence for airsoft skirmishing can apply to individual players because their purchase of realistic imitation firearms for this purpose is considered part of the `` holding '' of a skirmishing event . '' The airsoft defence is based on whether or not a person is a skirmisher . One of the measures put in place by retailers was the forming of a centrally recorded and maintained database . This system is managed by the United Kingdom Airsoft Retailers Association or UKARA . UKARA shares the database of registered skirmishers with the member retailers allowing verification that the purchaser is allowed to buy a RIF under the VCRA skirmisher defence . To qualify for the UKARA database , a person must skirmish three or more times over a period of at least 56 days , and typically at one site . The airsoft site they register at must hold Public Liability Insurance . It is an offence for anyone under 18 to purchase an airsoft gun ( realistic or otherwise ) or to sell one to a person under 18 . Gifting is not an offence . United states ( edit ) Under federal law , airsoft guns are not classified as firearms and are legal for all ages . People under the age of 18 are not permitted to buy airsoft guns over the counter in stores . However , a person of any age may use one ( with the permission of their parents of course for anyone under 18 ) . This is also the case for the laws in each state . However , in some major cities , the definition of a firearm within their respected ordinances includes propulsion by spring or compressed air , thus making airsoft subject to applicable laws . For example , airsoft guns within the state of California can only be bought by a person above the age of 18 . However , no laws indicate an age requirement to sell airsoft guns . Generally speaking , toy , look - alike , and imitation firearms must have an orange tip during shipping and transportation . Although airsoft guns in the United States are generally sold with a 0.24 in . or longer orange tip on the barrel in order to distinguish them from real firearms , this is not required by federal law .",
"30": "Manufacturers and importers may cite Part 272 of Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations on foreign commerce and trade ( 15 CFR 272 ) , which stipulates that `` no person shall manufacture , enter into commerce , ship , transport , or receive any toy , look - alike , or imitation firearm '' without approved markings ; these may include an orange tip , orange barrel plug , brightly colored exterior of the whole toy , or transparent construction . However these restrictions do not apply to `` traditional B-B , paint - ball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of compressed air , compressed gas , or mechanical spring action , or any combination thereof . '' This language exempts airsoft guns from these requirements , placing them in the same category as bb - guns , pellet , air , and paintball , none of which are conventionally sold or used with an orange tip , and many of which bear as much resemblance to real firearms as airsoft guns do . Airsoft guns ' trademarks must be removed where the manufacturer does not have an existing license agreement with the manufacturer of the real fire arm . For example : Classic Army has a Sublicensing agreement with ActionSportGames ® A / S ( ASG ) which holds the worldwide rights for ArmaLite and others , so the trademarks can stay on imported replicas of ArmaLite 's weapons . In practice , enforcement is a hit or a miss . One might get an `` unlicensed '' gun through customs with trademarks intact , while a licensed gun might be held in customs by a uniformed customs agent . In early 2007 , a United States House of Representatives resolution to allow imports to retain trademarks , even without agreement between the real firearms manufacturer and the replica manufacturer , was unsuccessful . In addition , the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with local law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is carried openly in public . If someone were to , for example , attempt a robbery with an airsoft gun , they would be charged as if the airsoft gun were a real firearm .",
"31": "In some recent cases , people carrying or brandishing airsoft guns have been fatally shot by law enforcement personnel : ( 2006 ) Christopher Penley , Longwood , Florida ( 2007 ) Justin Gregg , Denton , Texas ( 2011 ) Ernest Vassell , Miami , Florida ( 2011 ) Kyle Miller , Broomfield , Colorado ( 2012 ) Jaime Gonzalez Jr. , Brownsville , Texas ( 2013 ) Andy Lopez , Santa Rosa , California ( 2014 ) Rocendo Arias , Yakima , Washington ( 2014 ) John Crawford III , Dayton , Ohio ( 2014 ) Kristopher Barkus , Butler Township , Pennsylvania ( 2014 ) Sebastian Lewandowski , Vancouver , Washington ( 2014 ) Tamir Rice , Cleveland , Ohio ( 2015 ) Matthew Hoffman ( apparent suicide ) , San Francisco , California ( 2015 ) Cody Evans , Provo , Utah ( 2015 ) Vincente David Montano , Nashville , Tennessee ( 2015 ) La'Vante Biggs , Durham , North Carolina ( 2016 ) Christine Lucas , Rising Sun , Maryland ( 2016 ) Charles Hollstein , Zion , Illinois ( 2016 ) Eric Provost , Orlando , Florida ( 2016 ) Thomas Hirko , Perry Township , Ohio ( 2016 ) Paul Gaston , Cheviot , Ohio ( 2016 ) Lionel Gibson , Long Beach , California ( 2016 ) Tyre King , Columbus , Ohio Selected local requirements ( edit ) California Makes it illegal to sell Airsoft / BB guns to anyone under 18 without their parent 's permission and all airsoft guns are required to be fitted with an orange blaze barrel for sale and transport . Since 2016 , the state will also require all airsoft guns to have fluorescent coloration over the trigger guard and grip ( with additional requirements for rifles or long guns ) . During 1987 in New York City , more than 1400 toy imitation weapons involved in criminal acts were seized by New York City police ; approximately 80 percent higher from the previous four years .",
"32": "On the basis of legislative intent dealing with the increasing volume of criminal acts in correlation with toy imitation weapons , New York City introduced new guidelines regulating the manufacture , importation , distribution , and sale of such imitation weapons . New York City requires that all realistic toy or imitation firearms be made of clear or brightly colored plastics . Furthermore , New York City makes possession of any pistol or rifle or similar instrument in which the propelling force is a spring or air unlawful without a license . See New York City Administrative Code § 10 - 131 ( b ) and New York City Administrative Code § 10 - 131 ( g ) ( 1 ) ( a ) . Michigan allows the purchase of airsoft guns . However , they must have an orange tip on the barrel . Texas allows airsoft guns to be owned , but most cities require that the airsoft guns be discharged only while outside city limits . Some cities in Illinois consider shipping or distributing airsoft guns illegal . In Minnesota , it is illegal for a child under the age of 14 to possess an airsoft gun unless under the supervision of a parent or adult . It is also illegal for any child under 16 to purchase an airsoft gun without parental advisory involvement . In Saint Paul and Minneapolis , airsoft guns can not be carried in public unless they either have an orange tip or the airsoft guns are clear or brightly colored . It is legal to possess airsoft guns in these cities as long as they are transported in a closed and fastened gun case ( in accordance with Minnesota firearm transportation laws ) and unloaded . The vast majority of municipalities ( Excluding Duluth and Rochester ) in Minnesota ban the firing of an airsoft gun within the city limits . Arkansas has passed a bill which went into effect in January 2010 which mirrors the federal law on airsoft guns in that it bans the sale or transport airsoft guns without orange tips , a transparent / translucent body , or colored other than black / brown / blue / silver / metallic . Guns that are translucent or clear are allowed to be sold or transported . The bill bans `` imitation firearms '' , but has the following to say about the definition of `` imitation firearms '' in section 2B : `` Imitation firearm '' does not include : ( 1 ) A nonfiring , collector replica of an antique firearm developed before 1898 .",
"33": "( 2 ) Traditional BB , paintball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of air pressure . ( 3 ) A device : ( A ) For which an orange solid plug or marking is permanently affixed to the muzzle end of the barrel for a depth of not more than six millimeters ( 6 mm ) . ( B ) For which the entire exterior surface is predominantly colored other than black , brown , blue , silver , or metallic . ( C ) That is constructed of transparent or translucent materials that permit unmistakable observation of the complete contents of the device . Therefore , the bill bans neither : imitation firearms ( including airsoft guns ) that are predominantly colored something other than black , brown , blue , silver or metallic ; nor imitation firearms that are built of predominantly transparent or translucent materials , allowing anyone to determine the contents of the firearm ; nor those which have bright orange tips which indicate that they are a `` toy '' and not a real firearm . In New Jersey , airsoft guns currently do not fall under the state 's definition of firearms . Instead , like other ' toy ' guns , they are regulated as ' imitation firearms ' , but how they are regulated can vary differently from city to city . It seems that their role in state law comes from the fact that airsoft guns do not typically carry enough force combined with the materials of the projectile to cause an assured level of damage akin to that of real steel firearms or their more conventional cousins , the airgun or BB gun . Airsoft guns typically deliver projectiles at a lower velocity than airguns and fire polymer BB 's which are not typically capable of piercing clothing , flesh , or bone in the same manner as full metal BB 's or pellets or real steel ammunition . Between 2006 and 2012 , bills such as S810 , the last descendant of four bills to have been introduced to the senate , were created to revise the legislature and `` clarify '' that airsoft guns fall under the state 's definition of firearms . It did so by adding that `` polymer balls and metallic - coated polymer balls '' identify as one of the projectiles launched by airguns . All four bills have been unsuccessful in becoming law , thus airsoft guns have retained their status as imitation firearms . Under NJ law , imitation firearms are fake guns that can be reasonably mistaken for real firearms .",
"34": "Very few cities in New Jersey regulate airsoft guns , and the ones that do also regulate imitation firearms such as cap guns , etc. , in the same manner . Most cities and counties in the Garden State regard airsoft guns as `` toys '' and as such are subject to federal and state imitation firearm laws which almost completely mirror the laws of their real steel counterparts . As they are not real steel firearms , airsoft guns do not require permits nor a Firearms Purchaser Identification card ( also known as an FID ) to purchase or own . However , to purchase an airsoft gun , one must be at least 18 years old and the gun must be sold with an orange tip in compliance with federal law . However , it is very much expected and encouraged by New Jersey law enforcement as well as its citizens that airsoft guns be treated with the same respect as their real steel counterparts . It is a crime to fire or brandish airsoft guns in public view ; airsoft guns should be fired indoors , on private property , or anywhere designated for use of airsoft guns such as an outdoor or indoor airsoft field . When transporting airsoft guns they must be stored in a gun bag away from public view . While transporting by vehicle they must remain inside their bag ( s ) , and in the trunk of said vehicle . Carrying an airsoft gun on one 's person , for example in one 's waistband , outside or off of personal private property , and not in a bag or fastened case is cause for alarm in New Jersey . Should an observer assume it is a real firearm , it can lead to confiscation of the airsoft gun and in some cases prosecution for possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose . If determined by an observer or law enforcement that a person is carrying an airsoft gun to commit a crime or using one during the commission of a crime , that person will be charged with possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose . This charge can accompany crimes as low as disorderly conduct to generating public alarm to assault to armed robbery . As earlier mentioned , a few cities in New Jersey have their own separate laws regarding imitation firearms . However , the majority follow federal and state guidelines regarding these guns .",
"35": "Atlantic City , in particular , has placed a ban on the sale and possession of `` realistic - looking toy guns '' within the city unless if they are colored in a manner that can immediately identify them as toys . Clear imitation firearms are also acceptable . An exception applies to this ban if said imitation firearms are non-firing antiques or movie props . As such , information about airsoft and other imitation firearms laws in local areas should be retrieved from the city in question 's police department . For current state laws , it is best to contact the Firearms Investigation Unit of the New Jersey State Police , or the office of the Attorney General . In Illinois , you have to be 18 to buy one at the counter , but to shoot one you can be of any age . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Airsoft : What is it ? '' . airsoft-facts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Importing SoftAir ( BB ) Firearms '' ( PDF ) . Australian Customs and Border Protection . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airsoft rifles '' . Victorian Government . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QueensLand Police - Airsoft firearms '' . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearm Storage '' . South Australia Police . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act Amendments 2008 '' . South Australian Government . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Capital Territory . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Grincais . `` Legalities of Airsoft '' . Tasmanian Police Firearms Branch . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antiques '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Guns '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 15 July 2016 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` Gun control laws '' . Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Security Bureau review of airsoft issue '' . Law-lib.com . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Public Security notice of `` Recognized standard of an imitation gun '' `` . Gov.cn . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 一 图 了解 : 什么 是 枪支 ? '' . 正义 网. 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 仿真 枪 入 刑 数 万 人 遭殃 : 有 卖家 与 死刑 犯 关 同一 牢房 '' . 鹅 立方. 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese gun enthusiast , 18 , gets life sentence for ordering 24 replica firearms online '' . Daily Mail . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 少年 网购 玩具 枪 被 判 无期 案 再审 律师 将 做 无 罪 辩护 '' . 鹅 立方. 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bai Tiantian ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Owning toy guns leads to life imprisonment in China due to strict laws on firearms '' . Global Times . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 仿真 枪 是 枪 吗 ? '' . 检察 日报. 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 警察 买 仿真 枪 练 射击 被 查 : 没 人 提醒 不能 玩 '' . 北京 时间.",
"37": "3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why did they destroy 320,000 plastic toy guns ? '' . Plastic news . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inferior Toys Threaten Children 's Health '' . Xinhua News Agency . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to play `` dogs '' legally in China `` '' . Prcguns.co . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 网友 : 老外 用 枪 打 海鸥 警方 回应 : 是 支 玩具 枪 只是 用 来 作 道具 摆 POSE '' . 云南 网. 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 李双江 之子 未 解除 刑拘 警方 谈 '' 冲锋枪 `` 非 仿真 枪 '' . 新华 网. 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 京城 四 少 王 烁 被曝 因 持 枪 案 获 缓刑 期间 2 次 伤 人 '' . 新华 新闻. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 律师 谈 王 烁 持 枪 为何 缓刑 : 法院 认定 其 无 害 '' . 网易 娱乐. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 西宁 一 网友 持 仿真 枪 谎 称 猎 捕 野生 动物 被 批评 教育 '' . 中国 新闻 网. 30 November 2016 .",
"38": "Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 專家 熱 議 : 少年 網購 仿真 槍 判 無期 不 合理 '' . 大 案 case . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 公安 部 专家 详解 枪支 标准 : 违规 和 判刑 是 两码事 '' . 京 港 台. 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Police Force - Advice for Tourists '' . Police.gov.hk . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CAP 238 FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION ORDINANCE s 13 Possession of arms or ammunition without licence '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Issues Confronting Philippine Airsoft '' . Popular Airsoft . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lei 17 / 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . CAM - Clube de Airsoft da Maia Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Federação Portuguesa de Airsoft Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Associação Portuguesa de Airsoft Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . ANA - Associação de Airsoft Nacional Jump up ^ `` APMA Associação Portuguesa de Milsim e Airsoft APD '' . Apmairsoft.com.",
"39": "20 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Associação de Airsoft Costa de Prata Jump up ^ http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=90765&chrClsCd=010203&urlMode=engLsInfoR&viewCls=engLsInfoR#0000 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://nsp-policija.org.rs/zakon-o-oruzju-i-municiji/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition '' . Admin.ch . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SR 514.541 Verordnung über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition '' . Admin.ch . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Thailand Airsoft Thailand Airsoft bbgun ประเทศไทย อัดลม '' . Thailandairsoft.com . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( Realistic Imitation Firearms ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office circular 031 / 2007 : The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( Commencement No 3 ) Order 2007 '' . UK Home Office . 28 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2009 .",
"40": "Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Title 15 Part 272 Marking of toy , look - alike and imitation firearms '' . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations . US Government Printing Office . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . § 272.2 Prohibitions . No person shall manufacture , enter into commerce , ship , transport , or receive any toy , look - alike , or imitation firearm ( `` device '' ) covered by this part as set forth in § 272.1 unless such device contains , or has affixed to it , one of the markings set forth in § 272.3 , or unless this prohibition has been waived by § 272.4 . Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.2 Archived 2 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Prohibitions Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.3 Archived 2 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Approved markings Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.1 Applicability . This part applies to toy , look - alike , and imitation firearms ( `` devices '' ) having the appearance , shape , and / or configuration of a firearm and produced or manufactured and entered into commerce on or after 5 May 1989 , including devices modelled on real firearms manufactured , designed , and produced since 1898 . This part does not apply to : ( ... ) ( b ) Traditional B-B , paint - ball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of compressed air , compressed gas or mechanical spring action , or any combination thereof , as described in American Society for Testing and Materials standard F 589 - 85 , Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns , 28 June 1985 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 607 -- 110th Congress ( 2007 ) : Military Toy Replica Act '' . GovTrack.us . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Criminal Law . Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Air Guns ( accessed 9 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Steinmetz , Katy ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Toy Guns , Deadly Consequences '' . Time .",
"41": "Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fielder , Donna ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` Fatal shooting at Whataburger '' . Denton Record - Chronicle . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Philip ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` North Miami cops shoot and kill man carrying realistic toy gun ; family says man was disabled '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Megan ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` No charges in shooting death of Miller '' . Denver Post . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( 8 January 2012 ) . `` Texas Death Offers Grim Reminder That Gun Replicas Can Fool Police '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Prengaman , Kate ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Man shot by Yakima police was holding a replica firearm '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Butler man was carrying airsoft gun when fatally shot by off - duty trooper '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kasia ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` Vancouver man shot by police after brandishing AR - 15 lookalike Airsoft gun identified '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Man Killed by San Francisco Police Had Air Gun and Suicide Motive , They Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ho , Vivian ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Man killed by S.F. police wrote apparent suicide note '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Amy ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Who is Cody Evans ?",
"42": "Mother rules out suicide by cop '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Queally , James ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Nashville theater attack : Police identify hatchet - wielding man , say he had pellet gun '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Virginia ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Durham police : Man fatally shot by officers was pointing air gun at one of them '' . The News&Observer . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Maryland state troopers shoot and kill woman in her living room '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abderholden , Frank S. ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Nerheim : Fatal police - involved shooting in Zion justified '' . Lake County News - Sun . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` OPD : Man killed by officers had airsoft gun that looked real '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cass , Andrew ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Perry Township family releases statement after stabbing , fatal shooting '' . The News - Herald . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salinger , Tobia S. ( 18 February 2016 ) . `` Man fatally shot by officers grabbed for ' very realistic - looking ' airsoft pistol , Cincinnati police chief says ( WARNING - GRAPHIC VIDEO ) '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Stephanie ; Smith , Keeley ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` UPDATE : Man Killed In Officer - Involved Shooting Identified by Coroner 's Office '' . Long Beach Post . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ KURT CHIRBAS , ALEXANDER SMITH and ERIK ORTIZ ( 16 September 2016 ) .",
"43": "`` Tyre King , 13 , Fatally Shot by Police in Columbus , Ohio '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` California SB - 199 BB devices '' . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Airsoft Gun Laws GetAirsoftGun.com '' . GetAirsoftGun.com. 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Administrative Code , Title 10 , Chapter 1 ( Public Safety ) , Section 10 - 131 ( Firearms ) '' . Public Portal to the Laws of New York City . 9 February 2015 . 10 - 131 ( g ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` New York City Administrative Code , Title 10 , Chapter 1 ( Public Safety ) , Section 10 - 131 ( Firearms ) '' . Public Portal to the Laws of New York City . 9 February 2015 . 10 - 131 ( b ) Jump up ^ Act 1495 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , arkleg.state.ar.us ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . `` NJ Legislature , Bill S810 '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2014/09/south_jersey_police_officers_residents_weigh_in_on_toy_gun_ban.html Philippines , Airsoft guns need to be registered - ( 1 ) American Airsoft Laws http://scag.darkbb.com/front-page-f9/pnp-circular-no-11-t222.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_airsoft&oldid=838462057 '' Categories : Airsoft Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did jelly beans became associated with easter
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"0": "Jelly Bean - wikipedia Jelly Bean Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jelly bean ( disambiguation ) . Jelly Bean Jelly bean ( Jelly Belly brand ) flavor and color assortment . Alternative names Jelly Belly Beans Type Confectionery Place of origin United States Created by William Schrafft Main ingredients Sugar , corn syrup , starch Cookbook : Jelly Bean Media : Jelly Bean Jelly beans are small bean - shaped sugar candies with soft candy shells and thick gel interiors . The confection is vended in a wide variety of colors and flavors , and is made primarily of sugar . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Manufacture 3 Slang 4 References 5 External links History ( Edit ) It has been claimed that jelly beans were mentioned first during 1861 , when Boston confectioner William Schrafft urged people to send his jelly beans to soldiers during the American Civil War . It was not until July 5 , 1905 , that jelly beans were mentioned in the Chicago Daily News . The advertisement publicized bulk jelly beans sold by volume for nine cents per pound , according to the book The Century in Food : America 's Fads and Favorites . Most historians contend that jelly beans were first associated with celebrations of Easter in the United States sometime during the 1930s due to their egg - like shape . Manufacture ( Edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The basic ingredients of jelly beans include sugar , tapioca or corn syrup , and pectin or starch . Relatively minor amounts of the emulsifying agent lecithin , anti-foaming agents , an edible wax such as carnauba wax or beeswax , salt , and confectioner 's glaze are also included . The ingredients that give each bean its character are also relatively small in proportion and may vary depending on the flavor . Most jelly beans are sold as an assortment of about eight different flavors , most of them fruit - based .",
"1": "Assortments of `` spiced '' jellybeans and gumdrops are also available , which include a similar number of spice and mint flavors . The colors of jelly beans often correspond with a fruit and a `` spiced '' flavor . Some premium brands , such as Jelly Belly and The Jelly Bean Factory , are available in many different flavors , including berry , tropical fruit , soft drink , popcorn , licorice , and novelty ranges , in addition to the familiar fruit and spice flavors . While these are also sold as assortments , individual flavors can be purchased from distributors . Slang ( Edit ) 1920 sheet music cover . In United States slang during the 1910s and early 1920s , a `` Jellybean '' or `` Jelly - Bean '' was a young man who dressed stylishly but had little else to recommend him , similar to the older terms dandy and fop . F. Scott Fitzgerald published a story about such a character , The Jelly - Bean , during 1920 . In William Faulkner 's 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury , Jason complained about his niece Quentin 's promiscuity , remarking that even `` the town jellybeans '' gave her the `` go - by '' . The song `` Jelly Bean ( He 's a Curbstone Cutie ) '' was made popular during the 1940s by Phil Harris . It was written by Jimmie Dupre , Sam Rosen , and Joe Verges and published in New Orleans during 1920 by Universal Music Publishers , Inc . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jelly Beans : A Colorful History and Association with Easter '' . AT&T . Jump up ^ `` How Products are Made -- Volumes -- Jelly Beans '' . Gale - Edit . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Fitzgerald , Matthew Joseph Bruccoli , Judith Baughman , `` The Jelly - Bean '' , Before Gatsby : the first twenty - six stories , p.",
"2": "341 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( Edit ) Media related to Jelly beans at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jelly_bean&oldid=838068350 '' Categories : American inventions Confectionery Easter food Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles that may contain original research from April 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 粵語 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who introduced the first chrismas tree to the uk
|
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"George III's German-born wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz",
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{
"0": "Christmas tree - Wikipedia Christmas tree Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas tree ( disambiguation ) . Glade jul by Viggo Johansen ( 1891 ) A young woman decorates the Christmas tree , painting by Marcel Rieder ( 1862 -- 1942 ) from 1898 Christmas tree in Bethlehem , behind it Church of the Nativity , 2014 A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes . The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons . In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible predecessors 1.1. 1 Georgia 1.1.",
"1": "2 Poland 1.1. 3 Estonia , Latvia and Germany 1.2 18th to early 20th centuries 1.2. 1 Germany 1.2. 2 Adoption by European nobility 1.2. 3 Britain 1.2. 4 North America 1.3 1935 to present 1.3. 1 Public Christmas trees 1.3. 2 Chrismon trees 2 Customs and traditions 2.1 Setting up and taking down 2.2 Decoration 3 Production 3.1 Natural trees 3.2 Artificial trees 4 Environmental issues 5 Religious issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Possible predecessors ( edit ) From Northern Antiquities , an English translation of the Prose Edda from 1847 . Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge . The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins . Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . '' During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas . The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans .",
"2": "A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven . Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls . At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . '' Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree . The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 . Georgia ( edit ) Chichilaki , a Georgian Christmas tree variety Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) .",
"3": "Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 . Poland ( edit ) There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year . In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree . Estonia , Latvia and Germany ( edit ) Girl with Christmas tree , painting 1892 by Franz Skarbina ( 1849 -- 1910 ) Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it . A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day .",
"4": "In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' . After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries . 18th to early 20th centuries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) A little Christmas tree on the table , painting by Ludwig Blume - Siebert in 1888 By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century . Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna . In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas . A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form . Adoption by European nobility ( edit ) Christmas tree painting 1877 by H.J. Overbeek In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years .",
"5": "In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree . Britain ( edit ) An engraving published in the 1840s of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert created a craze for Christmas trees . The Christmas Tree 1911 by Albert Chevallier Tayler Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote : After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree .",
"6": "It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' . Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season .",
"7": "North America ( edit ) First published image of a Christmas tree , frontispiece to Hermann Bokum 's 1836 The Stranger 's Gift The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle published in The Illustrated London News , 1848 The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits . The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America .",
"8": "Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is . When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' .",
"9": "The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum . 18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924 1935 to present ( edit ) A Christmas tree from 1951 , in a home in New York state In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people . The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree . 1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion .",
"10": "Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree Public Christmas trees ( edit ) An early example of a public Christmas celebration tree for the unemployed in Prague Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments . The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity . During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s . In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed . The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities .",
"11": "After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II . Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong Chrismon trees ( edit ) A Chrismon tree in the nave of St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral in Oviedo , Florida A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed .",
"12": "`` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Setting up and taking down ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A candle on a Christmas tree Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes . In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) .",
"13": "In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Christmas ornament This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White House Christmas tree Christmas ornaments at the Christmas market , Strasbourg Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds . Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers .",
"14": "Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration . In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow . Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles Production ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree production Undecorated Christmas trees for sale Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually . Father and son with their dog collecting a tree in the forest , painting by Franz Krüger ( 1797 -- 1857 ) Trees on sale at a Christmas market in Vienna , painting by Carl Wenzel Zajicek ( 1908 ) A grower in Waterloo , Nova Scotia , prunes balsam fir trees in October .",
"15": "The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting . Natural trees ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree cultivation The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used . In northern Europe most commonly used are : Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are : Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments .",
"16": "Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments . Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates . European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations . In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees . A Christmas tree farm near New Germany , Nova Scotia , Canada .",
"17": "The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer . Artificial trees ( edit ) Main article : Artificial Christmas tree An artificial Christmas tree A lighted artificial Christmas tree with ornaments The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders . Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable . Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations .",
"18": "Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % . Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree Environmental issues ( edit ) Poinsettia flowers arranged into the conical shape of a `` Christmas tree '' , topped with a `` Star of Bethlehem '' , in San Diego ( 2005 ) The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties . Christmas tree recycling point ( point recyclage de sapins ) in Paris , 22 January 2010 Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees .",
"19": "Discarded trees curbside in North Hollywood , Los Angeles Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services . Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree .",
"20": "Religious issues ( edit ) A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik , distributed by the League of Militant Atheists , depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus . Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday . Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ .",
"21": "This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home . In 2006 , the Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport removed all of its Christmas trees in the middle of the night rather than allow a rabbi to put up a menorah near the largest tree display . Officials feared that one display would open the door for other religious displays , and , in 2007 , they opted to display a grove of birches in polyethylene terephthalate snow rather than religious symbols or Christmas trees . In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits . Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide .",
"22": "See also ( edit ) Badnjak Christmas traditions Christmas tree controversies Eiresione Festive ecology Festivus pole Hanukkah bush Kadomatsu Legend of the Christmas Spider Tree worship Weihnachten Yule log References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perry , Joe ( 27 September 2010 ) . Christmas in Germany : A Cultural History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780807899410 . A chronicle from Stasbourg , written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German - speaking lands , records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , sweetmeats , etc . '' ... The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down , so to speak . It moved from elite households to broader social strata , from urban to rural areas , from the Protestant north to the Catholic south , and from Prussia to other German states . Jump up ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George 's Church , Sélestat since 1521 : Selestat.fr -- Office de la Culture de Sélestat -- The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 Archived December 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John J. ( 26 November 2010 ) . From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated . p. 28 . ISBN 9781614232537 . Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther 's path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism . Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century , when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 .",
"23": "Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , DeeAnn ( 25 October 2005 ) . Canadian Christmas Traditions . James Lorimer & Company . p. 67 . ISBN 9781554390984 . The eight - pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David Albert ( 27 October 2011 ) . Angels . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780191614910 . The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels , the angel on top of the Christmas tree . This decoration , popularized in the nineteenth century , recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story ( Luke 2.9 -- 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 386 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I , although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then . Traditionally , the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights , tinsel , garlands , candy canes , other assorted ornaments , and topped with an angel figure or star . The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas ( February 2 ) , when they are removed . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Foley ( 1999 ) . The Christmas Tree .",
"24": "Omnigraphics . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55888 - 286 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dues ( 2008 ) . Advent and Christmas . Bayard . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58595 - 722 - 4 . Next to the Nativity scene , the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home . This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home , originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Karas ( 1998 ) . The Solstice Evergreen : history , folklore , and origins of the Christmas tree . Aslan . pp. 103 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944031 - 75 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian Cooke , A Celebration of Christmas , 1980 , page 62 : `` Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree ... The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into ... tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home , partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins . '' Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Religion & Ethics -- Did the Romans invent Christmas ? Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity .",
"25": "Jump up ^ The story , not recounted in the vitae written in his time , appears in a BBC Devon website , `` Devon Myths and Legends '' , and in a number of educational storybooks , including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree : A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward ( Warrington : Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1 - 873727 - 15 - 1 ) , The Brightest Star of All : Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa ( Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64813 - 9 ) and `` How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve '' by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers : Fifth Book , 207 - 22 . Silver , Burdett and Co. 1912 . Jump up ^ Philip Lazowski ( 2004 ) . Understanding Your Neighbor 's Faith . KTAV Publishing House . pp. 203 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 811 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Foley ( 2005 ) . Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball ( 1997 ) . Catholic Traditions in Crafts . Our Sunday Visitor . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . The modern Christmas tree ... originated in western Germany . The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples ( paradise tree ) representing the Garden of Eden . The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24 , the religious feast day of Adam and Eve . They hung wafers on it ( symbolizing the host , the Christian sign of redemption ) ; in a later tradition , the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes . Candles , too , were often added as the symbol of Christ .",
"26": "In the same room , during the Christmas season , was the Christmas pyramid , a triangular construction of wood , with shelves to hold Christmas figurines , decorated with evergreens , candles , and a star . By the 16th century , the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged , becoming the Christmas tree . Jump up ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( National Library of Portugal ) - Codices Alcobacenses ( ( 1 ) ) ; ( BN : cod . alc . CLI / 64 , Page . 330 ) Translated ( `` Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal , scilicet : Em vespera de natal , buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde , e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste . E em cada hua laranja , poeras hua candea . E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor '' ) Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Trees '' . History . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Haidle ( 2002 ) . Christmas Legends to Remember ' . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56292 - 534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Debbie Trafton O'Neal , David LaRochelle ( 2001 ) . Before and After Christmas . Augsburg Fortress . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 4156 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ehrsam , Roger ( 1999 ) . Le Vieux Turckheim . Ville de Turckheim : Jérôme Do Bentzinger . ISBN 290623883X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Amelung ( 1885 ) .",
"27": "Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter : von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart : nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter - Archivs 1 , Die erste Blütezeit von 1399 -- 1557 ( History of the Tallinn Blackheads : from their origins until the present day : from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1 : The first golden age of 1399 -- 1557 ) ( in German ) . Reval : Wassermann . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) Jump up ^ Johannes Marbach ( 1859 ) . Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung , Geschichte , Sitten und Symbolen ( The holy Christmas season for meaning , history , customs and symbols ) ( in German ) . p. 416 . Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen ? Zumal in der Fremde , unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen , unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien . Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit . ( English : What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree ?",
"28": "Especially in foreign lands , among cold - hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen , among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia . Apart from the Christmas tree , the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ' Gemütlichkeit ' . ) Jump up ^ Jan Hermelink ( 2003 ) . `` Weihnachtsgottesdienst '' ( Christmas worship ) . In Christian Grethlein ; Günter Ruddat . Liturgisches Kompendium ( in German ) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 57211 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 '' . Kristelig Dagblad . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stow , John ( 1603 ) . Survey of London . London : John Windet . Against the feast of Christmas every man 's house , as also the parish churches , were decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor '' . Jump up ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville , visiting Panshanger country house , describes three small Christmas trees `` such as is customary in Germany '' , which Princess Lieven had put up . Hole , Christine ( 1950 ) . English Custom and Usage . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( 1912 ) . Reginald Brett , 2nd Viscount Esher , ed . The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . J. Murray . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marie Claire Lejeune . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe . Man & Culture . p.",
"29": "550 . ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ '' GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES . The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up ... '' : Times ( London , England ) 20 December 1842 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Christmas Tree : published by Darton and Clark , London . `` The ceremony of the Christmas tree , so well known throughout Germany , bids fair to be welcomed among us , with the other festivities of the season , especially now the Queen , within her own little circle , has set the fashion , by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace . '' Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle , 14 December 1844 , quoted in an advert headlined `` A new pleasure for Christmas '' in The Times , 23 December 1844 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe , née Feilding , Lady Mt Edgcumbe ( 1808 -- 1881 ) ; William Henry Fox - Talbot 's half - sister . Jump up ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox - Talbot , British Library , London , Manuscripts -- Fox Talbot Collection , envelope 20179 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele ( 1977 ) . The Prince Consort , Man of many Facets : The World and The Age of Prince Albert . Oresko Books . p. 78 . ISBN 9780905368061 . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well - enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath `` the Christmas tree '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 21 January 1848 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Special Christmas supplement edition , published 23 December 1848 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1848 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys , nor fine playthings , / Nor trees gaily hung ... '' : Manchester Guardian , Saturday , January 05 , 1856 , p. 6 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , 24 January 1856 , p. 3 : the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court , Somerset . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 December 1858 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Poor Children 's Yuletide Association . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1906 , p. 2 '' `` The association sent 71 trees ' bearing thousands of toys ' to the poorest districts of London . '' Jump up ^ `` A Merry Christmas '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1918 , p. 2 : `` ... the so - called `` Christmas tree '' was out of favour . Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve , but found few buyers . It was remembered that the ' Christmas tree ' has enemy associations . '' Jump up ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ' a huge Christmas - tree ' . ' St. Dunstan 's Christmas Fair ' . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1919 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia ... ' ' Shapely Christmas Trees ' : The Times ( London , England ) , 17 December 1926 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Christmas Tree Plantations . The Times ( London , England ) , 11 December 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Emmy E. Werner ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Liberty : Coming of Age in the American Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 115 . ISBN 9780275993061 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lewis Shoemaker ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Stackpole Books . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas !",
"31": "Celebrating America 's greatest holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wenzel IV ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks '' . WFSB . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Christmas '' . Gareth Marples . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England '' . Harvard University Gazette . December 12 , 1996 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` They 're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree '' . Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . 24 December 1938 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Minnigerode ( 1814 -- 1894 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America '' . oldchristmastreelights.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 мая собираются праздновать 59 % россиян '' ( May 1 going to celebrate 59 % of Russians ) ( in Russian ) . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . New Year is among the most important holidays for 81 % of Russians , while Christmas is such only for 19 % , ranking after Victory Day , Easter , International Women 's Day . Jump up ^ Belk , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas '' . Advertising & Society Review . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting of the National Christmas Tree '' .",
"32": "National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Blog : The World 's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree '' . The Palm Beach Post . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Manchester 's Gift To Lille ... ( FROM G. WARD PRICE . ) ' The Times ( London , England ) , 21 December 1918 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Town twinning : Bergen , Norway '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DC : Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver Jr. , J. Dudley ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 79 . ISBN 9780664502188 . Jump up ^ Segler , Franklin M. ; Bradley , Randall ( 1 October 2006 ) . Christian Worship : Its Theology and Practice , Third Edition . B&H Publishing Group . p. 222 . A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ . The symbols are white and gold , and the three has white lights . Jump up ^ Morris - Pierce , Elizabeth ; Berger , Stephen A. ; Dreher , Eulonda A. ; Russel W. Dalton ; D. Andrew Richardson ; Jeanne Mueller ; Judith Hale Wood ; Ellen Edgar ; James Edgar ( 1 January 2002 ) . In Search of Christmas . CSS Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9780788019166 . Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p.",
"33": "71 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Over time , the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world , while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year . Jump up ^ `` Chrismon Tree '' . St. John 's Anglican Church . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . A number of ladies of St. John 's have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons ( Christian Monograms ) out of wire and beads to decorate a `` Chrismon Tree '' that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent Jump up ^ Glavich , Mary Kathleen ( 2010 ) . Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture . Twenty - Third Publications . p. 36 . ISBN 9781585958009 . A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree ( Christ + monogram ) . The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament . While the children hang their symbols , related Scripture texts might be read . Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary , Joseph , the star , manger , shepherd , angel , sheep , three kings , gifts , fish , dove , grapes , wheat , vine , crown , rock , alpha and omega symbols , Chi - Rho , anchor , and cross . The symbols are usually white and gold . Jump up ^ First United Methodist Church , Midland , Texas : Offering Christ , 1885 -- 1985 : One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland . Taylor Publishing Company . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Advent & Christmas at BRC '' . Brunswick Reformed Church . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ so in The Lutheran Witness , Volume 83 ( 1964 ) , p. 548 `` the Chrismon ( from CHRISt - MONogram ) tree '' , and in James Edgar , Ellen Edgar , A Chrismon Service ( 1981 ) , p. 2 .",
"34": "The word 's actual etymology , from Middle Latin ( Landulf of Milan , 12th century ) crismon , is less than clear : George Henry Lane - Fox Pitt - Rivers , The riddle of the ' Labarum ' and the origin of Christian symbols , Allen & Unwin , 1966 , p. 28 ; `` I can find no roots , etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians , ' Chrismon ' , which is supposed to mean the ' Monogram of Christ ' , and which appears in some dictionaries ( i.e. Funk and Wagnalis , 1922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1 December 2011 ) . Calendar : Christ 's Time for the Church . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9781426728044 . Beyond that the term `` Chrismon '' is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ , including the orb , crown , fish , star , anchor , and a wide variety of forms on the cross . All of these , often made in materials of gold and white , are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home . Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored . Jump up ^ Peter Mazar ( 2000 ) . School Year , Church Year : Customs and Decorations for the Classroom . Liturgy Training Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 1568542402 . Jump up ^ `` Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany '' . Holy Trinity ( German ) Catholic Church , Boston . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Superstitions '' . Snopes.com . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson ( 2000 ) . `` The Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space '' . Quartz . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Christmas Trees '' .",
"35": "Clemson University . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Department of Forestry , Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available '' . Bureau of Land Management . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Census of Agriculture : Specialty Crops ( Volume 2 , Subject Series , Part 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2009 . Table 1 , page 1 . Jump up ^ `` Unsere kleine Baumschule -- Wissenswertes '' ( Our little nursery : Trivia ) ( in German ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce David Forbes ( 2007 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 5104 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Hewitt ( 2007 ) . The Christmas Tree . Lulu.com . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 1430308206 . ^ Jump up to : Broderick Perkins ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns '' . Realty Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne ( 1994 ) . Christmas in Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8909 - 6578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . pp. 58 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peter Cole ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trees : Fun and Festive Ideas .",
"36": "Chronicle Books . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3577 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassandra A. Fortin ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` It 's beginning to look a lot like Christmas ( 1958 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews ( 2006 ) . Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends . Big Earth Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 9315 - 9971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Berry ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green '' . LiveScience . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Neer ( December 2006 ) . `` How Christmas Trees Work '' . howStuffWorks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table - top Christmas Tree '' . Popular Mechanics : 117 . January 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Christmas Tree , one - day course listing '' . Diablo Glass School . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree '' ( Audio ) . All Things Considered . NPR . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Safety '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Caskey Hayes ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones '' . Kingsport Times - News . Kingsport , Tennessee . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Resource : Your Source On Xmas Decorations '' . Christmas Tree Source . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees '' . American Christmas Tree Association . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` Goats , elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees '' . CBC News . Dec 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees '' . ipm.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer Update : Old Christmas trees protect town beach '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . March 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ David Biello ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` I 'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas ( Tree ) '' ( podcast transcript ) . Scientific American . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) of Christmas trees -- A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree , natural or artificial , is most ecological '' . Ellipsos Inc . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling Your Tree : Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable '' . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , R.P. ; Patch , S.C. ; Pandolfo , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Artificial Christmas trees : How real are the lead exposure risks ? '' . Journal of environmental health . 67 ( 5 ) : 20 -- 24 , 32 . PMID 15628192 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R. ; Brown , M.J. ; Kashtock , M.E. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Exposures in U.S. Children , 2008 : Implications for Prevention '' . Environmental Health Perspectives.",
"38": "116 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1293 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 11241 . PMC 2569084 . PMID 18941567 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781451424331 . The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century . Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree , records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer 's superintendency . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Tree '' . Lutheran Spokesman. 29 -- 32 . 1936 . The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2010 ) . The Feast of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780814639320 . German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 24 October 2013 ) . A Short History of Christianity . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 418 . ISBN 9781442225909 . Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree , and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach 's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England , and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated . Jump up ^ Wells , Dorothy ( 1897 ) . `` Christmas in Other Lands '' . The School Journal . E.L. Kellogg & Company . 55 : 697 -- 8 . Christmas is the occasional of family reunions . Grandmother always has the place of honor .",
"39": "As the time approaches for enjoying the tree , she gathers her grandchildren about her , to tell them the story of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christmas tree ; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting , the candle lights to recall the light of the world , and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem . Jump up ^ Jennifer Eremeeva ( 15 Dec 2010 ) . `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar , which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar . This discrepancy was corrected in 1918 , by the fledgling Bolshevik regime , but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia , because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones . Christmas was shifted to New Year 's Eve . At the beginning , stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days : Christmas trees , introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century , were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German . The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place . Stalin declared Ded Moroz `` an ally of the priest and kulak , '' and outlawed him from Russia . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . ^ Jump up to : Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 .",
"40": "The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Dice , Elizabeth A. ( 2009 ) . Christmas and Hanukkah . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9781438119717 . The Christmas tree , or Yolka , is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era . To keep the custom alive , people decorated New Year 's trees instead . Jump up ^ Margaret Stenhouse ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Vatican Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Christmas Reflection : May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light '' . Zenit News Agency . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree is symbol of Christ , says Pope -- And a Sign of ' Undying Life ' '' . Zenit News Agency . December 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II , Christmas 2003 '' ( in Latin ) . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree '' . Crossroads Initiative . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Morehouse Publishing . p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nativity to be Allowed in Capitol Rotunda : Lawsuit Settlement Calls for Fair Treatment for Christian Beliefs '' . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's ' Holiday Tree ' Sparks Controversy '' . The Harvard Crimson . November 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At Christmas , what 's in a name ? '' . ABC News . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vipperman , Heather F. `` Chrismons Ministry '' . History . Lutheran Church . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Christmas . Christmas trees at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs.",
"42": "Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St.",
"43": "Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal ( hide ) Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S.",
"44": "Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler LCCN : sh85025322 GND : 4065076 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_tree&oldid=820806913 '' Categories : Christmas in Germany Christmas trees Christmas decorations Holiday - related topics Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing Middle Low German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles containing French - language text Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers",
"45": "Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski",
"46": "Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8334020833022139216
|
who is the present president of assam sahitya sabha
|
[
"Dhrubajyoti Bora",
"Dhrubajyoti Bora",
"Dhrubajyoti Bora",
"Dhrubajyoti Bora",
"Dhrubajyoti Bora"
] |
{
"0": "List of Asam Sahitya Sabha Presidents - wikipedia List of Asam Sahitya Sabha Presidents Jump to : navigation , search Asam Sahitya Sabha ( Assamese : অসম সাহিত্য সভা ) , Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha or `` Assam Literary Society '' ) was founded in 1917 in Assam , India to promote the culture of Assam and Assamese literature . Except regular biennially seasons in 2000 and 2002 special session was held at Jorhat and Kalgachia . President , Time & Place ( edit ) Sl . No . Year Name Venue 1917 Padmanath Gohain Baruah Sibsagar 1918 Chandradhar Barua Goalpara 1919 Kaliram Medhi Barpeta 1920 Hemchandra Goswami Tezpur 1923 Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari Jorhat 6 1924 Kanaklal Barua Dibrugarh 7 1924 Lakshminath Bezbaroa Guwahati 8 1925 Rajanikanta Bordoloi Nagaon 9 1926 Benudhar Rajkhowa Dhuburi 10 1927 Tarunram Phukan Goalpara 11 1929 Kamalakanta Bhattacharya Jorhat 12 1930 Mofizuddin Ahmed Hazarika Golaghat 13 1931 Nagendra Narayan Choudhury Sibsagar 14 1933 Jnanadabhiram Barua North Lakhimpur",
"1": "15 1934 Ananda Chandra Agarwala Mangaldoi 16 1936 Raghunath Choudhari Tezpur 17 1937 Krishna Kanta Handique Guwahati 18 1940 Moidul Islam Bora Jorhat 19 1944 Nilmani Phukan Sibsagar 20 1947 Nilmani Phukan Dibrugarh 21 1950 Ambikagiri Raichoudhury Margherita 22 1953 Surya Kumar Bhuyan Shillong 23 1955 Nalini Bala Devi Jorhat 24 1955 Jatindra Nath Duwora Guwahati 25 1956 Benudhar Sarma Dhuburi 26 1958 Padmadhar Chaliha Tinisukia 27 1959 Atul Chandra Hazarika Nagaon 28 1960 Trailokya Nath Goswami Palashbari 29 1961 Trailokya Nath Goswami Goalpara 30 1963 Ratnakanta Borkakati Nazira 31 1964 Mitradev Mahanta Digboi 32 1965 Dimbeswar Neog Nalbari 33 1966 Binanda Chandra Barua North Lakhimpur 34 1967 Nakul Chandra Bhuyan Dibrugarh 35",
"2": "1968 Jnanath Bora Tezpur 36 1969 Ananda Chandra Barua Barpeta 37 1970 Upendra Chandra Lekharu Dhing 38 1971 Tirtha Nath Sarma Makum 39 1972 Hem Barua Dhuburi 40 1973 Giridhar Sarma Rangia 41 Maheshwar Neog Mangaldoi 42 Satyendranath Sarma Titabor 43 1976 Jagheshwar Sarma Tihu 44 1977 Syed Abdul Malik Abhayapuri 45 1978 Prasannalal Choudhury Golaghat 46 1979 Atul Chandra Barua Sualkuchi 47 1980 Jatindra Nath Goswami Roha 48 1981 Sitanath Brahmachoudhury Tinisukia 49 1982 Sitanath Brahmachoudhury Diphu 50 Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Bongaigaon 51 1985 Jogesh Das Bihpuria 52 1986 Biren Borkotoki Kampur 53 Mahendra Bora Pathsala 54 Kirthi Nath Hazarika Hailakandi 55 Mahim Bora Doomdooma 56 Nabakanta Barua",
"3": "Biswanath Chariali 57 1991 Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi Dudhnoi 58 Lakshyadhar Choudhury Goreshwar 59 Bhupen Hazarika Sibsagar 60 Lila Gogoi Morigaon 61 1995 Hitesh Deka Sarthebari 62 Lakshmi Nandan Bora Bokakhat 63 Nagen Saikia Bilasipara 64 1998 Nagen Saikia Howraghat 65 1999 Chandra Prasad Saikia Hajo 66 2000 Chandra Prasad Saikia Jorhat 67 Homen Borgohain Dibrugarh 68 2002 Homen Borgohain Kalgachia 69 2003 Birendra Nath Datta North Lakhimpur 70 Birendra Nath Datta Hojai 71 2005 Kanak Sen Deka Sipajhar 72 2006 Kanak Sen Deka Belsar 73 2007 Kanak Sen Deka Chapar 74 2009 Rongbong Terang Dhemaji 75 Rongbong Terang Dergaon 76 2013 Imran Shah Barpeta Road 77 2014 Imran Shah Guwahati 78",
"4": "2015 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor 78 2016 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor 79 2017 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Axom Xahitya Xabha ( The Literary Society of Assam ) Assam Portal '' . Assam.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asom Sahitya Sabha Presidents . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Asam_Sahitya_Sabha_presidents&oldid=837725778 '' Categories : Assam - related lists Lists of organisations based in India Asom Sahitya Sabha Presidents Hidden categories : Articles containing Assamese - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 . About Wikipedia",
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|
what is the largest ethnic group in mexico today
|
[
"K'iche'"
] |
{
"0": "Maya peoples - wikipedia Maya peoples Jump to : navigation , search Maya Young Mayan women in traditional dress , Antigua , Sacatepéquez Department , Guatemala The Maya area within Mesoamerica Total population c. 7 million ( 2000 ) Pre-Columbian : 5 - 10 million Regions with significant populations Parts of modern - day countries of Guatemala , Mexico , Belize , Honduras and El Salvador Languages Mayan languages , Spanish , Kriol and English Religion Christianity and Maya religion The Maya people are a group of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica . They inhabit southern Mexico , Guatemala , Belize , El Salvador and Honduras . The overarching term `` Maya '' is a collective designation to include the peoples of the region that share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage ; however , the term embraces many distinct populations , societies , and ethnic groups that each have their own particular traditions , cultures , and historical identity . The pre-Columbian Maya population was approximately eight million . There were an estimated seven million Maya living in this area at the start of the 21st century . Guatemala , southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula , Belize , El Salvador , and western Honduras have managed to maintain numerous remnants of their ancient cultural heritage . Some are quite integrated into the majority hispanicized Mestizo cultures of the nations in which they reside , while others continue a more traditional , culturally distinct life , often speaking one of the Mayan languages as a primary language . The largest populations of contemporary Maya inhabit Guatemala , Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador , as well as large segments of population within the Mexican states of Yucatán , Campeche , Quintana Roo , Tabasco , and Chiapas .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Yucatec Maya 2 Chiapas 3 Belize 4 Tabasco 5 Guatemala 5.1 Genocide in Guatemala 5.2 Maya heritage 6 Maya cultural heritage tourism 7 Notable Maya people 8 Quotes 9 Film and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Yucatec Maya ( edit ) Map of Maya linguistic distribution Maya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine Warfare History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén One of the largest groups of modern Maya can be found in Mexico 's Yucatán State and the neighboring states of Campeche , Quintana Roo and in Belize . These peoples commonly identify themselves simply as `` Maya '' with no further ethnic subdivision ( unlike in the Highlands of Western Guatemala ) . They speak the language which anthropologists term `` Yucatec Maya '' , but is identified by speakers and Yucatecos simply as `` Maya '' . Among Maya speakers , Spanish is commonly spoken as a second or first language . There is a significant amount of confusion as to the correct terminology to use -- Maya or Mayan -- and the meaning of these words with reference to contemporary or pre-Columbian peoples , to Maya peoples in different parts of Mexico , Guatemala , Belize , and to languages or peoples . oxlahun ahau u katunil u 13 he '' cob cah mayapan : maya uinic u kabaob : uaxac ahau paxci u cabobi : ca uecchahi ti peten tulacal : uac katuni paxciob ca haui u maya - bulub ahau u kaba u katunil hauci u maya kabaob maya uinicob : christiano u kabaob `` Ahau was the katun when they founded the cah of Mayapan ; they were ( thus ) called Maya men .",
"2": "In 8 Ahau their lands were destroyed and they were scattered through out the peninsula . Six katun after they were destroyed they ceased to be called Maya ; 11 Ahau was the name of the katun when the Maya men ceased to be called Maya ( and ) were called Christians . '' `` '' Chilam Balam Chumayel Linguists refer to the Maya language as Yucatec or Yucatec Maya to distinguish it from other Mayan languages . This norm has often been misinterpreted to mean that the people are also called Yucatec Maya ; that term refers only to the language , and the correct name for the people is simply Maya ( not Mayans ) . Maya is one language in the Mayan language family . Thus , to refer to Maya as Mayans would be similar to referring to Spanish people as Romantics because they speak a language belonging to the Romance language family . Confusion of the term Maya / Mayan as an ethnic label occurs because Maya women who use traditional dress identify by the ethnic term mestiza and not Maya . Persons use a strategy of ethnic identification that Juan Castillo Cocom refers to as `` ethnoexodus '' -- meaning that ethnic self - identification as Maya is quite variable , situational , and articulated not to processes of producing group identity , but of escaping from discriminatory processes of sociocultural marginalization . The Yucatán 's indigenous population was first exposed to Europeans after a party of Spanish shipwreck survivors came ashore in 1511 . One of the sailors , Gonzalo Guerrero , is reported to have taken up with a local woman and started a family ; he became a counselor among a local polity near present - day Chetumal . Later Spanish expeditions to the region were led by Córdoba in 1517 , Grijalva in 1518 , and Cortés in 1519 . From 1528 to 1540 , several attempts by Francisco Montejo to conquer the Yucatán failed . His son , Francisco de Montejo the Younger , fared almost as badly when he first took over : while desperately holding out at Chichen Itza , he lost 150 men in a single day .",
"3": "European diseases , massive recruitment of native warriors from Campeche and Champoton , and internal hatred between the Xiu Maya and the lords of Cocom eventually turned the tide for Montejo the Younger . Chichen Itza was conquered by 1570 . In 1542 , the western Yucatán Peninsula also surrendered to him . Chichen Itza 's El Castillo Historically , the population in the eastern half of the peninsula was less affected by and less integrated with Hispanic culture than the western half . In the 21st century in the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexican states of Campeche , Yucatán and Quintana Roo ) , between 750,000 and 1,200,000 people speak Mayan . However , three times more than that are of Maya origins , hold ancient Maya surnames , and do not speak Mayan languages as their first language . Matthew Restall , in his book The Maya Conquistador , mentions a series of letters sent to the King of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries . The noble Maya families at that time signed documents to the Spanish Royal Family ; surnames mentioned in those letters are Pech , Camal , Xiu , Ucan , Canul , Cocom , and Tun , among others . A large 19th - century revolt by the native Maya people of Yucatán ( Mexico ) , known as the Caste War of Yucatán , was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts . For a period the Maya state of Chan Santa Cruz was recognized as an independent nation by the British Empire , particularly in terms of trading with British Honduras . Dr. Francisco Luna Kan is a Maya having the very common surname `` Kan '' Francisco Luna - Kan was elected governor of the state of Yucatán from 1976 to 1982 . Luna - Kan was born in Mérida , Yucatán , and he was a Doctor of medicine , then a Professor of Medicine before his political offices . He was first appointed as overseer of the state 's rural medical system . He was the first Governor of the modern Yucatán Peninsula to be of full Maya ancestry .",
"4": "In the early 21st century , dozens of politicians , including Deputies , Majors and Senators , are of full or mixed Maya heritage from the Yucatán Peninsula . Maya family from Yucatán According to the National Institute of Geography and Informatics ( Mexico 's INEGI ) , in Yucatán State there were 1.2 million Mayan speakers in 2009 , representing 59.5 % of the inhabitants . Due to this , the cultural section of the government of Yucatán began on - line classes for grammar and proper pronunciation of Maya . Maya people from Yucatán Peninsula living in the United States of America have been organizing Maya language lessons and Maya cooking classes since 2003 in California and other states : clubs of Yucatec Maya are registered in Dallas and Irving , Texas ; Salt Lake City in Utah ; Las Vegas , Nevada ; and California , with groups in San Francisco , San Rafael , Chino , Pasadena , Santa Ana , Garden Grove , Inglewood , Los Angeles , Thousand Oaks , Oxnard , San Fernando Valley and Whittier . Chiapas ( edit ) Maya populations in Chiapas . The area officially assigned to the Lacandon Community is the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve , which partly overlaps with the Tzeltal , Tojolabal and Ch'ol areas Chiapas was for many years one of the regions of Mexico that was least touched by the reforms of the Mexican Revolution . The Zapatista Army of National Liberation , launched a rebellion against the Mexican state , Chiapas in January 1994 , declared itself to be an indigenous movement and drew its strongest and earliest support from Chiapan Maya . Today its number of supporters is relevant . ( see also the EZLN and the Chiapas conflict ) Maya groups in Chiapas include the Tzotzil and Tzeltal , in the highlands of the state , the Tojolabalis concentrated in the lowlands around Las Margaritas , and the Ch'ol in the jungle . ( see map ) The most traditional of Maya groups are the Lacandon , a small population avoiding contact with outsiders until the late 20th century by living in small groups in the Lacandon Jungle .",
"5": "These Lacandon Maya came from the Campeche / Petén area ( north - east of Chiapas ) and moved into the Lacandon rain - forest at the end of the 18th century . In the course of the 20th century , and increasingly in the 1950s and 1960s , other people ( mainly the Maya and subsistence peasants from the highlands ) , also entered into the Lacandon region ; initially encouraged by the government . This immigration led to land - related conflicts and an increasing pressure on the rainforest . To halt the migration , the government decided in 1971 to declare a large part of the forest ( 614,000 hectares , or 6140 km ) a protected area : the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve . They appointed only one small population group ( the 66 Lacandon families ) as tenants ( thus creating the Lacandon Community ) , thereby displacing 2000 Tzeltal and Ch'ol families from 26 communities , and leaving non-Lacandon communities dependent on the government for granting their rights to land . In the decades that followed the government carried out numerous programs to keep the problems in the region under control , using land distribution as a political tool ; as a way of ensuring loyalty from different campesino groups . This strategy of divide and rule led to great disaffection and tensions among population groups in the region . ( see also the Chiapas conflict and the Lacandon Jungle ) . Belize ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) The Maya population in Belize is concentrated in the Corozal , Cayo , Toledo and Orange Walk districts , but they are scattered throughout the country . The Maya are thought to have been in Belize and the Yucatán region since the second millennium BC . Much of Belize 's original Maya population died as a result of new infectious diseases and conflicts between tribes and with Europeans . They are divided into the Yucatec , Kekchi , and Mopan . These three Maya groups now inhabit the country .",
"6": "The Yucatec Maya ( many of whom came from Yucatán , Mexico to escape the Caste War of the 1840s ) there have been evidence of several Yucatec Maya groups living by the Yalbac area of Belize and in the Orange Walk district near the present day Lamanai at the time the British reach . The Mopan ( indigenous to Belize but were forced out by the British ; they returned from Guatemala to evade slavery in the 19th century ) , and Kek'Chi ( also fled from slavery in Guatemala in the 19th century ) . The later groups are chiefly found in the Toledo District . Tabasco ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) The Mexican state of Tabasco is home to the Chontal Maya . Guatemala ( edit ) Ixil women in Nebaj , Guatemala . In Guatemala , indigenous people of Maya descent comprise around 40 % of the population . The largest and most traditional Maya populations are in the western highlands in the departments of Baja Verapaz , Quiché , Totonicapán , Huehuetenango , Quetzaltenango , and San Marcos ; their inhabitants are mostly Maya . The Maya people of the Guatemala highlands include the Achi , Akatek , Chuj , Ixil , Jakaltek , Kaqchikel , K'iche ' , Mam , Poqomam , Poqomchi ' , Q'anjob'al , Q'eqchi ' , Tz'utujil and Uspantek . The Q'eqchi ' live in lowland areas of Alta Vera Paz , Peten , and Western Belize . Over the course of the succeeding centuries a series of land displacements , re-settlements , persecutions and migrations resulted in a wider dispersal of Q'eqchi ' communities , into other regions of Guatemala ( Izabal , Petén , El Quiché ) . They are the 2nd largest ethnic Maya group in Guatemala ( after the K'iche ' ) and one of the largest and most widespread throughout Central America . In Guatemala , the Spanish colonial pattern of keeping the native population legally separate and subservient continued well into the 20th century .",
"7": "This resulted in many traditional customs being retained , as the only other option than traditional Maya life open to most Maya was entering the Hispanic culture at the very bottom rung . Because of this many Guatemalan Maya , especially women , continue to wear traditional clothing , that varies according to their specific local identity . The southeastern region of Guatemala ( bordering with Honduras ) includes groups such as the Ch'orti ' . The northern lowland Petén region includes the Itza , whose language is near extinction but whose agro-forestry practices , including use of dietary and medicinal plants may still tell us much about pre-colonial management of the Maya lowlands . Genocide in Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : Guatemalan genocide During the 1980s the indigenous Maya community made up about two - thirds of Guatemala 's 10 million people . During his presidency ( 1982 -- 1983 ) , Efraín Ríos Montt instituted a campaign of state terror intended to destroy the Mayas in the name of countering `` communist subversion '' and ridding the country of its indigenous culture . In some areas , government forces killed about 40 % of the total population ; the campaign destroyed at least 440 Mayan villages . The army attacked inhabitants , and burned down their homes and fields . The 36 year long Guatemalan Civil War left more than 200,000 people dead and at least 100,000 women raped ; most of the victims were Maya . On January 26 , 2012 former president Ríos Montt was formally indicted in Guatemala and appeared in court for genocide and crimes against humanity for which he was then sentenced to a sentence of 80 years in prison on May 10 , 2013 . This ruling was overturned by the constitutional court on May 20 , 2013 over alleged irregularities in the handling of the case . The ex-president appeared in court again on January 5 , 2015 amongst protest form his lawyers regarding his health conditions and on August 25 , 2015 it was deliberated that a re-trial of the 2013 proceedings could find Ríos Montt guilty or not , but that the sentence would be suspended . Maya heritage ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources .",
"8": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of Santa Catarina Palopó on Lake Atitlán The Maya people are known for their brightly colored , yarn - based , textiles that are woven into capes , shirts , blouses , huipiles and dresses . Each village has its own distinctive pattern , making it possible to distinguish a person 's home town . Women 's clothing consists of a shirt and a long skirt . The Maya religion is Roman Catholicism combined with the indigenous Maya religion to form the unique syncretic religion which prevailed throughout the country and still does in the rural regions prior to 2010s of `` orthodoxing '' the western rural areas by Christian Orthodox missionaries . Beginning from negligible roots prior to 1960s , however , Protestant Pentecostalism has grown to become the predominant religion of Guatemala City and other urban centers , later to 2010s that almost of all Maya of several rural areas of West Guatemala , living rural areas were mostly mass converted from Catholicism or possibly Maya religion due of various reasons to either Eastern or Oriental Orthodoxy by late Fr . Andres Giron and some other Orthodox missionaries , and also smaller to mid-sized towns also slowly converted as well since 2013 . The unique religion is reflected in the local saint , Maximón , who is associated with the subterranean force of masculine fertility and prostitution . Always depicted in black , he wears a black hat and sits on a chair , often with a cigar placed in his mouth and a gun in his hand , with offerings of tobacco , alcohol , and Coca - Cola at his feet . The locals know him as San Simon of Guatemala . Maximón , a Maya deity The Popol Vuh is the most significant work of Guatemalan literature in the K'iche ' language , and one of the most important of Pre-Columbian American literature . It is a compendium of Maya stories and legends , aimed to preserve Maya traditions . The first known version of this text dates from the 16th century and is written in Quiché transcribed in Latin characters . It was translated into Spanish by the Dominican priest Francisco Ximénez in the beginning of the 18th century .",
"9": "Due to its combination of historical , mythical , and religious elements , it has been called the Maya Bible . It is a vital document for understanding the culture of Pre-Columbian America . The Rabinal Achí is a dramatic work consisting of dance and text that is preserved as it was originally represented . It is thought to date from the 15th century and narrates the mythical and dynastic origins of the Toj K'iche ' rulers of Rabinal , and their relationships with neighboring K'iche ' of Q'umarkaj . The Rabinal Achí is performed during the Rabinal festival of January 25 , the day of Saint Paul . It was declared a masterpiece of oral tradition of humanity by UNESCO in 2005 . The 16th century saw the first native - born Guatemalan writers that wrote in Spanish . Maya cultural heritage tourism ( edit ) Play media A boy playing Maya trumpet opposite of Palacio Nacional , Mexico City , Mexico . There is an undeniable symbiotic relationship between cultural heritage , tourism , and a national identity . In the case of the Maya , the many national identities have been constructed because of the growing demands placed on them by cultural tourism . By focusing on lifeways through costumes , rituals , diet , handicrafts , language , housing , or other features , the identity of the economy shifts from the sale of labor to that of the sale of culture . Global tourism is now considered one of the largest scale movement of goods , services , and people in history and a significant catalyst for economic development and sociopolitical change . Estimated that between 35 and 40 percent of tourism today is represented by cultural tourism or heritage tourism , this alternative to mass tourism offers opportunities for place - based engagement that frames context for interaction by the lived space and everyday life of other peoples , as well as sites and objects of global historical significance . In this production of tourism the use of historic symbols , signs , and topics form a new side that characterizes a nation and can play an active role in nation building . With this type of tourism , people argue that ethno - commerce may open unprecedented opportunities for creating value of various kinds . Tourists travel with cultural expectations , which has created a touristic experience sometimes faced with the need to invent traditions of artificial and contrived attractions , often developed at the expense of local tradition and meanings .",
"10": "An example of this can be seen in `` Mayanizing Tourism on Roatan Island , Honduras : Archaeological Perspectives on Heritage , Development , and Indignity . '' Alejandro j . Figueroa et al. , combine archaeological data and ethnographic insights to explore a highly contested tourism economy in their discussion of how places on Roatan Island , Honduras , have become increasingly `` Mayanized '' over the past decade . As tour operators and developers continue to invent an idealized Maya past for the island , non-Maya archaeological remains and cultural patrimony are constantly being threatened and destroyed . While heritage tourism provides economic opportunities for some , it can devalue contributions made by less familiar groups . Notable Maya people ( edit ) See also : Category : Maya people Ah Ahaual , a 7th - century captive of noble lineage recorded in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions Hunac Ceel ( fl . c. 1300 ) , Maya general and founder of the Cocom dynasty at Chichen Itzá Apoxpalon ( fl. 1525 ) , Maya merchant and regional ruler of Itzamkanac Tecun Uman ( died c. 1524 ) , legendary K'iche ' Mayan leader who refused to give way to the conquistadors in Guatemala and was slain by Pedro de Alvarado Napuc Chi or Ah Kin Chi ( died c. 1541 ) , general - in - chief of the army and king of Tutul - Xiu , i . e . Maní Gaspar Antonio Chi ( c. 1531 -- 1610 ) , Maya noble from Maní , son of Napuc Chi Jacinto Canek ( c.",
"11": "1731 -- 1761 ) , Maya revolutionary Crescencio Poot ( 1820 -- 1885 ) , general in the Caste War of Yucatán Felipe Carrillo Puerto ( 1874 -- 1924 ) , Mexican journalist and politician , governor of the Mexican state of Yucatán ( 1922 -- 1924 ) Andrés Curruchich ( 1891 -- 1969 ) , Guatemalan painter of the Kaqchikel people Carlos Mérida ( 1891 -- 1985 ) , Spanish - K'iche ' artist from Guatemala Francisco Luna Kan ( born 1925 ) , Mexican politician , governor of Yucatán ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Armando Manzanero Canché ( born 1935 ) , Mexican musician , singer , and composer Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara ( born 1947 ) , indigenous artist born in Quetzaltenango , Guatemala Marcial Mes ( c. 1949 -- 2014 ) , Belizean politician Humberto Ak'ab'al ( born 1952 ) , K'iche ' poet from Guatemala Rosalina Tuyuc ( born 1956 ) , Guatemalan human rights activist Rigoberta Menchú ( born 1959 ) , K'iche ' political activist from Guatemala Comandanta Ramona ( 1959 -- 2006 ) , ' officer ' of the autonomist Zapatista Army of National Liberation Juan Jose Pacho ( born 1963 ) , Mexican former baseball player and manager Aníbal López ( 1964 -- 2014 ) , Guatemalan artist Jesús Tecú Osorio ( born 1971 ) , Guatemalan social activist Hilario Chi Canul ( born 1981 ) , Mexican linguist Sara Curruchich ( born 1993 ) , Guatemalan singer , composer , and activist from the town of San Juan Comalapa Quotes ( edit ) This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process . If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article , rather than a list of quotations , please do so and remove this message . `` We are not myths of the past , ruins in the jungle or zoos .",
"12": "We are people and we want to be respected , not to be victims of intolerance and racism . '' -- Rigoberta Menchú , 1992 . Film and television ( edit ) The Forgotten District , a documentary on Maya ecotourism in southern Belize , Central America Mayan Renaissance starring Rigoberta Menchú ( 2012 ) See also ( edit ) Musica people Acala Ch'ol Chinamita Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas Kejache Lakandon Ch'ol List of Mayan languages Manche Ch'ol References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Indigenous Peoples of the World : The Maya . Intercontinentalcry.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Nations , James D. ( 1 January 2010 ) . The Maya Tropical Forest : People , Parks , and Ancient Cities . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77877 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The pre Columbian Civilisations of Central America - The Mesoamericans - Causes and Consequences of the Medieval Warm Period '' . sites.google.com . Jump up ^ Restall 2004 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ OSEA , Open School of Ethnography and Anthropology . `` Maya or Mayans ? On Correct Use of Terms '' . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Castaneda , Quetzil ( 2004 ) . `` We Are Not Indigenous '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Latin American Anthropology. 9 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 63 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ethnoexodus : Maya Topographic Ruptures . I09.cgpublisher.com ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Castillo Cocom , Juan A. ( 2007 ) . `` Maya Scenarios '' ( PDF ) . Kroeber Papers. 96 : 13 -- 35 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : Clendinnen , Inga ( 1989 ) Ambivalent Conquests : Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán , 1517 -- 1570 . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37981 - 4 Jump up ^ Restall , Matthew ( 1998 ) . Maya Conquistador . Boston , Massachusetts : Beacon . pp. xvi , 254 . Jump up ^ Reed , Nelson ( 2002 ) The Caste War of Yucatán : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4001 - 1 Jump up ^ El Universal , el periódico de México líder en noticias y clasificados . El-universal.com.mx . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Noticias Indemaya . Indemaya.gob.mx . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bienvenidos / Welcome . Yucatecos.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Belize Mission Collection '' . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Republica de Guatemala . inforpressca.com Jump up ^ Atran , Scott ; Lois , Ximena ; Ucan Ek ' , Edilberto ( 2004 ) Plants of the Peten Itza Maya , Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology , University of Michigan , 38 Jump up ^ Summerfield , Derek ( 1997 ) . `` The Mayas of Guatemala : surviving terror '' . The Lancet . 349 ( 9045 ) : 130 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 63260 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brinton Lykes , M. ( 1994 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Terror , silencing and children : International , multidisciplinary collaboration with Guatemalan Maya communities '' . Social Science & Medicine . 38 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 552 .",
"14": "doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 9536 ( 94 ) 90250 - X . Jump up ^ Brett , R.L. ( 2016 ) . `` The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide : Political Violence in Guatemala '' . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala 's Rios Montt found guilty of genocide '' . BBC News . 2013 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala 's top court annuls Rios Montt genocide conviction '' . archive.is. 2013 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Ríos Montt genocide case collapses '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Former Guatemala dictator faces genocide retrial '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Guatemala court : former dictator can be tried for genocide -- but not sentenced '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Elisabeth ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Genocide Retrial Is Set for Guatemalan Former Dictator '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Akkeren 1999 , pp. 281 , 288 . Jump up ^ Comaroff , John L. ; Jean Comaroff ( 2010 ) . `` Ethnicity , Inc '' . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Stronza , Amanda ( 2001 ) .",
"15": "`` Anthropology of Tourism : Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 30 ( 30 ) : 261 -- 83 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 30.1. 261 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Henri ( 1974 ) . The Production of Space . London : Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Soper , Anne K. ; Charles E. Greer ; Daniel C. Knudsen ( 2008 ) . `` Mauritian Landscapes of Culture , Identity , and Tourism '' . Landscape , Tourism , and Meaning : 51 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Smith , Laurajane ( 2007 ) . Cultural Heritage : Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies . London : Routledge . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sarah ; E. Christian Wells ( 2012 ) . `` Ethnographies of Global Tourism : Cultural Heritage , Economic Encounters , and the Redefinition of Impact '' . Jump up ^ Quote taken from an interview with her by a representative of a Central American human rights organization ( Riis - Hansen 1992 ) . Menchú gave this interview shortly before she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Bibliography ( edit ) Akkeren , Ruud van ( July 1999 ) . `` Sacrifice at the Maize Tree : Rab'inal Achi in its historical and symbolic context '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . New York : Cambridge University Press . 10 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 295 . doi : 10.1017 / s0956536199102104 . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 364022517 . ( subscription required ) Chiappari , Christopher L. ( 2002 ) . `` Toward a Maya Theology of Liberation : The Reformulation of a `` Traditional '' Religion in the Global Context `` . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 41 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 5906.00099 . Grube , Nikolai ( 2006 ) .",
"16": "`` Maya Today -- From Indios Deprived of Rights to the Maya Movement '' . In Nikolai Grube ( Ed . ) . Maya : Divine Kings of the Rain Forest . Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel ( assistant Eds . ) . Cologne : Könemann Press . pp. 417 -- 425 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 8 . OCLC 71165439 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Mooney , James , Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Maya Indians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Restall , Matthew ( 1997 ) . The Maya World . Yucatecan Culture and Society , 1550 -- 1850 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3658 - 9 . Riis - Hansen , Anders ( 1992 ) . `` Interview with Rigoberta Menchu Tum '' . Commission for the Defense of Human Rights in Central America ( CODEHUCA ) . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 03 . Warren , Kay B. ( 1998 ) . Indigenous Movements and Their Critics : Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05882 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Voss , Alexander ( 2006 ) . `` Astronomy and Mathematics '' . In Nikolai Grube ( ed . ) . Maya : Divine Kings of the Rain Forest . Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel ( assistant eds . ) . Cologne : Könemann . pp. 130 -- 143 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 8 . OCLC 71165439 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Wagner , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . `` Maya Creation Myths and Cosmography '' . In Nikolai Grube ( ed . ) . Maya : Divine Kings of the Rain Forest .",
"17": "Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel ( Assistant eds . ) . Cologne : Könemann . pp. 280 -- 293 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 8 . OCLC 71165439 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Mesoamerica portal Mexico portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya peoples . Maya civilization History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán Topics Architecture E-Group Triadic pyramid Twin - pyramid complex Art Graffiti Ceramics Cities Cuisine Dance Economy Trade Maritime trade Languages Classic Script List Mayanist Medicine Music Mythology Numerals People Sites Stelae Textiles Warfare Society Childhood Women Midwifery Religion Priesthood Sacrifice Human sacrifice Death rituals Social classes Ajaw Rulers Households Calendar Ajaw Baktun Haab ' K'atun K'in Tun Tzolk'in Winal Literature Annals of the Cakchiquels Chilam Balam Codices Dresden Grolier Madrid Paris Popol Vuh Rabinal Achí Ritual of the Bacabs Songs of Dzitbalche Título C'oyoi Título de Totonicapán Deities Classic Bacab Chaac Death gods God L Goddess I Hero Twins",
"18": "Howler monkey gods Itzamna Ixchel Jaguar gods K'awiil Kinich Ahau Maize god Mam Moon goddess Yopaat Post-Classic Acat Ah - Muzen - Cab Akna Chin Hunab Ku Ixtab Kukulkan Yum Kaax Popol Vuh Awilix Camazotz Hun Hunahpu Huracan Jacawitz Q'uq'umatz Tohil Vucub Caquix Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xquic Zipacna Kings B'alaj Chan K'awiil Ha ' K'in Xook Itzam K'an Ahk II K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat K'inich Janaab ' Pakal K'inich Yat Ahk II K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Yo'nal Ahk III Yuknoom Ch'een II Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk ' Queens Lady Eveningstar Lady of Itzan Lady of Tikal Lady Xoc Sak K'uk ' Wak Chanil Ajaw Yohl Ik'nal Indigenous peoples of Mexico More than 100,000 people Nahua Maya Zapotec Mixtec Otomi Totonac Tzotzil Tzeltal Mazahua Mazatec Huastec Ch'ol Chinantec Purépecha Mixe Tlapanec Tarahumara 20,000 -- 100,",
"19": "000 people Mayo Zoque Chontal Maya Popoluca Chatino Amuzgo Tojolabal Huichol Tepehuán Triqui Cora Mam Yaqui Cuicatec Huave 1,000 -- 20,000 people Tepehua Kanjobal Pame Chichimeca Jonaz Guarijio Chuj Chocho Tacuate Mexicanero Ocuiltec Pima Bajo Jacaltec Less than 1,000 people Kekchí Lacandon Ixcatecos Seri K'iche ' Motozintleco Kaqchikel Paipai Tohono O'odham Cocopah Kumiai Kikapú Cochimí Ixil Kiliwa Aguacatec Opata Ancestry and ethnicity in Guatemala Guatemalan Indians ( Maya and others ) Achi Akatek Awakatek Chuj Ch'orti ' Itza Ixil Jakaltek Kaqchikel K'iche ' Mam Mopan Poqomam Poqomchi ' Q'anjob'al Q'eqchi ' Sakapultek Sipakapense Tektitek Tz'utujil Uspantek Xinca Former and extinct Acala Ch'ol Chinamita Kejache Kowoj Lakandon Ch'ol Manche Ch'ol Pipil Tojolabal Toquegua Yalain Guatemalan mestizo Mestizo Descendants of Europeans ( whites or Criollo ) French German Italian Russian Spanish Swiss Descendants of Asians Jewish Korean Lebanese Afro - Descendants Garifuna Mulatto Zambo Americas Americans Mexicans Salvadorans Portal Eastern Christianity Cultural sphere of Christian traditions that developed since Early Christianity in the Middle East , Eastern Europe , Eastern Africa , Asia Minor , Southern India , and parts of the Far East . Communions Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Eastern Catholic Churches",
"20": "Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East History Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Empire Ecumenical council Church of the East Council of Chalcedon Iconoclastic controversy St Thomas Christians Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus ' East -- West Schism Scriptures Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology Hesychasm Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Dyophysitism Nestorianism Theosis Theoria Phronema Philokalia Praxis Theotokos Hypostasis Ousia Essence -- energies distinction Metousiosis _̈ Worship Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion Ethnic groups with significant adherence Majorities Indo - European Armenians Aromanians Belarusians Bulgarians Greeks including Greek Cypriots Macedonians Megleno - Romanians Moldovans Montenegrins Ossetians Romanians Russians Serbs Ukrainians Afro - Asiatic Agaw Amhara Assyrians Copts Chaldean Catholics Maronites Tigrayans Turkic Chuvash Dolgans Gagauz Khakas Kryashens Yakuts Kartvelian Georgians including Svans and Mingrelians Finno - Ugric Izhorians Karelians Khanty Komi",
"21": "Mansi Mari Mordvins Setos Udmurts Vepsians Votes Samoyedic Enets Nenets Nganasans Selkups Chukotko - Kamchatkan Alyutors Itelmens Kereks Koryaks Dené -- Yeniseian Kets Tlingits Eskimo -- Aleut Aleuts Yupiks Northwest Caucasian Abkhazians Nakh Batsbi Minorities Adyghe Kabardians Kists Albanians Altai Arabs Buryats Chukchi Estonians Setos Kihnu Finns Inuit Malayali Oromos Romani Rusyns Saami Eastern Christianity portal Oriental Orthodoxy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_peoples&oldid=838224803 '' Categories : Maya peoples Indigenous culture of the Americas Ethnic groups in Belize Ethnic groups in Mexico Ethnic groups in Guatemala Ethnic groups in Honduras Ethnic groups in El Salvador Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional",
"22": "references Copy to Wikiquote Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Македонски მარგალური Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски",
"23": "Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Human iron metabolism - wikipedia Human iron metabolism Jump to : navigation , search Diagram showing a generalized view of cellular iron homeostasis in humans . Iron import can occur via endocytosis of transferrin receptor 1 or via ferrous iron importers DMT1 and ZIP14 , which require the activity of iron reductases such as STEAP2 , SDR - 2 and Dcytb . Intracellular iron can be stored in ferritin , used for protein biosynthesis , generate reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and regulate transcription via iron - responsive element - binding proteins ( IRP1 / 2 ) . Export occurs through ferroportin , often aided by hephaestin ( Hp ) and / or ceruloplasmin ( Cp ) , and repressed by hepcidin . Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at both the systemic and cellular level . The control of this necessary but potentially toxic metal is an important part of many aspects of human health and disease . Hematologists have been especially interested in systemic iron metabolism because iron is essential for red blood cells , where most of the human body 's iron is contained . Understanding iron metabolism is also important for understanding diseases of iron overload , such as hereditary hemochromatosis , and iron deficiency , such as iron deficiency anemia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance of iron regulation 1.1 Cellular respiration 1.2 Oxygen transport 1.3 Toxicity 1.4 Bacterial protection 2 Body iron stores 3 Mechanisms of iron regulation 3.1 Systemic iron regulation 3.1. 1 Dietary iron uptake 3.1. 2 Iron recycling and loss 3.2 Cellular iron regulation 3.2. 1 Iron import 3.2. 2 The labile iron pool 3.2. 3 The storage iron pool 3.2. 4 Iron export 3.2.",
"1": "5 Translational control of cellular iron 4 Iron - related pathology 4.1 Iron deficiency 4.2 Iron overload 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Importance of iron regulation ( edit ) Structure of Heme b ; `` Fe '' is the chemical symbol of iron , `` II '' indicates its oxidation state . Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life , from bacteria to mammals . Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer . In the ferrous state , iron acts as an electron donor , while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor . Thus , iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer ( reduction and oxidation , redox ) . Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors , such as iron - sulfur clusters ( Fe - S ) and heme groups , both of which are assembled in mitochondria . Cellular respiration ( edit ) Main article : Cellular respiration Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration , more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae . Iron is present in the iron - sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP ( chemiosmosis ) . Heme groups are part of hemoglobin , a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues . Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells . Oxygen transport ( edit ) See also : Hemoglobin and myoglobin The human body needs iron for oxygen transport . Oxygen ( O ) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types . Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes . In muscles cells , iron binds myoglobin , which regulates its release . Toxicity ( edit ) Iron is also potentially toxic . Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals . Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures , and ultimately kill the cell .",
"2": "Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe . Also , there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell , since they readily form complexes with organic molecules . However , some of the intracellular iron is bound to low - affinity complexes , and is termed labile iron or `` free '' iron . Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above . To prevent that kind of damage , all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins . This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm . Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10 - 20 micromolar , though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment , where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer . In mammalian cells , intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar , less than 5 percent of total cellular iron . Bacterial protection ( edit ) Electron micrograph of E. coli . Most bacteria that cause human disease require iron to live and to multiply . In response to a systemic bacterial infection , the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding . If bacteria are to survive , then they must obtain iron from their environment . Disease - causing bacteria do this in many ways , including releasing iron - binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron , or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin . The harder they have to work to get iron , the greater a metabolic price they must pay . That means that iron - deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly . So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections ; there are some exceptions however . TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron . People with increased amounts of iron , like people with hemochromatosis , are more susceptible to some bacterial infection . Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short - term bacterial infection , it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer .",
"3": "Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines , hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation , like viral infection , cancer , auto - immune diseases or other chronic diseases . When this occurs , the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease , in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin - containing red blood cells . Body iron stores ( edit ) Illustration of blood cell production in the bone marrow . In iron deficiency , the bone marrow produces fewer blood cells , and as the deficiency gets worse , the cells become smaller . Most well - nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies ( ∼ 38 mg iron / kg body weight for women and ∼ 50 mg iron / kg body for men ) . Of this , about 6997250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood , and most of the rest ( approximately 2 grams in adult men , and somewhat less in women of childbearing age ) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells , but most common in bone marrow , liver , and spleen . The liver 's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body . The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child - bearing age than in men and in the elderly . Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation , pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores , which may consist of 6996500000000000000 ♠ 500 mg , or even less . Of the body 's total iron content , about 6996399999999999999 ♠ 400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen ( myoglobin ) or performing energy - producing redox reactions ( cytochromes ) . A relatively small amount ( 3 -- 4 mg ) circulates through the plasma , bound to transferrin . Because of its toxicity , free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body .",
"4": "Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body , and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic , although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it . Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin , iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency . Iron - deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport . Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells . Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill - defined deposit of protein and iron , created by macrophages where excess iron is present , either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions . If the systemic iron overload is corrected , over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages . Mechanisms of iron regulation ( edit ) Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels . Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes , the cells that line the interior of the intestines , and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing , sweat , injuries and blood loss . In addition , systemic iron is continuously recycled . Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins . Systemic iron regulation ( edit ) Humans use 6995199999999999999 ♠ 20 mg of iron each day for the production of new red blood cells , much of which is recycled from old red blood cells . Dietary iron uptake ( edit ) The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process . The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low , but may range from 5 % to as much as 35 % depending on circumstances and type of iron . The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source . Generally the best - absorbed forms of iron come from animal products . Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form ( as in most supplements ) varies somewhat according to the body 's need for iron , and is usually between 10 % and 20 % of iron intake .",
"5": "Absorption of iron from animal products , and some plant products , is in the form of heme iron , and is more efficient , allowing absorption of from 15 % to 35 % of intake . Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme - containing proteins in meat and mitochondria , whereas in plants , heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration . Like most mineral nutrients , the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining . These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body . To be absorbed , dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe form . A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes ' brush border , duodenal cytochrome B ( Dcytb ) , reduces ferric Fe to Fe . A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 ( DMT1 ) , which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane , then transports iron across the enterocyte 's cell membrane into the cell . These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin , which is accomplished by Fe binding to apoferritin ( in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces ) , or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals , ferroportin . Hephaestin , a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe to Fe and is found mainly in the small intestine , helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells . In contrast , ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin , a 25 - amino acid peptide hormone . The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps . For instance , enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb , DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia . Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium , zinc , or manganese .",
"6": "The human body 's rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors , including total iron stores , the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells , the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood , and the oxygen content of the blood . The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation , in order to deprive bacteria of iron . Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease . Iron recycling and loss ( edit ) Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system , which breaks down aged red blood cells . In contrast to iron uptake and recycling , there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron . People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss , sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract . The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000 ♠ 1 mg a day for men , and 1.5 -- 2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods . People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections , more commonly found in developing countries , often lose more . Those who can not regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload . In these diseases , the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body 's ability to bind and store it . Cellular iron regulation ( edit ) Iron import ( edit ) Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor - mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 ( TFR1 ) , transferrin receptor 2 ( TFR2 ) and GAPDH . TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin - bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process . The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) also acts as a transferrin receptor . Transferrin - bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors , triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis . Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase .",
"7": "Alternatively , iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 ( Zrt - Irt - like protein 14 ) . Again , iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2 , STEAP3 ( in erythrocytes ) , Dcytb ( in enterocytes ) and SDR2 . The labile iron pool ( edit ) In the cytoplasm , ferrous iron is found in a soluble , chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool ( ~ 0.001 mM ) . In this pool , iron is thought to be bound to low - mass compounds such as peptides , carboxylates and phosphates , although some might be in a free , hydrated form ( aqua ions ) . Alternatively , iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones . Specifically , poly - r ( C ) - binding proteins ( PCBPs ) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin ( for storage ) and non-heme iron enzymes ( for use in catalysis ) . The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron 's ability to generate reactive oxygen species . Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe - S clusters and heme groups . The storage iron pool ( edit ) Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain . Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin , which can be problematic in cases of iron overload . The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool , ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM . Iron export ( edit ) Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types , including neurons , erythrocytes , macrophages and enterocytes . The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them . There is only one known iron exporter , ferroportin .",
"8": "It transports ferrous iron out of the cell , generally aided by ceruloplasmin and / or hephaestin ( mostly in enterocytes ) , which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium . Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin , decreasing iron export . Besides , hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism . Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH . A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo - transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded . The expression of hepcidin , which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes , is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin 's role as `` gatekeeper '' of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body . Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone , a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis . Translational control of cellular iron ( edit ) Although some control exists at the transcriptional level , the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron - responsive element - binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2 . When iron levels are low , these proteins are able to bind to iron - responsive elements ( IREs ) . IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions ( UTRs ) of mRNA . Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5 ' UTRs , so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2 , preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron . In contrast , TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3 ' UTR IREs , which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency , stabilizing the mRNA , which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers .",
"9": "Iron - related pathology ( edit ) Main article : Iron metabolism disorder Iron deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Iron deficiency Iron is an important topic in prenatal care because women can sometimes become iron - deficient from the increased iron demands of pregnancy . Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes . These causes can be grouped into several categories : Increased demand for iron , which the diet can not accommodate . Increased loss of iron ( usually through loss of blood ) . Nutritional deficiency . This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption , including calcium , phytates and tannins . Black tea steeped for long has high tannins . Inability to absorb iron : A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications , the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs ) such as omeprazole . Damage to the intestinal lining . Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum , or diseases like Crohn 's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption . Inflammation leading to hepcidin - induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes ( see above ) . Iron overload ( edit ) Main article : Iron overload The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa . It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process . Also , in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself ( for instance , when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption ) , even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload . Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver , the heart and other metabolically active organs . Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it , but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake . Thus , iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption rather than variations in diet . The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract , among other problems . Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases , repeated transfusions or other causes .",
"10": "In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams ( 10 times normal total body iron ) or more . Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis ( HH ) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis ( JH ) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene , a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family , ( also called hemojuvelin ( HJV ) , and HFE2 ) , Hemojuvelin , or the HAMP gene that encodes ( an iron regulatory peptide ) . The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis , which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders , remain unsolved . So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis , they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Conrad ME , Umbreit JN ( Apr 2000 ) . `` Disorders of iron metabolism '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 342 ( 17 ) : 1293 -- 4 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200004273421716 . PMID 10787338 . ^ Jump up to : Kakhlon O , Cabantchik ZI ( 2002 ) . `` The labile iron pool : characterization , measurement , and participation in cellular processes '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 33 ( 8 ) : 1037 -- 1046 . doi : 10.1016 / s0891 - 5849 ( 02 ) 01006 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews NC ( Dec 1999 ) . `` Disorders of iron metabolism '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 341 ( 26 ) : 1986 -- 95 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199912233412607 . PMID 10607817 . Jump up ^ Yan Y , Waite - Cusic JG , Kuppusamy P , Yousef AE ( Jan 2013 ) . `` Intracellular free iron and its potential role in ultrahigh - pressure - induced inactivation of Escherichia coli '' .",
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"13": "44 ( 1 ) : 189 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocel. 2011.10. 016 . PMID 22062951 . Jump up ^ Sheokand N , Kumar S , Malhotra H , Tillu V , Raje CI , Raje M ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Secreted glyceraldehye - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase is a multifunctional autocrine transferrin receptor for cellular iron acquisition '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1830 ( 6 ) : 3816 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2013.03. 019 . PMID 23541988 . ^ Jump up to : Hentze MW , Muckenthaler MU , Galy B , Camaschella C ( Jul 2010 ) . `` Two to tango : regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism '' . Cell. 142 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 38 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2010.06. 028 . PMID 20603012 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , D.J.R. ; Merlot , A.M. ; Huang , M.L. - H. ; Bae , D. - H. ; Jansson , P.J. ; Sahni , S. ; Kalinowski , D.S. ; Richardson , D.R. ( May 2015 ) . `` Cellular iron uptake , trafficking and metabolism : Key molecules and mechanisms and their roles in disease '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1853 ( 5 ) : 1130 -- 1144 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2015.01. 021 . PMID 25661197 . ^ Jump up to : Yehuda S , Mostofsky DI , eds. ( 2010 ) . Iron Deficiency and Overload From Basic Biology to Clinical Medicine . New York , NY : Humana Press . p. 230 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Finney LA , O'Halloran TV ( May 2003 ) . `` Transition metal speciation in the cell : insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors '' . Science . 300 ( 5621 ) : 931 -- 6 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085049 . PMID 12738850 . Jump up ^ Philpott , Caroline C. ; Ryu , Moon - Suhn ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Special delivery : distributing iron in the cytosol of mammalian cells '' . Frontiers in Pharmacology . 5 . doi : 10.3389 / fphar. 2014.00173 . Jump up ^ Arosio P , Levi S ( Aug 2002 ) . `` Ferritin , iron homeostasis , and oxidative damage '' . Free Radical Biology & Medicine . 33 ( 4 ) : 457 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / s0891 - 5849 ( 02 ) 00842 - 0 . PMID 12160928 . Jump up ^ Rouault TA , Cooperman S ( Sep 2006 ) . `` Brain iron metabolism '' . Seminars in Pediatric Neurology . 13 ( 3 ) : 142 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. spen. 2006.08. 002 . PMID 17101452 . Jump up ^ Ganz T ( Mar 2005 ) . `` Cellular iron : ferroportin is the only way out '' . Cell Metabolism. 1 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cmet. 2005.02. 005 . PMID 16054057 . Jump up ^ Du F , Qian C , Qian ZM , Wu XM , Xie H , Yung WH , Ke Y ( Jun 2011 ) . `` Hepcidin directly inhibits transferrin receptor 1 expression in astrocytes via a cyclic AMP - protein kinase A pathway '' . Glia. 59 ( 6 ) : 936 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / glia.",
"15": "21166 . PMID 21438013 . Jump up ^ Boradia , Vishant Mahendra ; Raje , Manoj ; Raje , Chaaya Iyengar ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` Protein moonlighting in iron metabolism : glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 42 ( 6 ) : 1796 -- 1801 . doi : 10.1042 / BST20140220 . PMID 25399609 . Jump up ^ Sheokand N , Malhotra H , Kumar S , Tillu VA , Chauhan AS , Raje CI , Raje M ( Oct 2014 ) . `` Moonlighting cell - surface GAPDH recruits apotransferrin to effect iron egress from mammalian cells '' . Journal of Cell Science . 127 ( Pt 19 ) : 4279 -- 91 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 154005 . PMID 25074810 . Jump up ^ Kautz L , Jung G , Valore EV , Rivella S , Nemeth E , Ganz T ( Jul 2014 ) . `` Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism '' . Nature Genetics . 46 ( 7 ) : 678 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 2996 . PMC 4104984 . PMID 24880340 . Jump up ^ Muckenthaler MU , Galy B , Hentze MW ( 2008 ) . `` Systemic iron homeostasis and the iron - responsive element / iron - regulatory protein ( IRE / IRP ) regulatory network '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 28 : 197 -- 213 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 28.061807. 155521 . PMID 18489257 . Jump up ^ Rudolph CD ( 2003 ) . Rudolph 's pediatrics . New York : McGraw - Hill , Medical Pub . Division . ISBN 0 - 07 - 112457 - 8 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Severyn CJ , Shinde U , Rotwein P ( Sep 2009 ) . `` Molecular biology , genetics and biochemistry of the repulsive guidance molecule family '' . The Biochemical Journal . 422 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 403 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20090978 . PMID 19698085 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews S , Norton I , Salunkhe AS , Goodluck H , Aly WS , Mourad - Agha H , Cornelis P ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 7 , Control of Iron Metabolism in Bacteria '' . In Banci L. Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 12 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1_7 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5560 - 4 . electronic - book ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1 ISSN 1559 - 0836 electronic - ISSN 1868 - 0402 Andrews NC ( May 2004 ) . `` Anemia of inflammation : the cytokine - hepcidin link '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 113 ( 9 ) : 1251 -- 3 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI21441 . PMC 398435 . PMID 15124013 . Camaschella C ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Understanding iron homeostasis through genetic analysis of hemochromatosis and related disorders '' . Blood . 106 ( 12 ) : 3710 -- 7 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 05 - 1857 . PMID 16030190 . Frazer DM , Anderson GJ ( Oct 2005 ) . `` Iron imports . I. Intestinal iron absorption and its regulation '' . American Journal of Physiology . Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 289 ( 4 ) : G631 -- 5 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpgi. 00220.2005 . PMID 16160078 .",
"17": "Insel P , Ross D , McMahon K , Bernstein M ( 2011 ) . `` Iron '' . Nutrition ( 4th ed . ) . Sudbury , Massachusetts : Jones and Bartlett Publishers . pp. 510 -- 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7663 - 3 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . See esp . pp. 513 - 514 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Lammi - Keef CJ , Couch SC , Philipson EH , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Dietary diversification and modification of iron '' . Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy . Nutrition & Health . Totowa , New Jersey : Humana Press . pp. 350 -- 351 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 112 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59745 - 112 - 3 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Panel on Micronutrients ; Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes ; the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes ( 2001 ) . `` Iron '' . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A , Vitamin K , Arsenic , Boron , Chromium , Copper , Iodine , Iron , Manganese , Molybdenum , Nickel , Silicon , Vanadium , and Zinc . Washington , D.C : Food and Nutrition Board , Institute of Medicine . pp. 290 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 07279 - 3 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Reilly C ( 2004 ) . `` Iron '' . The Nutritional Trace Metals . Oxford , UK & Ames , Iowa : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 35 -- 81 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1040 - 6 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 .",
"18": "External links ( edit ) A comprehensive NIH factsheet on iron and nutrition Iron Disorders Institute : A nonprofit group concerned with iron disorders ; site has helpful links and information on iron - related medical disorders . An interactive medical learning portal on iron metabolism Information about iron outside the body Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis ,",
"19": "lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Metal metabolism Transition metal Iron metabolism Absorption in Duodenum Iron ( II ) oxide : DMT1 ( SLC11A2 ) Ferritin Hephaestin / Ferroportin ( SLC11A3 / SLC40A1 ) Transferrin to Transferrin receptor TFR1 TFR2 Iron ( III ) oxide : Duodenal cytochrome B Integrin Calreticulin / mobilferrin Ferritin Other Iron - binding proteins : Ferritin Hepcidin / HAMP Hemojuvelin Iron - responsive element - binding protein Aconitase Ceruloplasmin HFE Hemosiderin Lactoferrin Copper metabolism ATP7A ATP7B Ceruloplasmin SLC31A1 ATOX1 Zinc metabolism TMC6 TMC8 SLC30A1 SLC39A4 Electrolyte Sodium metabolism Na / K - ATPase Phosphate metabolism Phosphoric acids and phosphates Magnesium metabolism Magnesium transporter Calcium metabolism Calcium - sensing receptor Calcium - binding protein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"20": "php?title=Human_iron_metabolism&oldid=824346301 '' Categories : Iron metabolism Hematology Human homeostasis Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Română 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the last time ny rangers won stanley cup
|
[
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{
"0": "New York Rangers - Wikipedia New York Rangers Jump to : navigation , search New York Rangers 2017 -- 18 New York Rangers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1926 History New York Rangers 1926 -- present Home arena Madison Square Garden City New York City , New York Colors Blue , red , white Media MSG MSG Plus ESPN ( 98.7 FM ) ESPN Deportes ( 1050 AM ) NBCSN Owner ( s ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Captain Ryan McDonagh Minor league affiliates Hartford Wolf Pack ( AHL ) Greenville Swamp Rabbits ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 ) Conference championships 2 ( 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 ) Presidents ' Trophy 3 ( 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 ) Division championships 8 ( 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Official website nhl.com/rangers The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , located in the borough of Manhattan . The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL , having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise . They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs .",
"1": "The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup , which they have done four times , most recently in 1993 -- 94 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) 1.2 Post-Original Six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) 1.3 Ending the curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) 1.4 Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.4. 1 Return to the final and third Presidents ' Trophy 1.5 Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Uniforms 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Team captains 4.3 General managers 4.4 Head coaches 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Hall of Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) 5.2. 1 Players 5.2. 2 Builders 5.2. 3 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) 5.3 First - round draft picks 5.4 Single - season records 5.5 Franchise scoring leaders 5.6 NHL awards and trophies 6 Broadcast history 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Rangers Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) George Lewis `` Tex '' Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded an NHL franchise for the 1926 -- 27 season to compete with the now - defunct New York Americans , who had begun play at the Garden the previous season . The Americans ( also known as the `` Amerks '' ) proved to be an even greater success than expected during their inaugural season , leading Rickard to pursue a second team for the Garden despite promising the Amerks that they were going to be the only hockey team to play there . The new team was quickly nicknamed `` Tex 's Rangers '' . Tex Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded the Rangers in 1926 .",
"2": "Rickard 's franchise began play in the 1926 -- 27 season . The first team crest was a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft , before being changed to the familiar R-A-N-G-E-R-S in diagonal . Rickard managed to get future legendary Toronto Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe to assemble the team . However , Smythe had a falling - out with Rickard 's hockey man , Col. John S. Hammond , and was fired as manager - coach on the eve of the first season -- he was paid a then - hefty $2,500 to leave . Smythe was replaced by Pacific Coast Hockey Association co-founder Lester Patrick . The new team Smythe assembled turned out to be a winner . The Rangers won the American Division title their first year but lost to the Boston Bruins in the playoffs . The team 's early success led to players becoming minor celebrities and fixtures in New York City 's Roaring Twenties ' nightlife . It was also during this time , playing at the Garden on 48th Street , blocks away from Times Square , that the Rangers obtained their now - famous nickname `` The Broadway Blueshirts . '' On December 13 , 1929 , the New York Rangers became the first team in the NHL to travel by plane when they hired the Curtiss - Wright Corporation to fly them to Toronto for a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs , which they lost 7 -- 6 . In only their second season , the Rangers won the Stanley Cup , defeating the Montreal Maroons three games to two . One of the most memorable stories that emerged from the finals involved Patrick playing in goal at the age of 44 . At the time , teams were not required to dress a backup goaltender , so when the Rangers ' starting goaltender , Lorne Chabot , left a game with an eye injury , Maroons Head Coach Eddie Gerard vetoed his original choice for a replacement ( who was Alex Connell , another NHL goalie of the old Ottawa Senators who was in attendance for the game ) . An angry Patrick lined up between the pipes for two periods in game two of the finals , allowing one goal to Maroons center Nels Stewart . Frank Boucher scored the game - winning goal in overtime for New York .",
"3": "After a loss to the Bruins in the 1928 -- 29 finals and an early struggle in the early 1930s , the Rangers , led by brothers Bill and Bun Cook on the right and left wings , respectively , and Frank Boucher at center , defeated the Maple Leafs in the 1932 -- 33 best - of - five finals three games to one to win their second Stanley Cup , exacting revenge on the Leafs ' `` Kid line '' of Busher Jackson , Joe Primeau and Charlie Conacher . The Rangers spent the rest of the 1930s playing close to 0.500 hockey until their next Cup win . Lester Patrick stepped down as head coach and was replaced by Frank Boucher . The Bread Line was the Rangers ' first notable line . Consisting of Bill Cook , Bun Cook and Frank Boucher , they played together from 1926 to 1937 . In 1939 -- 40 season , the Rangers finished the regular season in second place behind Boston . The two teams then met in the first round of the playoffs . The Bruins gained a two - games - to - one series lead from New York , but the Rangers recovered to win three - straight games , defeating the first - place Bruins four games to two . The Rangers ' first round victory gave them a bye until the finals . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Americans in their first round best - of - three series two games to one ( even as the Americans had analytical and notorious ex-Bruins star Eddie Shore ) , and the Toronto Maple Leafs ousted the Chicago Black Hawks two games to none . The Maple Leafs and Red Wings then played a best - of - three series to determine who played the Rangers in the finals , where Toronto swept Detroit , thus determining the match - up . The 1940 Stanley Cup finals commenced in Madison Square Garden in New York . The first two games went to the Rangers . In game one , the Rangers needed overtime to gain a 1 -- 0 series lead , but they won game two more easily with a 6 -- 2 victory . The series then shifted to Toronto , where the Maple Leafs won the next two games , tying the series at two games apiece . In both games five and six , the Rangers won in overtime , taking the series four games to two to earn their third Stanley Cup .",
"4": "The Rangers , however , collapsed by the mid-1940s , losing games by as much as 15 -- 0 and having one goaltender post a 6.20 goals against average ( GAA ) . They missed the playoffs for five consecutive seasons before they earned the fourth and final playoff spot in 1948 . They lost in the first round and missed the playoffs again in 1948 -- 49 season . In the 1950 Stanley Cup finals , the Rangers were forced to play all of their games on the road ( home games in Toronto ) while the circus was held at the Garden . They lost to the Detroit Red Wings in overtime in the seventh game of the finals . During this time , Red Wings owner James E. Norris became the largest stockholder in the Garden . However , he did not buy controlling interest in the arena , which would have violated the NHL 's rule against one person owning more than one team . Nonetheless , he had enough support on the board to exercise de facto control . The Rangers remained a mark of futility in the NHL for most of the remainder of the Original Six era , missing the playoffs in 12 of the next 16 years . However , the team was rejuvenated in the late 1960s , symbolized by moving into the fourth version of Madison Square Garden in 1968 . A year earlier , they made the playoffs for the first time in five years on the strength of rookie goaltender Eddie Giacomin and acquired 1950s Montreal Canadiens star right wing Bernie `` Boom Boom '' Geoffrion . Post-original six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) The Rangers made the finals twice in the 1970s , but lost both times to two ' 70s powerhouses ; in six games to the Boston Bruins in 1972 , who were led by such stars as Bobby Orr , Phil Esposito , Ken Hodge , Johnny Bucyk and Wayne Cashman ; and in five games to the Canadiens in 1979 , who had Bob Gainey , Guy Lafleur , Larry Robinson , Ken Dryden , Guy Lapointe and Serge Savard .",
"5": "By 1971 -- 72 , the Rangers reached the Stanley Cup finals despite losing high - scoring center Jean Ratelle ( who had been on pace over Bruin Phil Esposito to become the first Ranger since Bryan Hextall in 1942 to lead the NHL in scoring ) to injury during the stretch drive of the regular season . The strength of players such as Brad Park , Jean Ratelle , Vic Hadfield and Rod Gilbert ( the last three constructing the famed `` GAG line '' , standing for `` goal - a-game '' ) carried them through the playoffs . They defeated the defending - champion Canadiens in the first round and the Chicago Black Hawks in the second , but lost to the Bruins in the finals . Jean Ratelle played with the Rangers from 1960 to 1975 , helping the Rangers reach the playoffs during the expansion era . The Rangers played a legendary conference semi-final series against the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1973 -- 74 playoffs , losing in seven games and becoming the first of the Original Six teams to lose a playoff series to a 1967 expansion team . This series was noted for a game seven fight between Dale Rolfe of the Rangers and Dave Schultz of the Flyers . The Rangers ' new rivals , the New York Islanders , who entered the League in 1972 after paying a hefty territorial fee -- some $4 million -- to the Rangers , were their first round opponents in 1975 . After splitting the first two games , the Islanders defeated the more - established Rangers 11 seconds into overtime of the deciding game three , establishing a rivalry that continued to grow for years . After some off years in the mid-to - late 1970s , New York acquired Esposito and Carol Vadnais from the Bruins for Park , Ratelle and Joe Zanussi in 1975 , while Swedish stars Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson jumped to the Rangers from the League 's rival , the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . In 1979 , New York then defeated the surging Islanders in the conference semi-finals and returned to the finals again before bowing out to the Canadiens . The Islanders got their revenge , however , eliminating the Rangers in four consecutive playoff series beginning in 1981 en route to their second of four consecutive Stanley Cup titles .",
"6": "The Rangers stayed competitive through the 1980s and early 1990s , making the playoffs each year . In the 1985 -- 86 playoffs , the Rangers , behind the play of rookie goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck , upended the Patrick Division - winning Flyers in five games followed by a six - game win over the Washington Capitals in the Patrick Division finals . Montreal , however , disposed of the Rangers in the Wales Conference finals behind a rookie goaltender of their own , Patrick Roy . The next year , the Rangers acquired superstar center Marcel Dionne after almost 12 years as a Los Angeles King . In 1988 , Dionne moved into third place in career goals scored ( since bettered by Brett Hull ) . `` Because you love the game so much , you think it will never end '' , said Dionne , who spent nine games in the minors before retiring in 1989 . He played only 49 playoff games in 17 seasons with the Rangers , Kings and Detroit Red Wings . Frustration was at its peak when the 1991 -- 92 squad captured the Presidents ' Trophy . They took a 2 -- 1 series lead on the defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins and then faltered in three - straight ( some observers note a Ron Francis slapshot from the blue line that eluded goaltender Mike Richter as the series ' turning point ) . The following year , injuries and a 1 -- 11 regular season finish landed the Rangers at the bottom of the Patrick Division after being in a playoff position for much of the season . Head Coach Roger Neilson did not finish the season . During this period , the Rangers were owned by Gulf + Western , which was renamed to Paramount Communications in 1989 , and sold to Viacom in 1994 . Viacom then sold the team to ITT Corporation and Cablevision , and a couple of years later , ITT sold their ownership stake to Cablevision , who owned the team until 2010 , when they spun off the MSG properties as their own company . Ending the Curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) The 1993 -- 94 season was a successful one for Rangers fans , as Mike Keenan led the Rangers to their first Stanley Cup championship in 54 years .",
"7": "Two years prior , they picked up center Mark Messier , a part of the Edmonton Oilers ' Cup - winning teams . Other ex-Oilers on the Rangers included Adam Graves , Kevin Lowe , Jeff Beukeboom , Esa Tikkanen , Craig MacTavish and Glenn Anderson . Graves set a team record with 52 goals , breaking the prior record of 50 held by Vic Hadfield . The Rangers clinched the Presidents ' Trophy by finishing with the best record in the NHL at 52 -- 24 -- 8 , setting a franchise record with 112 points earned . The Rangers successfully made it past the first two rounds of the playoffs , sweeping the New York Islanders , and then defeating the Washington Capitals in five games . However , in the conference finals against the third - seeded New Jersey Devils , the Rangers lost the series opener at home in double overtime , but won the next two games before the Devils defeated them 3 -- 1 and 4 -- 1 . The series headed back to the Meadowlands for the sixth game , in which Messier scored three times in the final period to lead the Rangers to a 4 -- 2 win and set up a seventh game back at Madison Square Garden . The Rangers won game seven 2 -- 1 , when Stéphane Matteau scored a goal in double overtime , leading the team to the finals for the first time since 1979 . The Rangers acquired Wayne Gretzky as a free agent in the 1996 off - season . Up against the Vancouver Canucks , the Rangers again lost the series opener at home in overtime . The Rangers bounced back and they won the next three games , allowing the Canucks just four goals . However , the Canucks won the next two 6 -- 3 and 4 -- 1 to set up a seventh game , for the second consecutive series , at home . In the seventh game , the Rangers took a 2 -- 0 first period lead , with Messier scoring later to put the Rangers up 3 -- 1 , the eventual Cup winning goal as the home team won 3 -- 2 , becoming the first ( and to this date , the only ) player to captain two teams to the Stanley Cup .",
"8": "Brian Leetch became the first American - born player to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP , while Alexander Karpovtsev , Alexei Kovalev , Sergei Nemchinov and Sergei Zubov became the first Russians to have their names engraved on the Cup . Despite having coached the Rangers to a regular season first - place finish and the Stanley Cup , Head Coach Mike Keenan left after a dispute with General Manager Neil Smith . During the 1994 -- 95 lockout - shortened season , the Rangers won their first - round series with the Quebec Nordiques , but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Philadelphia Flyers in four games with succeeding Head Coach Colin Campbell . General Manager Neil Smith orchestrated a deal that sent Sergei Zubov and center Petr Nedved to Pittsburgh in exchange for defenseman Ulf Samuelsson and left winger Luc Robitaille in the summer of 1995 . The next season , the Rangers defeated the Canadiens in six games but lost their second round series to the Penguins in five games . The Rangers then acquired Wayne Gretzky in 1996 . Gretzky 's greatest accomplishment with the Rangers was leading them to the 1997 Eastern Conference finals , where they lost 4 -- 1 to the Flyers , who were then led by Eric Lindros . Mark Messier , a former Oiler teammate of Gretzky 's , left in the summer of 1997 and the team failed in a bid to replace him with Colorado Avalanche superstar Joe Sakic . The Rangers missed the playoffs for seven consecutive seasons , finishing no higher than fourth in their division . In March 2000 , Smith was fired along with head coach John Muckler , and that summer , James Dolan hired Glen Sather to replace him . By the end of the 2000 -- 01 season , the Rangers had landed a significant amount of star power . Messier had returned to New York , Theoren Fleury joined the Rangers after spending most of his career with the Calgary Flames and Eric Lindros was traded to the Rangers by the Flyers . The Rangers also acquired Pavel Bure late in the 2001 -- 02 season from the Florida Panthers . It was also the rookie season of goalie Dan Blackburn , who made the NHL All - Rookie Team even as the Rangers fell back to last place in the Conference , and finished out of the playoffs .",
"9": "Later years saw other stars such as Alexei Kovalev , Jaromir Jagr , Martin Rucinsky and Bobby Holik added , but in 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 , the team again missed the playoffs . Blackburn started strongly in 2002 -- 03 , but burned out after 17 games . He missed 2003 -- 04 due to mononucleosis and a damaged nerve in his left shoulder . Blackburn could not rehabilitate the damaged nerve , and was forced to retire at the age of 22 . Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Towards the end of the 2003 -- 04 season , General Manager Glen Sather finally gave in to a rebuilding process by trading away Brian Leetch , Alexei Kovalev , and eight others for numerous prospects and draft picks . With the retirements of Pavel Bure and Mark Messier , as well as Eric Lindros signing with the Toronto Maple Leafs , the post-lockout Rangers , under new head coach Tom Renney , moved away from high - priced veterans towards a group of talented young players , such as Petr Prucha , Dominic Moore and Blair Betts . However , the focus of the team remained on veteran superstar Jaromir Jagr . The Rangers were expected to struggle during the 2005 -- 06 season for their eighth consecutive season out of the post-season . For example , Sports Illustrated declared them the worst team in the League in their season preview , but behind stellar performances by Swedish rookie goaltender Henrik Lundqvist , Martin Straka , Prucha and Jagr , the Rangers finished the season with their best record since 1993 -- 94 ( 44 -- 26 -- 12 ) . Jaromír Jágr was an instrumental part of the Rangers in the years following the lock - out . He played with the Rangers from 2004 to 2008 .",
"10": "Jagr broke the Rangers ' single - season points record with a first - period assist in a 5 -- 1 win against the New York Islanders on March 29 , 2006 . The assist gave him 110 points on the season , breaking Jean Ratelle 's record . Less than two weeks later , on April 8 , Jagr scored his 53rd goal of the season against the Boston Bruins , breaking the club record previously held by Adam Graves . Two games prior , on April 4 , the Rangers defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 , in a shootout , to clinch a playoff spot for the first time since the 1996 -- 97 season . On April 18 , the Rangers lost to the Ottawa Senators 5 -- 1 , and , due to wins by Division rivals New Jersey and Philadelphia , the Rangers fell back to third place in the Atlantic and sixth in the Eastern Conference to end the season . In the Eastern Conference quarterfinals , the Rangers drew a matchup with the Devils and were defeated in a four - game sweep . In the process , they were outscored 17 -- 4 , as New Jersey goaltender Martin Brodeur took two shutouts and a 1.00 GAA to Lundqvist 's 4.25 . In the first game of the series , Jagr suffered an undisclosed injury to his left shoulder , diminishing his usefulness as the series progressed . He missed game two of the series and was back in the lineup for game three , though he was held to just one shot on goal . On his first shift of game four , however , Jagr re-injured his shoulder and was unable to return for the remainder of the game . Jagr fell two points short of winning his sixth Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 2005 -- 06 ( the San Jose Sharks ' Joe Thornton claimed the award , his first , with 125 points ) , but Jagr did win his third Pearson Award as the players ' choice for the most outstanding player . On opening night of the 2006 -- 07 season , Jagr was named the first team captain since Mark Messier 's retirement . With the Rangers doing so well in 2005 -- 06 , expectations were raised for the 2006 -- 07 season , evidenced by Sports Illustrated then predicting a first - place finish in their division .",
"11": "Realizing that the team had trouble scoring goals in the 2005 -- 06 campaign , the Rangers went out and signed long - time Detroit Red Wing Brendan Shanahan to a one - year contract . However , the organization remained committed to its rebuilding program despite the signing of the 37 - year - old left winger . Though the Rangers started a bit slow in the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , the second half was dominated by the stellar goaltending of Henrik Lundqvist . The acquisition of Sean Avery brought new life to the team , and the Rangers finished ahead of the Tampa Bay Lightning and the New York Islanders to face the Atlanta Thrashers in the first round of the playoffs . The Rangers swept the series thanks to play from all around the ice . However , the Rangers lost the next round to the Buffalo Sabres by four games to two . John Tortorella was named the team 's head coach in 2009 , maintaining the position until 2013 . At the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Rangers chose Alexei Cherepanov 17th overall . Cherepanov had been ranked by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the number one European skater and was considered to be a top five pick leading up to the draft , but fell due to teams being unsure whether he would ever come to the NHL from Russia . The 2007 free agency season started with a bang for the Rangers , signing two high - profile centerman , Scott Gomez from New Jersey on a seven - year , $51.5 million contract , as well as Chris Drury from Buffalo on a five - year , $32.25 million deal . The moves , along with retaining most other key players , have been met favorably , as the Rangers appeared to be strong Stanley Cup contenders , making the playoffs for the third consecutive season and the second round for the second season in a row . Despite these streaks , however , the Rangers failed to meet expectations , losing their second round series four games to one to the Pittsburgh Penguins . The Rangers were one of four NHL teams to open their 2008 -- 09 season in Europe , being featured in the Victoria Cup final , defeating the European Champions Cup winner Metallurg Magnitogorsk in Bern , Switzerland .",
"12": "The Rangers followed by playing two NHL regular - season games against Tampa Bay in Prague on October 4 and 5 , winning both games by 2 -- 1 scorelines . A successful start to the season , however , was tempered with by the news of the death of 2007 first - round pick Alexei Cherepanov on October 13 , 2008 . After a disappointing second half of the season , coach Tom Renney was fired , with 2004 Stanley Cup winner John Tortorella named as his replacement . The Rangers made the 2009 playoffs , but lost their opening round series to the Washington Capitals four games to three after having a 3 -- 1 series lead and a three chances to close the series . In the 2009 -- 10 season , the Rangers failed to make the playoffs for the first time in five years . There was some criticism that the off - season acquisition of superstar Marian Gaborik , amongst other top - tier players , had not paid off ; Gaborik , however , scored 42 goals in the season , an impressive return for the team . In spite of a strong start ( 8 -- 2 ) to the season , the Rangers appeared to play inconsistently with numerous losing streaks . By March 2010 , the Rangers were in danger of falling out of the 2010 playoff race entirely , but they registered a respectable 7 -- 1 -- 2 record to finish the season . The final two games of the season were a home - and - home against the Philadelphia Flyers . The first was April 9 , 2010 , in New York , and the Rangers skated away with the victory , keeping their post-season hopes alive . The final game of the season became the deciding game to determine who would make the playoffs . The Flyers peppered the Rangers goalie Henrik Lundqvist with 47 shots , but scored only once . The game went to a shootout , and the Flyers prevailed to move on to the playoffs despite the strong overall finish to the season by the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in Rangers history . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers waived defenseman Wade Redden and brought in several players to achieve more balanced scoring . They wore a third jersey for the first time in several years .",
"13": "On November 12 , the Rangers unveiled the new Heritage Jersey for the first time at the rink at Rockefeller Center in a special ceremony featuring Rangers alumni and current players discussing the history of the storied franchise . The club wore the jersey for the first time on November 17 when they played the Boston Bruins at Madison Square Garden . The jersey was to be worn every time the Rangers play an Original Six team , or on a Sunday afternoon game at home . The Rangers ' fate of making or missing the playoffs came down to the final day of the regular season for the second - straight year . The team defeated the New Jersey Devils on the final day of the season to finish with 93 points on the year . In order to qualify for the 2011 playoffs , however , they needed the Carolina Hurricanes to lose their final game of the season , as Carolina owned the tiebreaker as both teams finished with the same number of points . Carolina lost its final game to Tampa Bay , 6 -- 2 , putting the Rangers in the playoffs after missing - out the previous season . The Rangers then faced Washington in the first round . After blowing a 3 -- 0 third period lead in game four , with Washington ahead in the best - of - seven series two games to one , the Rangers lost the series in five games . It was the second time in three years that the Capitals eliminated the Rangers from the playoffs . On May 13 , 2011 , Derek Boogaard , a player whom the Rangers signed for four years , was found dead in his Minnesota apartment . On July 2 , 2011 , Brad Richards , an unrestricted free agent who had played with the Dallas Stars during the prior season , signed a nine - year , $60 million contract to play for the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in New York Rangers history . He became the fifth - youngest captain in team history . Brad Richards and Marc Staal were named alternate captains on the same day . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Rangers finished as the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Recording 51 wins , 24 regulation losses and seven overtime losses , the team finished with 109 points for the regular season .",
"14": "Their leading goal - scorer for the regular season was Marian Gaborik , who finished the season with 41 goals while playing all 82 games . The Rangers , however , missed - out on the Presidents ' Trophy on the final day of the season to the Vancouver Canucks after a 4 -- 1 loss to Washington . In the first round of the playoffs , the Rangers faced the eighth - seeded Ottawa Senators . After falling behind 3 -- 2 in the series , the Rangers bounced back to win game six in Ottawa , as well as the deciding game seven at home , propelling them to the conference semi-finals . In the semi-finals , the Rangers faced the Capitals . In game three , Marian Gaborik received a pass from Brad Richards to seal a victory 14 : 41 into the third overtime , giving the Rangers a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . Washington then came back to tie the series 2 -- 2 in game four . The Rangers avoided going down 3 -- 2 in the series when Richards tied game five at 2 -- 2 with just 6.6 seconds left in the third period . The goal was scored on a power - play as a result of a high - sticking double - minor committed by Washington 's Joel Ward on Rangers ' forward Carl Hagelin . Then , in overtime , Rangers defenseman Marc Staal scored on the second penalty of the double - minor just 1 : 35 into overtime , giving the Rangers a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Rangers went on to win the series 4 -- 3 , sending them to the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 1997 . In the conference finals , they faced the New Jersey Devils , a major divisional rival . The Rangers lost game six in New Jersey , giving the Devils a 4 -- 2 series win and ending the Rangers ' season . Return to the final and third Presidents ' Trophy ( edit ) After the 2011 -- 12 season and during the 2013 season , the Rangers signed Aaron Asham , Matt Gilroy , Micheal Haley , Jeff Halpern , Darroll Powe and Roman Hamrlik .",
"15": "During that off - season , they also traded Brandon Dubinsky , Artem Anisimov , Tim Erixon and a 2013 first - round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for All - Star Rick Nash , Steven Delisle and a 2013 conditional third - round pick . At the NHL trade deadline , the Rangers then traded Marian Gaborik to Columbus for Derick Brassard , Derek Dorsett and John Moore . After the Rangers were eliminated from the second round of the playoffs by Boston , management fired Head Coach John Tortorella , and on June 21 , 2013 , General Manager Glen Sather formally introduced ex-Canucks Head Coach Alain Vigneault as Tortorella 's replacement , becoming the 35th head coach in franchise history . The Rangers acquired Rick Nash in a multi-player trade with the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2012 . On March 5 , 2014 , the Rangers traded their captain Ryan Callahan , a first - round draft pick in 2015 , and a second - rounder in 2014 for Tampa Bay captain Martin St. Louis . The trade occurred in large part after the Rangers and Callahan were unable to reach a contract extension in the days leading up to the deadline . During the regular season , the Rangers won 25 road games , setting a new franchise best . In the first round of the 2014 playoffs , New York defeated Philadelphia in seven games , and in the next round , the Rangers rallied from a 3 -- 1 series deficit for the first time in their history to defeat Pittsburgh in seven games . They then defeated the Montreal Canadiens in six games to become the Eastern Conference champions , moving on to the Stanley Cup finals for the first time in 20 years . In the finals they faced the Los Angeles Kings , the Western Conference champions and champions in 2012 . The Rangers led the first two games by two goals and eventually fell in overtime , and were then shut - out at home 3 -- 0 in game three . The Kings outshot the Rangers in game four , but the Rangers staved off elimination by winning the game 2 -- 1 to force a game five in Los Angeles .",
"16": "They had another lead in game five , but after the game was tied and subsequently sent to overtime , Kings defenseman Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in the second overtime period to win the game for Los Angeles , 3 -- 2 , as well as the Stanley Cup . On June 20 , 2014 , a week after their season ended , the Rangers bought - out the remaining six years of Brad Richards ' contract in order to free up salary cap space . This move left Marc Staal and Dan Girardi as the team 's remaining alternate captains . On October 6 , 2014 , defenseman Ryan McDonagh was named the Rangers ' 27th captain in team history , with Derek Stepan , Dan Girardi , Marc Staal and Martin St. Louis serving as alternates . The Rangers won the Presidents ' Trophy for the third time in franchise history , also finishing in first place in the Metropolitan Division with 113 points . After dispatching the Pittsburgh Penguins in five games in the first round , they came back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win their series against the Capitals in seven games . However , after winning the first game against the Tampa Bay Lightning , the Rangers lost game two by four goals . The two teams split the first four games of the series , but the Rangers lost game five by a 2 -- 0 scoreline at home , which gave the Lightning an opportunity to clinch the conference finals in Tampa Bay . This did not happen in game six , however , as Derick Brassard scored a hat trick and assisted on two other goals in an emphatic 7 -- 3 Rangers victory to force a game seven in New York . In game seven , however , the Lightning shutout the Rangers 2 -- 0 , thereby ending the Rangers ' season and marking the first occasion the Rangers had ever lost a game seven at home in franchise history ( and the first time they lost an elimination game at home since they lost to Buffalo in 2007 ) . Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2015 , Glen Sather stepped down as the general manager , and Jeff Gorton took his place , becoming the eleventh general manager in team history . The team then signed Dylan McIlrath , Emerson Etem , and re-signed with J.T.",
"17": "Miller and Derek Stepan . On July 2 , 2015 , St. Louis announced his retirement . The Rangers subsequently traded Carl Hagelin and Cam Talbot for Emerson Etem and various draft picks , with Antti Raanta becoming the backup goaltender to Lundqvist . The Rangers started off the season well . After 18 games , they had a 14 -- 2 -- 2 record and a 9 - game winning streak , which was eventually halted by the Tampa Bay Lightning . However , the organization soon went downhill in the winter , losing three straight games against the Montreal Canadiens , Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers . They eventually posted a 4 -- 7 -- 2 record in December for only 10 points . In January the Rangers started playing more efficiently , posting a fair 6 -- 4 -- 1 record , and improved in February by going on a 10 -- 3 -- 1 run without any back - to - back losses . On February 29 , 2016 , the Rangers acquired the Carolina Hurricanes ' captain Eric Staal , who later left the team after the season . The Rangers finished the season with 101 points for back - to - back 100 + point seasons . Despite high hopes , the Rangers were eliminated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the 2016 playoffs in five games . During the off - season , the Rangers released Dominic Moore among several other players , while re-signing Ranta and signing Pavel Buchnevich on an entry - level contract . The team also added Michael Grabner , Brandon Pirri , Josh Jooris , traded their leading scorer Derick Brassard in exchange for Mika Zibanejad , and signed the much - anticipated Jimmy Vesey . The Rangers finished the 2016 -- 17 season in fourth place in the Metropolitan Division with 102 points . In the first round of the playoffs , they won their series with the Montreal Canadiens in six games . In the second game of their second round series with the Ottawa Senators , the Rangers held a two - goal lead on three different occasions , but lost in the second overtime , putting themselves in a 2 -- 0 series deficit . The team responded with consecutive 4 -- 1 home wins in games 3 and 4 to tie the series at two games apiece .",
"18": "However , in the next two games of the series , the Rangers faltered , and were eliminated by the Senators in six games . On June 14 , 2017 , the Rangers announced a buyout of the remaining three years on Dan Girardi 's contract . Just over a week later , the Rangers traded Derek Stepan and Antti Raanta to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for a 1st - round draft pick and former 1st - round pick , Anthony DeAngelo . The Rangers management were also successful in signing top free agent defenseman , Kevin Shattenkirk on July 1 , 2017 , to a four - year deal . Uniforms ( edit ) The classic Rangers sweater has been in use since the franchise 's foundation , with several alterations along the way . The current blue uniform has the serifed word `` Rangers '' in red and white drop shadow arranged diagonally , with red and white stripes on the sleeves and tail . Originally , the uniform was light blue , before it switched to a darker classic Rangers `` Broadway Blue '' in 1929 . In addition , the original versions neither had a drop shadow nor were serifed . During the 1946 -- 47 season , the word `` Rangers '' was arranged in an arch form above the sweater number . It adopted its current form the next season , along with dropshadowed numbers , except for a brief period where the city name was used , a tie - down collar was not used and the tail and sleeve stripes were separated by thin blue stripes . Red pants have been used with the uniform since the 1929 -- 30 season . The white jerseys were first unveiled in the 1951 -- 52 season , as part of a mandate that regulated NHL teams to have a dark home jersey and a light away jersey . The serifed word `` Rangers '' is also arranged diagonally , but in blue with red drop shadow . A quinticolor of blue , white and red stripes accentuate the tail and sleeves , while a blue shoulder yoke with white and red stripes completes the look . The white sweaters , with minor changes such as a tie - down collar and arched player names , have remained virtually unchanged since . During the tenure of General Manager John Ferguson , Sr.",
"19": ", he sought to modernize the Rangers sweater by featuring rounded numbers , a darker shade of blue and the shield logo , which was unveiled in the 1976 -- 77 season . A blue and red stripe ( white and red stripe in the blue sweaters ) extend from the yoke to the sleeves , while blue pants were used . However , it proved unpopular with the fans , and following the 1977 -- 78 season it was replaced by an updated version of their classic uniforms . Ferguson used this similar design when he became GM of the original Winnipeg Jets . From 1998 to 2007 the Rangers ' alternate jersey featured the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation below it . The modernized classic uniforms introduced in 1978 featured some subtle changes . Both jerseys featured a V - neck collar in a red - white - red pattern , and bolder stripes on the sleeves and waistline . On the blue jersey , the red and white stripes were separated by thin blue stripes , and the waistline stripes were raised above the hemline , so that the patterns on both jerseys matched . From 1978 to 1987 , the blue jersey ( then the road jersey ) featured `` NEW YORK '' diagonally across the front instead of the traditional `` RANGERS '' wordmark , similar to their current heritage alternate jerseys . In 1997 , the Rangers reverted the blue jersey 's design , restoring the old striping pattern , and becoming the first team to re-introduce lace - up collars . The white jerseys followed suit in 1999 , and the design was carried over to the Reebok Edge template in 2007 . The Rangers previously had a navy alternate jersey featuring the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation ( NYR ) below in a futuristic script . Silver was used as an accent color , but the player names and numbers retain the same color schemes as the regular jerseys , except for a darker shade of blue . With the exception of a white version used in the 1998 -- 99 season , this jersey was used from 1996 to 2007 , and proved to be highly popular with fans . During the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers debuted a heritage blue jersey as their new alternate uniform . The jersey features a darker shade a blue , as well as a cream trim .",
"20": "Unlike the regular jerseys , the font of the alternate is in sans - serif and does not feature a dropshadow , much like the original Rangers jersey . The Rangers wore the jerseys at home on Saturdays and when they played against Original Six teams . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the heritage jersey was retired because of the league - wide switch to the Adidas uniform format . In the 2012 NHL Winter Classic , the Rangers wore a cream jersey combining classic and current styles . A different version of the shield logo was used , while the player names were arranged in a straight line . The stripes were also lessened , giving it a minimalist , vintage look , as most Winter Classic jerseys are . For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Rangers used white jerseys with the city name in navy , silver and red . In addition , they feature diagonal stripes and sleeve numbers , and enlarged numbers on the back to make them more readable to spectators . The chrome version of the shield logo is placed in the left shoulder . Like the Winter Classic sweaters , player names are in a straight position . Season - by - season record ( edit ) Further information : List of New York Rangers seasons This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Rangers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Rangers seasons .",
"21": "Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime / Shootout Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 26 18 56 130 112 2nd , Atlantic Lost in conference semi-finals , 1 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 2013 -- 14 82 45 31 6 96 218 194 2nd , Metropolitan Lost in Stanley Cup finals , 1 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 53 22 7 113 252 192 1st , Metropolitan Lost in conference finals , 3 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 27 9 101 236 217 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in first round , 1 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 48 28 6 102 256 220 4th , Metropolitan Lost in second round , 2 -- 4 ( Senators ) Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated December 28 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Russia ! Buchnevich , Pavel Pavel Buchnevich 7.0 ! RW 22 2013 Cherepovets , Russia 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 United States ! Carey , Paul Paul Carey 4.0 ! C 29 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Canada ! Desharnais , David David Desharnais 4.0 !",
"22": "C 31 2017 Laurier - Station , Quebec 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Sweden ! Fast , Jesper Jesper Fast 7.0 ! RW 26 Nässjö , Sweden 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Austria ! Grabner , Michael Michael Grabner 7.0 ! RW 30 2016 Villach , Austria 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 United States ! Hayes , Kevin Kevin Hayes 4.0 ! C 25 2014 Boston , Massachusetts 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Holden , Nick Nick Holden 2.0 ! D 30 2016 St. Albert , Alberta 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 United States ! Kampfer , Steven Steven Kampfer 2.0 ! D 29 2016 Ann Arbor , Michigan 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States ! Kreider , Chris Chris Kreider 6.0 ! LW 26 2009 Boxford , Massachusetts 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 United States ! Lettieri , Vinni Vinni Lettieri 4.0 ! C 22 2017 Excelsior , Minnesota 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Sweden ! Lundqvist , Henrik Henrik Lundqvist 1.0 ! G 35 2000 Åre , Sweden 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! McDonagh , Ryan Ryan McDonagh ( C ) 2.0 ! D 28 2009 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 United States ! Miller , J.T. J.T. Miller 6.0 ! LW 24 2011 East Palestine , Ohio 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Canada !",
"23": "Nash , Rick Rick Nash ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 33 2012 Brampton , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 United States ! Nieves , Cristoval Cristoval Nieves 4.0 ! C 23 2012 Baldwinsville , New York 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Czech Republic ! Pavelec , Ondrej Ondrej Pavelec 1.0 ! G 30 2017 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 United States ! Shattenkirk , Kevin Kevin Shattenkirk 2.0 ! D 28 2017 New Rochelle , New York 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 United States ! Skjei , Brady Brady Skjei 2.0 ! D 23 2012 Lakeville , Minnesota 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Smith , Brendan Brendan Smith 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Staal , Marc Marc Staal ( A ) 2.0 ! D 30 2005 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 United States ! Vesey , Jimmy Jimmy Vesey 6.0 ! LW 24 2016 Boston , Massachusetts 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Sweden ! Zibanejad , Mika Mika Zibanejad 4.0 ! C 24 2016 Huddinge , Sweden 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Norway ! Zuccarello , Mats Mats Zuccarello ( A ) 7.0 !",
"24": "RW 30 Oslo , Norway Team captains ( edit ) Bill Cook , 1926 -- 1937 Art Coulter , 1937 -- 1942 Ott Heller , 1942 -- 1945 Neil Colville , 1945 -- 1948 Buddy O'Connor , 1949 -- 1950 Frank Eddolls , 1950 -- 1951 Allan Stanley , 1951 -- 1953 Don Raleigh , 1953 -- 1955 Harry Howell , 1955 -- 1957 George Sullivan , 1957 -- 1961 Andy Bathgate , 1961 -- 1964 Camille Henry , 1964 -- 1965 Bob Nevin , 1965 -- 1971 Vic Hadfield , 1971 -- 1974 Brad Park , 1974 -- 1975 Phil Esposito , 1975 -- 1978 Dave Maloney , 1978 -- 1980 Walt Tkaczuk , 1980 -- 1981 Barry Beck , 1981 -- 1986 Ron Greschner , 1986 -- 1987 Kelly Kisio , 1987 -- 1991 Mark Messier , 1991 -- 1997 Brian Leetch , 1997 -- 2000 Mark Messier , 2000 -- 2004 Jaromir Jagr , 2006 -- 2008 Chris Drury , 2008 -- 2011 Ryan Callahan , 2011 -- 2014 Ryan McDonagh , 2014 -- present General managers ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers general managers . The current general manager is Jeff Gorton , who was named on July 1 , 2015 . Head coaches ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers head coaches . The current head coach is Alain Vigneault , who was named on June 21 , 2013 . He has previously coached the Montreal Canadiens ( 1997 -- 2001 ) and the Vancouver Canucks ( 2006 -- 2013 ) . Team and League honors ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Retired numbers hang from the rafters of Madison Square Garden .",
"25": "The Rangers have retired eight numbers for nine players in their history , and the NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . New York Rangers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date No . Retired Eddie Giacomin 1965 -- 1976 March 15 , 1989 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 January 24 , 2008 Harry Howell 1952 -- 1969 February 22 , 2009 7 Rod Gilbert RW 1960 -- 1978 October 14 , 1979 9 Andy Bathgate RW 1954 -- 1964 February 22 , 2009 9 Adam Graves LW 1991 -- 2001 February 3 , 2009 11 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 January 12 , 2006 35 Mike Richter 1990 -- 2003 February 4 , 2004 Notes : The number was retired in honor of two different players . The Rangers will retire the No. 19 jersey in honor of Jean Ratelle during the 2017 -- 18 season . Hall of Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) ( edit ) Players ( edit ) Glenn Anderson , RW , 1994 , inducted 2008 Andy Bathgate , RW , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1978 Doug Bentley , LW , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1964 Max Bentley , C , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1966 Frank Boucher , C , 1926 -- 1944 , inducted 1958 Johnny Bower , G , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1976 Pavel Bure , RW , 2002 -- 2003 , inducted 2012 Neil Colville , C , 1936 -- 1949 , inducted 1967 Bill Cook , RW , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1952 Bun Cook , LW , 1926 -- 1936 ,",
"26": "inducted 1995 Art Coulter , D , 1935 -- 1942 , inducted 1974 Marcel Dionne , C , 1986 -- 1989 , inducted 1992 Dick Duff , LW , 1964 -- 1965 , inducted 2006 Phil Esposito , C , 1975 -- 1981 , inducted 1984 Bill Gadsby , D , 1954 -- 1961 , inducted 1970 Mike Gartner , RW , 1990 -- 1994 , inducted 2001 Bernie Geoffrion , RW , 1966 -- 1968 , inducted 1972 Eddie Giacomin , G , 1965 -- 1975 , inducted 1987 Rod Gilbert , RW , 1960 -- 1978 , inducted 1982 Wayne Gretzky , C , 1996 -- 1999 , inducted 1999 Doug Harvey , D , 1961 -- 1962 , 1963 -- 1964 , inducted 1973 Bryan Hextall , RW , 1936 -- 1948 , inducted 1969 Tim Horton , D , 1970 -- 1971 , inducted 1977 Harry Howell , D , 1952 -- 1969 , inducted 1979 Ching Johnson , D , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1958 Jari Kurri , LW , 1996 , inducted 2001 Guy Lafleur , RW , 1988 -- 1989 , inducted 1988 Pat LaFontaine , C , 1997 -- 1998 , inducted 2003 Edgar Laprade , C , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1993 Brian Leetch , D , 1987 -- 2004 , inducted 2009 Eric Lindros , C , 2001 -- 2004 , inducted 2016 Harry Lumley , G , 1943 , inducted 1980 Mark Messier , C , 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 , inducted 2007 Howie Morenz , C , 1935 -- 1936 ,",
"27": "inducted 1945 Buddy O'Connor , C , 1947 -- 1951 , inducted 1988 Brad Park , D , 1968 -- 1975 , inducted 1988 Lynn Patrick , LW , 1934 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 46 , inducted 1980 Jacques Plante , G , 1963 -- 1965 , inducted 1978 Babe Pratt , D , 1936 -- 1942 , inducted 1966 Jean Ratelle , LW , 1960 -- 1975 , inducted 1985 Chuck Rayner , G , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1973 Luc Robitaille , LW , 1995 -- 1997 , inducted 2009 Terry Sawchuk , G , 1969 -- 1970 , inducted 1971 Earl Seibert , D , 1931 -- 1936 , inducted 1963 Brendan Shanahan , LW , 2006 -- 2008 , inducted 2013 Babe Siebert , LW , 1932 -- 1935 , inducted 1964 Allan Stanley , D , 1948 -- 1954 , inducted 1981 Clint Smith , C , 1937 -- 1943 , inducted 1991 Gump Worsley , G , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1980 Builders ( edit ) Herb Brooks , Coach , 1981 -- 1985 , inducted 2006 Emile Francis , inducted 1982 William M. Jennings , inducted 1974 Roger Neilson , Coach , 1989 -- 1993 , inducted 2002 Craig Patrick , inducted 2001 Lester Patrick , inducted 1945 Lynn Patrick , inducted 1980 Glen Sather , LW , 1970 -- 1973 ; Coach , 2002 -- 2004 ; General Manager , 2000 -- 2015 ; President 2000 -- present ; inducted 1997 Fred Shero , D , 1947 -- 1950 , Coach , 1978 -- 1981 , inducted 2013 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) ( edit ) Sal Messina ,",
"28": "broadcaster , 1974 -- 2003 , awarded 2005 John Davidson , G , 1975 -- 1983 , broadcaster , 1983 -- 2006 , awarded 2009 Sam Rosen , broadcaster , 1977 -- present , awarded 2016 First - round draft picks ( edit ) 1963 : Al Osborne ( 4th overall ) 1964 : Bob Graham ( 3rd overall ) 1965 : Andre Veilleux ( 1st overall ) 1966 : Brad Park ( 2nd overall ) 1967 : Bob Dickson ( 6th overall ) 1968 : none 1969 : André Dupont ( 8th overall ) & Pierre Jarry ( 12th ) 1970 : Norm Gratton ( 11th overall ) 1971 : Steve Vickers ( 10th overall ) & Steve Durbano ( 13th ) 1972 : Al Blanchard ( 10th overall ) & Bob MacMillan ( 15th ) 1973 : Rick Middleton ( 14th overall ) 1974 : Dave Maloney ( 14th overall ) 1975 : Wayne Dillon ( 12th overall ) 1976 : Don Murdoch ( 6th overall ) 1977 : Lucien DeBlois ( 8th overall ) & Ron Duguay ( 13th ) 1978 : none 1979 : Doug Sulliman ( 13th overall ) 1980 : Jim Malone ( 14th overall ) 1981 : James Patrick ( 9th overall ) 1982 : Chris Kontos ( 15th overall ) 1983 : Dave Gagner ( 12th overall ) 1984 : Terry Carkner ( 14th overall ) 1985 : Ulf Dahlen ( 7th overall ) 1986 : Brian Leetch ( 9th overall ) 1987 : Jayson More ( 10th overall ) 1988 : none 1989 : Steven Rice ( 20th overall ) 1990 : Michael Stewart ( 13th overall )",
"29": "1991 : Alexei Kovalev ( 15th overall ) 1992 : Peter Ferraro ( 24th overall ) 1993 : Niklas Sundstrom ( 8th overall ) 1994 : Dan Cloutier ( 26th overall ) 1995 : none 1996 : Jeff Brown ( 22nd overall ) 1997 : Stefan Cherneski ( 19th overall ) 1998 : Manny Malhotra ( 7th overall ) 1999 : Pavel Brendl ( 4th overall ) & Jamie Lundmark ( 9th ) 2000 : none 2001 : Dan Blackburn ( 10th overall ) 2002 : none 2003 : Hugh Jessiman ( 12th overall ) 2004 : Al Montoya ( 6th overall ) & Lauri Korpikoski ( 19th ) 2005 : Marc Staal ( 12th overall ) 2006 : Bob Sanguinetti ( 21st overall ) 2007 : Alexei Cherepanov ( 17th overall ) 2008 : Michael Del Zotto ( 20th overall ) 2009 : Chris Kreider ( 19th overall ) 2010 : Dylan McIlrath ( 10th overall ) 2011 : J.T. Miller ( 15th overall ) 2012 : Brady Skjei ( 28th overall ) 2013 : none 2014 : none 2015 : none 2016 : none 2017 : Lias Andersson ( 7th overall ) & Filip Chytil ( 21st ) Single - season records ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recording 80 assists in the 1991 -- 92 season , Brian Leetch holds the franchise record for most assists in a season . Points : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) --",
"30": "123 Points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 102 Points by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) -- 76 Goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 54 Goals by a defenseman : Reijo Ruotsalainen ( 1984 -- 85 ) -- 28 Goals by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 36 Assists : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 80 Assists by a forward : Mark Messier ( 1991 -- 92 ) & Wayne Gretzky ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 72 Assists by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 48 Power play goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 24 Power play goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 17 Power play goals by a rookie : Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 20 Power play points : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 53 Power play points by a forward : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 52 Power play points by a rookie : Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 32 Power play assists : Brian Leetch ( 1990 -- 91 ) -- 45 Power play assists by a forward : Jaromir Jagr ( 2006 -- 07 ) -- 34 Power play assists by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 23 Even strength goals : Jean Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- 40 Even strength goals by a defenseman : Brad Park ( 1973 -- 74 ) & Ron Greschner ( 1980 -- 81 ) -- 21 Even strength goals by a rookie : Steve Vickers ( 1972 -- 73 ) & Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 28 Even strength points : Jean",
"31": "Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- 82 Even strength points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 55 Even strength points by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) & Tony Amonte ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 52 Even strength assists : Mark Messier ( 1991 -- 92 ) & Wayne Gretzky ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 46 Even strength assists by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 44 Even strength assists by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) -- 34 Short - handed goals : Theoren Fleury ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 7 Short - handed goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) & Ryan McDonagh ( 2013 -- 14 ) -- 3 Short - handed goals by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 4 Short - handed points : Mark Messier ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 11 Short - handed points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 5 Short - handed points by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 5 Short - handed assists : Mark Messier ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 7 Short - handed assists by a defenseman : James Patrick ( 1986 -- 87 ) & Brian Leetch ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 4 Short - handed assists by a rookie : Mark Heaslip ( 1977 -- 78 ) & Ryan McDonagh ( 2010 -- 11 ) -- 2 Game - winning goals : 6 players 9 Game - winning goals by a defenseman : Ron Greschner ( 1977 -- 78 ) & Tom Poti ( 2003 -- 04 ) -- 5 Game - winning goals by a rookie : Bill Cook ( 1926 -- 27 ) & Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 7 Overtime goals : Tomas Sandstrom (",
"32": "1986 -- 87 ) , Adam Graves ( 1998 -- 99 ) , & Marian Gaborik ( 2011 -- 12 ) -- 3 Overtime goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 2001 -- 02 ) , Tom Poti ( 2003 -- 04 ) , & Kevin Klein ( 2014 -- 15 ) -- 2 Empty net goals : Brandon Dubinsky ( 2010 -- 11 ) -- 5 Empty net goals by a defenseman : Ron Greschner ( 1985 -- 86 ) , James Patrick ( 1991 -- 92 ) , & Ryan McDonagh ( 2013 -- 14 ) -- 2 Plus / minus : Brad Park ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- + 63 / Ron Greschner ( 1975 -- 76 ) -- - 50 Plus / minus by a forward : Jean Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- + 61 / Rick Middleton ( 1975 -- 76 ) -- - 39 Plus / minus by a rookie : Steve Vickers ( 1972 -- 73 ) -- + 35 / Rod Seiling ( 1964 -- 65 ) -- - 37 Shots on goal : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 368 Shots on goal by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 328 Shots on goal by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 268 Penalty minutes : Troy Mallette ( 1989 -- 90 ) -- 305 Penalty minutes by a defenseman : Barry Beck ( 1980 -- 81 ) -- 231 Goaltending wins : Mike Richter ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 42 Goaltending wins by a rookie : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 30 Goaltending shutouts : John Ross Roach ( 1928 -- 1929 ) -- 13 Goaltending shutouts by a rookie : Lorne Chabot ( 1926 -- 1927 ) -- 10 All single - season records verifiable from : Official Site of the National Hockey League NHL.com Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) For more details on this topic ,",
"33": "see List of New York Rangers records . Playing with the Rangers from 1968 to 1981 , Walt Tkaczuk scored the sixth most points in the franchise ( 678 points ) . These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Rangers player Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Rod Gilbert 1960 -- 1978 RW 1,065 406 615 1,021 + 38 508 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 1,129 240 741 981 + 24 525 Jean Ratelle 1960 -- 1976 861 336 481 817 + 108 192 Andy Bathgate 1952 -- 1964 RW 719 272 457 729 -- 444 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 2000 -- 2004 698 250 441 691 + 74 667 Walt Tkaczuk 1967 -- 1981 945 227 451 678 + 184 556 Ron Greschner 1974 -- 1990 981 179 431 610 − 84 1,226 Steve Vickers 1972 -- 1982 LW 698 246 340 586 + 57 330 Vic Hadfield 1961 -- 1974 LW 841 262 310 572 + 16 1,041 Adam Graves 1991 -- 2001 LW 772 280 227 507 + 6 810 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers award winners The following lists the league awards which have been won by the Rangers team and its players and alumni : Stanley Cup 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 ,",
"34": "1993 -- 94 Victoria Cup 2008 Victoria Cup Presidents ' Trophy 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 Prince of Wales Trophy 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 O'Brien Cup 1949 -- 50 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Jean Ratelle : 1970 -- 71 Rod Gilbert : 1975 -- 76 Anders Hedberg : 1984 -- 85 Adam Graves : 2000 -- 01 Dominic Moore : 2013 -- 14 Calder Memorial Trophy Kilby MacDonald : 1939 -- 40 Grant Warwick : 1941 -- 42 Edgar Laprade : 1945 -- 46 Pentti Lund : 1948 -- 49 Gump Worsley : 1952 -- 53 Camille Henry : 1953 -- 54 Steve Vickers : 1972 -- 73 Brian Leetch : 1988 -- 89 Conn Smythe Trophy Brian Leetch : 1993 -- 94 Hart Memorial Trophy Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Chuck Rayner : 1949 -- 50 Andy Bathgate : 1958 -- 59 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 James Norris Memorial Trophy Doug Harvey : 1961 -- 62 Harry Howell : 1966 -- 67 Brian Leetch : 1991 -- 92 , 1996 -- 97 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Adam Graves : 1993 -- 94 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Frank Boucher : 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Clint Smith : 1938 -- 39 Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Edgar Laprade : 1949 -- 50 Andy Hebenton : 1956 -- 57 Camille Henry : 1957 -- 58 Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 ,",
"35": "1975 -- 76 Wayne Gretzky : 1998 -- 99 Lester Patrick Trophy William M. Jennings : 1970 -- 71 Terry Sawchuk : 1970 -- 71 Phil Esposito : 1977 -- 78 Fred Shero : 1979 -- 80 Emile Francis : 1981 -- 82 Lynn Patrick : 1988 -- 89 Rod Gilbert : 1990 -- 91 Frank Boucher : 1992 -- 93 Brian Mullen : 1994 -- 95 Herb Brooks : 2001 -- 02 John Davidson : 2003 -- 04 Brian Leetch & John Halligan : 2006 -- 07 Lester B. Pearson Award Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 Jaromir Jagr : 2005 -- 06 NHL Plus - Minus Award Michal Rozsival : 2005 -- 06 ( shared with Wade Redden of the Ottawa Senators ) Vezina Trophy Dave Kerr : 1939 -- 40 Eddie Giacomin & Gilles Villemure : 1970 -- 71 John Vanbiesbrouck : 1985 -- 86 Henrik Lundqvist : 2011 -- 12 Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers broadcasters Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Directory 2016 - 17 '' . New York Rangers . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Crest '' ( PDF ) . New York Rangers . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( May 14 , 1995 ) . `` Sports of The Times -- At Boston Garden , There 's Much More Gold Than Green '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vecsey , George ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Houston Finally Has an Edge '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boland Jr.",
"36": ", Ed ( February 16 , 2003 ) . `` F.Y.I '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When the Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . LCCN 73007485 . OCLC 799524 . OL 5415647M . Even before our training camp opened we were widely known as Tex 's Rangers , a name given us by George Daley , the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune , and one that seemed likely to stick . In fact , our first team crest was that of a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft . The horse was rearing , with the word TEX 'S in a crescent at the top of the emblem with RANGERS looped below . But Rickard did n't like the idea and before the season opened our insignia was changed to the present diagonal splash of the word RANGERS . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; The Original Ranger , Murray Murdoch , Turns 90 '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 -- 27 NHL Playoff Results '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dryden , Steve ( 2000 ) . The Hockey News : Century Of Hockey . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 4179 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup history '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brink , Graham ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` Injuries sideline players only rarely '' . St. Petersburg Times .",
"37": "Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team History '' . New York Rangers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sielski , Mike ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` Schultz vs. Rolfe : Fight resonates 40 years later '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Wolff ( March 11 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Get Kings ' Dionne '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jason ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Greatest Teams of All - Time : 1991 -- 92 Pittsburgh Penguins '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( May 10 , 1992 ) . `` Hockey -- Rangers Squander Lead and Lose '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caps spoil Rangers ' chance to claim Presidents ' Trophy '' . CBS Sports . April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( 2008 ) . Hockey Night in Canada : My Greatest Day . Toronto : Key Porter Books . pp. 106 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55470 - 086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Popplewell , Brett ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` How Messier emerged from Gretzky 's shadow '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Michael ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Leetch : The Road to the 1994 Conn Smythe Trophy Part One '' . The Hockey Writers . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( June 15 , 1994 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals -- Russian Rangers Say Nyet to Possible Defeat '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ The Hockey Rodent ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Curse '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Hire Sather '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 31 , 2000 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Fleury signs with Rangers '' . Associated Press . July 8 , 1999 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lindros joins Rangers nine years after first trade '' . CNN . Associated Press . August 24 , 2001 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Panthers trade Pavel Bure to Rangers '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn Selected to 2001 -- 02 NHL All - Rookie Team '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . June 20 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn to Retire '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . May 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kostya ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Sports Illustrated 's NHL Preview -- New York Rangers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 4 , Boston Bruins 3 ( OT ) '' .",
"39": "April 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 3 , Philadelphia Flyers 2 ( SO ) '' . April 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 1 , Ottawa Senators 5 '' . April 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jagr named 24th captain in Rangers history '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . October 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI 's 2006 -- 07 NHL Preview : Atlantic Division '' . Sports Illustrated . September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Dubi ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers Rebuild While Winning '' . Blueshirt Bulletin . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers have high hopes for top pick Cherepanov '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers sign top tier centers Drury , Gomez '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Kevin ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peca Would Complete Renovation of Ranger Offense '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rangers Seek Pick for Late Prospect Cherpanov '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NHL notes : Renney rendered by Rangers '' . Journal Star news services . February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers enforcer Derek Boogaard found dead at 28 '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rangers sign Richards to nine - year , $58.5 M contract '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Belson , Ken ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Callahan Fills Drury 's Role as Captain of Rangers '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urtz Jr. , Tom ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` New York Rangers : Where Could Ryan Callahan Rank in Lineage of Ranger Captains ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozo , Dave ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Nash traded to Rangers in five - player deal '' . NHL.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers trade Marian Gaborik '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers hire new coach Vigneault with 5 - year deal '' . CBC.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings win Stanley Cup in thriller '' . CNN.com . June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` Brad Richards bought out by Rangers -- NHL on CBC Sports -- Hockey news , opinion , scores , stats , standings '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brassard , Rangers down Lightning to force game seven '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning defeat Rangers , advance to Cup Final '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` With Derek Stepan awaiting new deal , Rangers re-sign Jesper Fast , J.T. Miller '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Stepan re-signs with Rangers on $39 million deal '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers sign Derek Stepan to 6 - year , $39 million contract '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Martin St. Louis retires from NHL '' . CBC Sports . The Canadian Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers trade Cam Talbot and Carl Hagelin '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trades completed during 2015 NHL Draft weekend '' . NHL.com . June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers acquire Staal from Hurricanes '' . TSN.ca . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` Wild Agrees To Terms With Eric Staal on a Three - Year Deal '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Sign Dominic Moore , Chris Casto , Brian Ferlin And Alex Grant To One - Year Contracts '' . NHL.com . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Antti Raanta '' . NHL.com . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Forward Pavel Buchnevich '' . NHL.com . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers hit the discount rack and sign free agents Michael Grabner and Nathan Gerbe '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Acquire Forward Mika Zibanejad '' . NHL.com . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreda , Allan ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers Sign Jimmy Vesey , Coveted by Much of the N.H.L '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/sports/hockey/rangers-dan-girardi.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/sports/hockey/rangers-trade-derek-stepan-to-coyotes-ahead-of-nhl-draft.html Jump up ^ http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2017/06/30/devils-could-be-favorites-to-land-shattenkirk/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/19783806/new-york-rangers-sign-defenseman-kevin-shattenkirk ^ Jump up to : `` New York Rangers uniform history '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database .",
"43": "Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 87 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Records -- Captains '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Calamia , Matt ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( June 21 , 2013 ) .",
"44": "`` Rangers Name Alain Vigneault New Head Coach '' . NBC New York . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dellapina , John ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch 's number headed for Garden rafters '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers raise No. 3 , No. 9 to rafters '' , ESPN , February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers retire Adam Graves ' No. 9 jersey '' , USA Today , February 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers hoist Messier 's No. 11 to Garden rafters '' . Associated Press . January 13 , 2006 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goalie won 301 games with New York '' . Associated Press . February 5 , 2004 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers to retire Jean Ratelle 's No. 19 next season '' . ProHockeyTalk . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 .",
"45": "^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Forwards -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Forwards -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 .",
"46": "^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League .",
"47": "Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ryan Callahan ' '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Brad Richards ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Mark Messier ( 1996 -- 97 ) , Don Maloney ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Rick Nash ( 2013 -- 14 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Catches Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goalie Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Catches Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goalie Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- Sum Results -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Hebenton 's profile at hockeydb.com '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Sawchuk -- Career Statistics '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emile Francis -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Boucher -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Patrick Mullen '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks -- Biography '' .",
"48": "Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch , Cammi Granato among 4 winners of Lester Patrick Award '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Plus Minus Award Winners '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When The Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . Halligan , John ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Seventy - Five Years . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 2298 - 6 . Halligan , John ( 2003 ) . The New York Rangers ( Images of Sports ) . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 1228 - 1 . Kreiser , John ; Friedman , Lou ( 1997 ) . The New York Rangers : Broadway 's Longest Running Hit . ISBN 1 - 57167 - 041 - 6 . McFarlane , Brian ( 1997 ) . The Rangers . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 6007 - 5 . Meisel , Barry ( 1995 ) . Losing the Edge : The Rise and Fall of the Stanley Cup Champion New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81519 - 2 . NY Daily News ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Millennium Memories . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 147 - 5 . Sloman , Larry ( 1981 ) . Thin Ice : A Season in Hell With the New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 440 - 18571 - 8 . Rangers ' Biggest Trades Since 1990 ( October 6 , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Rangers .",
"49": "Official website Madison Square Garden MSG Network New York Rangers Founded in 1926 Based in New York City , New York Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) President Glen Sather General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Team captain Ryan McDonagh Current roster Arenas Madison Square Garden III Madison Square Garden IV Rivalries New Jersey Devils New York Islanders Philadelphia Flyers Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Hartford Wolf Pack ECHL Greenville Swamp Rabbits Media Networks TV MSG Network Radio WEPN - FM Broadcasters TV Sam Rosen Joe Micheletti Radio Kenny Albert Dave Maloney Culture and lore Curse of 1940 `` It 's a power play goal ! '' GAG line The Lindros Trade Messier 's Guarantee `` Matteau , Matteau , Matteau '' George Kalinsky Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award Hockey Night Live ! `` The Face Painter '' ( Seinfeld episode ) 1991 Las Vegas outdoor game 2011 NHL Premiere 2012 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2018 NHL Winter Classic Links to related articles Preceded by Ottawa Senators Stanley Cup champions 1927 -- 28 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Toronto Maple Leafs Stanley Cup champions 1932 -- 33 Succeeded by Chicago Black Hawks Preceded by Boston Bruins Stanley Cup champions 1939 -- 40 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1993 -- 94 Succeeded by New Jersey Devils New York Rangers seasons 1920s 1920 -- 21 . 1921 -- 22 . 1922 -- 23 . 1923 -- 24 . 1924 -- 25 . 1925 -- 26 . 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30",
"50": "1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983",
"51": "-- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St.",
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"55": "Sabres Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC NASL New York Cosmos USL Rochester Rhinos WPSL United FC Binghamton Empire United Long Island Fury New York Athletic Club New York Fury PDL F.A. Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC Long Island Academy New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester River DogZ FC Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St.",
"56": "John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Rangers&oldid=819484502 '' Categories : New York Rangers Ice hockey teams in New York ( state ) Former Viacom subsidiaries Metropolitan Division National Hockey League in the New York metropolitan area Ice hockey teams in the New York metropolitan area Ice hockey clubs established in 1926 Madison Square Garden Company Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2009 All articles needing style editing Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"57": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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wake me up when september ends meaning music video
|
[
"the song's central theme of loss"
] |
{
"0": "Wake Me up When September Ends - wikipedia Wake Me up When September Ends Jump to : navigation , search `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' Single by Green Day from the album American Idiot Released June 13 , 2005 Format 7 '' CD VHS digital download Recorded September 2003 Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 45 Label Reprise Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Green Day singles chronology `` Holiday '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( 2005 ) `` Jesus of Suburbia '' ( 2005 ) `` Holiday '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( 2005 ) `` Jesus of Suburbia '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' is a song by American rock band Green Day , released on June 13 , 2005 , as the fourth single from the group 's seventh studio album , American Idiot ( 2004 ) . The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father . The song became a hit single , peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom , Belgium , New Zealand , and was a number one single in the Czech Republic . In the United States , the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina , where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001 . The song became certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The song 's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War , which was intended to convey the song 's central theme of loss .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Legacy 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father , who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten . Armstrong , at one point , dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point , considering it `` therapeutic '' but also difficult to perform . The song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot . Commercial performance ( edit ) The single peaked at number six in the United States , becoming Green Day 's second top 10 single . It also peaked at number 8 in Canada and the UK , while making number 13 in Australia . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010 . The song ended the streak of Green Day 's three consecutive number one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ( `` American Idiot '' , `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' and `` Holiday '' ) , but it hit number 2 on the chart , kept from number one by Gorillaz `` Feel Good Inc . '' . The song also hit number 2 on the Adult Top 40 and on the Mainstream Top 40 . This was the band 's most successful song to the adult contemporary market , hitting number 3 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' . The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000 . Reception ( edit ) Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group 's 1997 single `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer , best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica . Bayer wrote the treatment for the video , which he envisioned as a mini-movie . Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War - themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement .",
"2": "The song 's music video thus attempts to `` turn the machine on itself '' by acting as a commercial for `` free thought or peace . '' Although it was far from the song 's literal meaning , Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song 's theme of loss . Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos , and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film . Consequently , he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals , uncommon for music videos . The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004 . The video focuses on a couple in love ( played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood ) . The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps . The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe . However , the girlfriend is heartbroken , as he broke his vow to never leave her . The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents . This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field . The video ends on this juxtaposition , emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war . The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits . On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes , Dirnt rejected this notion : `` Rock & roll should be dangerous . ( ... ) It should be striking and stir questions , and I think that that video , at the end of the day , comes down to that core emotion of loss . '' Bayer considered it his best production to that point , remarking , `` ' September ' is hands down the greatest thing I 've ever done . '' The video reached number one on Total Request Live , and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader 's Poll by Rolling Stone . Legacy ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina , which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29 , 2005 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' became symbolic in the aftermath ; one online blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster , creating a viral video .",
"3": "Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now : Music & Relief , a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties . A live version of the song , recorded on September 3 , 2005 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane 's victims . The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons ; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane . Track listing ( edit ) CD 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 CD 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Homecoming '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 9 : 24 3 . `` Hitchin ' a Ride '' 2 : 52 Australian CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 2 . `` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 3 . `` Homecoming '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 9 : 24 Live ( iTunes exclusive ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( live at Foxboro , Massachusetts on September 3 , 2005 ) 5 : 41 7 '' picture disc Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 Side B No . Title Length 1 .",
"4": "`` Give Me Novacaine '' ( live at VH1 Storytellers , Culver City , California on February 15 , 2005 ) 3 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 33 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 44 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position UK Rock ( Official Charts Company ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 8,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Hendrickson ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 968 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Song Facts . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( April 19 , 2005 ) .",
"5": "`` It 's A Dark Day For Green Day In Somber ' September ' Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rob Sheffield ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` Green Day : American Idiot '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 958 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` ' Teen Spirit ' Director Calls Green Day Clip His Career Highlight '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Colapinto ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day : Working Class Heroes '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 987 ) : 50 -- 56 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corey Moss ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` Think Green Day 's ' September ' Clip Is Epic ? Just Wait For ' Jesus Of Suburbia ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day 's Greatest Video Moments '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` The 2005 Readers ' Poll '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Boxer ( September 24 , 2005 ) . `` Art of the Internet : A Protest Song , Reloaded '' . The New York Times .",
"6": "Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corey Moss ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Reznor , Kanye , Green Day Reflect On Disaster , Inspire Relief For MTV Special '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uptin Saiidi ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` ' Wake Me Up When September Ends ' : 10 Fun Ways To Commemorate Green Day 's Hit '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200539 into search . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Green Day Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Green Day '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 03 - 19 Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2011 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark .",
"8": "Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Enter Wake Me Up When September Ends in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Green Day -- Wake Me Up When September Ends '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' music video on YouTube ( hide ) Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Jason White John Kiffmeyer Studio albums 39 / Smooth Kerplunk Dookie Insomniac Nimrod Warning American Idiot 21st Century Breakdown ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! Revolution Radio Live albums Live Tracks Tune In , Tokyo ... Bullet in a Bible Awesome as Fuck Compilation albums 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours International Superhits ! Shenanigans Green Day Demolicious Greatest Hits : God 's Favorite Band EPs 1,000 Hours Slappy Sweet Children Last Night on Earth : Live in Tokyo Singles `` Longview '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Basket Case '' `` When I Come Around '' `` She '' `` J.A.R. ''",
"9": "`` Geek Stink Breath '' `` Stuck with Me '' `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' `` Walking Contradiction '' `` Hitchin ' a Ride '' `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) '' `` Redundant '' `` Nice Guys Finish Last '' `` Minority '' `` Warning '' `` Waiting '' `` Macy 's Day Parade '' `` American Idiot '' `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' `` Holiday '' `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' `` Jesus of Suburbia '' `` Know Your Enemy '' `` 21 Guns '' `` East Jesus Nowhere '' `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` Last of the American Girls '' `` When It 's Time '' `` Oh Love '' `` Kill the DJ '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Stray Heart '' `` The Forgotten '' `` X-Kid '' `` Xmas Time of the Year '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Still Breathing '' `` Revolution Radio '' Tours Pop Disaster Tour American Idiot World Tour 21st Century Breakdown World Tour 99 Revolutions Tour Revolution Radio Tour Associated acts Foxboro Hot Tubs The Network Pinhead Gunpowder The Frustrators The Lookouts The Big Cats The Influents Related articles Discography List of songs Awards and nominations Adeline Records Cigarettes and Valentines Money Money 2020 Stop Drop and Roll ! ! ! American Edit Green Day 's American Idiot soundtrack Green Day : Rock Band songs ¡ Cuatro ! Foreverly Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Me_Up_When_September_Ends&oldid=819884121 '' Categories : 2003 songs 2004 songs 2005 singles Green Day songs Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Music videos directed by Samuel Bayer Songs written by Billie Joe Armstrong American Idiot Songs inspired by deaths Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs based on actual events Songs about death Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Czech Republic",
"10": "2000s ballads Rock ballads Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語",
"11": "Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Starbucks - Wikipedia Starbucks Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles . ( Discuss ) ( April 2018 ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2018 ) This article is about the coffeehouse chain . For other uses , see Starbuck . Starbucks Corporation Logo since 2011 Starbucks headquarters at Starbucks Center in Seattle , Washington Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : SBUX NASDAQ - 100 Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Coffee shop Founded March 31 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 03 - 31 ) Pike Place Market , Elliott Bay , Seattle , Washington , U.S. Founders Jerry Baldwin Zev Siegl Gordon Bowker Headquarters 2401 Utah Avenue South , Seattle , Washington , U.S. Number of locations 26,696 ( 2017 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Howard Schultz ( Executive Chairman ) Kevin Johnson ( President and CEO ) Products Coffee beverages smoothies tea baked goods sandwiches Revenue US $ 22.387 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $4.135 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $2.885 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $14.366 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $5.450 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 238,000 ( 2016 ) Subsidiaries Starbucks Coffee Company Ethos Water Evolution Fresh Hear Music La Boulange Bakery Seattle 's Best Coffee Tazo Teavana Torrefazione Italia Website www.starbucks.com Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain . Starbucks was founded in Seattle , Washington in 1971 . As of 2017 , the company operates 27,339 locations worldwide .",
"1": "Starbucks is considered the main representative of `` second wave coffee '' , initially distinguishing itself from other coffee - serving venues in the US by taste , quality , and customer experience while popularizing darkly roasted coffee . Since the 2000s , third wave coffee makers have targeted quality - minded coffee drinkers with hand - made coffee based on lighter roasts , while Starbucks nowadays uses automated espresso machines for efficiency and safety reasons . Starbucks locations serve hot and cold drinks , whole - bean coffee , microground instant coffee known as VIA , espresso , caffe latte , full - and loose - leaf teas including Teavana tea products , Evolution Fresh juices , Frappuccino beverages , La Boulange pastries , and snacks including items such as chips and crackers ; some offerings ( including their annual fall launch of the Pumpkin Spice Latte ) are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store . Many stores sell pre-packaged food items , hot and cold sandwiches , and drinkware including mugs and tumblers ; select `` Starbucks Evenings '' locations offer beer , wine , and appetizers . Starbucks - brand coffee , ice cream , and bottled cold coffee drinks are also sold at grocery stores . Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s . Despite an initial economic downturn with its expansion into the Midwest and British Columbia in the late 1980s , the company experienced revitalized prosperity with its entry into California in the early 1990s . The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996 ; overseas properties now constitute almost one - third of its stores . The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007 . On December 1 , 2016 , Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective April 2017 and would be replaced by Kevin Johnson . Johnson assumed the role of CEO on April 3 , 2017 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Sale and expansion 1.3 Expansion to new markets and products 2 Corporate governance 3 Products 3.1 Tea 3.2 Coffee quality 3.3 Other products 4 Locations 4.1 Current 4.2 Expansion 4.3 Former 4.4 Unbranded stores 4.5 Licensed and franchise operations 4.6 Automated locations 4.7 Facilities 5 Advertising 5.1 Logo 5.2 Partnerships 6 Parodies and infringements 7 Environmental and social policies 7.1 Environmental impact 7.1. 1 Recycling 7.2 Farmer equity practices 7.3 Fair trade 7.4 Ethos water 7.5 Food bank donations 8 Controversies 9 Music , film , and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Interior of the Pike Place Market location in 1977 Founding The first Starbucks opened in Seattle , Washington , on March 31 , 1971 , by three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco : English teacher Jerry Baldwin , history teacher Zev Siegl , and writer Gordon Bowker were inspired to sell high - quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans . The company took the name of the chief mate in the book Moby - Dick : Starbuck , after considering `` Cargo House '' and `` Pequod '' . Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler , with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency , thought words beginning with `` st '' were powerful . The founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with `` st '' . Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named `` Starbo '' , which immediately put Bowker in mind of the character `` Starbuck '' . Bowker said , `` Moby - Dick did n't have anything to do with Starbucks directly ; it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense . '' The Starbucks store at 1912 Pike Place .",
"3": "This is the second location of the original Starbucks , which was at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971 to 1976 . The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971 -- 1976 . This cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place ; never to be relocated again . During this time , the company only sold roasted whole coffee beans and did not yet brew coffee to sell . The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples . During their first year of operation , they purchased green coffee beans from Peet 's , then began buying directly from growers . Sale and expansion In 1984 , the original owners of Starbucks , led by Jerry Baldwin , purchased Peet 's . During the 1980s , total sales of coffee in the US were falling , but sales of specialty coffee increased , forming 10 % of the market in 1989 , compared with 3 % in 1983 . By 1986 , the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee . In 1987 , the original owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz , who rebranded his Il Giornale coffee outlets as Starbucks and quickly began to expand . In the same year , Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver , British Columbia , and Chicago , Illinois . By 1989 , 46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest , and annually Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds ( 907,185 kg ) of coffee . At the time of its initial public offering ( IPO ) on the stock market in June 1992 , Starbucks had 140 outlets , with a revenue of US $ 73.5 million , up from US $1.3 million in 1987 . The company 's market value was US $271 million by this time . The 12 % portion of the company that was sold raised around US $25 million for the company , which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years . By September 1992 , Starbucks ' share price had risen by 70 % to over 100 times the earnings per share of the previous year .",
"4": "In July 2013 , over 10 % of in - store purchases were made on customer 's mobile devices using the Starbucks app . The company once again utilized the mobile platform when it launched the `` Tweet - a-Coffee '' promotion in October 2013 . On this occasion , the promotion also involved Twitter and customers were able to purchase a US $5 gift card for a friend by entering both `` @ tweetacoffee '' and the friend 's handle in a tweet . Research firm Keyhole monitored the progress of the campaign and a December 6 , 2013 , media article reported that the firm had found that 27,000 people had participated and US $180,000 of purchases were made to date . Expansion to New markets and products This section is missing information about order and pay feature in app . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( December 2016 ) The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo , Japan , in 1996 . On December 4 , 1997 , the Philippines became the third market to open outside North America with its first branch in the country located at 6750 Ayala Building in Makati City , Philippines . Starbucks entered the U.K. market in 1998 with the $83 million USD acquisition of the then 56 - outlet , UK - based Seattle Coffee Company , re-branding all the stores as Starbucks . In September 2002 , Starbucks opened its first store in Latin America , at Mexico City . Currently , there are over 500 locations in Mexico and there are plans for the opening of up to 850 by 2018 . In 1999 , Starbucks experimented with eateries in the San Francisco Bay area through a restaurant chain called Circadia . These restaurants were soon `` outed '' as Starbucks establishments and converted to Starbucks cafes . In October 2002 , Starbucks established a coffee trading company in Lausanne , Switzerland to handle purchases of green coffee . All other coffee - related business continued to be managed from Seattle . In April 2003 , Starbucks completed the purchase of Seattle 's Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia from AFC Enterprises for $72 m . The deal only gained 150 stores for Starbucks , but according to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , the wholesale business was more significant .",
"5": "In September 2006 , rival Diedrich Coffee announced that it would sell most of its company - owned retail stores to Starbucks . This sale included the company - owned locations of the Oregon - based Coffee People chain . Starbucks converted the Diedrich Coffee and Coffee People locations to Starbucks , although the Portland International Airport Coffee People locations were excluded from the sale . In August 2003 , Starbucks opened its first store in South America in Lima , Peru . In 2007 , the company opened its first store in Russia , ten years after first registering a trademark there . In 2008 , they purchased the manufacturer of the Clover Brewing System . They began testing the `` fresh - pressed '' coffee system at several Starbucks locations in Seattle , California , New York , and Boston . Graph showing the growth in the number of Starbucks stores between 1971 and 2011 In early 2008 , Starbucks started a community website , My Starbucks Idea , designed to collect suggestions and feedback from customers . Other users comment and vote on suggestions . Journalist Jack Schofield noted that `` My Starbucks seems to be all sweetness and light at the moment , which I do n't think is possible without quite a lot of censorship '' . The website is powered by Salesforce.com software . In May 2008 , a loyalty program was introduced for registered users of the Starbucks Card ( previously simply a gift card ) offering perks such as free Wi - Fi Internet access , no charge for soy milk and flavored syrups , and free refills on brewed drip coffee , iced coffee , or tea . In 2009 , Starbucks began beta testing its mobile app for the Starbucks card , a stored value system in which consumers access pre-paid funds to purchase products at Starbucks . Starbucks released its complete mobile platform on January 11 , 2011 . On November 14 , 2012 , Starbucks announced the purchase of Teavana for US $620 million in cash and the deal was formally closed on December 31 , 2012 . On February 1 , 2013 , Starbucks opened its first store in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , and this was followed by an announcement in late August 2013 that the retailer will be opening its inaugural store in Colombia .",
"6": "The Colombian announcement was delivered at a press conference in Bogota , where the company 's CEO explained , `` Starbucks has always admired and respected Colombia 's distinguished coffee tradition . '' In August 2014 , Starbucks opened their first store in Williamsburg , Brooklyn . This location will be one of 30 Starbucks stores that will serve beer and wine . In September 2014 , it was revealed that Starbucks would acquire the remaining 60.5 percent stake in Starbuck Coffee Japan that it does not already own , at a price of $913.5 million . In August 2015 , Starbucks announced that it will enter Cambodia , its 16th market in the China / Asia Pacific region . The first location will open in the capital city of Phnom Penh by the end of 2015 . In February 2016 , Starbucks announced that it will enter Italy , its 24th market in Europe . The first location will open in Milan by 2018 . In August , startup company FluxPort introduced Qi inductive charging pads at select locations in Germany . In September 2016 , Starbucks announced a debut of its first - ever original content series called `` Upstanders '' which aims to inspire Americans with stories of compassion , citizenship , and civility . The series features podcasts , written word , and video , and will be distributed via the Starbucks mobile app , online , and through the company 's in - store digital network . On July 27 , 2017 , Starbucks acquired the remaining 50 % stake in their Chinese venture from long - term joint venture partners Uni-President Enterprises Corporation ( UPEC ) and President Chain Store Corporation ( PCSC ) . On March 21 , 2018 , Starbucks announced that it is considering the use of blockchain technology with an idea to connect coffee drinkers with coffee farmers who eventually can take advantage of new financial opportunities . The pilot program is going to start with farmers in Costa Rica , Colombia and Rwanda in order to develop a new way to track the bean to cup journey . Corporate governance Howard Schultz , Executive Chairman of Starbucks Starbucks ' chairman , Howard Schultz , has talked about making sure growth does not dilute the company 's culture Howard Schultz served as the company 's CEO until 2000 . Orin C. Smith was President and CEO of Starbucks from 2001 to 2005 .",
"7": "In January 2008 , Schultz resumed his roles as President and CEO after an eight - year hiatus , replacing Jim Donald , who took the posts in 2005 but was asked to step down after sales slowed in 2007 . Schultz aims to restore what he calls the `` distinctive Starbucks experience '' in the face of rapid expansion . Analysts believe that Schultz must determine how to contend with higher materials prices and enhanced competition from lower - price fast food chains , including McDonald 's and Dunkin ' Donuts . Starbucks announced it would discontinue the warm breakfast sandwich products they originally intended to launch nationwide in 2008 and refocus on coffee , but they reformulated the sandwiches to deal with complaints and kept the product line . As of January 2015 , the chief operating officer of Starbucks was Troy Alstead , though at that time he announced he was taking an extended leave of absence of undetermined length . Subsequently , Kevin Johnson was appointed to succeed Alstead as president and COO . In October 2015 , Starbucks hired its first Chief Technology Officer , Gerri Martin - Flickinger , to lead their technology team . In April 2017 , Schultz became executive chairman of Starbucks with Johnson becoming President and CEO . Starbucks maintains control of production processes by communicating with farmers to secure beans , roasting its own beans , and managing distribution to all retail locations . Additionally , Starbucks ' Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices require suppliers to inform Starbucks what portion of wholesale prices paid reaches farmers . Products A typical sales area , this one in Peterborough , UK , showing a display of food and the beverage preparation area In 1994 , Starbucks bought The Coffee Connection , gaining the rights to use , make , market , and sell the `` Frappuccino '' beverage . The beverage was introduced under the Starbucks name in 1995 and as of 2012 , Starbucks had annual Frappuccinos sales of over $2 billion . The company began a `` skinny '' line of drinks in 2008 , offering lower - calorie and sugar - free versions of the company 's offered drinks that use skim milk , and can be sweetened by a choice of `` natural '' sweeteners ( such as raw sugar , agave syrup , or honey ) , artificial sweeteners ( such as Sweet'N Low , Splenda , Equal ) , or one of the company 's sugar - free syrup flavors .",
"8": "Starbucks stopped using milk originating from rBGH - treated cows in 2007 . In June 2009 , the company announced that it would be overhauling its menu and selling salads and baked goods without high fructose corn syrup or artificial ingredients . This move was expected to attract health - and cost - conscious consumers and will not affect prices . Starbucks introduced a new line of instant coffee packets , called VIA `` Ready Brew '' , in March 2009 . It was first unveiled in New York City with subsequent testing of the product also in Seattle , Chicago , and London . The first two VIA flavors include Italian Roast and Colombia , which were then rolled out in October 2009 , across the U.S. and Canada with Starbucks stores promoting the product with a blind `` taste challenge '' of the instant versus fresh roast , in which many people could not tell the difference between the instant and fresh brewed coffee . Analysts speculated that by introducing instant coffee , Starbucks would devalue its own brand . Starbucks began selling beer and wine at some US stores in 2010 . As of April 2012 , it is available at seven locations and others have applied for licenses . In 2011 , Starbucks introduced its largest cup size , the Trenta , which can hold 31 ounces . In September 2012 , Starbucks announced the Verismo , a consumer - grade single - serve coffee machine that uses sealed plastic cups of coffee grounds , and a `` milk pod '' for lattes . On November 10 , 2011 , Starbucks Corporation announced that it had bought juice company Evolution Fresh for $30 million in cash and planned to start a chain of juice bars starting in around middle of 2012 , venturing into territory staked out by Jamba Inc . Its first store released in San Bernardino , California and plans for a store in San Francisco were to be launched in early 2013 . In 2012 , Starbucks began selling a line of iced Starbucks Refresher beverages that contain an extract from green arabica coffee beans . The beverages are fruit flavored and contain caffeine but advertised as having no coffee flavor . Starbucks ' green coffee extraction process involves soaking the beans in water . On June 25 , 2013 , Starbucks began to post calorie counts on menus for drinks and pastries in all of their U.S. stores .",
"9": "In 2014 , Starbucks began producing their own line of `` handcrafted '' sodas , dubbed `` Fizzio '' . In 2015 , Starbucks began serving coconut milk as an alternative to dairy and soy . In March 2017 , Starbucks announced to launch limited - edition of two new specialty drinks made from beans aged in whiskey barrels at its Seattle roastery . Starbucks ' barrel - aged coffee will be sold with a small batch of unroasted Starbucks Reserve Sulawesi beans , which are then hand - scooped into whiskey barrels from Washington D.C . Name Measurement Notes Demi 3 US fl oz ( 89 ml ) Smallest size . Espresso shots . Short 8 US fl oz ( 240 ml ) Smaller of the two original sizes Mini 10 US fl oz ( 300 ml ) Smaller than the three original Frappuccino sizes , offered as lower - calorie option Tall 12 US fl oz ( 350 ml ) Larger of the two original sizes Grande 16 US fl oz ( 470 ml ) Italian for `` large '' Venti 20 US fl oz ( 590 ml ) 24 US fl oz ( 710 mL ) Italian for `` twenty '' Trenta 31 US fl oz ( 920 ml ) Italian for `` thirty '' Tea Starbucks entered the tea business in 1999 when it acquired the Tazo brand for US $ 8,100,000 . In late 2012 , Starbucks paid US $620 million to buy Teavana . As of November 2012 , there is no intention of marketing Starbucks ' products in Teavana stores , though the acquisition will allow the expansion of Teavana beyond its current main footprint in shopping malls . In January 2015 , Starbucks began to roll out Teavana teas into Starbucks stores , both in to - go beverage and retail formats . Coffee quality Kevin Knox , who was in charge of doughnuts quality at Starbucks from 1987 to 1993 , recalled on his blog in 2010 how George Howell , coffee veteran and founder of the Cup of Excellence , had been appalled at the dark roasted beans that Starbucks was selling in 1990 .",
"10": "Talking to the New York Times in 2008 , Howell stated his opinion that the dark roast used by Starbucks does not deepen the flavor of coffee , but instead can destroy purported nuances of flavor . The March 2007 issue of Consumer Reports compared American fast - food chain coffees and ranked Starbucks behind McDonald 's Premium Roast . The magazine called Starbucks coffee `` strong , but burnt and bitter enough to make your eyes water instead of open '' . As reported by TIME in 2010 , third wave coffee proponents generally criticize Starbucks for over-roasting beans . Other products In 2012 , Starbucks introduced Starbucks Verismo , a line of coffee makers that brew espresso and regular chocolate from coffee capsules , a type of pre-apportioned single - use container of ground coffee and flavorings utilizing the K - Fee pod system . In a brief review of the 580 model , Consumer Reports described the results of a comparative test of the Verismo 580 against two competitive brands : `` Because you have to conduct a rinse cycle between each cup , the Verismo was n't among the most convenient of single - serve machines in our coffeemaker tests . Other machines we 've tested have more flexibility in adjusting brew strength -- the Verismo has buttons for coffee , espresso , and latte with no strength variation for any type . And since Starbucks has limited its coffee selection to its own brand , there are only eight varieties so far plus a milk pod for the latte . '' Locations The company 's headquarters is located in Seattle , Washington , United States , where 3,501 people worked as of January 2015 . The main building in the Starbucks complex was previously a Sears distribution center .",
"11": "Current As of July 7 , 2016 , Starbucks is present on 6 continents and in 75 countries and territories , with a total of 23,768 locations Africa Egypt : 32 Morocco : 9 South Africa : 7 Asia China : 2,500 Japan : 1,191 South Korea : 985 Taiwan : 430 Turkey : 408 Philippines : 300 Thailand : 264 Indonesia : 249 Malaysia : 220 Hong Kong : 147 United Arab Emirates : 138 Singapore : 125 Saudi Arabia : 92 India : 89 Kuwait : 89 Lebanon : 30 Vietnam : 28 Bahrain : 19 Qatar : 18 Jordan : 14 Oman : 11 Kazakhstan : 11 Cyprus : 11 Cambodia : 7 Azerbaijan : 4 Brunei : 4 Europe United Kingdom : 884 Germany : 161 France : 121 Russia : 112 Spain : 107 Ireland : 67 Switzerland : 63 Netherlands : 59 Poland : 45 Romania : 37 Greece : 28 Czech Republic : 26 Denmark : 21 Austria : 20 Belgium : 19 Norway : 17 Sweden : 17 Hungary : 16 Portugal : 11 Finland : 9 Bulgaria : 6 Slovakia : 4 Luxembourg : 3 Monaco : 1 Andorra : 1 North America United States : 13,327 Canada : 2,359 Mexico : 531 Puerto Rico : 25 Bahamas : 12 Costa Rica : 12 El Salvador : 11 Guatemala : 7 Jamaica : 5 Panama : 5 Trinidad and Tobago : 5 Aruba : 3 Curaçao : 3 Oceania New Zealand : 26 Australia : 35 South America Brazil : 104 Argentina : 100 Chile : 91 Peru : 81 Colombia : 24 Bolivia : 4 Expansion In 2008 , Starbucks continued its expansion , settling in Argentina , Belgium , Brazil , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , and Portugal .",
"12": "European and Scandinavian expansion continued in 2009 with Poland ( April ) , Utrecht , Netherlands ( August ) , and Sweden at Arlanda Airport outside Stockholm ( October ) . In 2010 , growth in new markets continued . In May 2010 , Southern Sun Hotels South Africa announced that they had signed an agreement with Starbucks to brew Starbucks coffees in select Southern Sun and Tsonga Sun hotels in South Africa . The agreement was partially reached so Starbucks coffees could be served in the country in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted by South Africa . In June 2010 , Starbucks opened its first store in Budapest , Hungary and in November , the company opened the first Central American store in El Salvador 's capital , San Salvador . In December 2010 , Starbucks debuted their first ever Starbucks at sea , where with a partnership with Royal Caribbean International ; Starbucks opened a shop aboard their Allure of the Seas Royal Caribbean 's second largest ship , and also the second largest ship in the world . Starbucks is planning to open its fourth African location , after South Africa , Egypt , and Morocco , in Algeria . A partnership with Algerian food company Cevital will see Starbucks open its first Algerian store in Algiers . Starbucks at Delhi Airport . In January 2011 , Starbucks and Tata Coffee , Asia 's largest coffee plantation company , announced plans for a strategic alliance to bring Starbucks to India and also to source and roast coffee beans at Tata Coffee 's Kodagu facility . Despite a false start in 2007 , in January 2012 , Starbucks announced a 50 : 50 joint venture with Tata Global Beverages called Tata Starbucks . Tata Starbucks will own and operate Starbucks outlets in India as Starbucks Coffee `` A Tata Alliance '' . Starbucks opened its first store in India in Mumbai on October 19 , 2012 . Starbucks at the Forbidden City , Beijing , China In February 2011 , Starbucks started selling their coffee in Norway by supplying Norwegian food shops with their roasts . The first Starbucks - branded Norwegian shop opened on February 8 , 2012 , at Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . In October 2011 , Starbucks opened another location in Beijing , China , at the Beijing Capital International Airport 's Terminal 3 , international departures hall ; making the company 's 500th store in China .",
"13": "The store is the 7th location at the airport . The company planned to expand to 1,500 stores in China by 2015 . In May 2012 , Starbucks opened its first coffeehouse in Finland , with the location being Helsinki - Vantaa Airport in Vantaa . Starbucks recently opened a store in San Jose Costa Rica , in 2 popular locations . 1 opened in a mall and the other in Avenida Escazu . In October 2012 , Starbucks announced plans to open 1,000 stores in the United States in the next five years . The same month , the largest Starbucks in the US opened at the University of Alabama 's Ferguson Center . In 2013 , Starbucks met with Dansk Supermarked , which is the biggest retail company in Denmark . The first Starbucks inside Dansk Supermarked opened in August 2013 in the department stores Salling in Aalborg and Aarhus . Starbucks has announced its first café in Bolivia would open in 2014 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra and the first in Panama in 2015 . On June 19 , 2015 , a Starbucks opened at Disney 's Animal Kingdom on Discovery Island . Since the park does not allow plastic straws due to the animals , this location features special green eco-friendly straws with their cold drinks . This was the sixth Starbucks to open in Walt Disney World , following locations in the Magic Kingdom ( Main Street , U.S.A. ) , Epcot ( Future World ) , Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( Hollywood Boulevard ) , and two in Disney Springs ( Marketplace and West Side ) . In addition to these six , there are locations in Disneyland ( Main Street , U.S.A. ) , Disney California Adventure ( Buena Vista Street ) , Anaheim 's Downtown Disney , and Disney Village at Disneyland Paris . The Downtown Disney and Disney Springs locations are Starbucks - operated , while the locations inside of the theme parks are Disney - operated . Bill Sleeth , Starbucks ' vice president of global design , has overseen efforts to make a neighborhood feel for new stores , saying `` What you do n't want is a customer walking into a store in downtown Seattle , walking into a store in the suburbs of Seattle and then going into a store in San Jose , and seeing the same store . ''",
"14": "Sleeth said `` The customers were saying , ' Everywhere I go , there you are , ' and not in a good way . We were pretty ubiquitous . '' As part of a change in compact direction , Starbucks management wanted to transition from the singular brand worldwide to focusing on locally relevant design for each store . Starbucks ' first Channel Island store was opened in early 2015 , in the primary business area of St Peter Port in Guernsey . In 2014 Starbucks was scheduled to open a store in Azerbaijan , in the Port Baku Mall . In August 2013 , Starbucks ' CEO , Howard Schultz , personally announced the opening of Starbucks stores in Colombia . The first café was set to open in 2014 in Bogotá and add 50 more stores throughout Colombia 's main cities in a 5 - year limit . Schultz also stated that Starbucks will work with both the Colombian Government and USAID to continue `` empowering local coffee growers and sharing the value , heritage and tradition of its coffee with the world . '' Starbucks noted that the aggressive expansion into Colombia was a joint venture with Starbucks ' Latin partners , Alsea and Colombia 's Grupo Nutresa that has previously worked with Starbucks by providing coffee through Colcafe . This announcement comes after Starbucks ' Farmer Support Center was established in Manizales , Colombia the previous year making Colombia an already established country by the corporation . On April 21 , 2015 , Kesko , the second largest retailer in Finland , announced its partnership with Starbucks , with stores opened next to K - Citymarket hypermarkets . As of June 2017 , 3 stores had been opened next to K - Citymarkets : In Sello in Espoo and in Myyrmanni and Jumbo in Vantaa . Starbucks in Lomas de Zamora , Argentina On December 18 , 2015 , Starbucks opened in Almaty , Kazakhstan . On the next day , 1 more coffee shop was opened . The first Starbucks store in Slovakia opened in Aupark Shopping Center in Bratislava on May 31 , 2016 , with two more stores confirmed to open in Bratislava by the end of 2016 . In February 2016 , Howard Schultz announced the opening of stores in Italy . The first Italian Starbucks store will open in Milan in 2017 .",
"15": "After Taste Holdings acquired outlet licensing for South African stores , Starbucks opened its first store in South Africa in Rosebank , Johannesburg on Thursday , April 21 , 2016 , and its second in the country at the end of April in Mall of Africa . In May 2017 , Starbucks announced it was commencing operations in Jamaica , where the first store is to open in the resort city of Montego Bay . The company announced that its first store would be on located on the shores of the world - famous Doctor 's Cave Beach , offering views of the Caribbean Sea . Three other Starbucks locations were scheduled to be opened at the Sangster International Airport , the busiest international airport in the Anglophone Caribbean , also in the city of Montego Bay , in late 2017 ( now set to February 2018 ) . Starbucks Jamaica expects thereafter to roll out a further 14 locations across the island by the year 2020 . The company also reaffirmed its commitment to working with local coffee farmers to `` implement systems to increase productivity and yields , while also increasing compliance to international standards . '' Starbucks Jamaica officially opened its first store on November 21 , 2017 , with plans to open 15 locations islandwide over a 5 - year period . The next store is set to open in Jamaica 's capital city , Kingston , in early 2018 . Starbucks Jamaica , recently opened its 3 stores at the Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay and one at the Historic Falmouth Pier , in Falmouth , Jamaica . Its Kingston store is due to open in April . At the end of December in 2017 , the world biggest Starbucks store opened in Shanghai , China . Former In 2003 , after struggling with fierce local competition , Starbucks , along with its partner Delek Group of Israel , closed all six of its locations in Israel , citing `` on - going operational challenges '' and a `` difficult business environment . '' The Starbucks location in the former imperial palace in Beijing closed in July 2007 . The coffee shop had been a source of ongoing controversy since its opening in 2000 with protesters objecting that the presence of the American chain in this location `` was trampling on Chinese culture . '' In July 2008 , the company announced it was closing 600 underperforming company - owned stores and cutting U.S.",
"16": "expansion plans amid growing economic uncertainty . On July 29 , 2008 , Starbucks also cut almost 1,000 non-retail jobs as part of its bid to re-energize the brand and boost its profit . Of the new cuts , 550 of the positions were layoffs and the rest were unfilled jobs . These closings and layoffs effectively ended the company 's period of growth and expansion that began in the mid-1990s . Starbucks also announced in July 2008 that it would close 61 of its 84 stores in Australia in the following month . Nick Wailes , an expert in strategic management of the University of Sydney , commented that `` Starbucks failed to truly understand Australia 's cafe culture . '' In May 2014 , Starbucks announced ongoing losses in the Australian market , which resulted in the remaining stores being sold to the Withers Group . In January 2009 , Starbucks announced the closure of an additional 300 underperforming stores and the elimination of 7,000 positions . CEO Howard Schultz also announced that he had received board approval to reduce his salary . Altogether , from February 2008 to January 2009 , Starbucks terminated an estimated 18,400 U.S. jobs and began closing 977 stores worldwide . In August 2009 , Ahold announced closures and rebranding for 43 of their licensed store Starbucks kiosks for their US based Stop & Shop and Giant supermarkets . In July 2012 , the company announced that they may begin closing unprofitable European stores immediately . Unbranded stores Main article : Stealth Starbucks In 2009 , at least three stores in Seattle were de-branded to remove the logo and brand name , and remodel the stores as local coffee houses `` inspired by Starbucks . '' CEO Howard Schultz says the unbranded stores are a `` laboratory for Starbucks '' . The first , 15th Avenue Coffee and Tea , opened in July 2009 on Capitol Hill . It served wine and beer and hosted live music and poetry readings . It has since been remodeled and reopened as a Starbucks - branded store . Another is Roy Street Coffee and Tea at 700 Broadway E. , also on Capitol Hill .",
"17": "Although the stores have been called `` stealth Starbucks '' and criticized as `` local - washing '' , Schultz says that `` It was n't so much that we were trying to hide the brand , but trying to do things in those stores that we did not feel were appropriate for Starbucks . '' Licensed and franchise operations Independently operated Starbucks locations exist . Stores that independently operate locations include Ahold Delhaize , Barnes & Noble , Target , and Tom Thumb stores . As of 2015 , 4,962 licensed locations exist . In the EMEA ( Europe , Middle East , and Africa ) markets , Starbucks holds a franchising program . Different to the License program in which existing corporations may apply to operate a Starbucks kiosk within an existing store , Franchises have the ability to create new freestanding stores . Automated locations Starbucks has automated systems in some areas . These machines have 280 possible drink combinations to choose from . They have touchscreens and customers can play games while they wait for their order . Facilities Starbucks in Dortmund , Germany Starbucks in İzmir , Turkey Free Wi - Fi Internet access varies in different regions . In Germany , customers get unlimited free Wi - Fi through BT Openzone , and in Switzerland and Austria , customers can get 30 minutes with a voucher card ( through T - Mobile ) . Since 2003 , Starbucks in the UK rolled out a paid Wi - Fi based on one - time , hourly or daily payment . Then , in September 2009 , it was changed to a 100 % free Wi - Fi at most of its outlets . Customers with a Starbucks Card are able to log - on to the Wi - Fi in - store for free with their card details , thereby bringing the benefits of the loyalty program in - line with the United States . Since July 2010 , Starbucks has offered free Wi - Fi in all of its US stores via AT&T and information through a partnership with Yahoo ! . This is an effort to be more competitive against local chains , which have long offered free Wi - Fi , and against McDonald 's , which began offering free wireless internet access in 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , Starbucks announced it would begin to offer unlimited and free Internet access via Wi - Fi to customers in all company - owned locations across Canada starting on July 1 , 2010 .",
"18": "In October 2012 , Starbucks and Duracell Powermat announced a pilot program to install Powermat charging surfaces in the tabletops in selected Starbucks stores in the Boston area . Furthermore , Starbucks announced its support in the Power Matters Alliance ( PMA ) and its membership in the PMA board , along with Google and AT&T , in an effort to create `` a real - world ecosystem of wireless power '' through a universal wireless charging standard that customers could use to recharge smartphones . Starbucks launched a new Mobile Order & Pay app in Portland , Oregon on December 2015 . This includes a bar code in mobile . This bar code needs to be scanned by a small scanner at the counter . Customers can pay from their smartphone by just waving their phone off the scanner . In one - quarter , 16 % of transactions were made through this mobile app . Advertising Logo 1971 -- 87 1992 -- 2011 2011 -- present In 2006 , Valerie O'Neil , a Starbucks spokeswoman , said that the logo is an image of a `` twin - tailed mermaid , or siren as she 's known in Greek mythology '' . The logo has been significantly streamlined over the years . In the first version , the Starbucks siren was topless and had a fully visible double fish tail . The image also had a rough visual texture and has been likened to a melusine . The image is said by Starbucks to be based on a 16th - century `` Norse '' woodcut , although other scholars note that it is apparently based on a 15th - century woodcut in J.E. Cirlot 's Dictionary of Symbols . In the second version , which was used from 1987 -- 92 , her breasts were covered by her flowing hair , but her navel was still visible . The fish tail was cropped slightly , and the primary color was changed from brown to green , a nod to the Alma Mater of the three founders , the University of San Francisco . In the third version , used between 1992 and 2011 , her navel and breasts are not visible at all , and only vestiges remain of the fish tails . The original `` woodcut '' logo has been moved to the Starbucks ' Headquarters in Seattle .",
"19": "At the beginning of September 2006 and then again in early 2008 , Starbucks temporarily reintroduced its original brown logo on paper hot - drink cups . Starbucks has stated that this was done to show the company 's heritage from the Pacific Northwest and to celebrate 35 years of business . The vintage logo sparked some controversy due in part to the siren 's bare breasts , but the temporary switch garnered little attention from the media . Starbucks had drawn similar criticism when they reintroduced the vintage logo in 2006 . The logo was altered when Starbucks entered the Saudi Arabian market in 2000 to remove the siren , leaving only her crown , as reported in a Pulitzer Prize - winning column by Colbert I. King in The Washington Post in 2002 . The company announced three months later that it would be using the international logo in Saudi Arabia . In January 2011 , Starbucks announced that they would make small changes to the company 's logo , removing the Starbucks wordmark around the siren , enlarging the siren image , and making it green . Partnerships Starbucks has agreed to a partnership with Apple to collaborate on selling music as part of the `` coffeehouse experience '' . In October 2006 , Apple added a Starbucks Entertainment area to the iTunes Store , selling music similar to that played in Starbucks stores . In September 2007 , Apple announced that customers would be able to browse the iTunes Store at Starbucks via Wi - Fi in the US -- with no requirement to log into the Wi - Fi network -- targeted at iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and MacBook users . The iTunes Store will automatically detect recent songs playing in a Starbucks and offer users the opportunity to download the tracks . Some stores feature LCD screens with the artist name , song , and album information of the current song playing . This feature has been rolled out in Seattle , New York City , and the San Francisco Bay Area , and was offered in limited markets during 2007 -- 2008 . During the fall of 2007 , Starbucks also began to sell digital downloads of certain albums through iTunes . Starbucks gave away 37 different songs for free download through iTunes as part of the `` Song of the Day '' promotion in 2007 , and a `` Pick of the Week '' card is now available at Starbucks for a free song download .",
"20": "Since 2011 , Starbucks also gives away a `` Pick of the Week '' card for app downloads from the App Store . A Starbucks app is available in the iPhone App Store . Starting on June 1 , 2009 , the MSNBC morning news program Morning Joe has been presented as `` brewed by Starbucks '' and the show 's logo changed to include the company logo . Although the hosts have previously consumed Starbucks coffee on air `` for free '' in the words of MSNBC president Phil Griffin , it was not paid placement at that time . The move was met with mixed reactions from rival news organizations , viewed as both a clever partnership in an economic downturn and a compromise of journalistic standards . Starbucks and Kraft Foods entered into a partnership in 1998 to sell Starbucks products in the Mondelez grocery stores owned by the latter . Starbucks claimed that Kraft did not sufficiently promote its products and offered Kraft US $750 million to terminate the agreement ; however , Kraft declined the offer , but Starbucks proceeded with the termination anyway . Starbucks wanted to terminate the agreement because at the time , single coffee packs were beginning to become popular . In their agreement , Starbucks was confined to selling packs that only worked in Kraft 's Tassimo machines . Starbucks did n't want to fall behind in the market opportunities for k cups . In mid-November 2013 , an arbitrator ordered Starbucks to pay a fine of US $2.8 billion to Kraft spin - off Mondelez International for its premature unilateral termination of the agreement . In June 2014 , Starbucks announced a new partnership with Arizona State University ( ASU ) that would allow Starbucks employees in their Junior and Senior years of college to complete four years of college at Arizona State University 's online program for only around 23K . Starbucks employees admitted into the program will receive a scholarship from the college , College Achievement Plan ( CAP ) , that will cover 44 % of their tuition . The remaining balance and all other expenses would be paid by the student or through traditional financial aid . In April 2015 , Starbucks and ASU announced an expansion of the College Achievement Program . The program would now allow all eligible part - time and full - time employees working in a U.S. Starbucks to enroll in the program for full - tuition reimbursement . After the completion of each semester , Starbucks reimburses the student their portion of the tuition .",
"21": "The student can then use the reimbursement to pay any loans or debt incurred during the semester . In 2015 , Starbucks signed a deal with PepsiCo to market and distribute Starbucks products in several Latin American countries for 2016 . In May 2015 , Starbucks entered a partnership with music streaming service Spotify . The partnership entailed giving U.S. - based employees a Spotify premium subscription and to help influence the music played in store via playlists made using Spotify . Starbucks was also given its own curated Spotify playlist to be featured on Spotify 's mobile app . Parodies and infringements Starbucks has been a target of parodies and imitations of its logo , particularly the 1992 version , and has used legal action against those it perceives to be infringing on its intellectual property . In 2000 , San Francisco cartoonist Kieron Dwyer was sued by Starbucks for copyright and trademark infringement after creating a parody of its siren logo and putting it on the cover of one of his comics ; later placing it on coffee mugs , T - shirts , and stickers that he sold on his website and at comic book conventions . Dwyer felt that since his work was a parody it was protected by his right to free speech under U.S. law . The case was eventually settled out of court , as Dwyer claimed he did not have the financial ability to endure a trial case with Starbucks . The judge agreed that Dwyer 's work was a parody and thus enjoyed constitutional protection ; however , he was forbidden from financially `` profiting '' from using a `` confusingly similar '' image of the Starbucks siren logo . Dwyer was allowed to display the image as an expression of free speech , but he can no longer sell it . In a similar case , a New York store selling stickers and T - shirts using the Starbucks logo with the phrase `` Fuck Off '' was sued by the company in 1999 . An anti-Starbucks website , starbuckscoffee.co.uk , which encouraged people to deface the Starbucks logo was transferred to Starbucks in 2005 , but has since resurfaced at www.starbuckscoffee.org.uk . Christian bookstores and websites in the US are selling a T - shirt featuring a logo with the siren replaced by Jesus and the words `` Sacrificed for me '' around the edge .",
"22": "Other successful cases filed by Starbucks include the case won in 2006 against the chain Xingbake in Shanghai , China for trademark infringement , because the chain used a green - and - white circular logo with a name that sounded phonetically similar to the Chinese for Starbucks . Starbucks did not open any stores after first registering its trademark in Russia in 1997 and in 2002 a Russian lawyer successfully filed a request to cancel the trademark . He then registered the name with a Moscow company and asked for $600,000 to sell the trademark to Starbucks , but was ruled against in November 2005 . In 2003 , Starbucks sent a cease - and - desist letter to `` HaidaBucks Coffee House '' in Masset , British Columbia , Canada . The store was owned by a group of young Haida men , who claimed that the name was a coincidence , due to `` buck '' being a Haida word for `` young man '' ( a claim that can not be substantiated ) . After facing criticism , Starbucks dropped its demand after HaidaBucks dropped `` coffee house '' from its name . Sam Buck Lundberg , who owns a coffee store in Oregon , was prohibited from using `` Sambuck 's Coffee '' on the shop front in 2006 . Starbucks lost a trademark infringement case against a smaller coffee vendor in South Korea that operates coffee stations under the name Starpreya . The company , Elpreya , says Starpreya is named after the Norse goddess , Freja , with the letters of that name changed to ease pronunciation by Koreans . The court rejected Starbucks ' claim that the logo of Starpreya is too similar to their own logo . A bar owner in Galveston , Texas , USA won the right to sell `` Star Bock Beer '' after a lawsuit by Starbucks in 2003 after he registered the name , but the 2005 federal court ruling also stated that the sale of the beer must be restricted to Galveston , a ruling upheld by the Supreme Court in 2007 . `` Rat City Rollergirls '' logo Ongoing cases include a dispute over the copyright application for Seattle 's Rat City Rollergirls logo in 2008 . The company claimed the roller derby league 's logo by a Washington artist was too similar to its own .",
"23": "Starbucks requested an extension to further examine the issue and possibly issue a complaint , which was granted by the Trademark Office . The July 16 , 2008 , deadline passed without action by the corporation . Starbucks launched action against an Indian cosmetics business run by Shahnaz Husain , after she applied to register the name Starstruck for coffee and related products . She said she aimed to open a chain of stores that would sell coffee and chocolate - based cosmetics . A cafe in Al - Manara Square , Ramallah , Palestinian Territories , opened in 2009 with the name `` Stars and Bucks '' and a logo using a similar green circle and block lettering . Like Starbucks , the Stars and Bucks serves cappuccinos in ceramic cups , and offers free Wifi . According to speculation cited in the Seattle Post Intelligencer , the cafe 's name and imitation Starbucks style may be a political satire of American consumerism . Starbucks is not known to have taken action against this business . In 2014 , Nathan Fielder , a Canadian comedian behind the hit show Nathan for You , opened a store called `` Dumb Starbucks Coffee '' in Los Feliz , Los Angeles CA . The store resembled a typical Starbucks with one exception : everything was preceded by the word `` dumb . '' For example , the drinks he carried included Dumb Skinny Vanilla Lattes and Dumb Frapuccinos . The store carried music titled `` Dumb Jazz Standards '' and `` Dumb Norah Jones Duets . '' He thought he could bypass infringement and copyright claims through the `` Parody Law '' , referring to the parody aspect of Fair Use laws ( that protect parodists such as `` Weird Al '' Yankovic and SNL ) . No lawsuits were filed though because the store was short - lived . The Los Angeles Health Department shut it down after 4 days because Fielder lacked the proper permits . Others have used the Starbucks logo unaltered and without permission , such as a café in Pakistan that used the logo in 2003 in its advertisements and a cafe in Cambodia in 2009 , the owner saying that `` whatever we have done we have done within the law '' . Environmental and social policies Environmental impact Grounds for your Garden In 1999 , Starbucks started `` Grounds for your Garden '' to make their business environmentally friendlier .",
"24": "This gives leftover coffee grounds to anyone requesting it for composting . Although not all stores and regions participate , customers can request and lobby their local store to begin the practice . In 2004 , Starbucks began reducing the size of their paper napkins and store garbage bags , and lightening their solid waste production by 816.5 t ( 1,800,000 lb ) . In 2008 , Starbucks was ranked No. 15 on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's list of Top 25 Green Power Partners for purchases of renewable energy . In October 2008 , The Sun newspaper reported that Starbucks was wasting 23.4 million liters ( 6.2 million US gal ) of water a day by leaving a tap constantly running for rinsing utensils in a ' dipper well ' in each of its stores , but this is often required by governmental public health code . In June 2009 , in response to concerns over its excessive water consumption , Starbucks re-evaluated its use of the dipper well system . In September 2009 , company - operated Starbucks stores in Canada and the United States successfully implemented a new water saving solution that meets government health standards . Different types of milk are given a dedicated spoon that remains in the pitcher and the dipper wells were replaced with push button metered faucets for rinsing . This will reportedly save up to 150 US gal ( 570 l ) of water per day in every store . Recycling A bin overflowing with Starbucks cups Starbucks began using 10 % recycled paper in its beverage cups in 2006 -- the company claimed that the initiative was the first time that recycled material had been used in a product that came into direct contact with a food or beverage . Allen Hershkowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council called the 10 % content `` minuscule '' , but Starbucks received the National Recycling Coalition Recycling Works Award in 2005 for the initiative . In a 2008 media article , Starbucks ' vice president of corporate social responsibility acknowledged that the company continued to struggle with environmental responsibility , as none of its cups were recyclable and stores did not have recycling bins .",
"25": "At the time that the article was published , Starbucks gave customers who brought in their own reusable cup a 10 - cent discount , in addition to using corrugated cup sleeves made from 85 percent post-consumer recycled fiber , which is 34 percent less paper than the original . During the same period , Starbucks entered into a partnership with Conservation International -- pledging US $7.5 million over three years -- to help protect the natural environment of coffee - growing communities in Mexico and Indonesia . Farmer Equity Practices Starbucks began drafting plans for corporate social responsibility in 1994 . Since Starbucks has partnered with Conservation International ( CI ) to draft plans and audit its coffee and farmer equity ( C.A.F.E. ) program , Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices are based on a rating system of 249 indicators . Farmers who earn high overall scores receive higher prices than those who achieve lower scores . Ratings categories include economic accountability , social responsibility , environmental leadership in coffee growing and processing . Indicators for social responsibility have evolved and now include ' zero tolerance ' indicators that require workers to be paid in cash , check , or direct deposit , ensure that all workers are paid the established minimum wage , that workplaces are free of harassment and abuse , that workplaces are nondiscriminatory and do not employ persons under the age of 14 , and several more . Starbucks has moved 90 % of its coffee purchases to preferred C.A.F.E. certified providers , and the company is approaching its stated goal to purchase 100 % of its coffee through C.A.F.E. or other ' ethically sourced ' certification systems . Washington State University Assistant Professor Daniel Jaffee argues that Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices merely ' green wash ' `` to burnish their corporate image . '' Additionally , Professor Marie - Christine Renard of Rural Sociology of Chapingo University in Mexico wrote a case study of Starbucks ' , Conservation International 's , and Agro-industries United of Mexico ( AMSA ) joint conservation effort in Chiapas , Mexico in which she concluded that `` ( w ) hile the CI - Starbucks - AMSA Alliance paid better prices , it did not allow the producers to appropriate the knowledge that was necessary for the organizations to improve the quality of their coffee . '' Fair Trade Starbucks coffee beans In 2000 , the company introduced a line of fair trade products .",
"26": "Of the approximately 136,000 metric tons ( 300 million pounds ) of coffee Starbucks purchased in 2006 , only about 6 % was certified as fair trade . According to Starbucks , they purchased 2,180 metric tons ( 4.8 million pounds ) of Certified Fair Trade coffee in fiscal year 2004 and 5,220 metric tons ( 11.5 million pounds ) in 2005 . They have become the largest buyer of Certified Fair Trade coffee in North America ( 10 % of the global market ) . Transfair USA , a third - party certifier of Fair Trade Certified coffee in the United States , has noted the impact Starbucks has made in the area of Fair Trade and coffee farmer 's lives : Since launching its FTC coffee line in 2000 , Starbucks has undeniably made a significant contribution to family farmers through their rapidly growing FTC coffee volume . By offering FTC coffee in thousands of stores , Starbucks has also given the FTC label greater visibility , helping to raise consumer awareness in the process . All espresso roast sold in the UK and Ireland is Fairtrade . Questions have been raised regarding the legitimacy of the Fair Trade designation . Groups such as Global Exchange are calling for Starbucks to further increase its sales of fair trade coffees . According to Starbucks , in 2004 it paid on average $1.42 per pound ( $2.64 kg ) for high - quality coffee beans , 74 % above the commodity prices at the time . After a long - running dispute between Starbucks and Ethiopia , Starbucks agreed to support and promote Ethiopian coffees . An article in BBC NEWS , states that Ethiopian ownership of popular coffee designations such as Harrar and Sidamo is acknowledged , even if they are not registered . Ethiopia fought hard for this acknowledgement mainly to help give its poverty - stricken farmers a chance to make more money . Unfortunately , this has not been the case . In 2006 , Starbucks says it paid $1.42 per pound for its coffee . The coffee Starbucks bought for $1.42 per pound , had a selling price -- after transportation , processing , marketing , store rentals , taxes , and staff salary and benefits -- of $10.99 per pound . As of August 2010 , the Starbucks website sells only one Ethiopian coffee , which it says is new .",
"27": "In addition , Starbucks is an active member of the World Cocoa Foundation . Ethos water Ethos , a brand of bottled water acquired by Starbucks in 2003 , is sold at locations throughout North America . Ethos bottles feature prominent labeling stating `` helping children get clean water '' , referring to the fact that US $0.05 from each US $1.80 bottle sold ( US $0.10 per bottle in Canada ) is used to fund clean water projects in under - developed areas . Although sales of Ethos water have raised over US $6,200,000 for clean water efforts , the brand is not incorporated as a charity . Critics have argued that the claim on the label misleads consumers into thinking that Ethos is primarily a charitable organization when it is actually a for - profit brand and the vast majority of the sale price ( 97.2 % ) does not support clean - water projects . The founders of Ethos have stated that the brand is intended to raise awareness of third - world clean water issues and provide socially responsible consumers with an opportunity to support the cause by choosing Ethos over other brands . Starbucks has since redesigned the American version of the Ethos water bottles , stating the amount of money donated per bottle in the description . Food Bank donations Since 2010 , Starbucks has been donating leftover pastries in the United States to local food banks through a food collection service named Food Donation Connection . In March 2016 , Starbucks unveiled a five - year plan to donate 100 percent of unsold food from its 7,600 company - operated stores in the U.S. to local food banks and pantries . Perishable food will be transported in refrigerated trucks to area food banks through the company 's partnerships with the Food Donation Connection and Feeding America . This program , called FoodShare , is expected to provide up to 50 million meals over the next five years . As of 2017 , the program was in 10 different markets , including New York City . In New York , Starbucks works with Feeding America and City Harvest , both non-profits , to donate food from 45 locations . It plans to expand the program to all 305 Manhattan stores . Controversies Main article : Criticism of Starbucks This section 's images may require adjustment of image placement , formatting , and size .",
"28": "Please see the picture tutorial and the image placement policy for further information . ( February 2013 ) A local coffee shop in New York 's East Village claiming it had to close because Starbucks is willing to pay higher rent for the space Starbucks has been accused of selling unhealthy products , and has been the target of multiple controversies . Music , film , and television Main article : Hear Music Starbucks ' second Hear Music Coffeehouse at the South Bank development adjacent to the River Walk in downtown San Antonio , Texas . Hear Music is the brand name of Starbucks ' retail music concept . Hear Music began as a catalog company in 1990 , adding a few retail locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Hear Music was purchased by Starbucks in 1999 . Nearly three years later , in 2002 , they produced a Starbucks opera album , featuring artists such as Luciano Pavarotti , followed in March 2007 by the hit CD `` Memory Almost Full '' by Paul McCartney , making McCartney the first artist signed to New Hear Music Label sold in Starbucks outlets . Its inaugural release was a big non-coffee event for Starbucks the first quarter of 2007 . In 2006 , the company created Starbucks Entertainment , one of the producers of the 2006 film Akeelah and the Bee . Retail stores advertised the film before its release and sold the DVD . Starbucks has become the subject of a protest song , `` A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop '' by Neil Young and his band , Promise of the Real . The single from Young 's album , The Monsanto Years aims at Starbucks ' alleged use of genetically modified food , but also at the GMO company Monsanto . By May 31 , 2015 , the song was Video of the week on the Food Consumer website . See also Coffee portal Seattle portal Companies portal Food portal Coffee culture List of coffee companies List of coffeehouse chains List of companies based in Seattle Multinational corporation References Jump up ^ Kavilanz , Parija . `` Starbucks unveils a new logo '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loxcel Starbucks Map '' . Starbucks . September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 .",
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"39": "Stores in Five Years '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burch , Adrienne ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Largest Starbucks in U.S. coming to the Ferg '' . The Crimson White . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ González , Ángel ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Starbucks to open stores in Bolivia and Panama '' . The Seattle Times . Jump up ^ `` New Starbucks location opens in Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . attractionsmagazine.com . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas . `` Starbucks to Open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Early 2015 '' . disneyparks.com . Disney Parks - Walt Disney World . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce . `` Starbucks to open big store in Downtown Disney '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Liz ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` With Stunning New Stores , Starbucks Has a New Design Strategy : Act Local '' . Wired . Jump up ^ News , ITV ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` Starbucks comes to Guernsey '' . ITV . Jump up ^ Name ( required ) . `` Starbucks coffee shop chain will be opened in Baku , Azerbaijan -- Azeri America News '' . Azeriamericanews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Honors Colombian Coffee Heritage with Entry into Colombia Retail Market and Expanded Support for Farmers '' . Starbucks Newsroom . Starbucks Corporation . August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` Starbucks ja Kesko yhteistyöhön Suomessa '' ( in Finnish ) . Kauppalehti. 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks opens in Almaty '' . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks to Open in Slovakia '' . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks opens in Slovakia '' . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks arriva in Italia : `` Nel 2017 il primo negozio a Milano '' `` . La Stampa . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.eatout.co.za/article/review-first-taste-starbucks-rosebank/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Taste Holdings '' . Taste Holdings . Jump up ^ Starbucks to Open in Jamaica , Further Expanding its Presence in the Caribbean Archived May 4 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Limited , Jamaica Observer . `` Express Catering celebrates IPO success '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Limited , Jamaica Observer . `` Starbucks to help local coffee , dairy farmers '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Opens First Store in Jamaica '' . starbucks.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases - Starbucks Dissolves Joint Venture with the Delek Group of Israel '' . gr.starbucks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Starbucks in the Middle East '' . News.starbucks.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks closes outlets in Israel '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks closes coffeehouse in Beijing 's Forbidden City '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forbidden City Starbucks closes '' . BBC News . July 14 , 2007 .",
"41": "Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Crisis ? Starbucks Closing 600 Stores '' . ABC News . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adamy , Janet ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Starbucks to Shut 500 More Stores , Cut Jobs '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Lauren Shepherd ( July 29 , 2008 ) . `` Starbucks cuts 1,000 non-store jobs '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa ( July 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Seattle Times : Starbucks closing 73 % of Australian stores '' . Seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks : What went wrong ? '' . Australian Food News . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New owners for Starbucks Australia '' . news.com.au . News Limited . May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adamy , Janet ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` Starbucks to Close More Stores '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa ( March 3 , 2009 ) , `` No more layoffs at Starbucks , Schultz says '' Archived January 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Seattle Times Blog . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hartfordbusiness.com '' . Hartfordbusiness.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chesto , Jon ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Patriotledger.com '' . Patriotledger.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patton , Leslie ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Starbucks Falls After Cutting Forecast Below Estimate '' . Business Week . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 .",
"42": "Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kiesler , Sara ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` Capitol Hill to get a second stealth Starbucks '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berfield , Susan ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Starbucks : Howard Schultz vs. Howard Schultz '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McElhatton , Noelle ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Starbucks chief executive Howard Schultz on marketing '' . Marketing Magazine . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Starbucks tests new names for stores '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon , Scott ( July 25 , 2009 ) . `` Starbucks Goes Into Stealth Mode '' . NPR . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eaves , Elizabeth ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` How Locavores Brought On Local - Washing '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Starbucks stores in the United States from 2005 to 2015 * '' . Statista . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks vending machines and the future of business '' . AGBeat . September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Free Wi - Fi at all Starbucks for Reward Card holders '' . The London Insider . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks to Offer Free Wi - Fi '' . The New York Times . June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks unlimited free Wi - Fi Internet Canada '' .",
"43": "Business2press.com . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kirsner , Scott ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Starbucks picks Boston for pilot test of wire less charging in partnership with Duracell Powermat '' . Boston.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boston - area Starbucks testing wireless smartphone charging ; Starbucks , Google and AT&T back PMA standard '' . October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Top Mobile Trends ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Starbucks Launches First Mobile Order & Pay '' . Top Mobile Trends . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Insider : Principal roasts Starbucks over steamy retro logo '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Howard ; Dori Jones Yang ( 1997 ) . Pour Your Heart Into It : How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6315 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 253 Jump up ^ Rippin , Ann ( 2007 ) . `` Space , place and the colonies : re-reading the Starbucks ' story '' . Critical perspectives on international business . Emerald Group Publishing . 3 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 149 . doi : 10.1108 / 17422040710744944 . ISSN 1742 - 2043 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Carl Pyrdum , `` The Other Starbucks Mermaid Cover - Up '' , Got Medieval , August 31 , 2010 ( accessed March 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Shea , `` Medieval Scholar Hot on Trail of Starbucks Logo Cover - Up '' , Wall Street Journal Ideas Market January 31 , 2011 ( accessed March 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Robert Klara , How a Topless Mermaid Made the Starbucks Cup an Icon , Ad Week , September 29 , 2014 , ( accessed March 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa . `` Starbucks co-founder talks about early days , launching Redhook and Seattle Weekly '' . Seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larimore , Rachael ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Starbucks business strategy : How CEO Howard Schultz conquered the world '' . Slate.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Group finds Starbucks logo too hot to handle '' . Startribune.com . May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Marketing Doctor Says : Starbucks -- How Not To Do Logos '' Archived January 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Marketing Doctor Blog . May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Colbert I. ( January 26 , 2002 ) . `` The Saudi Sellout '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knotts , B ( April 19 , 2002 ) . `` Woman Back on Saudi Starbucks Logo '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at the Future of Starbucks '' . Starbucks . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple Builds Ecosystem With iPod Touch Screen .",
"45": "( September 5 , 2007 ) Retrieved September 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Is Now the Official Joe of ' Morning Joe ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Broadcastingcable.com '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Starbucks to Pay Kraft $2.75 Billion , Ending Broken - Deal Dispute : ( Business / Financial Desk ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joanne Po ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Starbucks Fined $2.8 B in Grocery Dispute , and More '' ( Video upload ) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tamara Rutter ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` 2 Reasons Mondelez Does n't Need Starbucks '' . Daily Finance . AOL Inc . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jargon , Julie ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Starbucks Defeated , Fined $2.8 Billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. B1 -- B2 . Jump up ^ `` ASU , Starbucks to offer full tuition coverage for all eligible employees '' . ASU Online . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gregory ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Starbucks workers could pay $23,000 for 4 - year tuition '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ Starbucks , PepsiCo sign agreement for Ready - To - Drink coffee , energy beverages in Latin America -- Reuters , July 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Spotify - Starbucks Partnership Is Digital Co-Branding Genius '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoonist Kieron Dwyer Sued By Starbucks '' . Comic Book Legal Defense Fund . November 30 , 2000 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Moynihan , Colin ( July 11 , 1999 ) . `` Starbucks Was Not Amused '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Starbucks v. Morgan , 99 Civ. 1404 ( S.D.N.Y. July 11 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Watts , Robert ( August 21 , 2004 ) . `` Revenge of the cyberspoofers '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nominet UK Dispute Resolution Service . `` Starbucks Corporation v James Leadbitter . DRS 02087 Decision of Independent Expert '' ( PDF ) . Nominet . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Mark Newsletter '' . D Young & Co . March 2005 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tartakoff , Joseph ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Logo look - alikes . Saving souls in Starbucks ' image '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved April 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks wins Chinese logo case '' . BBC News . February 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( March 5 , 2005 ) . `` Fightin ' Words '' . Restaurant Business . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stossel , John ; Goldberg , Alan ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Starbucks vs. Sambucks Coffee '' . 20 / 20 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks loses lawsuit on trademark in Korea '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barr , Greg ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Star Bock Beer case runs dry as high court denies petition '' . Houston Business Journal .",
"47": "Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James , Andrea ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Rollergirls bump up against Starbucks '' . The Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Voge , John ( March 2007 ) . `` The Down Low '' ( PDF ) . Exotic Underground . # 2.07 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Michael ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Records Show Starbucks Has n't Yet Opposed Rollergirls ' Logo '' . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David , Ruth ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Struck By Starbucks '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ramallah Attracts a Cosmopolitan Crowd , '' Michael T. Luongo , June 3 , 2010 , New York Times . Jump up ^ Rolph , Amy ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Stars and Bucks : Palestinian cafe spoofs Starbucks '' . Seattle Post Intelligencer . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson . `` Starbucks responds to Dumb Starbucks in L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Jonah . `` Nathan Fielder 's Ingenious Dumb Humor '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Koonse , Emma . `` ' Dumb Starbucks ' Coffee Shop Shut Down by Health Officials '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Murray . `` Welcome to Dumb Starbucks , How Can We Help You ? '' . Huffpost Teen . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangi , Naween A ( June 24 , 2003 ) . `` Starbucks coffee denies partnership in Pakistan '' . Daily News ( Pakistan ) .",
"48": "Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Michael ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Cafe to cash in on intl brand '' . The Pnomh Penh Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wastes May 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` National 25 Green Power Partners '' . Environmental Protection Agency . January 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lorraine , Veronica ; Flynn , Brian ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` The great drain robbery '' . The Sun . UK . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` An example of government requirement to operate a dipper well '' . Hamptonroads.com . February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling & Reducing Waste '' . Starbucks Company . ^ Jump up to : Melanie Warner ( November 17 , 2004 ) . `` The New York Times > Business > Starbucks Will Use Cups With 10 % Recycled Paper '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ GreenBiz Staff ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Starbucks Honored for Recycled - Content Cup '' . GreenBiz.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allison , Melissa ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Starbucks struggles with reducing environmental impacts '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Starbucks Campaign '' . US / LEAP . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coffee and Farmer Equity ( C.A.F.E ) Practices '' .",
"49": "Starbucks Coffee Corporation . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semroc , Bambi ; Elizabeth Baer , Joanne Sonenshine and Marielle Canter Weikel . `` Assessment of the Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity ( C.A.F.E. ) Practices Program FY08 - FY10 '' . Conservation International . p. 13 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaffee , Daniel ( 2007 ) . Brewing Justice : Fair Trade Coffee , Sustainability , and Survival . University of California Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Renard , Marie - Christine ( 2010 ) . `` In the Name of Conservation : CAFE Practices and Fair Trade in Mexico '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 92 : 287 -- 299 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Seattleweekly.com '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2006 . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Laidlaw , Stuart ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` TheStar.com -- living -- The fine print of ethical shopping : '' . The Star . Toronto . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . About 6 per cent of Starbucks ' coffee ( about 18 million pounds ) was certified as fair trade in 2006 . The company buys almost 300 million pounds of coffee a year . Jump up ^ Transfair USA . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` When you care about what you do , it shows '' . Starbuckscoffee.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fair ' coffee workers paid below minimum wage '' . Archive.mises.org. 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ James , Deborah . `` Justice and Java : Coffee in a Fair Trade Market '' . Global Exchange .",
"50": "Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Prices and Transparency '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow '' . BBC News . June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Starbucks Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Stealing water day '' . NOW Toronto . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . `` Maybe they 're not trying to sell anything on World Water Day , but every other day of they year they are selling water . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Corporation 2006 Annual Report '' . Shareholder.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , R. ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` Consumed : Big Gulp '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dupere , Katie . `` since 2010 '' . mashable.com . mashable.com . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Susanna . `` Starbucks to Donate 100 Percent of Unsold Food to Food Banks '' . abcnews.go.com . ABC News . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Hadley . `` Starbucks pledges to donate 100 % of unsold food '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kell , John . `` Starbucks Pledges to Donate 50 Million Meals a Year by 2020 '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Unhealthiest Hot Starbucks Drinks '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Creates Unhealthy Trend for Children '' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Jump up ^ `` 15 Facts About Starbucks That Will Blow Your Mind '' . Business Insider . March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Guide to Starbucks Caffeine '' . caffeineinformer.com . Jump up ^ Ault , Susanne ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` Starbucks rocks with Berry DVD '' .",
"51": "Video Business . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zumic `` The Monsanto Years '' -- Neil Young + Promise Of The Real ( Official Full Album Stream + Zumic Review ) by Francesco Marano Published : June 22nd , 2015 Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Neil Young Previews Cheeky ' Rock Starbucks ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Food Consumer Video Of The Week , A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Further reading Behar , Howard with Janet Goldstein. ( 2007 ) . It 's Not About the Coffee : Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks , 208 pages . ISBN 1 - 59184 - 192 - 5 . Clark , Taylor . ( 2007 ) . Starbucked : A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine , Commerce and Culture . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 316 - 01348 - X . Michelli , Joseph A. ( 2006 ) . The Starbucks experience : 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary , 208 pages . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147784 - 5 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Schultz , Howard . and Dori Jones Yang . ( 1997 ) . Pour Your Heart Into It : How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time , 350 pages . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6315 - 3 . Simon , Bryant . ( 2009 ) . Everything but the Coffee : Learning about America from Starbucks. 320 pages . ISBN 0 - 520 - 26106 - 2 . External links Official website Starbucks Store Business data for Starbucks : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Media related to Starbucks",
"52": "at Wikimedia Commons Starbucks Corporation Corporate directors Barbara Bass Bill Bradley Mellody Hobson Kevin Johnson Howard Schultz Clara Shih Myron Ullman Assets and products Ethos Water Evolution Fresh Hear Music Pasqua Coffee Seattle 's Best Coffee Starbucks Coffee Tata Starbucks Teavana Torrefazione Italia Verismo by Starbucks Former assets Tazo Tea Company See also Criticism of Starbucks Original Starbucks Starbucks Israel Links to related articles Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Furan - 2 - ylmethanethiol Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê",
"53": "sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley coffee Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain drink Misc .",
"54": "Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee Coffee portal Category : Coffee Coffee in Seattle Coffee roasters Caffé Vita Espresso Vivace Seattle 's Best Coffee Starbucks Tully 's Coffee Coffeehouses bauhaus books + coffee Café Allegro Last Exit on Brooklyn Monorail Espresso Original Starbucks Top Pot Doughnuts People David Schomer Howard Schultz Technology Coffee Equipment Company Seattle - based Corporations ( within the Seattle metropolitan area ) Seattle and SeaTac - based Fortune 1000 corporations Alaska Airlines ( # 482 ) Amazon.com ( # 49 ) Expeditors International ( # 428 ) Nordstrom ( # 227 ) Starbucks ( # 208 ) Puget Sound - based Fortune 1000 corporations Companies listed above , plus : Costco Wholesale ( # 22 ) Expedia Group ( # 515 ) Microsoft ( # 35 ) Paccar ( # 168 ) Puget Sound Energy ( # 703 ) Weyerhaeuser ( # 363 ) Major Seattle - and Puget Sound - based non-public or externally owned corporations Big Fish Games Darigold Eddie Bauer Jones Soda Nash Holdings Nintendo of America QFC REI Safeco T - Mobile US Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr .",
"55": "Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Jamba Juice Juice It Up !",
"56": "Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Other Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ?",
"57": "Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's White Tower Zantigo Food chains in Australia Casual dining Hog 's Breath Café La Porchetta Nando 's Sizzler Fast food Bing Boy Boost Juice Bucking Bull Burger Urge Chicken Treat Chooks Fresh & Tasty Domino 's Pizza Eagle Boys Fast Eddys Grill 'd Guzman y Gomez Hungry Jack 's ( Burger King ) KFC Mad Mex Fresh Mexican Grill McDonald 's Noodle Box Oporto Pancake Parlour Pizza Capers Pizza Haven Pizza Showtime Red Rooster Salsa 's Fresh Mex Grill Spudbar Sumo Salad Schnitz Uncle Tony 's Kebabs Zambrero Baked goods Donut King Bakers Delight Breadtop Brumby 's Bakeries Krispy Kreme Pie Face Subway Coffeehouses and tea rooms The Coffee Club Dôme Gloria Jean 's Coffees Hudsons Coffee Jamaica Blue McDonald 's McCafé Michel 's Patisserie Muffin Break Muzz Buzz Shingle Inn Starbucks Coffee Vittoria Coffee Zarraffas Coffee Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry",
"58": "'s Cold Rock Ice Creamery Mr Whippy Wendy 's Supa Sundaes List of restaurant chains in Australia Restaurant chains in Ireland Coffeehouse AMT Coffee Butlers Chocolate Café Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Costa Coffee Esquires Gloria Jean 's Insomnia Coffee Company Starbucks Fast food restaurants Abrakebabra Apache Pizza Burger King Domino 's Pizza Four Star Pizza KFC McDonald 's Supermac 's Casual dining The Counter Eddie Rocket 's Gourmet Burger Kitchen Hard Rock Café Harry Ramsden 's Leo Burdock MAO Milano Nando 's Pizza Hut T.G.I. Friday 's Wagamama Zizzi Sandwich shops O'Briens Quiznos Subway Upper Crust Restaurant chains in Poland Casual dining Fabryka Pizzy Pizza Hut Chłopskie Jadło Sfinx Coffee shops and tea rooms A. Blikle Coffeeshop Company Cukiernia Sowa Caffè Nero Carte d'Or Costa Coffee E. Wedel Grycan Second Cup So ! Coffee Starbucks Tchibo Fast food restaurants Blue Frog Burger King Conieco . Dairy Queen Domino 's Pizza Dunkin ' Donuts KFC McDonald 's North Fish Subway Telepizza Food chains in Taiwan Coffeehouse From USA Starbucks Swensen 's Cold Stone Creamery Dairy Queen Local 85C Bakery Cafe Gong Cha Ten Ren Tea Dante Mr.",
"59": "Brown Chun Shui Tang EasyWay Chatime Quickly Fast food restaurants From USA Burger King KFC McDonald 's Pizza Hut Domino 's Pizza Subway Lee 's Sandwiches From Japan Ajisen Ramen Yoshinoya Pepper Lunch Sukiya Ichiran Local TKK Fried Chicken MOS Burger KLG Napoli Pizza Casual dining From USA Chili 's Gordon Biersch Hooters Outback Steakhouse Romano 's Macaroni Grill Ruth 's Chris Steak House T.G.I. Friday 's Local Formosa Chang Sushi Express 3375 Steak my home noble Steak Wowprime Steak Tasty Tokiya ikki giguo 12hotpot chamonix Hot 7 yakiyan pinnada Grazie Tinopizza Donut Mister Donut Krispy Kreme Former chains Boston Market California Pizza Kitchen Hard Rock Cafe Planet Hollywood Wendy 's Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Belgo Bella Italia Bill 's Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio 's Chiquito Côte Damon 's Dishoom Ed 's Easy Diner Franco Manca Frankie & Benny 's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden 's Harvester Hungry Horse Jimmy 's Restaurants Las Iguanas La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando 's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Sticks'n'Sushi Strada Table Table T.G.I.",
"60": "Friday 's Toby Carvery Tony Roma 's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino 's Pizza Five Guys KFC Leon McDonald 's Morley 's Papa John 's Pizza Sam 's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Square Pie Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO ! Sushi Baked goods Auntie Anne 's Cinnabon Cooplands Dunkin ' Donuts Eat Greggs Krispy Kreme Millie 's Cookies Patisserie Valerie Poundbakery Pret a Manger Sayers Spudulike Upper Crust The West Cornwall Pasty Company Coffee shops and tea rooms AMT Coffee Betty 's Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Coffee # 1 Coffee Republic Costa Coffee Harris + Hoole Starbucks Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Kaspa 's Pub chains All Bar One Chef & Brewer O'Neill's Slug and Lettuce Walkabout Wetherspoons Yates 's Companies of the NASDAQ - 100 index 21st Century Fox Activision Blizzard Adobe Systems Alexion Pharmaceuticals Align Technology Alphabet Amazon.com American Airlines Group Amgen Analog Devices Apple Applied Materials ASML Holding Autodesk Automatic Data Processing Baidu Biogen BioMarin Pharmaceutical Booking Holdings Broadcom Inc . CA Technologies Cadence Design Systems Celgene Cerner Charter Communications Check Point Cintas Cisco Systems Citrix Systems Cognizant Comcast Costco CSX Ctrip.com International Dentsply Sirona Dish Network Dollar Tree eBay Electronic Arts Expedia Express Scripts Facebook Fastenal Fiserv Gilead Sciences Hasbro Henry Schein Hologic Idexx Laboratories Illumina Incyte Intel Intuit Intuitive Surgical J.B.",
"61": "Hunt Transport Services JD.com KLA - Tencor Kraft Heinz Lam Research Liberty Global Marriott International Maxim Integrated Products MercadoLibre Microchip Technology Micron Technology Microsoft Mondelez International Monster Beverage Mylan NetEase Netflix Nvidia O'Reilly Auto Parts Paccar Paychex PayPal Qualcomm Qurate Retail Group Regeneron Ross Stores Seagate Technology Shire Sirius XM Holdings Skyworks Solutions Starbucks Symantec Synopsys T - Mobile US Take - Two Interactive Tesla , Inc .",
"62": "Texas Instruments Ulta Beauty Verisk Analytics Vertex Pharmaceuticals Vodafone Walgreens Boots Alliance Western Digital Workday Wynn Resorts Xilinx PepsiCo Corporate directors Indra Nooyi ( Chairman & CEO ) Robert Eugene Allen Dina Dublon Alberto Ibargüen Steven Reinemund Pepsi Diet Pepsi Pepsi Max ( North America and International versions ) Pepsi Next Pepsi - Cola Made with Real Sugar Jazz Diet Kas Izze Mountain Dew Manzanita Sol Mirinda Mist Twst Mug Root Beer Slice 7 Up ( outside United States ) Amp Energy Aquafina Ethos Water ( under license ) Lipton ( Brisk Iced Tea ) ( under license ) No Fear ( under license ) Ocean Spray ( under license ) Frappuccino ( under license ) Starbucks ( under license ) SoBe Shani Duke 's Lemonade Duke 's Mangola Frito - Lay ( Canada ) Lay 's Ruffles Doritos Tostitos Fritos Cheetos Rold Gold Funyuns Sun Chips Cracker Jack Munchos Smartfood Oberto ( distributed ) Hostess Lay 's Stax Miss Vickie 's Munchies Walkers Sabritas Smith 's Bluebird Gamesa Kurkure Uncle Chipps Sabra ( 49 % ) Tropicana Products Copella Dole ( under license ) Naked Tropicana Tropolis Quaker Oats Company Quaker Instant Oatmeal Cap'n Crunch Life Quisp King Vitaman Oh 's Aunt Jemima Chewy Granola Bars Rice - A-Roni Toddy Scott 's Porage Oats Tchudo Gatorade Propel Fitness Water Other holdings Lebedyansky Sandora Simba Wimm - Bill - Dann Duke and Sons Pepsi P1 LCCN : no95039213 ISNI : 0000 0001 2222 5399 GND : 4633393 - 9 NDL : 00688759 Retrieved from `` https://en.",
"63": "wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starbucks&oldid=838044768 '' Categories : Companies in the NASDAQ - 100 Index Companies listed on NASDAQ Starbucks Coffee brands Coffee houses of the United States Fast - food chains of the United States Coffee in Seattle Companies based in Seattle American companies established in 1971 Food and drink companies established in 1971 Retail companies established in 1971 1971 establishments in Washington ( state ) Culture of Seattle Android ( operating system ) software IOS software WatchOS software Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2012 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles to be split from April 2018 All articles to be split Articles that may be too long from April 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles to be expanded from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2012 Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2012 Articles needing more detailed references All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words ,",
"64": "phrases or quotes attributed from June 2013 Articles needing cleanup from February 2013 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"65": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Army Combat Uniform - wikipedia Army Combat Uniform Jump to : navigation , search Army Combat Uniform A U.S. soldier wearing the Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) in the Operational Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) . Type Battledress Place of origin United States of America Service history In service 2015 -- present ( ACU - OCP ) 2004 -- present ( ACU - UCP , to be discontinued in 2019 ) Used by United States Army U.S. Air Force U.S. Navy ( Individual Augmentees ) Wars War in Afghanistan Iraq War Production history Designed 2004 ( UCP ACU ) , 2009 ( MultiCam ACU ) , 2014 ( OCP ACU ) Variants See Variants U.S. Army soldiers in May 2011 , wearing the ACU in the Universal Camouflage Pattern , along with its replacement MultiCam pattern ( second from left ) in Paktika province , Afghanistan . The Army Combat Uniform , also known in the Air Force as the Airman Combat Uniform ( ACU ) and its flame - retardant variant , the Flame - Resistant Army Combat Uniform ( FRACU ) , are the current battle uniforms worn by the United States Army . First unveiled in June 2004 , it is the successor to the Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) and Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) worn from the 1980s and 1990s through the early 2000s , respectively . The ACU and its component materials are manufactured by the existing industrial infrastructure which produced the now - obsolete BDU . Official military - grade ACUs are made of 50 % nylon and 50 % cotton . All other blends are not official issue .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Initial fielding 1.3 Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) 1.4 Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern ( MultiCam ) 1.5 Operational Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) 2 Components 2.1 Jacket 2.2 Trousers 2.3 Headgear 2.4 T - shirt 2.5 Footwear 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) DEVELOPMENT ( edit ) In early 2004 , some U.S. Army soldiers in Iraq were issued the `` Close Combat Uniform '' a variant of the Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) that featured new innovations such as shoulder pockets affixed with hook - and - loop `` Velcro '' fasteners , chest - worn rank insignia , and a new collar . The experimental features used on the CCU were eventually incorporated into the ACU , which was publicly announced in June 2004 . Initial Fielding ( edit ) The process of replacing the U.S. Army 's woodland pattern BDU and DCU with the ACU was to begin in April 2005 . However , the fielding process began two months earlier through the Rapid Fielding Initiative . Soldiers from the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team were the first U.S. Army unit to receive the ACU , subsequently deploying the entire Brigade into OIF combat in May 2005 . Initial reception of the ACU was mixed , with complaints of insufficient durability and excessive maintenance . The ACU 's infrared tab , closed ( left ) , and opened ( right ) . Universal Camouflage pattern ( UCP ) ( edit ) Main article : Universal Camouflage Pattern The ACU of a U.S. Navy sailor attached to a U.S. Army unit during the Iraq War , August 2009 . The ACU originally used the Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) , which used a pixelated pattern of tan , gray and green ( Desert Sand 500 , Urban Gray 501 and Foliage Green 502 ) and was intended to work equally well in desert , woodland , and urban environments .",
"2": "It is aesthetically similar to the USMC 's MARPAT and Canadian CADPAT camouflage scheme . The shade black was omitted from the uniform since it is highly visible both to the naked eye and to modern optics . Pure black , when viewed through night vision devices , appears excessively dark and creates an undesirable high - contrast image . The pattern proved to be ineffective in certain environments , and is scheduled to be fully phased out of the Army by 30 September 2019 . Operation enduring freedom Camouflage pattern ( MultiCam ) ( edit ) Main article : MultiCam Beginning in late 2010 U.S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan ( starting with the 173rd Airborne Brigade ) were issued an Army - developed variant of the Crye Precision `` MultiCam '' pattern , which was far more effective in Afghanistan 's terrain . These flame - retardant uniforms are designed to prevent third - degree burns , along with up to thirty percent of second degree burns . Additionally , the uniforms are treated with the chemical permethrin to help protect soldiers from insect - borne diseases like malaria . Some U.S. Army soldiers during the latter stages of the Iraq War also wore the ACU in MultiCam ; some were seen wearing them as late as December 2011 , when the United States withdrew its military forces from the country at the end of the war . This particular version has been replaced by the newer ACU in the Operational Camouflage Pattern . Operational Camouflage pattern ( OCP ) ( edit ) Main article : Operational Camouflage Pattern In May 2014 , the Army unofficially announced that the Operational Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) would replace UCP on the ACU . The original `` Scorpion '' pattern was developed at United States Army Soldier Systems Center by Crye Precision in 2002 for the Objective Force Warrior program . Crye later modified and trademarked their version of the pattern as MultiCam , which was selected for use by U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan in 2010 . After talks to officially adopt MultiCam broke down over costs in late 2013 , the Army began experimenting with the original Scorpion pattern , creating a variant code named `` Scorpion W2 '' , noting that while a pattern can be copyrighted , a color palette can not and that beyond 50 meters the actual pattern is `` not that relevant . ''",
"3": "The pattern resembles MultiCam with muted greens , light beige , and dark brown colors , but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements . On 31 July 2014 , the Army formally announced that the pattern would begin being issued in uniforms in summer 2015 . The official name is intended to emphasize its use beyond Afghanistan to all combatant commands . The UCP pattern is planned to be fully replaced by the OCP on the ACU by 1 October 2019 . ACUs printed in OCP first became available for purchase on 1 July 2015 , with deployed soldiers already being issued uniforms and equipment in the new pattern . Components ( edit ) A U.S. Army soldier in June 2005 wearing the ACU in UCP with matching IBA vest and ACH helmet . A U.S. Army soldier in Kunar province , Afghanistan , during Operation Saray in April 2006 . U.S. Army soldiers from the 2nd Infantry Division , patrol the streets of Baghdad , Iraq during the Iraq War in August 2006 , while wearing the ACU and Interceptor body armor . The ACU features hook - and - loop fasteners , also known by the genericized trademark Velcro , on its sleeve pockets . Jacket ( edit ) The ACU jacket originally used hook - and - loop - backed attachments to secure items such as name tapes , rank insignia , and shoulder patches and tabs , as well as recognition devices such as the U.S. flag patch and the infrared ( IR ) tab . Originally only pin - on skill badges were authorized for wear on the ACU , with no more than 5 at any one time . In the summer of 2011 , regulations were changed to allow for wearing of sew - on embroidered skill badges like the ones worn on the older BDUs . The 5 - badge limit remained in effect , and there could be no mixing of sew - on and pin - on badges . At the same time , the US Army tape , personal nametapes , and rank insignia could be sewn - on at the wearers preference . Skill tabs , such as the President 's Hundred Tab , Special Forces , Ranger , and Sapper are worn on the left sleeve pocket flap , and are subject to a 3 - tab - only rule .",
"4": "A tab that is an integral part of a unit patch , such as the `` Mountain '' or `` Airborne '' tab , is not counted against the rule . The U.S. Army Chaplain insignia is the only authorized army branch insignia to be worn on the ACU . It is centered 1 / 8 inch above the right name tape . The insignia may be the metal pin - on variety or the black embroidered insignia on digitized fabric with Velcro fasteners . Near Infrared ( NIR ) Signature Management Technology is incorporated to minimize the infrared silhouette . Permanent IR IFF squares are sewn to each shoulder to help identify friendly personnel when night vision devices are used , and are protected by Velcro tabs in garrison or when not in use . Three U.S. flag insignia are authorized for wear with the ACU : full - color , full - color IR , and subdued IR . The U.S. flag insignia ( full - color or subdued ) is worn on the right shoulder pocket flap of the ACU coat . The subdued version is only worn as directed under tactical or field conditions . On the right shoulder of the ACU , the U.S. flag is depicted with the union ( stars ) to the viewer 's right , instead of the usual left ( flag 's own right ) ; this is to give the impression of the flag moving forward with the wearer . Subdued shoulder sleeve insignia are always worn . The jacket 's Mandarin collar was intended to be worn up in combat to fit with the Improved Outer Tactical Vest ( IOTV ) body armor , and worn in the down position otherwise . With the change of pattern to OCP , the Velcro tab that closed the Mandarin collar was removed , along with other Velcro closures . The front closure is zippered and reinforced with Velcro , designed for use with OTV . The tilted chest pockets , cuffs , and elbow pad insert pockets also utilize hook - and - loop closure . There is a three slot pen pocket on the left arm of the jacket , and blouse bellows for increased mobility . The jacket is worn so that it bottom is between the bottom of the pocket and the top of the cargo pocket . In the field , the jacket may be replaced by the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt when worn directly under the IOTV .",
"5": "Trousers ( edit ) The ACU trousers ( or ACU pants ) are worn with a two - inch nylon web belt , and feature Velcro pouches for knee pad inserts , two forward - tilted thigh storage pockets with elastic drawstring and Velcro for closure during movement , and two calf storage pockets one on each pant leg with a Velcro closure . ACU trousers with flame resistant materials are being issued for use in Iraq and Afghanistan . The updates to the ACU trousers in late 2010 included removal of Velcro fasteners from forward - tilted thigh cargo pocket flaps which were replaced with 3 buttons . This change was introduced gradually from 2009 onward and is now in full effect . Two buttons are standard ( same function as on BDU trouser cargo pockets ) , while the third button located at the very end of the pocket can be used to allow for more load and extra volume in cargo pockets . On the small calf pockets the 3 - piece Velcro ( 2 square hook on pocket and one rectangular loop patch on the flap ) have been replaced with a single button in 2012 . Buttons were re-introduced and replaced Velcro on pockets after numerous complaints from soldiers in the field . The belt loops are of new design , much wider ( double width ) and there is 8 of them now compared to 7 in the past . The waist adjustment cord has been removed and replaced by the Velcro waistband fine - adjusters , one at each hip . Instead of a knee pocket which could only accommodate soft knee inserts in the past , the knee area now features multi-layered comprehensive design which allows external hard - type knee pads to be inserted and secured . Back of the knee area has Velcro hook and loop patches to further secure knee inserts around the knee area . Cuffs at the bottom of the trousers do not use drawstrings anymore for blousing ; those have been again replaced by the Velcro cuff adjusters . Further changes as part of the transition to OCP removed the pockets for insertable knee pads altogether , along with the replacement of more Velcro with buttons . To be able to differentiate the FRACU from ACU at a distance , a small square inch tan patch is affixed to the left sleeve cuff on the jacket and the middle of the left cargo pocket flap on the trousers . Headgear ( edit ) A U.S.",
"6": "Army soldier in March 2007 , wears a helmet with a UCP camouflage cover during the Iraq War . Typically , the ACU is worn with the Advanced Combat Helmet , a patrol cap , or a boonie hat and / or fleece cap as appropriate in winter months . The patrol cap is a kepi - styled straight - sided , flat - topped soft cap , with a double thick bill and internal pocket . When in garrison , the maroon , tan , and green berets may be worn by paratroopers , Army Rangers , and Army Special Forces respectively . The green micro fleece cap is authorized for field and garrison use outside of unit PT , per local command . A name tape is worn on the back of the patrol cap . Sew - on rank is recommended but pin - on rank is authorized on the ACU Patrol Cap and ACU Boonie Hat . The MICH ( Modular Integrated Communications Helmet ) Camouflage cover rank must be sewn on if worn but is often not used as the night vision device mount would obstruct it . T - shirt ( edit ) The ACU is worn with a moisture - wicking sand colored T - shirt . A coyote brown T - shirt is authorized with ACU - OCPs , and will become the sole authorized T - shirt upon completion of the full transition to OCP in 2019 . Footwear ( edit ) The ACU is worn with tan Army Combat Boots and olive drab cotton socks . Commercial versions of this boot are authorized without limitation , complying with the following regulations -- must be 8 to 10 inches in height , be made of tan rough side out cattle hide leather with a plain toe and tan rubber outsoles , and be without zippers , metal cleats , or side tabs . The Mountain Combat Boot is available for difficult terrain , and the Extreme Cold Vapor Barrier Boots for cold weather . As with the T - shirt , coyote brown boots are authorized with OCP and will become the sole boot authorized following the completion of the transition in 2019 . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal Airman Battle Uniform Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform Navy Working Uniform List of camouflage patterns Uniforms of the United States Army U.S.",
"7": "Army Service Uniform References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Airmen go hand - to - hand with Afghan National Police '' . ^ Jump up to : `` USAFCENTI - 36 - 2903 - 28 - 28 - Aug - 17. pdf '' . Jump up ^ `` ALARACT 078 / 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` USA Contracts for New Army Combat Uniforms , New Camo '' . Jump up ^ Larson , Eric H. ( 2009 ) . `` HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE US ARMY CLOSE COMBAT UNIFORM ( CCU / CU ) '' ( PDF ) . Camopedia . Jump up ^ Triggs , Marcia ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Army unveils new combat uniform , replace Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) '' . United States Army Public Affairs . United States Department of the Army . Archived from the original on 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 18 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Hirschman , Dave ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` Some Georgia Troops Blister Tattered Desert Uniforms '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Archived from the original on 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Combat Uniform ( ACU ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Camouflaging Yourself AND Equipment '' . Kit Up ! . 2009 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Army ACU Replacement Fielding Plan Overview '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Lopez , C. ( 20 February 2010 ) . `` Soldiers to get new cammo pattern for wear in Afghanistan '' . US Army . US Army . Retrieved 22 February 2010 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Army selects new camo pattern - Armytimes.com , 23 May 2014 Jump up ^ Army announces rollout date for new camo - Armytimes.com , 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ Army Unveils Design Changes for New Camo Uniform - Military.com , 6 August 2014 Jump up ^ Soldiers Line Up to Buy New Camouflage Uniforms - Kitup.Military.com , 8 July 2015 Jump up ^ Army Combat Uniform Ensemble , paragraph 5L . Jump up ^ Paragraph 5S . Jump up ^ Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ALARACT Message 007 / 2006 Jump up ^ `` ALARACT 164 / 2006 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Army Combat Uniform Summary of Changes Accessed 14 May 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` PEO Soldier to Unveil New Army Combat Shirt '' . Jump up ^ `` Fleece / Knit Cap Authorization for the ACU '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161226175910/http://www.armyg1.army.mil/hr/Foliage%20Green%20t-shirt%20ALARACT%20message.doc . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FROM '' ( PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Army testing combat boots , camouflage patterns External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army Combat Uniform .",
"9": "Program Executive Office ( PEO ) Soldier PEO Soldier - Army Combat Uniform Factsheet PEO Soldier - Army Combat Uniform FAQ GlobalSecurity.org page on ACU ( with pictures ) ACU Brief ( ArmyStudyGuide.com ) -- details of proper wear and care of the ACU Army page on ACU 48th Brigade Combat Team -- First Field Reports on ACU ( 1 ) Soldiers to test new Army Combat pants Army Times Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ;",
"10": "Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"11": "php?title=Army_Combat_Uniform&oldid=838057651 '' Categories : 2004 in military history American military uniforms History of fashion United States Army uniforms United States Air Force uniforms Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from June 2012 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Polski Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 19 . About Wikipedia",
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-7056259512574600329
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what type of business is chamber of commerce
|
[
"a form of business network",
"a form of business network",
"a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses"
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{
"0": "Chamber of Commerce - Wikipedia Chamber of Commerce Jump to : navigation , search This article is about trade organizations globally . For the American business lobbying organization , see United States Chamber of Commerce . Former headquarters of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York , the oldest Chamber of commerce in the United States , established in 1768 during the British Colonial Period A chamber of commerce ( or board of trade ) is a form of business network , for example , a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses . Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community . Local businesses are members , and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber . The board or council then hires a President , CEO or Executive Director , plus staffing appropriate to size , to run the organization . The first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in Marseille , France . Another official chamber of commerce would follow 65 years later , probably in Bruges , then part of the Spanish Netherlands . The world 's oldest English - speaking chamber of commerce is the Jersey Chamber founded in February 1768 , the same year the New York City Chamber was founded , The oldest known existing chamber in the English - speaking world with continuous records , the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce , was founded in 1783 . However , Hull Chamber of Commerce is the UK 's oldest , followed by those of Leeds and of Belfast in present day Northern Ireland . As a non-governmental institution , a chamber of commerce has no direct role in the writing and passage of laws and regulations that affect businesses . It may however , lobby in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Chamber models 2.1 Community , city and regional chambers 2.2 Community chambers 2.3 City chambers 2.4 State chambers 2.5 National and international chambers 2.6 Compulsory or public - law chambers 2.7 Continental / private law chambers 2.8 Multilateral chambers 3 Surveys 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Membership in an individual chamber can range from a few dozen to well over 800,000 , as is the case with the Paris Île - de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry . Some chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers . Chambers of commerce can range in scope from individual neighborhoods within a city or town up to an international chamber of commerce . In the United States , chambers do not operate in the same manner as the Better Business Bureau in that , while the BBB has the authority to bind its members under a formal operation doctrine ( and , thus , can remove them if complaints arise regarding their services ) , the local chamber membership is either voluntary or required by law . In addition , Chambers represent the interests of businesses , while the BBB represents both the interests of businesses and the general public . Some Chambers are partially funded by local government , others are non-profit , and some are a combination of the two . Chambers of commerce also can include economic development corporations or groups ( though the latter can sometimes be a formal branch of a local government , the groups work together and may in some cases share office facilities ) as well as tourism and visitor bureaus . Some chambers have joined state , national ( such as the United States Chamber of Commerce and the British Chambers of Commerce ) and even international bodies ( such as Eurochambres , the International Chamber of Commerce ( ICC ) , Worldchambers ) . Currently , there are about 13,000 chambers registered in the official Worldchambers Network registry , and the chamber of commerce network is the largest business network globally . This network is informal , with each local chamber incorporated and operating separately , rather than as a chapter of a national or state chamber .",
"2": "Chamber Models ( edit ) Community , city and regional chambers ( edit ) Chambers of commerce in the United States can be considered community , city , regional , state , or nationwide ( United States Chamber of Commerce ) . City Chambers work on the local level to bring the business community together to develop strong local networks , which can result in a business - to - business exchange . In most cases , city Chambers work with their local government , such as their mayor , their city council and local representatives to develop pro-business initiatives . There are also bilateral chambers of commerce that link the business environments of two countries ( e.g. Romanian - American Chamber of Commerce , Moldovan -- American Chamber of Commerce ) . Community chambers ( edit ) Community chambers of commerce started in the UK and later spread to in the US , becoming city chambers of commerce as communities developed and became larger . Community chambers of commerce are smaller and most have a limits on numbers of members . City chambers ( edit ) The Marlborough Regional Chamber of Commerce in Marlborough , Massachusetts City chambers of commerce have a long history in the US . The Charleston Chamber of Commerce is one of the oldest , dating back to colonial 1773 . That same year , Boston 's Chamber of Commerce organized a seminal tax protest : The Boston Tea Party . In 2005 there were 2,800 chambers of commerce in the United States and 102 chambers representing U.S. businesses overseas . According to the Association for Chamber of Commerce Executives ( ACCE ) , there are approximately 3,000 chambers of commerce with at least one staff person and `` thousands more established as strictly volunteer entities '' . State chambers ( edit ) State chambers of commerce are much different from local and regional chambers of commerce , as they work on state and sometimes federal issues impacting the business community . Just as the local chamber is critical to the local business community , state chambers serve a unique function , serving as a third party voice on important business legislation that impact the business community and are critical in shaping legislation in their respective state . State Chambers work with their Governor , state representatives , state senators , US congressional leaders and US Senators . In comparison with state trade associations , which serve as a voice and resource to a particular industry , state chambers are looked to as a respected voice , representing the entire business community to enhance and advocate for a better business environment .",
"3": "National and international chambers ( edit ) Understanding the National or International need for understanding and information is the key service that these level of chambers of commerce provide . These services are in most cases are at no fee or cost to their members , some of the resources offer personal and / or business services that may have a very low fee ( Memberships to other association like the NRA etc . ) . Compulsory or public - law chambers ( edit ) Under the compulsory or public law model , enterprises of certain sizes , types , or sectors are obliged to become members of the chamber . This model is common in European Union countries ( e.g. France , Germany , Italy , Spain , Austria ) , as well as Japan . Main tasks of the chambers are foreign trade promotion , vocational training , regional economic development , and general services to their members . The chambers were given responsibilities of public administration in various fields by the state which they exercise in order management . The chambers also have a consultative function ; this means the chambers must be consulted whenever a new law related to industry or commerce is proposed . In Germany , the chambers of commerce and industry ( IHK - Industrie - und Handelskammer ) and the chambers of skilled crafts ( HwK - Handwerkskammer ) are public statutory bodies with self - administration under the inspectorate of the state ministry of economy . Enterprises are members by law according to the chamber act ( IHK - Gesetz ) of 1956 . Because of this , such chambers are much bigger than chambers under private law . IHK Munich , the biggest German chamber of commerce , has 350,000 member companies . Germany also has compulsory chambers for `` free occupations '' such as architects , dentists , engineers , lawyers , notaries , physicians and pharmacists . Continental / private law chambers ( edit ) Under the private model , which exists in English - speaking countries like USA , Canada or the UK , but as well in Sweden , Finland , Norway and Denmark , companies are not obligated to become chamber members . However , companies often become members to develop their business contacts and , regarding the local chambers ( the most common level of organization ) , to demonstrate a commitment to the local economy . Though governments are not required to consult chambers on proposed laws , the chambers are often contacted given their local influence and membership numbers .",
"4": "Multilateral chambers ( edit ) A multilateral chamber is formed of companies ( and sometimes individuals ) from different countries with a common business interest towards or in a specific country . It can further be active in representing the interests of local and foreign investors in that specific country , achieved through promotion and proactivity regarding the general business environment . Multilateral chambers of commerce are independent entities strengthening business relations and interactions between all economic players , and their members may benefit from a broad range of activities that enhance the visibility and reputation of their business . Surveys ( edit ) In many countries Chambers of Commerce are a source of private sector information . The information is usually gathered by surveying Chamber members . The British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey is an example of a Chambers of Commerce survey that is used by official governmental departments as a guide to the performance of the economy . See also ( edit ) Lobbying Non-governmental organization Trade group Trade union British Chambers of Commerce United States Chamber of Commerce Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry Camera di Commercio , Industria , Agricoltura e Artigianato - Italy All pages beginning with `` Chamber of commerce '' All pages with a title containing Chamber of commerce All pages beginning with `` Chamber of Commerce and Industry '' All pages with a title containing Chamber of Commerce and Industry European Federation of Bilateral Chambers of Commerce References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1599 Création à Marseille de la première Chambre de Commerce '' . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Le port de Marseille , qui possède la plus ancienne Chambre de Commerce de France ( fondée en 1599 ) , acquiert une notoriété Mondiale '' . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marseille , la Chambre , la plus vieille de France , crée en 1559 par Henri IV '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ André - Pierre Nouvion , Origine et histoire des juridictions consulaires et des Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie Françaises , 2002 Jump up ^ `` About Chamber '' . Jersey Chamber of Commerce .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Joseph Bucklin Bishop ( 1918 ) . A chronicle of one hundred & fifty years : the Chamber of commerce of the state of New York , 1768 - 1918 . C. Scribner 's sons . p. 5 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hull Humber - chamber '' . hull-humber-chamber.co.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expertise , services , local action : the Paris Île - de-France Regional Commerce and Industry is by your side '' . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Fedotov , Organization and Legal Models of Chambers '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Weir ( 2007 ) . Class in America : A-G . ABC - CLIO . pp. 121 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33720 - 8 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Community Chambers of Commerce '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ United States Chamber of Commerce . `` U.S. Chamber of Commerce : The Early Years '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ United State Chamber of Commerce . `` U.S. Chamber of Commerce : The Early Years '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Chamber ? '' . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ André - Pierre Nouvion , Chambres de commerce et d'industrie - Encyclopédie juridique Dalloz - Répertoire de droit commercial , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Markus Pilgrim and Ralf Meier , Chamber Primer '' ( PDF ) .",
"6": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IHK München '' . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey Archived 7 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... BCC. 2014 . Retrieved on 16 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chambers of commerce . International Chamber of Commerce / World Chambers Federation Chamber Search ( hide ) Business organizations Types Employers ' organization Chamber of commerce Inter-professional association Trade association List of food industry trade associations List of industry trade groups in the United States Cooperative federation Corporate groups Chaebol ( South Korea ) Conglomerate Keiretsu ( Japan ) Konzern ( Germany ) Xi ( China ) Zaibatsu ( Japan ) Oppositional groups Trade union Consumer organization See also Bamboo network ( Greater China ) / ( Southeast Asia ) Business network Business networking Cartel Company registers Real Estate Hegemony ( Hong Kong ) VIAF : 148284369 GND : 4158996 - 8 SUDOC : 035104244 HDS : 13808 NDL : 00572112 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"7": "php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&oldid=817396048 '' Categories : Chambers of commerce 1599 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Papiamentu Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7334041128732111683
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chemicals produced in one part of a plant that affect the growth and response of other parts
|
[
"Plant hormones",
"hormones",
"Plant hormones"
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{
"0": "Plant hormone - Wikipedia Plant hormone Jump to : navigation , search Lack of the plant hormone auxin can cause abnormal growth ( right ) Plant hormones ( also known as phytohormones ) are chemicals that regulate plant growth . In the United Kingdom , these are termed ' plant growth substances ' . Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant , and occur in extremely low concentrations . Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally and , moved to other locations , in other functional parts of the plant . Hormones also determine the formation of flowers , stems , leaves , the shedding of leaves , and the development and ripening of fruit . Plants , unlike animals , lack glands that produce and secrete hormones . Instead , each cell is capable of producing hormones . Plant hormones shape the plant , affecting seed growth , time of flowering , the sex of flowers , senescence of leaves , and fruits . They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward , leaf formation and stem growth , fruit development and ripening , plant longevity , and even plant death . Hormones are vital to plant growth , and , lacking them , plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells . So they are also known as growth factors or growth hormones . The term ' Phytohormone ' was coined by Went and Thimann and used in the title of their book in 1937 . Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants but in algae , showing similar functions , and in microorganisms , such as unicellular fungi and bacteria , but in these cases they play no hormonal or other immediate physiological role in the producing organism and can , thus , be regarded as secondary metabolites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Classes 2.1 Abscisic acid 2.2 Auxins 2.3 Cytokinins 2.4 Ethylene 2.5 Gibberellins 2.6 Other known hormones 3 Potential medical applications 4 Hormones and plant propagation 4.1 Seed dormancy 5 History 6 References 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Phyllody on a purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea ) , a plant development abnormality where leaf - like structures replace flower organs .",
"1": "It can be caused by hormonal imbalance , among other reasons . The word hormone is derived from Greek , meaning set in motion . Plant hormones affect gene expression and transcription levels , cellular division , and growth . They are naturally produced within plants , though very similar chemicals are produced by fungi and bacteria that can also affect plant growth . A large number of related chemical compounds are synthesized by humans . They are used to regulate the growth of cultivated plants , weeds , and in vitro - grown plants and plant cells ; these manmade compounds are called plant growth regulators or PGRs for short . Early in the study of plant hormones , `` phytohormone '' was the commonly used term , but its use is less widely applied now . Plant hormones are not nutrients , but chemicals that in small amounts promote and influence the growth , development , and differentiation of cells and tissues . The biosynthesis of plant hormones within plant tissues is often diffuse and not always localized . Plants lack glands to produce and store hormones , because , unlike animals -- which have two circulatory systems ( lymphatic and cardiovascular ) powered by a heart that moves fluids around the body -- plants use more passive means to move chemicals around their bodies . Plants utilize simple chemicals as hormones , which move more easily through their tissues . They are often produced and used on a local basis within the plant body . Plant cells produce hormones that affect even different regions of the cell producing the hormone . Hormones are transported within the plant by utilizing four types of movements . For localized movement , cytoplasmic streaming within cells and slow diffusion of ions and molecules between cells are utilized . Vascular tissues are used to move hormones from one part of the plant to another ; these include sieve tubes or phloem that move sugars from the leaves to the roots and flowers , and xylem that moves water and mineral solutes from the roots to the foliage . Not all plant cells respond to hormones , but those cells that do are programmed to respond at specific points in their growth cycle . The greatest effects occur at specific stages during the cell 's life , with diminished effects occurring before or after this period . Plants need hormones at very specific times during plant growth and at specific locations . They also need to disengage the effects that hormones have when they are no longer needed .",
"2": "The production of hormones occurs very often at sites of active growth within the meristems , before cells have fully differentiated . After production , they are sometimes moved to other parts of the plant , where they cause an immediate effect ; or they can be stored in cells to be released later . Plants use different pathways to regulate internal hormone quantities and moderate their effects ; they can regulate the amount of chemicals used to biosynthesize hormones . They can store them in cells , inactivate them , or cannibalise already - formed hormones by conjugating them with carbohydrates , amino acids , or peptides . Plants can also break down hormones chemically , effectively destroying them . Plant hormones frequently regulate the concentrations of other plant hormones . Plants also move hormones around the plant diluting their concentrations . The concentration of hormones required for plant responses are very low ( 10 to 10 mol / L ) . Because of these low concentrations , it has been very difficult to study plant hormones , and only since the late 1970s have scientists been able to start piecing together their effects and relationships to plant physiology . Much of the early work on plant hormones involved studying plants that were genetically deficient in one or involved the use of tissue - cultured plants grown in vitro that were subjected to differing ratios of hormones , and the resultant growth compared . The earliest scientific observation and study dates to the 1880s ; the determination and observation of plant hormones and their identification was spread - out over the next 70 years . Classes ( edit ) In general , it is accepted that there are five major classes of plant hormones , some of which are made up of many different chemicals that can vary in structure from one plant to the next . The chemicals are each grouped together into one of these classes based on their structural similarities and on their effects on plant physiology . Other plant hormones and growth regulators are not easily grouped into these classes ; they exist naturally or are synthesized by humans or other organisms , including chemicals that inhibit plant growth or interrupt the physiological processes within plants . Each class has positive as well as inhibitory functions , and most often work in tandem with each other , with varying ratios of one or more interplaying to affect growth regulation . The five major classes are : Abscisic acid ( edit ) Abscisic acid ( also called ABA ) is one of the most important plant growth regulators .",
"3": "It was discovered and researched under two different names before its chemical properties were fully known , it was called dormin and abscicin II . Once it was determined that the two compounds are the same , it was named abscisic acid . The name `` abscisic acid '' was given because it was found in high concentrations in newly abscissed or freshly fallen leaves . This class of PGR is composed of one chemical compound normally produced in the leaves of plants , originating from chloroplasts , especially when plants are under stress . In general , it acts as an inhibitory chemical compound that affects bud growth , and seed and bud dormancy . It mediates changes within the apical meristem , causing bud dormancy and the alteration of the last set of leaves into protective bud covers . Since it was found in freshly abscissed leaves , it was thought to play a role in the processes of natural leaf drop , but further research has disproven this . In plant species from temperate parts of the world , it plays a role in leaf and seed dormancy by inhibiting growth , but , as it is dissipated from seeds or buds , growth begins . In other plants , as ABA levels decrease , growth then commences as gibberellin levels increase . Without ABA , buds and seeds would start to grow during warm periods in winter and be killed when it froze again . Since ABA dissipates slowly from the tissues and its effects take time to be offset by other plant hormones , there is a delay in physiological pathways that provide some protection from premature growth . It accumulates within seeds during fruit maturation , preventing seed germination within the fruit , or seed germination before winter . Abscisic acid 's effects are degraded within plant tissues during cold temperatures or by its removal by water washing in out of the tissues , releasing the seeds and buds from dormancy . In plants under water stress , ABA plays a role in closing the stomata . Soon after plants are water - stressed and the roots are deficient in water , a signal moves up to the leaves , causing the formation of ABA precursors there , which then move to the roots . The roots then release ABA , which is translocated to the foliage through the vascular system and modulates the potassium and sodium uptake within the guard cells , which then lose turgidity , closing the stomata .",
"4": "ABA exists in all parts of the plant and its concentration within any tissue seems to mediate its effects and function as a hormone ; its degradation , or more properly catabolism , within the plant affects metabolic reactions and cellular growth and production of other hormones . Plants start life as a seed with high ABA levels . Just before the seed germinates , ABA levels decrease ; during germination and early growth of the seedling , ABA levels decrease even more . As plants begin to produce shoots with fully functional leaves , ABA levels begin to increase , slowing down cellular growth in more `` mature '' areas of the plant . Stress from water or predation affects ABA production and catabolism rates , mediating another cascade of effects that trigger specific responses from targeted cells . Scientists are still piecing together the complex interactions and effects of this and other phytohormones . Auxins ( edit ) Main article : Auxin The auxin indole - 3 - acetic acid Auxins are compounds that positively influence cell enlargement , bud formation and root initiation . They also promote the production of other hormones and in conjunction with cytokinins , they control the growth of stems , roots , and fruits , and convert stems into flowers . Auxins were the first class of growth regulators discovered . They affect cell elongation by altering cell wall plasticity . They stimulate cambium , a subtype of meristem cells , to divide and in stems cause secondary xylem to differentiate . Auxins act to inhibit the growth of buds lower down the stems ( apical dominance ) , and also to promote lateral and adventitious root development and growth . Leaf abscission is initiated by the growing point of a plant ceasing to produce auxins . Auxins in seeds regulate specific protein synthesis , as they develop within the flower after pollination , causing the flower to develop a fruit to contain the developing seeds . Auxins are toxic to plants in large concentrations ; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to monocots . Because of this property , synthetic auxin herbicides including 2 , 4 - D ( 2 , 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic ) and 2 , 4 , 5 - T have been developed and used for weed control .",
"5": "Auxins , especially 1 - Naphthaleneacetic acid ( NAA ) and Indole - 3 - butyric acid ( IBA ) , are also commonly applied to stimulate root growth when taking cuttings of plants . The most common auxin found in plants is indole - 3 - acetic acid or IAA . The correlation of auxins and cytokinins in the plants is a constant ( A / C = const . ) . Cytokinins ( edit ) The cytokinin zeatin , the name is derived from Zea maize , in which it was first discovered in immature kernels . Cytokinins or CKs are a group of chemicals that influence cell division and shoot formation . They were called kinins in the past when the first cytokinins were isolated from yeast cells . They also help delay senescence of tissues , are responsible for mediating auxin transport throughout the plant , and affect internodal length and leaf growth . Cytokinins and auxins often work together , and the ratios of these two groups of plant hormones affect most major growth periods during a plant 's lifetime . Cytokinins counter the apical dominance induced by auxins ; they in conjunction with ethylene promote abscission of leaves , flower parts , and fruits . The correlation of auxins and cytokinins in the plants is a constant ( A / C = const . ) . Ethylene ( edit ) Ethylene Ethylene is a gas that forms through the breakdown of methionine , which is in all cells . Ethylene has very limited solubility in water and does not accumulate within the cell but diffuses out of the cell and escapes out of the plant . Its effectiveness as a plant hormone is dependent on its rate of production versus its rate of escaping into the atmosphere . Ethylene is produced at a faster rate in rapidly growing and dividing cells , especially in darkness . New growth and newly germinated seedlings produce more ethylene than can escape the plant , which leads to elevated amounts of ethylene , inhibiting leaf expansion ( see Hyponastic response ) . As the new shoot is exposed to light , reactions by phytochrome in the plant 's cells produce a signal for ethylene production to decrease , allowing leaf expansion .",
"6": "Ethylene affects cell growth and cell shape ; when a growing shoot hits an obstacle while underground , ethylene production greatly increases , preventing cell elongation and causing the stem to swell . The resulting thicker stem can exert more pressure against the object impeding its path to the surface . If the shoot does not reach the surface and the ethylene stimulus becomes prolonged , it affects the stem 's natural geotropic response , which is to grow upright , allowing it to grow around an object . Studies seem to indicate that ethylene affects stem diameter and height : When stems of trees are subjected to wind , causing lateral stress , greater ethylene production occurs , resulting in thicker , more sturdy tree trunks and branches . Ethylene affects fruit - ripening : Normally , when the seeds are mature , ethylene production increases and builds - up within the fruit , resulting in a climacteric event just before seed dispersal . The nuclear protein Ethylene Insensitive2 ( EIN2 ) is regulated by ethylene production , and , in turn , regulates other hormones including ABA and stress hormones . Gibberellins ( edit ) Main article : Gibberellins Gibberellin A1 Main function : initiate mobilization of storage materials in seeds during germination , cause elongation of stems , stimulate bolting in biennials , stimulate pollen tube growth . Gibberellins , or GAs , include a large range of chemicals that are produced naturally within plants and by fungi . They were first discovered when Japanese researchers , including Eiichi Kurosawa , noticed a chemical produced by a fungus called Gibberella fujikuroi that produced abnormal growth in rice plants . Gibberellins are important in seed germination , affecting enzyme production that mobilizes food production used for growth of new cells . This is done by modulating chromosomal transcription . In grain ( rice , wheat , corn , etc . ) seeds , a layer of cells called the aleurone layer wraps around the endosperm tissue . Absorption of water by the seed causes production of GA . The GA is transported to the aleurone layer , which responds by producing enzymes that break down stored food reserves within the endosperm , which are utilized by the growing seedling . GAs produce bolting of rosette - forming plants , increasing internodal length .",
"7": "They promote flowering , cellular division , and in seeds growth after germination . Gibberellins also reverse the inhibition of shoot growth and dormancy induced by ABA . Other known hormones ( edit ) Other identified plant growth regulators include : Brassinosteroids -- are a class of polyhydroxysteroids , a group of plant growth regulators . Brassinosteroids have been recognized as a sixth class of plant hormones , which stimulate cell elongation and division , gravitropism , resistance to stress , and xylem differentiation . They inhibit root growth and leaf abscission . Brassinolide was the first identified brassinosteroid and was isolated from extracts of rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) pollen in 1979 . Salicylic acid -- activates genes in some plants that produce chemicals that aid in the defense against pathogenic invaders . Jasmonates -- are produced from fatty acids and seem to promote the production of defense proteins that are used to fend off invading organisms . They are believed to also have a role in seed germination , and affect the storage of protein in seeds , and seem to affect root growth . Plant peptide hormones -- encompasses all small secreted peptides that are involved in cell - to - cell signaling . These small peptide hormones play crucial roles in plant growth and development , including defense mechanisms , the control of cell division and expansion , and pollen self - incompatibility . Polyamines -- are strongly basic molecules with low molecular weight that have been found in all organisms studied thus far . They are essential for plant growth and development and affect the process of mitosis and meiosis . Nitric oxide ( NO ) -- serves as signal in hormonal and defense responses ( e.g. stomatal closure , root development , germination , nitrogen fixation , cell death , stress response ) . NO can be produced by a yet undefined NO synthase , a special type of nitrite reductase , nitrate reductase , mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase or non enzymatic processes and regulate plant cell organelle functions ( e.g. ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria ) . Strigolactones -- implicated in the inhibition of shoot branching .",
"8": "Karrikins -- not plant hormones because they are not made by plants , but are a group of plant growth regulators found in the smoke of burning plant material that have the ability to stimulate the germination of seeds Triacontanol -- a fatty alcohol that acts as a growth stimulant , especially initiating new basal breaks in the rose family . It is found in alfalfa ( lucerne ) , bee 's wax , and some waxy leaf cuticles . Potential medical applications ( edit ) Plant stress hormones activate cellular responses , including cell death , to diverse stress situations in plants . Researchers have found that some plant stress hormones share the ability to adversely affect human cancer cells . For example , sodium salicylate has been found to suppress proliferation of lymphoblastic leukemia , prostate , breast , and melanoma human cancer cells . Jasmonic acid , a plant stress hormone that belongs to the jasmonate family , induced death in lymphoblastic leukemia cells . Methyl jasmonate has been found to induce cell death in a number of cancer cell lines . Hormones and plant propagation ( edit ) Synthetic plant hormones or PGRs are commonly used in a number of different techniques involving plant propagation from cuttings , grafting , micropropagation , and tissue culture . The propagation of plants by cuttings of fully developed leaves , stems , or roots is performed by gardeners utilizing auxin as a rooting compound applied to the cut surface ; the auxins are taken into the plant and promote root initiation . In grafting , auxin promotes callus tissue formation , which joins the surfaces of the graft together . In micropropagation , different PGRs are used to promote multiplication and then rooting of new plantlets . In the tissue - culturing of plant cells , PGRs are used to produce callus growth , multiplication , and rooting . Seed dormancy ( edit ) Main article : Seed dormancy Plant hormones affect seed germination and dormancy by acting on different parts of the seed . Embryo dormancy is characterized by a high ABA : GA ratio , whereas the seed has a high ABA sensitivity and low GA sensitivity .",
"9": "In order to release the seed from this type of dormancy and initiate seed germination , an alteration in hormone biosynthesis and degradation toward a low ABA / GA ratio , along with a decrease in ABA sensitivity and an increase in GA sensitivity , must occur . ABA controls embryo dormancy , and GA embryo germination . Seed coat dormancy involves the mechanical restriction of the seed coat . This , along with a low embryo growth potential , effectively produces seed dormancy . GA releases this dormancy by increasing the embryo growth potential , and / or weakening the seed coat so the radical of the seedling can break through the seed coat . Different types of seed coats can be made up of living or dead cells , and both types can be influenced by hormones ; those composed of living cells are acted upon after seed formation , whereas the seed coats composed of dead cells can be influenced by hormones during the formation of the seed coat . ABA affects testa or seed coat growth characteristics , including thickness , and effects the GA - mediated embryo growth potential . These conditions and effects occur during the formation of the seed , often in response to environmental conditions . Hormones also mediate endosperm dormancy : Endosperm in most seeds is composed of living tissue that can actively respond to hormones generated by the embryo . The endosperm often acts as a barrier to seed germination , playing a part in seed coat dormancy or in the germination process . Living cells respond to and also affect the ABA : GA ratio , and mediate cellular sensitivity ; GA thus increases the embryo growth potential and can promote endosperm weakening . GA also affects both ABA - independent and ABA - inhibiting processes within the endosperm . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Went , F.W. ; Thimann , K.V. ( 1937 ) . Phytohormones . New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Tarakhovskaya , E.R. ; Maslov , Yu ; Shishova , M.F. ( 2007 ) . `` Phytohormones in algae '' . Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 .",
"10": "doi : 10.1134 / s1021443707020021 . Jump up ^ `` Gibberellin formation in microorganisms '' . Plant Growth Regulation. 15 : 303 -- 314 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00029903 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , L.M. ( 2002 ) . Plant growth and development : hormones and environment . Academic Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 660570 - X . Jump up ^ Öpik , Helgi ; Rolfe , Stephen A. ; Willis , Arthur John ; Street , Herbert Edward ( 2005 ) . The physiology of flowering plants ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66251 - 2 . Jump up ^ Swarup R , Perry P , Hagenbeek D , et al. ( July 2007 ) . `` Ethylene upregulates auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings to enhance inhibition of root cell elongation '' . Plant Cell. 19 ( 7 ) : 2186 -- 96 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 107.052100 . PMC 1955695 . PMID 17630275 . Jump up ^ Srivastava 2002 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Weier , Thomas Elliot ; Rost , Thomas L. ; Weier , T. Elliot ( 1979 ) . Botany : a brief introduction to plant biology . New York : Wiley . pp. 155 -- 170 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02114 - 8 . Jump up ^ Feurtado JA , Ambrose SJ , Cutler AJ , Ross AR , Abrams SR , Kermode AR ( February 2004 ) . `` Dormancy termination of western white pine ( Pinus monticola Dougl . Ex D. Don ) seeds is associated with changes in abscisic acid metabolism '' . Planta. 218 ( 4 ) : 630 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s00425 - 003 - 1139 - 8 .",
"11": "PMID 14663585 . Jump up ^ Ren H , Gao Z , Chen L , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Dynamic analysis of ABA accumulation in relation to the rate of ABA catabolism in maize tissues under water deficit '' . J. Exp . Bot. 58 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erl117 . PMID 16982652 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Else M.A. ; Coupland D. ; Dutton L. ; Jackson M.B. ( January 2001 ) . `` Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential , initiates stomatal closure , and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil ( Ricinus communis ) despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap '' . Physiologia Plantarum. 111 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 54 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1399 - 3054.2001. 1110107. x . Jump up ^ Yan J , Tsuichihara N , Etoh T , Iwai S ( October 2007 ) . `` Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are involved in ABA inhibition of stomatal opening '' . Plant Cell Environ. 30 ( 10 ) : 1320 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3040.2007. 01711. x . PMID 17727421 . Jump up ^ Kermode AR ( December 2005 ) . `` Role of Abscisic Acid in Seed Dormancy '' . J Plant Growth Regul. 24 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 344 . doi : 10.1007 / s00344 - 005 - 0110 - 2 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Daphné J. ; McManus , Michael T. ( 2005 ) . Hormones , signals and target cells in plant development . Cambridge University Press . p. 158 .",
"12": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 33076 - 3 . Jump up ^ Classification of auxin related compounds based on similarity of their interaction fields : Extension to a new set of compounds Tomic , S. 1 , 2 , Gabdoulline , R.R. 1 , Kojic - Prodic , B. 2 and Wade , R.C. 11 European Molecular Biology Laboratory , 69012 Heidelberg , Germany 2Institute Rudjer Boskovic , HR - 10000 Zagreb , Croatia Jump up ^ Walz A , Park S , Slovin JP , Ludwig - Müller J , Momonoki YS , Cohen JD ( February 2002 ) . `` A gene encoding a protein modified by the phytohormone indoleacetic acid '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 3 ) : 1718 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 99.1718 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032450399 . PMC 122257 . PMID 11830675 . Jump up ^ Sipes DL , Einset JW ( August 1983 ) . `` Cytokinin stimulation of abscission in lemon pistil explants '' . J Plant Growth Regul. 2 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02042235 . Jump up ^ Wang Y , Liu C , Li K , et al. ( August 2007 ) . `` Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway '' . Plant Mol. Biol. 64 ( 6 ) : 633 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / s11103 - 007 - 9182 - 7 . PMID 17533512 . Jump up ^ Grennan , Aleel K ( 2006 ) . `` Gibberellin Metabolism Enzymes in Rice '' . Plant Physiology. 141 ( 2 ) : 524 -- 6 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 104.900192 . PMC 1475483 .",
"13": "PMID 16760495 . Jump up ^ Tsai F-Y. ; Lin C.C. ; Kao C.H. ( January 1997 ) . `` A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on seedling growth of rice '' . Plant Growth Regulation. 21 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 42 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005761804191 . Jump up ^ Grove , M.D. ; Spencer , G.F. ; Rohwedder , W.K. ; Mandava , N. ; Worley , J.F. ; Warthen , J.D. ; Steffens , G.L. ; Flippen - Anderson , J.L. ; Cook , J.C. ( 1979 ) . `` Brassinolide , a plant growth - promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen '' . Nature . 281 ( 5728 ) : 216 -- 217 . Bibcode : 1979Natur. 281 ... 216G . doi : 10.1038 / 281216a0 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Keith ; Casson , Stuart ; Chilley , Paul . ( 2002 ) . `` Peptides : new signalling molecules in plants '' . Trends in Plant Science . 7 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 01 ) 00435 - 3 . PMID 11832279 . Jump up ^ Shapiro AD ( 2005 ) Nitric oxide signaling in plants . Vitam Horm. 2005 ; 72 : 339 - 98 . Jump up ^ Roszer T ( 2012 ) Nitric Oxide Synthesis in the Chloroplast. in : Roszer T . The Biology of Subcellular Nitric Oxide . Springer New York , London , Heidelberg . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 2818 - 9 Jump up ^ Gomez - Roldan V , Fermas S , Brewer PB , et al. ( September 2008 ) . `` Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching '' . Nature .",
"14": "455 ( 7210 ) : 189 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 455 ... 189G . doi : 10.1038 / nature07271 . PMID 18690209 . Jump up ^ Chiwocha , Sheila D.S. ; Dixon , Kingsley W. ; Flematti , Gavin R. ; Ghisalberti , Emilio L. ; Merritt , David J. ; Nelson , David C. ; Riseborough , Julie - Anne M. ; Smith , Steven M. ; Stevens , Jason C. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Karrikins : A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke '' . Plant Science . 177 ( 4 ) : 252 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2009.06. 007 . Jump up ^ Fingrut O , Flescher E ( April 2002 ) . `` Plant stress hormones suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells '' . Leukemia. 16 ( 4 ) : 608 -- 16 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. leu. 2402419 . PMID 11960340 . Jump up ^ The Seed Biology Place -- Seed Dormancy External links ( edit ) Simple plant hormone table with location of synthesis and effects of application -- this is the format used in the descriptions at the ends of the Wikipedia articles on individual plant hormones . Hormonal Regulation of Gene Expression and Development -- Detailed intro including genetic information . Plant hormones Abscisic acid Auxins Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Brassinosteroids Florigen Jasmonates Karrikins Plant peptide hormones Polyamine Salicylic acid Strigolactones Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany",
"15": "Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary",
"16": "Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject NDL : 00572143 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"17": "php?title=Plant_hormone&oldid=836798693 '' Categories : Plant hormones Biologically - based therapies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No .",
"1": "Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Acting ^ Jump up to : This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) .",
"2": "Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate .",
"3": "The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress .",
"4": "Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency .",
"5": "Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . ''",
"6": "The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War .",
"7": "The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President .",
"8": "On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 .",
"9": "Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution .",
"10": "Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' .",
"11": "For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed .",
"12": "The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 .",
"14": "Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency .",
"15": "Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R.",
"16": "Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=806994085 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what are the power of supreme court in the philippines
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"0": "Supreme Court of the Philippines - wikipedia Supreme Court of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Supreme Court of the Philippines Kataas - taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas Seal of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Established June 11 , 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901 - 06 - 11 ) Country Philippines Location Manila Baguio ( summer ) Coordinates 14 ° 34 ′ 46 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 3 '' E / 14.57944 ° N 120.98417 ° E / 14.57944 ; 120.98417 Coordinates : 14 ° 34 ′ 46 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 3 '' E / 14.57944 ° N 120.98417 ° E / 14.57944 ; 120.98417 Composition method Presidential appointment from the shortlisted candidates submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council Authorized by Constitution of the Philippines Judge term length no fixed term ( retirement at the age 70 ) No.",
"1": "of positions 15 Website sc.judiciary.gov.ph Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Currently Maria Lourdes Sereno Since August 24 , 2012 Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kataas - taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas ; colloquially referred to by the Spanish : Corte Suprema ) , is the highest court in the Philippines . It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen ( 15 ) Justices , including the Chief Justice . Pursuant to the Constitution , the Supreme Court has `` administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof '' . The Supreme Court Complex , which was formerly the part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus , occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Manila , with the main building directly fronting the Philippine General Hospital . Until 1945 , the Court met in Cavite .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Composition 1.2 Adjudication 2 Cases 2.1 Appellate review 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 History 3.1 Pre-Hispanic and Hispanic periods 3.2 American period 3.3 Commonwealth and independence 3.4 Writ of Amparo 3.4. 1 Habeas Data 3.5 Language 3.6 Judicial corruption 3.7 `` Bantay Korte Suprema '' 4 Current Justices 5 Supreme Court Justices of the Philippines 6 Philippine court system 7 See also 8 Books 9 References 10 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) The Sereno Court in 2012 A person must meet the following requirements in order to be appointed to the Supreme Court : ( 1 ) natural - born citizenship ; ( 2 ) at least 40 years old ; and ( 3 ) must have been for fifteen years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines . An additional constitutional requirement , though less precise in nature , is that a judge `` must be a person of proven competence , integrity , probity , and independence . '' Upon a vacancy in the Court , whether for the position of Chief Justice or Associate Justice , the President fills the vacancy by appointing a person from a list of at least 3 nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council . Beginning with the 1935 Constitution , Supreme Court Justices are obliged to retire upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70 . Some Justices had opted to retire before reaching the age of 70 , such as Florentino Feliciano , who retired at 67 to accept appointment to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization and Ma . Alicia Austria - Martinez who retired at 68 due to health reasons . The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides that : `` Section 11 , Article VIII . The Members of the Supreme Court xxx shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office . ''",
"3": "( 1 ) Since , 1901 , it was only incumbent Associate Justice Alicia Austria - Martinez who resigned for health reasons . Thus , on September , 2008 , Austria - Martinez , citing health reasons , filed a letter to the Court through Reynato Puno , tendering her resignation effective April 30 , 2009 , or 15 months before her compulsory retirement on December 19 , 2010 . This was followed in 2016 however , by Justice Martin Villarama , who resigned in January 2016 , due to health reasons . Adjudication ( edit ) See also : Judicial review in the Philippines The powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution . These functions may be generally divided into two -- judicial functions and administrative functions . The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees , as well as over members of the Philippine bar . Pursuant to these functions , the Court is empowered to order a change of venue of trial in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice and to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary . The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law , for legal assistance to the underprivileged , and the procedural rules to be observed in all courts . The more prominent role of the Court is located in the exercise of its judicial functions . Section 1 of Article VIII contains definition of judicial power that had not been found in previous constitutions . The judicial power is vested in `` one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law . '' This judicial power is exercised through the judiciary 's primary role of adjudication , which includes the `` duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable , and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government . '' The definition reaffirms the power of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review , a power that had traditionally belonged to the Court even before this provision was enacted .",
"4": "Still , this new provision effectively dissuades from the easy resort to the political question doctrine as a means of declining to review a law or state action , as was often done by the Court during the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos . As a result , the existence of `` grave abuse of discretion '' on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government is sufficient basis to nullify state action . Cases ( edit ) Facade of the Supreme Court Building Flag The Court is authorized to sit either en banc or in divisions of 3 , 5 or 7 members . Since the 1970s , the Court has constituted itself in 3 divisions with 5 members each . A majority of the cases are heard and decided by the divisions , rather than the court en banc . However , the Constitution requires that the Court hear en banc `` ( a ) ll cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty , international or executive agreement , as well as `` those involving the constitutionality , application , or operation of presidential decrees , proclamations , orders , instructions , ordinances , and other regulations '' . The Court en banc also decides cases originally heard by a division when a majority vote can not be reached within the division . The Court also has the discretion to hear a case en banc even if no constitutional issue is involved , as it typically does if the decision would reverse precedent or presents novel or important questions . Appellate review ( edit ) Far and away the most common mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an appeal from a decision rendered by a lower court . Appealed cases generally originate from lawsuits or criminal indictments filed and tried before the trial courts . These decisions of the trial courts may then be elevated on appeal to the Court of Appeals , or more rarely , directly to the Supreme Court if only `` questions of law '' are involved . Apart from decisions of the Court of Appeals , the Supreme Court may also directly review on appeal decisions rendered by the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals . Decisions rendered by administrative agencies are not directly appealable to the Supreme Court , they must be first challenged before the Court of Appeals . However , decisions of the Commission on Elections may be elevated directly for review to the Supreme Court , although the procedure is not , strictly speaking , in the nature of an appeal .",
"5": "Review on appeal is not as a matter of right , but `` of sound judicial discretion and will be granted only when there are special and important reasons therefor '' . In the exercise of appellate review , the Supreme Court may reverse the decision of lower courts upon a finding of an `` error of law '' . The Court generally declines to engage in review the findings of fact made by the lower courts , although there are notable exceptions to this rule . The Court also refuses to entertain cases originally filed before it that should have been filed first with the trial courts . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) The other mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an original petition filed directly with the Supreme Court , in cases that the Constitution establishes `` original jurisdiction '' with the Supreme Court . Under Section 5 ( 1 ) , Article VIII of the Constitution , they are `` cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and over petitions for certiorari , prohibition , mandamus , quo warranto , and corpus . '' Resort to certiorari , prohibition and mandamus may be availed of only if `` there is no appeal , or any plain , speedy , and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law . '' However , notwithstanding the grant of original jurisdiction , the Court has , through the years , assigned to lower courts such as the Court of Appeals the power to hear petitions for certiorari , prohibition , mandamus , quo warranto and habeas corpus . As a result , the Court has considerable discretion to refuse to hear these petitions filed directly before it on the ground that such should have been filed instead with the Court of Appeals or the appropriate lower court . Nonetheless , cases that have attracted wide public interest or for which a speedy resolution is of the essence have been accepted for decision by the Supreme Court without hesitation . In cases involving the original jurisdiction of the Court , there must be a finding of `` grave abuse of discretion '' on the part of the respondents to the suit to justify favorable action on the petition .",
"6": "The standard of `` grave abuse of discretion '' , a markedly higher standard than `` error of law '' , has been defined as `` a capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment amounting to lack of jurisdiction '' History ( edit ) Pre-hispanic and hispanic periods ( edit ) In the years prior to the official establishment of the Supreme Court , institutions exercising judicial power were already in existence . Before the Spaniards came , judicial authority `` in its primitive form '' was in the hands of barangay chiefs . During the early years of the Spanish government , these powers were vested upon Miguel López de Legazpi , the first Governor - General of the Philippines . He administered civil and criminal justice under the Royal Order of August 14 , 1569 . The present Supreme Court was preceded by the Real Audiencia , a collegial body established on May 5 , 1583 and composed , of a president , four oidores ( justices ) , and a fiscal , among others . The Chief Judge of the Real Audiencia was the Governor - General of the Philippines . It was the highest tribunal in the Philippines , below only the Council of the Indies of Spain . However , this body also exercised administrative functions , not just judicial functions . The Audiencia 's functions and structure underwent substantial modifications in 1815 when its president was replaced by a chief justice and the number of justices was increased . It then came to be known as the Audiencia Territorial de Manila with two branches , civil and criminal , later renamed sala de lo civil and sala de lo criminal . The Audiencia was converted to a purely judicial body by a Royal Decree issued on July 4 , 1861 , but its decisions were appealable to the Supreme Court of Spain sitting in Madrid . On February 26 , 1886 , a territorial Audiencia was organized in Cebu , followed by an Audiencia for criminal cases in Vigan . However , the pre-eminence of the Supreme Court as the sole interpreter of the law was unknown during the Spanish regime . American period ( edit ) From 1898 to 1901 there was no Supreme Court as the new American Governor - General of the Philippines abolished the colonial Real Audiencia of Manila as the Philippines was under US military law under military rule .",
"7": "The Supreme Court of the Philippines was officially established on June 11 , 1901 through the passage of Act No. 136 , otherwise known as the Judiciary Law of the Second Philippine Commission . By virtue of that law , judicial power in the Philippine Islands was vested in the Supreme Court , Courts of First Instance and Justice of the Peace courts . Other courts were subsequently established . The judicial structure introduced by Act No. 136 was reaffirmed by the US Congress with the passage of the Philippine Bill of 1902 . The Administrative Code of 1917 ordained the Supreme Court as the highest tribunal of the Philippines with nine members : a chief justice and eight associate justices . Its decisions could be further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington , D.C. Commonwealth and independence ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From 1901 to 1935 , although a Filipino was always appointed chief justice , the majority of the members of the Supreme Court were Americans . Complete Filipinization was achieved only with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 . Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel were among the first appointees to replace the American justices . With the ratification of the 1935 Constitution in a plebiscite held on May 14 , 1935 , the membership in the Supreme Court increased to 11 : a chief justice and ten associate justices , who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each . Article V of the Treaty of Manila ( 1946 ) abolished the U.S. Supreme Court 's appellate authority over the Supreme Court of the Philippines , but provided that Philippine appeals pending before the U.S. Supreme Court would be allowed to run to completion . Under the 1973 Constitution , the membership of the Supreme Court was increased to 15 . The justices sat en banc or in divisions . The 1973 Constitution also vested in the Supreme Court administrative supervision over all lower courts which heretofore was under the Department of Justice .",
"8": "After the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 , President Corazon C. Aquino , using her emergency powers , promulgated a transitory charter known as the `` Freedom Constitution '' which did not affect the composition and powers of the Supreme Court . The Freedom Charter was replaced by the 1987 Constitution which is the fundamental charter in force in the Philippines at present . Section 1 Article VIII of the Constitution vests the judicial power `` in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law . '' Writ of amparo ( edit ) Main article : Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data ( Philippines ) The Supreme Court approved the Writ of Amparo on September 25 , 2007 . The writ of amparo ( Spanish for protection ) strips the military of the defense of simple denial . Under the writ , families of victims have the right to access information on their cases -- a constitutional right called the `` habeas data '' common in several Latin American countries . The rule is enforced retroactively . Chief Justice Puno stated that `` If you have this right , it would be very , very difficult for State agents , State authorities to be able to escape from their culpability . '' The Resolution and the Rule on the Writ of Amparo gave legal birth to Puno 's brainchild . No filing or legal fees is required for Amparo which takes effect on October 24 . Puno also stated that the court will soon issue rules on the writ of Habeas Data and the implementing guidelines for Habeas Corpus . The petition for the writ of amparo may be filed `` on any day and at any time '' with the Regional Trial Court , or with the Sandiganbayan , the Court of Appeals , and the Supreme Court . The interim reliefs under amparo are : temporary protection order ( TPO ) , inspection order ( IO ) , production order ( PO ) , and witness protection order ( WPO , RA 6981 ) . The Asian Human Rights Commission ( AHRC ) has criticized the Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data for being insufficient , saying further action must be taken , including enacting laws for protection against torture , enforced disappearance , and laws to provide legal remedies to victims . AHRC said the writ failed to protect non-witnesses , even if they too face threats .",
"9": "Habeas data ( edit ) On August 30 , 2007 , Puno vowed to institute the writ of habeas data as a new legal remedy to the extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances . Puno explained that the writ of amparo denies to authorities defense of simple denial , and habeas data can find out what information is held by the officer , rectify or even the destroy erroneous data gathered . On January 22 , 2008 , the Supreme Court En Banc approved the rules for the writ of Habeas Data ( `` to protect a person 's right to privacy and allow a person to control any information concerning them '' ) , effective on February 2 , the Philippines ' Constitution Day . Language ( edit ) Since the courts ' creation , English had been used in court proceedings . But for the first time in Philippine judicial history , or on August 22 , 2007 , three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan will use Filipino , to promote the national language . Twelve stenographers from Branches 6 , 80 and 81 , as model courts , had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal and Metro Manila . Judicial corruption ( edit ) On January 25 , 2005 , and on December 10 , 2006 , Philippines Social Weather Stations released the results of its two surveys on corruption in the judiciary ; it published that : a ) like 1995 , 1 / 4 of lawyers said many / very many judges are corrupt . But ( 49 % ) stated that a judges received bribes , just 8 % of lawyers admitted they reported the bribery , because they could not prove it .",
"10": "( Tables 8 - 9 ) ; judges , however , said , just 7 % call many / very many judges as corrupt ( Tables 10 - 11 ) ; b ) `` Judges see some corruption ; proportions who said - many / very many corrupt judges or justices : 17 % in reference to RTC judges , 14 % to MTC judges , 12 % to Court of Appeals justices , 4 % i to Shari'a Court judges , 4 % to Sandiganbayan justices and 2 % in reference to Supreme Court justices ( Table 15 ) . The September 14 , 2008 , Political and Economic Risk Consultancy ( PERC ) survey , ranked the Philippines 6th ( 6.10 ) among corrupt Asian judicial systems . PERC stated that `` despite India and the Philippines being democracies , expatriates did not look favourably on their judicial systems because of corruption . '' PERC reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia , with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst : Hong Kong 's judicial system scored 1.45 on the scale ( zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst ) ; Singapore with a grade of 1.92 , followed by Japan ( 3.50 ) , South Korea ( 4.62 ) , Taiwan ( 4.93 ) , the Philippines ( 6.10 ) , Malaysia ( 6.47 ) , India ( 6.50 ) , Thailand ( 7.00 ) , China ( 7.25 ) , Vietnam 's ( 8.10 ) and Indonesia ( 8.26 ). < In 2014 , Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ( global survey ranking countries in terms of perceived corruption ) , the Philippines ranked 85th out of 175 countries surveyed , an improvement from placing 94th in 2013 . It scored 38 on a scale of 1 to 100 in the Corruption Perceptions Index ( CPI ) . The Philippines jumped nine places in the recently published World Justice Project ( WJP ) Rule of Law Index 2015 , making it one of the most improved countries in terms of global rankings . It ranked 51st out of 102 countries on the ROLI , a significant jump from last year when the country ranked 60th out of 99 countries .",
"11": "This makes the Philippines the most improved among ASEAN member nations . `` Results showed that the country ranked high in terms of constraints on government powers ( 39th ) ; absence of corruption ( 47th ) , and open government ( 50th ) . '' `` The Philippines , however , fell to the bottom half of the global rankings in terms of regulatory enforcement ( 52nd ) ; order and security ( 58th ) ; criminal justice ( 66th ) ; fundamental rights ( 67th ) , and civil justice ( 75th ) . '' `` Bantay Korte Suprema '' ( edit ) `` Watch the Supreme Court '' coalition was launched at the Training Center , Ground Floor , Supreme Court Centennial Bldg on November 17 , 2008 , `` to ensure the fair and honest selection of the 7 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court on 2009 . '' Members of `` Bantay Korte Suprema '' include retired Philippine presidents , retired Supreme Court justices , legislators , legal practitioners , the academe , the business community and the media . former Senate President Jovito Salonga , UP Law Dean Marvic Leonen , Senate Majority Leader and Judicial and Bar Council member Kiko Pangilinan , the Philippine Bar Association , Artemio Panganiban , and Rodolfo Urbiztondo , of the 48,000 - strong Integrated Bar of the Philippines ( IBP ) , and the chambers of commerce , witnessed the landmark event . BKS will neither select nor endorse a candidate , `` but if it receive information that makes a candidate incompetent , it will divulge this to the public and inform the JBC . '' At the BKS launching , the memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) on the public monitoring of the selection of justices to the SC was signed . Meanwhile , the Supreme Court Appointments Watch ( SCAW ) coalition of law groups and civil society to monitor the appointment of persons to judicial positions was also re-launched . The SCAW consortium , composed of the Alternative Law Groups , Libertas , Philippine Association of law Schools and the Transparency and Accountability Network , together with the online news magazine Newsbreak , reactivated itself for the JBC selection process of candidates . Current Justices ( edit ) Name Born Law School Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Chief Executive Replacing Maria Lourdes P.A.",
"12": "Sereno ( Chief Justice ) July 2 , 1960 ( Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 ) in Manila University of the Philippines College of Law August 13 , 2010 ( as Associate Justice ) August 25 , 2012 ( as Chief Justice ) July 2 , 2030 Benigno Aquino III Renato Corona Antonio T. Carpio ( Senior Associate Justice ) October 26 , 1949 ( Age 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 ) in Davao City University of the Philippines College of Law October 26 , 2001 October 26 , 2019 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Minerva P. Gonzaga - Reyes Presbitero J. Velasco , Jr .",
"13": "August 8 , 1948 ( Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 ) in Pasay University of the Philippines College of Law March 31 , 2006 August 8 , 2018 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Artemio V. Panganiban Teresita Leonardo - de Castro October 8 , 1948 ( Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 ) University of the Philippines College of Law December 3 , 2007 October 8 , 2018 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Cancio Garcia Diosdado M. Peralta March 27 , 1952 ( Age 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 ) University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law January 14 , 2009 March 27 , 2022 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Ruben Reyes Lucas P. Bersamin October 18 , 1949 ( Age 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 ) in Bangued , Abra University of the East College of Law April 3 , 2009 October 18 , 2019 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Adolfo Azcuna Mariano C. del Castillo July 29 , 1949 ( Age 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 ) Ateneo de Manila Law School July 29 , 2009 July 29 , 2019 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Ma .",
"14": "Alicia Austria - Martinez Estela Perlas - Bernabe May 14 , 1952 ( Age 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 ) Ateneo de Manila Law School September 16 , 2011 May 14 , 2022 Benigno Aquino III Conchita Carpio - Morales Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen December 29 , 1962 ( Age 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 ) University of the Philippines College of Law November 21 , 2012 December 29 , 2032 Benigno Aquino III Maria Lourdes Sereno Francis H. Jardeleza September 26 , 1949 ( Age 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 ) University of the Philippines College of Law August 19 , 2014 September 26 , 2019 Benigno Aquino III Roberto Abad Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa September 30 , 1959 ( Age 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 ) Ateneo de Manila Law School January 22 , 2016 September 30 , 2029 Benigno Aquino III Martin Villarama , Jr . Samuel R. Martires January 2 , 1949 ( Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 ) San Beda College of Law March 2 , 2017 January 2 , 2019 Rodrigo Duterte Jose P. Perez Noel G. Tijam January 5 , 1949 ( Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 ) San Beda College of Law March 8 , 2017 January 5 , 2019 Rodrigo Duterte Arturo D. Brion Andres B. Reyes , Jr . May 11 , 1950 ( Age 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 ) Ateneo de Manila Law School July 12 , 2017 May 11 , 2020 Rodrigo Duterte Bienvenido L. Reyes Alexander G. Gesmundo November 6 ,",
"15": "1956 ( Age 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 ) Ateneo de Manila Law School August 14 , 2017 November 6 , 2026 Rodrigo Duterte Jose C. Mendoza Supreme Court Justices of the Philippines ( edit ) # Justice Born Start of Term End of Term Replacing Chief Justices Chief Executive Cayetano Arellano March 2 , 1847 June 11 , 1901 April 12 , 1920 Newly created seat First Chief Justice William Howard Taft Florentino Torres October 16 , 1844 June 17 , 1901 April 20 , 1920 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft Victorino Mapa February 25 , 1855 June 17 , 1901 October 31 , 1913 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft James Francis Smith January 28 , 1859 June 17 , 1901 February 17 , 1903 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 5 Joseph F. Cooper March 30 , 1854 June 17 , 1901 October 17 , 1904 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 6 Charles A. Willard May 21 , 1857 June 17 , 1901 April 24 , 1904 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 7 Fletcher Ladd December 21 , 1862 June 17 , 1901 July 13 , 1903 Newly created seat Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 8 John T. McDonough July 12 , 1843 February 18 , 1903 May 1 , 1904 James Francis Smith Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 9 Elias Finley Johnson June 24 , 1861 October 3 , 1903 April 1 ,",
"16": "1933 Fletcher Ladd Cayetano Arellano William Howard Taft 10 Adam Clarke Carson January 14 , 1869 November 16 , 1904 November 30 , 1920 Charles A. Willard Cayetano Arellano Luke Edward Wright 11 James F. Tracy March 30 , 1854 July 1 , 1905 July 2 , 1909 John T. Mcdonough Cayetano Arellano Luke Edward Wright 12 Sherman Moreland October 16 , 1868 February 1 , 1909 April 23 , 1917 Cayetano Arellano James Francis Smith 13 Charles Burke Elliott January 6 , 1861 June 3 , 1909 February 13 , 1910 Cayetano Arellano James Francis Smith 14 Grant T. Trent February 28 , 1910 April 23 , 1917 Cayetano Arellano William Cameron Forbes 15 Manuel Araullo January 1 , 1853 December 16 , 1913 October 31 , 1921 Victorino Mapa Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 16 Thomas A. Street March 14 , 1872 June 13 , 1917 June 1 , 1935 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 17 George A. Malcolm November 5 , 1881 July 9 , 1917 February 1 , 1936 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 18 Ramón Avanceña April 13 , 1872 October 31 , 1917 March 31 , 1925 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 19 Frederich Charles Fisher November 17 , 1917 November 16 , 1918 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 20 Percy M. Moir November 25 , 1918 November 20 , 1920 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 21 Ignacio Villamor February 1 ,",
"17": "1863 May 19 , 1920 May 23 , 1933 Cayetano Arellano Francis Burton Harrison 22 James A. Ostrand January 20 , 1871 September 27 , 1921 June 30 , 1933 Victorino Mapa Charles Yeater 23 Charles A. Johns June 25 , 1857 October 7 , 1921 January 11 , 1932 Percy M. Moir Victorino Mapa Charles Yeater 24 Norberto Romualdez June 6 , 1875 November 1 , 1921 April 1 , 1932 Manuel Araullo Manuel Araullo Leonard Wood 25 Antonio Villareal January 17 , 1880 June 16 , 1925 June 5 , 1940 Ramón Avanceña Ramón Avanceña Leonard Wood 26 John A. Hull August 7 , 1874 June 1 , 1932 February 1 , 1936 Charles A. Johns Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . 27 James C. Vickers August 5 , 1877 June 1 , 1932 February 1 , 1936 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . 28 José Abad Santos February 19 , 1886 June 18 , 1932 December 23 , 1941 Norberto Romualdez Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . 29 Carlos A. Imperial November 4 , 1880 June 22 , 1932 May 20 , 1941 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . 30 George C. Butte May 9 , 1877 July 1 , 1932 February 1 , 1936 Ramón Avanceña Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . 31 Anacleto Diaz November 20 , 1878 November 20 , 1933 December 19 , 1941 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 32 Leonard S. Goddard January 29 ,",
"18": "1871 January 9 , 1934 January 29 , 1936 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 33 Claro M. Recto February 8 , 1890 July 3 , 1935 November 1 , 1936 Ramón Avanceña Frank Murphy 34 José P. Laurel March 9 , 1891 February 29 , 1936 February 5 , 1942 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 35 Pedro Concepción October 31 , 1936 January 1 , 1940 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 36 Manuel V. Moran October 27 , 1893 December 12 , 1938 July 9 , 1945 Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 37 Roman Ozaeta February 28 , 1891 June 24 , 1941 October 16 , 1950 Antonio Villareal Ramón Avanceña Manuel L. Quezon 38 Ricardo Parás February 17 , 1891 December 28 , 1941 April 1 , 1951 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 39 José Yulo September 24 , 1894 February 5 , 1942 May 7 , 1942 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 40 Jorge C. Bocobo October 19 , 1886 February 5 , 1942 January 31 , 1944 José Abad Santos Manuel L. Quezon 41 Jose Generoso May 11 , 1942 July 15 , 1948 José Yulo Manuel L. Quezon 42 Jose Lopez Vito May 12 , 1872 May 11 , 1942 January 31 , 1944 José Yulo Manuel L. Quezon 43 Antonio Horrilleno February 13 , 1878 July 1 , 1943 August 17 , 1945 José Yulo Manuel L.",
"19": "Quezon 44 Delfin Jaranilla December 24 , 1883 June 6 , 1945 June 6 , 1946 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 45 Felicisimo R. Feria August 6 , 1883 June 6 , 1945 August 6 , 1953 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 46 Mariano H. De Joya September 8 , 1887 June 6 , 1945 June 25 , 1945 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 47 Guillermo Pablo June 25 , 1886 June 6 , 1945 June 4 , 1955 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 48 Gregorio Perfecto November 28 , 1891 June 6 , 1945 August 17 , 1949 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 49 Emilio Y . Hilado November 1 , 1891 June 6 , 1945 May 31 , 1948 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 50 Jose A. Espiritu April 10 , 1886 June 6 , 1945 August 15 , 1945 José Yulo José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 51 Manuel C. Briones January 1 , 1894 September 15 , 1945 May 24 , 1949 Manuel V. Moran José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 52 César Bengzon May 29 , 1896 September 15 , 1945 April 28 , 1961 Manuel V. Moran José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 53 Sabino B. Padilla August 21 , 1894 June 25 , 1946 August 21 , 1964 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 54 Pedro Tuazon September 15 , 1884 June 25 , 1946 January 4 ,",
"20": "1954 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 55 Jose Hontiveros March 19 , 1889 June 25 , 1946 October 16 , 1947 Manuel V. Moran Manuel Roxas 56 Alejandro A. Reyes June 4 , 1899 August 6 , 1948 June 3 , 1959 Jose Generoso Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 57 Marcelino R. Montemayor July 27 , 1890 August 21 , 1948 July 27 , 1960 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 58 Luis P. Torres April 8 , 1880 August 20 , 1949 April 1 , 1950 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 59 Felix Angelo Bautista May 20 , 1896 October 20 , 1950 May 20 , 1956 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 60 Fernando Jugo May 14 , 1891 October 20 , 1950 June 3 , 1956 Manuel V. Moran Elpidio Quirino 61 Alejo Labrador July 17 , 1894 April 22 , 1952 July 17 , 1964 Ricardo Parás Elpidio Quirino 62 Roberto Concepcion June 7 , 1903 February 9 , 1954 June 17 , 1966 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 63 Ramon Diokno March 28 , 1886 February 10 , 1954 April 21 , 1954 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 64 Jose B.L.",
"21": "Reyes August 19 , 1902 June 30 , 1954 August 19 , 1972 Ramon Diokno Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 65 Pastor M. Endencia July 26 , 1890 December 20 , 1955 July 26 , 1960 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 66 Alfonso Felix September 17 , 1888 July 24 , 1956 September 17 , 1958 Ricardo Parás Ramon Magsaysay 67 Jesus G. Barrera December 18 , 1896 June 5 , 1959 December 18 , 1966 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 68 Jose Gutierrez David January 29 , 1891 August 28 , 1959 January 29 , 1961 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 69 Arsenio Dizon October 5 , 1901 July 26 , 1960 October 5 , 1971 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 70 Jose Ma . Paredes August 15 , 1895 August 18 , 1960 August 15 , 1965 Ricardo Parás Carlos P. García 71 Dionisio De Leon April 8 , 1892 April 28 , 1961 April 8 , 1962 César Bengzon Carlos P. García 72 Felipe Natividad September 20 , 1891 April 8 , 1962 September 20 , 1962 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 73 Roberto Regala June 7 , 1897 May 23 , 1962 December 22 , 1975 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 74 Querube Makalintal December 22 , 1910 May 23 , 1962 October 21 , 1973 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 75 Calixto Zaldivar September 13 ,",
"22": "1904 September 12 , 1964 September 13 , 1974 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 76 Jose P. Bengzon May 5 , 1898 September 12 , 1964 May 5 , 1968 César Bengzon Diosdado Macapagal 77 Conrado V. Sanchez February 19 , 1900 May 29 , 1966 February 19 , 1970 César Bengzon Ferdinand Marcos 78 Fred Ruiz Castro September 2 , 1914 May 29 , 1966 January 5 , 1976 César Bengzon Ferdinand Marcos 79 Eugenio Angeles November 2 , 1868 June 30 , 1967 November 2 , 1968 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 80 Enrique Fernando July 25 , 1915 June 30 , 1967 July 1 , 1979 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 81 Francisco Capistrano October 6 , 1899 September 16 , 1968 October 6 , 1969 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 82 Claudio Teehankee , Sr .",
"23": "April 18 , 1918 December 17 , 1968 April 1 , 1986 Eugenio Angeles Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 83 Antonio P. Barredo October 1 , 1912 December 17 , 1968 October 4 , 1982 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 84 Julio Villamor April 12 , 1902 January 24 , 1970 April 12 , 1972 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 85 Felix Makasiar November 20 , 1915 August 2 , 1970 July 25 , 1985 Conrado V. Sanchez Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 86 Felix Q. Antonio May 18 , 1911 June 1972 May 18 , 1980 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 87 Salvador V. Esguerra June 19 , 1906 June 1972 June 19 , 1976 Roberto Concepcion Ferdinand Marcos 88 Estanislao A. Fernandez March 28 , 1910 October 19 , 1973 March 28 , 1975 Jose B.L. Reyes Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 89 Cecilia Muñoz - Palma November 22 , 1913 October 29 , 1973 November 22 , 1978 Newly created seat Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 90 Ramon Aquino August 31 , 1917 October 29 , 1973 November 19 , 1985 Newly created seat Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 91 Hermogenes Concepcion , Jr . April 7 , 1920 April 18 , 1975 April 16 , 1986 Calixto Zaldivar Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 92 Ruperto G. Martin March 27 , 1913 April 18 , 1975 January 10 , 1978 Estanislao A.",
"24": "Fernandez Querube Makalintal Ferdinand Marcos 93 Guillermo S. Santos January 23 , 1915 May 27 , 1977 January 23 , 1980 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 94 Ramon C. Fernandez February 16 , 1916 May 27 , 1977 May 11 , 1982 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 95 Juvenal K. Guerrero November 4 , 1916 May 11 , 1977 November 4 , 1984 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 96 Vicente Abad Santos July 12 , 1916 January 17 , 1979 July 12 , 1986 Fred Ruiz Castro Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 97 Pacifico P. De Castro July 16 , 1915 January 17 , 1979 May 31 , 1984 Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos 98 Ameurfina Melencio - Herrera May 11 , 1922 January 17 , 1979 May 11 , 1992 Cecilia Muñoz - Palma Fred Ruiz Castro Ferdinand Marcos ( 1979 ) Corazon Aquino ( 1986 ) 99 Vicente G. Ericta February 3 , 1915 November 20 , 1981 May 11 , 1982 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 100 Efren I. Plana June 28 , 1928 November 20 , 1981 April 16 , 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 101 Venicio T. Escolin February 13 , 1921 November 20 , 1981 April 15 , 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 102 Conrado M. Vasquez September 13 , 1913 May 14 , 1982 September 30 , 1983 Ramon C. Fernandez Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 103 Lorenzo Relova January 20 , 1916 May 14 , 1982 January 19 , 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 104 Hugo Gutierrez , Jr .",
"25": "January 29 , 1927 May 14 , 1982 March 31 , 1993 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 105 Buenaventura S. De La Fuente July 14 , 1922 February 28 , 1984 March 6 , 1986 Conrado M. Vasquez Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 106 Serafin R. Cuevas June 25 , 1928 June 1 , 1984 April 16 , 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 107 Nestor B. Alampay February 17 , 1920 January 24 , 1985 March 17 , 1986 Enrique Fernando Ferdinand Marcos 108 Lino M. Patajo September 23 , 1916 July 31 , 1985 April 16 , 1986 Felix Makasiar Ferdinand Marcos 109 Jose Feria January 11 , 1917 April 7 , 1986 January 10 , 1987 Felix Makasiar Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 110 Pedro Yap July 1 , 1918 April 8 , 1986 April 18 , 1988 Leo D. Medialdea Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 111 Marcelo Fernan October 24 , 1927 April 9 , 1986 June 30 , 1988 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 112 Andres Narvasa November 30 , 1928 April 10 , 1986 December 7 , 1991 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 113 Isagani A. Cruz October 11 , 1924 April 16 , 1986 October 11 , 1994 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 114 Edgardo L. Paras July 4 , 1922 April 16 , 1986 July 4 , 1992 Claudio Teehankee , Sr .",
"26": "Corazon Aquino 115 Florentino P. Feliciano March 14 , 1928 August 8 , 1986 December 13 , 1995 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 116 Teodoro R. Padilla August 24 , 1927 January 12 , 1987 August 22 , 1997 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 117 Abdulwahid A. Bidin April 7 , 1925 January 12 , 1987 May 7 , 1995 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 118 Emilio A. Gancayco August 20 , 1921 January 12 , 1987 August 20 , 1991 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 119 Abraham F. Sarmiento October 8 , 1921 January 25 , 1987 October 8 , 1991 Vicente Abad Santos Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 120 Irene R. Cortes October 20 , 1921 February 1 , 1987 October 20 , 1990 Jose Feria Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 121 Carolina Griño - Aquino October 22 , 1923 February 2 , 1988 October 22 , 1993 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 122 Leo D. Medialdea August 17 , 1927 May 2 , 1988 November 7 , 1992 Claudio Teehankee , Sr . Corazon Aquino 123 Florenz D. Regalado October 13 , 1928 July 29 , 1988 October 13 , 1998 Marcelo Fernan Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 124 Hilario G. Davide , Jr .",
"27": "December 20 , 1935 January 24 , 1991 November 29 , 1998 Irene R. Cortes Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 125 Flerida Ruth Romero August 1 , 1929 October 21 , 1991 August 1 , 1999 Abraham F. Sarmiento Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 126 Rodolfo A. Nocon March 15 , 1924 December 2 , 1991 March 15 , 1994 Marcelo Fernan Corazon Aquino 127 Josue N. Bellosillo November 13 , 1933 March 3 , 1992 November 13 , 2003 Andres Narvasa Andres Narvasa Corazon Aquino 128 Jose A.R. Melo May 30 , 1932 August 10 , 1992 May 30 , 2002 Ameurfina Melencio - Herrera Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 129 Jose C. Campos , Jr . April 9 , 1923 September 3 , 1992 April 9 , 1993 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 130 Camilo D. Quiason July 18 , 1925 February 1 , 1993 July 18 , 1995 Leo D. Medialdea Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 131 Reynato Puno May 17 , 1940 June 28 , 1993 December 7 , 2007 Hugo Gutierrez Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 132 Jose C. Vitug July 15 , 1934 June 28 , 1993 July 15 , 2004 Jose C. Campos , Jr .",
"28": "Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 133 Santiago M. Kapunan August 12 , 1932 January 5 , 1994 August 12 , 2002 Carolina Griño - Aquino Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 134 Vicente V. Mendoza April 5 , 1933 June 7 , 1994 April 5 , 2003 Rodolfo A. Nocon Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 135 Ricardo J. Francisco February 13 , 1928 January 5 , 1995 February 13 , 1998 Isagani A. Cruz Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 136 Regino C. Hermosisima Jr . February 2 , 1929 January 10 , 1995 October 18 , 1997 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 137 Artemio Panganiban December 7 , 1937 October 5 , 1995 December 19 , 2005 Camilo Quiason Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 138 Justo P. Torres , Jr . November 1 , 1927 March 11 , 1996 November 1 , 1997 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 139 Antonio M. Martinez February 2 , 1929 November 10 , 1997 February 2 , 1999 Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 140 Leonardo A. Quisumbing November 6 , 1939 January 15 , 1998 November 6 , 2009 Justo P. Torres Jr . Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 141 Fidel P. Purisima October 28 , 1930 January 20 , 1998 October 28 , 2000 Regino C. Hermosisima Jr .",
"29": "Andres Narvasa Fidel Ramos 142 Bernardo P. Pardo February 11 , 1932 September 30 , 1998 February 11 , 2002 Ricardo J. Francisco Andres Narvasa Joseph Estrada 143 Arturo B. Buena March 25 , 1932 January 5 , 1999 March 25 , 2002 Florenz D. Regalado Hilario Davide , Jr . Joseph Estrada 144 Minerva P. Gonzaga - Reyes September 25 , 1931 January 5 , 1999 September 25 , 2001 Hilario Davide , Jr . Hilario Davide , Jr . Joseph Estrada 145 Consuelo Ynares - Santiago October 5 , 1939 April 6 , 1999 October 5 , 2009 Antonio Martinez Hilario Davide , Jr . Joseph Estrada 146 Sabino R. De Leon Jr . June 9 , 1932 October 12 , 1999 June 9 , 2002 Flerida Ruth Pineda - Romero Hilario Davide , Jr . Joseph Estrada 147 Angelina Sandoval - Gutierrez February 28 , 1938 December 22 , 2000 February 28 , 2008 Fidel P. Purisima Hilario Davide , Jr . Joseph Estrada 148 Antonio T. Carpio October 26 , 1949 October 26 , 2001 October 26 , 2019 Minerva P. Gonzaga - Reyes Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 149 Alicia Austria - Martinez December 19 , 1940 April 9 , 2002 April 30 , 2009 Bernardo P. Pardo Hilario Davide , Jr .",
"30": "Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 150 Renato C. Corona October 15 , 1948 April 9 , 2002 May 17 , 2010 Arturo B. Buena Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 151 Conchita Carpio - Morales June 19 , 1941 August 26 , 2002 June 19 , 2011 Jose A.R. Melo , JR . Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 152 Romeo J. Callejo , Sr . April 28 , 1937 August 26 , 2002 April 28 , 2007 Sabino R. De Leon Jr . Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 153 Adolfo S. Azcuna February 16 , 1939 October 17 , 2002 February 16 , 2009 Santiago M. Kapunan Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 154 Dante O. Tiñga May 11 , 1939 July 4 , 2003 May 11 , 2009 Vicente V. Mendoza Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 155 Minita V. Chico - Nazario December 5 , 1939 February 10 , 2004 December 5 , 2009 Josue N. Bellosillo Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 156 Cancio C. Garcia October 30 , 1937 October 7 , 2004 October 30 , 2007 Jose C. Vitug Hilario Davide , Jr . Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 157 Presbitero J. Velasco , Jr .",
"31": "August 8 , 1948 March 31 , 2006 August 8 , 2018 Artemio V. Panganiban Artemio V. Panganiban Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 158 Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura June 13 , 1941 February 7 , 2007 June 13 , 2011 Reynato Puno Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 159 Ruben T. Reyes January 3 , 1939 August 2 , 2007 January 3 , 2009 Romeo J. Callejo , Sr . Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 160 Teresita De Castro October 8 , 1948 December 3 , 2007 October 8 , 2018 Cancio Garcia Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 161 Arturo D. Brion December 29 , 1946 March 17 , 2008 December 29 , 2016 Angelina Sandoval - Gutierrez Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 162 Diosdado M. Peralta March 27 , 1952 January 14 , 2009 March 27 , 2022 Ruben Reyes Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 163 Lucas P. Bersamin October 18 , 1949 April 3 , 2009 October 18 , 2019 Adolfo Azcuna Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 164 Mariano C. del Castillo July 29 , 1949 July 29 , 2009 July 29 , 2019 Ma . Alicia Austria - Martinez Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 165 Roberto A. Abad May 22 , 1944 August 7 , 2009 May 22 , 2014 Dante O. Tiñga Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 166 Martin Villarama , Jr .",
"32": "April 14 , 1946 November 6 , 2009 January 16 , 2016 Consuelo Ynares - Santiago Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 167 Jose P. Perez December 14 , 1946 December 26 , 2009 December 14 , 2016 Leonardo A. Quisumbing Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 168 Jose C. Mendoza August 13 , 1947 January 4 , 2010 August 13 , 2017 Minita Chico - Nazario Reynato Puno Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo 169 Maria Lourdes Sereno July 2 , 1960 August 13 , 2010 July 2 , 2030 Renato C. Corona Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 170 Bienvenido L. Reyes July 6 , 1947 August 20 , 2011 July 6 , 2017 Antonio Eduardo Nachura Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 171 Estela Perlas - Bernabe May 14 , 1952 September 16 , 2011 May 14 , 2022 Conchita Carpio - Morales Renato C. Corona Benigno Aquino III 172 Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen December 29 , 1962 November 21 , 2012 December 29 , 2032 Maria Lourdes Sereno Maria Lourdes Sereno Benigno Aquino III 173 Francis H. Jardeleza September 26 , 1949 August 19 , 2014 September 26 , 2019 Roberto Abad Maria Lourdes Sereno Benigno Aquino III 174 Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa September 30 , 1959 January 22 , 2016 September 30 , 2029 Martin Villarama , Jr .",
"33": "Maria Lourdes Sereno Benigno Aquino III 175 Samuel R. Martires January 2 , 1949 March 2 , 2017 January 2 , 2019 Jose P. Perez Maria Lourdes Sereno Rodrigo Duterte 176 Noel G. Tijam January 5 , 1949 March 8 , 2017 January 5 , 2019 Arturo D. Brion Maria Lourdes Sereno Rodrigo Duterte 177 Andres B. Reyes , Jr . May 11 , 1950 July 12 , 2017 May 11 , 2020 Bienvenido L. Reyes Maria Lourdes Sereno Rodrigo Duterte 178 Alexander G. Gesmundo November 6 , 1956 August 14 , 2017 November 6 , 2026 Jose C. Mendoza Maria Lourdes Sereno Rodrigo Duterte Philippine court system ( edit ) Judicial regions Court of Appeals Regional Trial Courts Metropolitan Trial Courts Municipal Trial Courts in Cities Municipal Trial Courts Municipal Circuit Trial Courts Shari'a District Courts Shari'a Circuit Courts Sandiganbayan Philippine Court of Tax Appeals See also ( edit ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Political history of the Philippines Constitution of the Philippines Judicial Executive Legislative Advisory and Consultative Council ( JELAC ) Articles of Impeachment against Chief Justice Renato Corona Books ( edit ) Deinla , Imelda ( April 2014 ) . `` Public Support and Judicial Empowerment of the Philippine Supreme Court '' . Contemporary Southeast Asia . 36 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 158 .",
"34": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Section 6 , Article VIII , Constitution Jump up ^ http://www.up.edu.ph/beginnings-university-of-the-philippines-manila/ Jump up ^ See Section 7 ( 1 ) , Article VIII , Constitution Jump up ^ See Section 7 ( 3 ) , Article VIII , Constitution ^ Jump up to : See Section 9 , Article VIII , Constitution Jump up ^ Changed to 65 during 1973 - 1978 , but since restored to 70 . Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ manilastandardtoday.com , Justice Austria - Martinez wants early retirement Jump up ^ abs-cbnnews.com , Exclusive : SC Justice Alicia Martinez to retire early Jump up ^ opinion.inquirer.net , With Due Respect - A libertarian decision ; a decent jurist Jump up ^ See 5 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) , Article VIII , Constitution Jump up ^ See ^ Jump up to : See 1 , Article VIII , Constitution Jump up ^ See J. Bernas , The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines : A Commentary ( 1996 ed . ) , at 831 Jump up ^ See Section 6 , Rule 45 , 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure Jump up ^ See Sections 1 , 2 , & 3 , Rule 65 , 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Toh v. CA , G.R. No. 140274 , November 15 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/idedp/IAL/IAL000500_003.pdf Jump up ^ Inquirer.net , SC approves use of writ of amparo Jump up ^ Inquiret.net , Military ca n't shrug off killings -- Chief Justice Jump up ^ ABS - CBN Interactive , SC ready with writ of amparo by Sept - Puno Jump up ^ Supremecourt.gov.ph , A.M. No. 07 - 9 - 12 - SC , THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO Jump up ^ S.C. Resolution , A.M. No.",
"35": "07 - 9 - 12 - SC , THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO Jump up ^ Supremecourt.gov.ph , SC Approves Rule on Writ of Amparo Jump up ^ GMA NEWS.TV , SC approves rule on writ of amparo vs extralegal killings Jump up ^ GMA NEWS.TV , Writ of amparo not enough -- Hong Kong rights group Jump up ^ Inquirer.net , Habeas data : SC 's new remedy vs killings , disappearances Jump up ^ newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews , Supreme Court okays rules of ' habeas data ' Jump up ^ Inquirer.net , 3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings Jump up ^ www.sws.org.ph , New Diagnostic Study Sets Guideposts for Systematic Development of the Judiciary Jump up ^ www.sws.org.ph , New SWS Study of the Judiciary and the Legal Profession Sees Some Improvements , But Also Recurring Problems Jump up ^ afp.google.com/article , Hong Kong has best judicial system in Asia : business survey Jump up ^ www.abs-cbnnews.com , Hong Kong has best judicial system in Asia : business survey Jump up ^ PH improves rank in global corruption index Jump up ^ Inquirer.net PH is most improved in rule of law index Jump up ^ newsinfo.inquirer.net , SC watchdog launched Jump up ^ supremecourt.gov.ph , LAUNCHING OF BANTAY KORTE SUPREMA Jump up ^ gmanews.tv/story , Group launches ' Bantay Korte Suprema ' to guard selection of new SC justices Jump up ^ balita.ph , Bantay Korte Suprema launched External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the Philippines . Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines -- Justice category The Supreme Court of the Philippines -- Official website The Supreme Court of the Philippines in Tamizh The Sereno Court 2012 - Present August 14 , 2017 - Present : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr .",
"36": "T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa S. Martires N. Tijam A. Reyes , Jr . A. Gesmundo July 12 , 2017 - August 13 , 2017 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa S. Martires N. Tijam A. Reyes , Jr . July 7 , 2017 - July 11 , 2017 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa S. Martires N. Tijam Vacant March 8 , 2017 - July 6 , 2017 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa S. Martires N. Tijam March 6 , 2017 - March 8 , 2017 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr .",
"37": "T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa S. Martires Vacant December 29 , 2016 - March 6 , 2017 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa Vacant Vacant December 14 , 2016 - December 29 , 2016 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa Vacant January 22 , 2016 - December 14 , 2016 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo J. Perez J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza A. Caguioa August 19 , 2014 - January 22 , 2016 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo M. Villarama , Jr . J. Perez J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen F. Jardeleza May 22 , 2014 - August 19 , 2014 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr .",
"38": "T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo M. Villarama , Jr . J. Perez J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen Vacant November 21 , 2012 - May 22 , 2014 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo R. Abad M. Villarama , Jr . J. Perez J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe M. Leonen August 25 , 2012 - November 21 , 2012 : A. Carpio P. Velasco , Jr . T. Leonardo - de Castro A. Brion D. Peralta L. Bersamin M. Del Castillo R. Abad M. Villarama , Jr . J. Perez J. Mendoza B. Reyes E. Perlas - Bernabe Vacant Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands",
"39": "Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat",
"40": "of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Supreme Courts of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines&oldid=835687250 '' Categories : Government of the Philippines National supreme courts Supreme Court of the Philippines Courts in the Philippines Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Filipino - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Cebuano Deutsch Español Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Kapampangan Македонски Nederlands Polski Tagalog தமிழ் 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 59 .",
"41": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-815668701520014042
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who plays reggie the robot in justin's house
|
[
"Ben Faulks",
"Ben Faulks",
"Ben Faulks",
"Ben Faulks"
] |
{
"0": "Justin 's House - Wikipedia Justin 's House Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Justin 's House Created by Justin Fletcher and CBeebies Production Starring Justin Fletcher Steven Kynman Katherine Smee Composer ( s ) Barrie Bignold Country of origin United Kingdom England Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 23 ( series 1 ) 25 ( series 2 ) 20 ( series 3 ) 20 ( series 4 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Paul Shuttleworth Vanessa Amberleigh Producer ( s ) Stephen Cannon Anna Perowne Editor ( s ) Mike Eccles Andy Richards Steve Seddon Jonathan Newton Running time 24 minutes Release Original network CBeebies Original release 8 October 2011 -- present Justin 's House is a children 's television show produced by the BBC for CBeebies . It stars host Justin Fletcher , his green Little Monster , and his domestic robot Robert . Cast ( edit ) Justin Fletcher -- Himself , Sir Justin - A-Lot of Mess , Justinardo de Stinky , Long Johns Justin & Mr Tumble Steven Kynman -- Robert Katherine Smee -- Little Monster , Cousin Cuddle & Auntie Monsterella Jane Deane -- Dee Steven Arnold -- Mr Finch Bottom Alex Winters -- Himself Andy Day -- Himself Nisha Anil -- Herself Chris Jarvis -- Himself Katrina Bryan -- Nina Anne Charleston -- Auntie Justina Katy Ashworth -- Herself Phil Gallagher -- Mister Maker Ben Faulks -- Mr Bloom & Reginald T Robot Jodie Prenger -- Herself Cerrie Burnell -- Herself Samuel Wakefield -- Helper Sam Edward Wakefield -- Helper Edward William Wakefield -- Helper William Roger Chucklefoot -- Juan Man Band Pui Fan Lee -- Herself Penni Tovey -- Roberta John Farnworth -- Keepy",
"1": "- Uppy Nick Wilton -- Charlie Championships Heather Mann -- Summer Salt Ian Marchant -- Mr Hatrick Sally Phillips -- Wanda Round Joe Oakley -- Will Nicholas Khan -- Star Jumper & Mr Tailor Ian Jamieson -- Roger Over Melanie Williams -- Tallulah Hula Phillip Ratcliffe -- Cake Mix Bellatrix -- Melody Kim Wellens -- Cake Mix Abbi Phillips -- Cake Mix Sharon D Clarke -- Dakota Sleep Bibi and Bichu -- The Jugglinies Lena Kaur -- Mac Darren Hart -- Bustin Grooves & Mr Leo Tard Lewis Dark -- Party Entertainers Gemma McGhee -- Party Entertainers Billie Green -- Party Entertainers Tink Bruce -- Herself Sandy McClure -- Best entertainers Tim Chown -- Best entertainers Louise Gold -- Funella Furchester Elaine Mackenzie - Ellis -- Granny Justina Highwaymen Drum Corps -- Themselves Rebecca Keatley -- Herself Sidney Sloane -- Himself Vicki Lane -- Staff Members Darren Johnson -- Staff Members Gemma Hunt -- Herself Ella Kenion -- Captain Sinker Michael J Fitch -- Himself Saul Eisenberg -- Junkman Joesph Elliot -- Cook Richard David - Caine -- Line & Ooogie boogie plant Paul Hawkyard Cat Sandion -- Herself James Lyons Neil Sterenberg -- Himself Callum Donnelly -- Cake Experts & Oddbod Alien 1 Richard Franks -- Cake Experts & Oddbod Alien 2 Robin Hatcher -- Cake Experts & Oddbod Alien 3 Glamba Dr Maggie Aderin - Pocock -- Herself Lindley Junior School Choir -- North Pole Elf Choir UKCF Acrobats -- Stunt Tumblers Felix Forbes - McNeil -- Little Justin Freddie Stabb -- Iris Shutterspeed Martin Roberts -- Himself References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justin 's House '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 February 2016 .",
"2": "External links ( edit ) Justin 's House -- CBeebies This BBC - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin%27s_House&oldid=811950276 '' Categories : BBC stubs CBeebies 2011 British television programme debuts Television programs featuring puppetry BBC children 's television programmes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what advantage does the dealer have in blackjack
|
[
"if the player busts, the player loses, regardless of whether the dealer subsequently busts",
"between 0.5% and 1%"
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{
"0": "Blackjack - wikipedia Blackjack Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gambling game . For the shedding - type card game sometimes called Black Jack , see Switch ( card game ) . For other uses , see Black Jack ( disambiguation ) . Blackjack A blackjack Alternative names Twenty - One Type Comparing Players 2 + , usually 2 -- 7 Skills required Probability Cards 52 to 416 Deck French Play Clockwise Random chance High Blackjack , also known as twenty - one , is a comparing card game between usually several players and a dealer , where each player in turn competes against the dealer , but players do not play against each other . It is played with one or more decks of 52 cards , and is the most widely played casino banking game in the world . The objective of the game is to beat the dealer in one of the following ways : Get 21 points on the player 's first two cards ( called a `` blackjack '' or `` natural '' ) , without a dealer blackjack ; Reach a final score higher than the dealer without exceeding 21 ; or Let the dealer draw additional cards until their hand exceeds 21 . Players are each dealt two cards , face up or down depending on the casino and the table at which you sit . In the U.S. , the dealer is also dealt two cards , normally one up ( exposed ) and one down ( hidden ) . In most other countries , the dealer receives one card face up . The value of cards two through ten is their pip value ( 2 through 10 ) . Face cards ( Jack , Queen , and King ) are all worth ten . Aces can be worth one or eleven . A hand 's value is the sum of the card values . Players are allowed to draw additional cards to improve their hands . A hand with an ace valued as 11 is called `` soft '' , meaning that the hand will not bust by taking an additional card ; the value of the ace will become one to prevent the hand from exceeding 21 . Otherwise , the hand is `` hard '' . Once all the players have completed their hands , it is the dealer 's turn . The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks .",
"1": "The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points . ( At most tables the dealer also hits on a `` soft '' 17 , i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six . ) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer , or not busting and having the dealer bust , or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack . If the player and dealer have the same total ( not counting blackjacks ) , this is called a `` push '' , and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand . Otherwise , the dealer wins . Blackjack has many rule variations . Since the 1960s , blackjack has been a high - profile target of advantage players , particularly card counters , who track the profile of cards that have been dealt and adapt their wagers and playing strategies accordingly . Blackjack has inspired other casino games , including Spanish 21 and pontoon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules of play at casinos 2.1 Player decisions 2.2 Insurance 3 Rule variations and effects on house edge 4 Blackjack strategy 4.1 Basic strategy 4.2 Composition - dependent strategy 4.3 Advantage play 4.3. 1 Card counting 4.3. 2 Shuffle tracking 4.3. 3 Identifying concealed cards 5 Side bets 6 Blackjack tournaments 7 Video blackjack 8 Variants of the game 8.1 TV show variations 9 Blackjack Hall of Fame 10 Blackjack in the arts 11 See also 12 Blackjack literature 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Blackjack 's precursor was twenty - one , a game of unknown origin . The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes , most famous for writing Don Quixote . Cervantes was a gambler , and the main characters of his tale `` Rinconete y Cortadillo '' , from Novelas Ejemplares , are a couple of cheats working in Seville .",
"2": "They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna ( Spanish for twenty - one ) , and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11 . The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck , which lacks eights and nines . This short story was written between 1601 and 1602 , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier . Later references to this game are found in France and Spain . When twenty - one was introduced in the United States , gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players ' interest . One such bonus was a ten - to - one payout if the player 's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack ( either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades ) . This hand was called a `` blackjack '' , and the name stuck to the game even though the ten - to - one bonus was soon withdrawn . In the modern game , a blackjack refers to any hand of an ace plus a ten or face card regardless of suits or colours . The first scientific and mathematically sound attempt to devise an optimal blackjack playing strategy was revealed in September 1956 . Roger Baldwin , Wilbert Cantey , Herbert Maisel and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association . This paper would become the foundation of all future sound efforts to beat the game of blackjack . Ed Thorp would use Baldwin 's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later publish ( in 1963 ) his famous book Beat the Dealer . Rules of play at casinos ( edit ) Blackjack example game Initial deal Player action Dealer 's hand revealed Bets settled At a casino blackjack table , the dealer faces five to seven playing positions from behind a semicircular table . Between one and eight standard 52 - card decks are shuffled together . At the beginning of each round , up to three players can place their bets in the `` betting box '' at each position in play . That is , there could be up to three players at each position at a table in jurisdictions that allow back betting .",
"3": "The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box is deemed to have control over the position , and the dealer will consult the controlling player for playing decisions regarding the hand ; the other players of that box are said to `` play behind '' . Any player is usually allowed to control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table , but it is prohibited for an individual to play on more than one table at a time or to place multiple bets within a single box . In many U.S. casinos , however , players are limited to playing two or three positions at a table and often only one person is allowed to bet on each position . The dealer deals cards from his / her left ( the position on the dealer 's far left is often referred to as `` first base '' ) to his / her far right ( `` third base '' ) . Each box is dealt an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it , and often to any other players . The dealer 's hand receives its first card face up , and in `` hole card '' games immediately receives its second card face down ( the hole card ) , which the dealer peeks at but does not reveal unless it makes the dealer 's hand a blackjack . Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor that is used to peek securely at the hole card . In European casinos , `` no hole card '' games are prevalent ; the dealer 's second card is neither drawn nor consulted until the players have all played their hands . Cards are dealt either from one or two handheld decks , from a dealer 's shoe , or from a shuffling machine . Single cards are dealt to each wagered - on position clockwise from the dealer 's left , followed by a single card to the dealer , followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play . The players ' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down ( more common in single - deck games ) . The players ' object is to win money by creating card totals that turn out to be higher than the dealer 's hand but do not exceed 21 ( `` busting '' / `` breaking '' ) , or alternatively by allowing the dealer to take additional cards until he / she busts .",
"4": "On their turn , players must choose whether to `` hit '' ( take a card ) , `` stand '' ( end their turn ) , `` double '' ( double wager , take a single card and finish ) , `` split '' ( if the two cards have the same value , separate them to make two hands ) or `` surrender '' ( give up a half - bet and retire from the game ) . Number cards count as their natural value ; the jack , queen , and king ( also known as `` face cards '' or `` pictures '' ) count as 10 ; aces are valued as either 1 or 11 according to the player 's choice . If the hand value exceeds 21 points , it busts , and all bets on it are immediately forfeit . After all boxes have finished playing , the dealer 's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand busts or achieves a value of 17 or higher ( a dealer total of 17 including an ace , or `` soft 17 '' , must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others ) . The dealer never doubles , splits , or surrenders . If the dealer busts , all remaining player hands win . If the dealer does not bust , each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer 's , and loses if it is lower . If a player receives 21 on the 1st and 2nd card it is considered a `` natural '' or `` blackjack '' and the player is paid out immediately unless dealer also has a natural , in which case the hand ties . In the case of a tied score , known as `` push '' or `` standoff '' , bets are normally returned without adjustment ; however , a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack , even one with a value of 21 . Wins are paid out at 1 : 1 , or equal to the wager , except for winning , player blackjacks , which are traditionally paid at 3 : 2 ( meaning the player receives three dollars for every two bet ) , or one - and - a-half times the wager . Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than 3 : 2 at some tables ; for instance , single - deck blackjack tables often pay 6 : 5 for a blackjack instead of 3 : 2 .",
"5": "Blackjack games almost always provide a side bet called insurance , which may be played when dealer 's upcard is an ace . Additional side bets , such as `` Dealer Match '' which pays when the player 's cards match the dealer 's up card , are sometimes available . Player decisions ( edit ) `` Doubling Down '' redirects here . For the South Park episode , see Doubling Down ( South Park ) . After receiving an initial two cards , the player has up to four standard options : `` hit '' , `` stand '' , `` double down '' , or `` split '' . Each option has a corresponding hand signal . Some games give the player a fifth option , `` surrender '' . Hit : Take another card from the dealer . Signal : Scrape cards against table ( in handheld games ) ; tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body ( in games dealt face up ) . Stand : Take no more cards , also known as `` stand pat '' , `` stick '' , or `` stay '' . Signal : Slide cards under chips ( in handheld games ) ; wave hand horizontally ( in games dealt face up ) . Double down : The player is allowed to increase the initial bet by up to 100 % in exchange for committing to stand after receiving exactly one more card . The additional bet is placed in the betting box next to the original bet . Some games do not permit the player to increase the bet by amounts other than 100 % . Non-controlling players may double their wager or decline to do so , but they are bound by the controlling player 's decision to take only one card . Signal : Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box , and point with one finger . Split : If the first two cards of a hand have the same value , the player can split them into two hands , by moving a second bet equal to the first into an area outside the betting box . The dealer separates the two cards and draws an additional card on each , placing one bet with each hand . The player then plays out the two separate hands in turn ; except for a few restrictions , the hands are treated as independent new hands , with the player winning or losing their wager separately for each hand .",
"6": "Occasionally , in the case of ten - valued cards , some casinos allow splitting only when the cards have the identical ranks ; for instance , a hand of 10 - 10 may be split , but not one of 10 - king . However , usually all 10 - value cards are treated the same . Doubling and further splitting of post-split hands may be restricted , and an ace and ten value card after a split are counted as a non-blackjack 21 . Hitting split aces is usually not allowed . Non-controlling players may follow the controlling player by putting down an additional bet or decline to do so , instead associating their existing wager with one of the two post-split hands . In that case they must choose which hand to play behind before the second cards are drawn . Some casinos do not give non-controlling players this option , and require that the wager of a player not electing to split remains with the first of the two post-split hands . Signal : Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box ; point with two fingers spread into a V formation . Surrender ( only available as first decision of a hand ) : Some games offer the option to `` surrender '' directly after the dealer has checked for blackjack ( see below for variations ) . When the player surrenders , the house takes half the player 's bet and returns the other half to the player ; this terminates the player 's interest in the hand . Signal : The request to surrender is made verbally , there being no standard hand signal . Hand signals are used to assist the `` eye in the sky '' , a person or video camera located above the table and sometimes concealed behind one - way glass . The eye in the sky usually makes a video recording of the table , which helps in resolving disputes and identifying dealer mistakes , and is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat . The recording can further be used to identify advantage players whose activities , while legal , make them undesirable customers . In the event of a disagreement between a player 's hand signals and their words , the hand signal takes precedence . Each hand may normally `` hit '' as many times as desired so long as the total is not above hard 20 .",
"7": "On reaching 21 ( including soft 21 ) , the hand is normally required to stand ; busting is an irrevocable loss and the players ' wagers are immediately forfeited to the house . After a bust or a stand , play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table . When the last hand has finished being played , the dealer reveals the hole card , and stands or draws further cards according to the rules of the game for dealer drawing . When the outcome of the dealer 's hand is established , any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved ( usually in counterclockwise order ) : bets on losing hands are forfeited , the bet on a push is left on the table , and winners are paid out . Insurance ( edit ) If the dealer 's upcard is an ace , the player is offered the option of taking `` insurance '' before the dealer checks the hole card . Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has blackjack and is treated independently of the main wager . It pays 2 : 1 ( meaning that the player receives two dollars for every dollar bet ) and is available when the dealer 's exposed card is an ace . The idea is that the dealer 's second card has a fairly high probability ( nearly one - third ) to be ten - valued , giving the dealer blackjack and disappointment for the player . It is attractive ( although not necessarily wise ) for the player to insure against the possibility of a dealer blackjack by making a maximum `` insurance '' bet , in which case the `` insurance proceeds '' will make up for the concomitant loss on the original bet . The player may add up to half the value of their original bet to the insurance and these extra chips are placed on a portion of the table usually marked `` Insurance pays 2 to 1 '' . Players with a blackjack may also take insurance , and in taking maximum insurance they commit themselves to winning an amount exactly equal to their main wager , regardless of the dealer 's outcome . Fully insuring a blackjack against blackjack is thus referred to as `` taking even money '' , and paid out immediately , before the dealer 's hand is resolved ; the players do not need to place more chips for the insurance wager . Insurance bets are expected to lose money in the long run , because the dealer is likely to have blackjack less than one - third of the time .",
"8": "However the insurance outcome is strongly anti-correlated with that of the main wager , and if the player 's priority is to reduce variation , they might choose to pay for this . Furthermore , the insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play . It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a chance of one in three of being a ten . Advantage play techniques can sometimes identify such situations . In a multi-hand , face - up , single deck game , it is possible to establish whether insurance is a good bet simply by observing the other cards on the table after the deal ; even if there are just 2 player hands exposed , and neither of their two initial cards is a ten , then 16 in 47 of the remaining cards are tens , which is larger than 1 in 3 , so insurance is a good bet . This is an elementary example of the family of advantage play techniques known as card counting . Bets to insure against blackjack are slightly less likely to be advantageous than insurance bets in general , since the ten in the player 's blackjack makes it less likely that the dealer has blackjack too . Rule variations and effects on house edge ( edit ) Note : where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms , the difference is usually stated here in percentage points , not percentage ; strictly speaking if , say , an edge of 10 % is reduced to 9 % , the amount is reduced by ten percent , or by one percentage point . Doubling down . The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player can not receive any more cards . The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation , which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino . The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table , failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request . Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented . As with all casino games , blackjack incorporates a `` house edge '' , a statistical advantage for the casino that is built into the game . The advantage of the dealer 's position in blackjack relative to the player comes from the fact that if the player busts , the player loses , regardless of whether the dealer subsequently busts .",
"9": "Nonetheless , blackjack players using basic strategy will lose less than 1 % of their total wagered amount with strictly average luck ; this is very favorable to the player compared to other casino games . The loss rate of players who deviate from basic strategy through ignorance is generally expected to be greater . Dealer hits soft 17 A `` soft 17 '' in blackjack . An ace and any combination of 6 . Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17 , which is generally printed on the table surface . The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated `` H17 '' in blackjack literature , with `` S17 '' used for the stand - on - soft - 17 variation . Substituting an `` H17 '' rule with an `` S17 '' rule in a game benefits the player , decreasing the house edge by about 0.2 % . Number of decks All things being equal , using fewer decks decreases the house edge . This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack , since if the players draws a ten on their first card , the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks . It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack - blackjack push in a game with fewer decks . Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks , in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether . When offering single deck blackjack games , casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting , to restrict resplitting , require higher minimum bets , and to pay the player less than 3 : 2 for a winning blackjack . The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks , by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset : double after split allowed , resplit to four hands allowed , no hitting split aces , no surrender , double on any two cards , original bets only lost on dealer blackjack , dealer hits soft 17 , and cut - card used . The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two - deck game , and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added .",
"10": "Number of decks House advantage Single deck 0.17 % Double deck 0.46 % Four decks 0.60 % Six decks 0.64 % Eight decks 0.65 % Late / early surrender Surrender , for those games that allow it , is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack ; if the dealer 's first card is an ace or ten , the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered . This rule protocol is consequently known as `` late '' surrender . The alternative , `` early '' surrender , gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack , or in a no - hole - card game . Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender . Most medium - strength hands should be surrendered against a dealer Ace if the hole card has not been checked . For late surrender , however , while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose , the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands , because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half , as entailed by surrendering . Resplitting If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value , most games allow the player to split again , or `` resplit '' . The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before . Some games allow unlimited resplitting , while others may limit it to a certain number of hands , such as four hands ( for example , `` resplit to 4 '' ) . Hit / resplit split aces After splitting aces , the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace ; the player can not split , double , or take another hit on either hand . Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces . Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon , but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare . Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about 0.13 % ; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about 0.03 % .",
"11": "Note that a ten - value card dealt on a split ace ( or vice versa ) is a `` soft 21 '' and not a `` natural '' . No double after split After a split , most games allow doubling down on the new two - card hands . Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about 0.12 % . Double on 9 / 10 / 11 or 10 / 11 only Under the `` Reno rule '' , double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9 , 10 , or 11 ( under a similar European rule , only 10 or 11 ) . Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13 -- 18 , and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19 -- 20 and hard 8 , 7 and even 6 is advantageous . The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player 's expected loss . The Reno rule increases the house edge by around one in 1000 , and its European version by around two in 1000 . No hole card and OBO In most non-U.S. casinos , a ' no hole card ' game is played , meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult his or her second card until after all players have finished making decisions . With no hole card , it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace , since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets ; the only exception is with a pair of A 's against a dealer 10 , where it is still correct to split . In all other cases , a stand , hit or surrender is called for . For instance , holding 11 against a dealer 10 , the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game ( where the player knows the dealer 's second card is not an ace ) , but to hit in a no hole card game . The no hole card rule adds approximately 0.11 % to the house edge . The `` original bets only '' rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player 's hand loses to a dealer blackjack , only the mandatory initial bet ( `` original '' ) is forfeited , and all optional bets , meaning doubles and splits , are pushed .",
"12": "`` Original bets only '' is also known by the acronym OBO ; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game . Altered payout for a winning blackjack In many casinos , a blackjack pays only 6 : 5 or even 1 : 1 instead of the usual 3 : 2 . This is most common at tables with lower table minimums . Although this payoff was originally limited to single - deck games , it has spread to double - deck and shoe games . Among common rule variations in the U.S. , these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player , causing the greatest increase in house edge . Since blackjack occurs in approximately 4.8 % of hands , the 1 : 1 game increases the house edge by 2.3 % , while the 6 : 5 game adds 1.4 % to the house edge . Video blackjack machines generally pay 1 : 1 payout for a blackjack . Dealer wins ties The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player . Though rarely used in standard blackjack , it is sometimes seen in `` blackjack - like '' games such as in some charity casinos . Blackjack strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy ( edit ) Each blackjack game has a basic strategy , which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer 's up - card , which loses the least money to the house in the long term . An example of basic strategy is shown in the table below ,",
"13": "and includes the following parameters : Four to eight decks The dealer hits on a soft 17 A double is allowed after a split Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack Player hand Dealer 's face - up card 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hard totals ( excluding pairs ) 17 -- 20 16 SU SU SU 15 SU 13 -- 14 12 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh 5 -- 8 Soft totals 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , 9 A , 8 Ds A , 7 Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds A , 6 Dh Dh Dh Dh A , 4 -- A , 5 Dh Dh Dh A , 2 -- A , 3 Dh Dh Pairs 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , A SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 10 , 10 9 , 9 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 8 , 8 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 7 , 7 SP SP SP SP SP SP 6 , 6 SP SP SP SP SP 5 , 5 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 4 , 4 SP SP 2 , 2 -- 3 , 3 SP SP SP SP SP SP Key : S = Stand H = Hit Dh = Double ( if not allowed , then hit ) Ds = Double ( if not allowed , then stand ) SP = Split SU = Surrender ( if not allowed ,",
"14": "then hit ) The bulk of basic strategy is common to all blackjack games , with most rule variations calling for changes in only a few situations . For example , if the above game used the hit on soft 17 rule , common in Las Vegas Strip casinos , only 6 cells of the table would need to be changed : double on 11 vs. A , surrender 15 or 17 vs. A , double on A , 7 vs. 2 , double on A , 8 vs. 6 , surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) on 8 , 8 vs. A. Also when playing basic strategy never take insurance or `` even money . '' Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are generally based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy and do not systematically change their bet size . Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5 % and 1 % , placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games . Casino promotions such as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2 : 1 blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy . Composition - dependent strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy is based upon a player 's point total and the dealer 's visible card . Players may be able to improve on this decision by considering the precise composition of their hand , not just the point total . For example , players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4 . However , in a single deck game , players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2 . The presence of a 10 in the player 's hand has two consequences : It makes the player 's 12 a worse hand to stand on ( since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust , which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe ) . It makes hitting safer , since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10 , and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand . However , even when basic and composition - dependent strategy lead to different actions , the difference in expected reward is small , and it becomes even smaller with more decks .",
"15": "Using a composition - dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,000 , which falls to 3 in 100,000 for a six - deck game . Advantage play ( edit ) Main article : Advantage player Blackjack has been a high - profile target for advantage players since the 1960s . Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory , computation , and observation . These techniques , while generally legal , can be powerful enough to give the player a long - term edge in the game , making them an undesirable customer for the casino and potentially leading to ejection or blacklisting if they are detected . The main techniques of advantage play in blackjack are as follows : Card counting ( edit ) Main article : Card counting During the course of a blackjack shoe , the dealer exposes the dealt cards . Careful accounting of the exposed cards allows a player to make inferences about the cards which remain to be dealt . These inferences can be used in the following ways : Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage . For example , the players can increase the starting bet if there are many aces and tens left in the deck , in the hope of hitting a blackjack . Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards . For example , with many tens left in the deck , players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand . A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card ( e.g. , 1 point for 2 -- 6 , 0 points for 7 -- 9 and − 1 point for 10 -- A ) . When a card is exposed , a counter adds the score of that card to a running total , the ' count ' . A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions according to a table which they have learned . The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for `` balanced '' counting systems . Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game . Blackjack 's house edge is usually between 0.5 % -- 1 % when players use basic strategy . Card counting can give the player an edge of up to 2 % over the house .",
"16": "Card counting is most rewarding near the end of a complete shoe when as few as possible cards remain . Single - deck games are therefore particularly susceptible to card counting . As a result , casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single - deck games . In games with more decks of cards , casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt . Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the exhausted cards every time a deck has been played . Card counting is legal and is not considered cheating as long as the counter is n't using an external device , but if a casino realizes a player is counting , the casino might inform them that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack . Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property . The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal in all US states that license blackjack card games . Shuffle tracking ( edit ) Main article : Shuffle tracking Techniques other than card counting can swing the advantage of casino blackjack toward the player . All such techniques are based on the value of the cards to the player and the casino as originally conceived by Edward O. Thorp . One technique , mainly applicable in multi-deck games , involves tracking groups of cards ( also known as slugs , clumps , or packs ) during the play of the shoe , following them through the shuffle , and then playing and betting accordingly when those cards come into play from the new shoe . Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is more difficult to detect since the player 's actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe . Arnold Snyder 's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public . His book , The Shuffle Tracker 's Cookbook , mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug . Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle - tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play . Identifying concealed cards ( edit ) The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs , or by hole carding ( observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down ) .",
"17": "These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary . Side bets ( edit ) Many blackjack tables offer a side bet on various outcomes including : Player hand and dealer 's up card sum to 19 , 20 , or 21 ( `` Lucky Lucky '' ) Player initial hand is a pair ( `` Perfect pairs '' ) Player initial hand is suited , suited and connected , or a suited K-Q ( `` Royal match '' ) Player initial hand plus dealer 's card makes a flush , straight , or three - of - a-kind poker hand ( `` 21 + 3 '' ) Player initial hand totals 20 ( `` Lucky Ladies '' ) Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ( `` In Bet '' ) First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ( `` Bust It ! '' ) One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ( `` Match the Dealer '' ) Player allowed to make optional second hand , and effectively receive the hand of 10 , 8 , or 18 without drawings cards ( `` Instant 18 '' ) The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager . A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack . Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager . A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so . The house edge for side bets is generally far higher than for the blackjack game itself . Nonetheless side bets can be susceptible to card counting . A side count , designed specifically for a particular side bet , can improve the player edge . Most side games do not offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play ; exceptions include `` Lucky ladies '' and `` Over / Under '' . In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count . Blackjack tournaments ( edit ) Blackjack can be played in tournament form . Players start with an equal numbers of chips ; the goal is to finish among the top chip - holders .",
"18": "Depending on the number of competitors , tournaments may be held over several rounds , with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round . Another tournament format , Elimination Blackjack , drops the lowest - stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament . Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered . As in poker tournaments , players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament , and re-buys are sometimes permitted . Video blackjack ( edit ) Some casinos , as well as general betting outlets , provide blackjack among a selection of casino - style games at electronic consoles . Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house ; e.g. , paying out only even money for winning blackjacks . Video and online blackjack games deal each coup from a fresh shoe , rendering card counting much less effective . Variants of the game ( edit ) Blackjack is a member of a large family of traditional card games played recreationally all around the world . Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play . Furthermore , the casino game development industry is very active in producing blackjack variants , most of which are ultimately not adopted for widespread use in casinos . The following are the prominent twenty - one themed comparing card games which have been adapted or invented for use in casinos and have become established in the gambling industry . Spanish 21 provides players with many liberal blackjack rules , such as doubling down any number of cards ( with the option to rescue , or surrender only one wager to the house ) , payout bonuses for five or more card 21s , 6 -- 7 -- 8 21s , 7 -- 7 -- 7 21s , late surrender , and player blackjacks always winning and player 21s always winning , at the cost of having no 10 cards in the deck ( though there are jacks , queens , and kings ) . An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name `` Pontoon '' ( presumably borrowed from the British recreational blackjack - like game `` Pontoon '' which has substantially different rules ) . 21st - Century Blackjack ( also known as `` Vegas Style '' Blackjack ) is found in California card rooms .",
"19": "In this form of the game , a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss ; depending on the casino , the player can still push if the dealer busts as well , although the dealer typically has to bust with a higher total . Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer 's hand face up . Blackjacks pay even money , and players lose on ties ; also , they can neither buy insurance nor can they surrender their hand ( as both dealer 's cards are exposed at the outset ) . Double Attack Blackjack has very liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one 's wager after seeing the dealer 's up card . This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe , and blackjacks only pay even money . Blackjack Switch is played over two hands whose second cards the player is allowed to interchange . For example , if the player is dealt 10 -- 6 and 5 -- 10 , then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10 -- 10 and 6 -- 5 . Natural blackjacks are paid 1 : 1 instead of the standard 3 : 2 , and a dealer 22 is a push . Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times . If the player has six cards totaling 20 , he automatically wins . Wins are paid 1 : 1 . Examples of the many local traditional and recreational blackjack - like games include French / German Blackjack , called Vingt - et - un ( French : Twenty - one ) or `` Siebzehn und Vier '' ( German : Seventeen and Four ) . The French / German game does not allow splitting . An ace can only count as eleven , but two aces count as a blackjack . It is mostly played in private circles and barracks . A British variation is called `` Pontoon '' , the name being probably a corruption of `` Vingt - et - un '' . TV show variations ( edit ) Blackjack is also featured in various television shows . Here are a few shows inspired by the game . Gambit was a game show with Wink Martindale where couples answer questions to collect cards that could add up to 21 . Catch 21 is a game show with Alfonso Ribeiro from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air .",
"20": "On this show , three players answer questions to earn cards in order to win cash and ties are not allowed . From 1980 to 2006 , there was a blackjack - based pricing game on The Price is Right , called Hit Me . In this game , six grocery products were used , and five of those products ' prices were multiplied by various numbers from 2 to 10 , but with the one remaining product having the exact price . In order to win a large prize , the contestant had to achieve a score of 21 ( which was usually done by picking a product whose price was multiplied by ten and the one that was correctly priced ) , or beat the house with any score that did not exceed 21 . Blackjack Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Blackjack Hall of Fame In 2002 , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame . Seven members were inducted in 2002 , with new people inducted every year after . The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego . Members include Edward O. Thorp , author of the 1960s book Beat the Dealer which proved that the game could be beaten with a combination of basic strategy and card counting ; Ken Uston , who popularized the concept of team play ; Arnold Snyder , author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal ; Stanford Wong , author and popularizer of the `` Wonging '' technique of only playing at a positive count , and several others . Blackjack in the arts ( edit ) Novels have been written around blackjack and the possibility of winning games via some kind of method . Among these were The Blackjack Hijack ( Charles Einstein , 1976 ) , later produced as the TV movie Nowhere to Run , and Bringing Down the House ( Ben Mezrich ) , also filmed as 21 . An almost identical theme was shown in the 2004 Canadian film The Last Casino . In The Hangover , an American comedy , four friends try to count cards to win back enough money to secure the release of their friend from the clutches of a notorious criminal they stole from the previous night while blacked out . A central part of the plot of Rain Man is that Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ) , an autistic savant , is able to win at blackjack by counting cards .",
"21": "In the 2014 film The Gambler we see Jim Bennett ( Mark Wahlberg ) playing high stakes Blackjack in order to win large sums of money . This movie displays different blackjack lingo and risky moves that have high rewards . See also ( edit ) Glossary of blackjack terms MIT Blackjack Team The Gambler ( film series ) Blackjack literature ( edit ) Beat the Dealer : A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty - One , Edward O. Thorp , 1966 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 Blackbelt in Blackjack , Arnold Snyder , 1998 ( 1980 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 910575 - 05 - 8 Blackjack and the Law , I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 910575 - 08 - 8 Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook , Jerry L. Patterson , 2001 , ( 1978 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 52683 - 1 Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty - One , Michael Dalton , 2016 , ( 1993 ) , ISBN 1 - 879712 - 02 - 4 Ken Uston on Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1986 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0411 - 5 Knock - Out Blackjack , Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 31 - 4 Luck , Logic , and White Lies : The Mathematics of Games , Jörg Bewersdorff , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 210 - 6 , 121 -- 134 , supplement : Blackjack calculator ( JavaScript ) Million Dollar Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1994 ( 1981 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89746 - 068 - 2 Playing Blackjack as a Business , Lawrence Revere , 1998 ( 1971 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0064 - 3 Professional Blackjack , Stanford Wong , 1994 ( 1975 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 935926 - 21 - 7 The Theory of Blackjack , Peter Griffin ,",
"22": "1996 ( 1979 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 12 - 3 The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic , Richard A. Epstein , 1977 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 240761 - 1 , 215 -- 251 The World 's Greatest Blackjack Book , Lance Humble and Carl Cooper , 1980 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 15382 - 9 The Blackjack Life , Nathaniel Tilton , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1935396338 BlackjackinColor Regulation in the United Kingdom The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) No. 2899 Regulation 7 1994 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 597 Regulation 3 2000 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 1130 Regulation 2 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scarne 's New Complete Guide to Gambling , p. 342 Jump up ^ Fontbona , Marc ( 2008 ) . Historia del Juego en España . De la Hispania romana a nuestros días . Barcelona : Flor del Viento Ediciones . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96495 - 30 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Blackjack '' . Casino.org . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack History and Events '' . blackjackreview.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taking a hit : New blackjack odds further tilt advantage toward the house by Jeff Haney , Las Vegas Sun , November 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Blackjack Insurance Exceptions Jump up ^ QFIT.com 100 + Blackjack variations Jump up ^ Modern Blackjack page 39 ^ Jump up to : `` 4 - Deck to 8 - Deck Blackjack Strategy - Wizard of Odds '' . Wizard of Odds Consulting , Inc . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Fine points of basic strategy in single - deck blackjack . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' .",
"23": "Total Dependent and Composition Dependent Basic Strategy in Blackjack . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rules & House Edge Table Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , p. 5 Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , pp 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thorp , Edward O. ( 1966 ) Beat The Dealer , Vintage Books , a Division of Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 , pp 132 -- 136 Jump up ^ US State Gambling Laws Jump up ^ Edward Thorp : A Favorable Strategy for Twenty - One , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , 1961 , pp. 110 -- 112 , JSTOR , archive of PNAS . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack in Color '' . Shuffle Tracking Counts . Jump up ^ The Gambling Times Guide to Blackjack ; Gambling Times Incorporated , Hollywood , CA ; 1984 ; Page 110 ; ISBN 0 - 89746 - 015 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking An Easy Way to Start Jump up ^ Break the Dealer ; by Jerry L. Patterson and Eddie Olsen ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51233 - 0 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 6 , Page 83 Jump up ^ Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook ; by Jerry L. Patterson ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; © 1990 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51598 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 4 , Page 51 Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Blackjack Side Bets . External links ( edit ) Search for Blackjack at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Blackjack Advantage play Glossary of blackjack terms Card counting Shuffle track Hole carding Edge sorting MindPlay Miscellaneous Chinese Blackjack Spanish 21 Super Fun 21 Double Attack Blackjack Double Exposure Blackjack Elimination Blackjack Pontoon ( card game ) Power blackjack Community Blackjack Forum Blackjack Hall of Fame Peter A. Griffin Thomas Hyland Zeljko Ranogajec Arnold Snyder Edward O.",
"24": "Thorp Ken Uston Stanford Wong Gambling Games Table game Baccarat Mini-Baccarat Blackjack Craps Pai gow Pai gow poker Roulette Big Six wheel Bingo Bola tangkas Faro Keno Lottery Lottery betting Mahjong Medal game Pachinko Poker Rummy Scratchcard Sic bo Slot machines Sports betting Betting on horse racing Trente et Quarante Video poker Venues List of casinos Casino Online casino Cardroom Racino Riverboat casino Science Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability Strategies Asian handicap Due Column betting Labouchère system Martingale Terminology Crimp Double or nothing Even money Handicapping High roller Natural Progressive jackpot Shill Table limit Advance - deposit wagering Miscellaneous Casino game List of bets Commons Wiktionary WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"25": "php?title=Blackjack&oldid=837761043 '' Categories : Blackjack Anglo - American playing card games French deck card games Comparing card games Gambling games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did the name black death come from
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"12th-century French physician Gilles de Corbeil's On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases"
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{
"0": "Black Death - wikipedia Black Death Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Black Death ( disambiguation ) . Spread of the Black Death in Europe ( 1346 -- 1353 ) The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351 . The bacterium Yersinia pestis , which results in several forms of plague , is believed to have been the cause . The plague created a series of religious , social , and economic upheavals , which had profound effects on the course of European history . The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia , where it then travelled along the Silk Road , reaching Crimea by 1343 . From there , it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships , spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe . The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 -- 60 % of Europe 's total population . In total , the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350 -- 375 million in the 14th century . It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level . The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Origins of the disease 1.2 European outbreak 1.3 Middle Eastern outbreak 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 DNA evidence 3.2 Alternative explanations 4 Consequences 4.1 Death toll 4.2 Persecutions 4.3 Recurrence 4.4 Third plague pandemic 5 Names 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Chronology Origins of the disease Main article : Black Death migration The plague disease , caused by Yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including Central Asia , Kurdistan , Western Asia , Northern India and Uganda .",
"1": "Due to climate change in Asia , rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas , spreading the disease . Nestorian graves dating to 1338 -- 1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to China and India . In October 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China . In China , the 13th - century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . However , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . In the 1330s , a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347 . The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship . By the end of 1346 , reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe : `` India was depopulated , Tartary , Mesopotamia , Syria , Armenia were covered with dead bodies '' . Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347 . After a protracted siege , during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe , whence it spread north . Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death . European outbreak The seventh year after it began , it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts , in Dorsetshire , where , as in other counties , it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive .",
"2": "... But at length it came to Gloucester , yea even to Oxford and to London , and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive . Geoffrey the Baker , Chronicon Angliae There appear to have been several introductions into Europe . The plague reached Sicily in October 1347 , carried by twelve Genoese galleys , and rapidly spread all over the island . Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348 , but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy . Towards the end of January , one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille . From Italy , the disease spread northwest across Europe , striking France , Spain , Portugal and England by June 1348 , then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy , then spread to Bjørgvin ( modern Bergen ) and Iceland . Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351 . The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the majority of the Basque Country , isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent . Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population . The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process . The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils . Middle Eastern outbreak The plague struck various regions in the Middle East during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . As it spread to western Europe , the disease entered the region from southern Russia also . By autumn 1347 , the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt , probably through the port 's trade with Constantinople , and ports on the Black Sea .",
"3": "During 1347 , the disease travelled eastward to Gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon , Syria and Palestine , including Ashkelon , Acre , Jerusalem , Sidon , Damascus , Homs , and Aleppo . In 1348 -- 1349 , the disease reached Antioch . The city 's residents fled to the north , most of them dying during the journey , but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor . Mecca became infected in 1349 . During the same year , records show the city of Mawsil ( Mosul ) suffered a massive epidemic , and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease . In 1351 Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague , coinciding with the return of Sultan al - Mujahid Ali of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo . His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt . Signs and symptoms A hand showing how acral gangrene of the fingers due to bubonic plague causes the skin and flesh to die and turn black An inguinal bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague . Swollen lymph glands ( buboes ) often occur in the neck , armpit and groin ( inguinal ) regions of plague victims . Contemporary accounts of the plague are often varied or imprecise . The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes ( or gavocciolos ) in the groin , the neck and armpits , which oozed pus and bled when opened . Boccaccio 's description is graphic : In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits , some of which grew as large as a common apple , others as an egg ... From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently ; after which the form of the malady began to change , black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere , now few and large , now minute and numerous . As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death , such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves .",
"4": "The only medical detail that is questionable in Boccaccio 's description is that the gavocciolo was an ' infallible token of approaching death ' , as , if the bubo discharges , recovery is possible . This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood . Most victims died two to seven days after initial infection . Freckle - like spots and rashes , which could have been caused by flea - bites , were identified as another potential sign of the plague . Some accounts , like that of Lodewijk Heyligen , whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of the plague in 1348 , noted a distinct form of the disease that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems and is identified with pneumonic plague . It is said that the plague takes three forms . In the first people suffer an infection of the lungs , which leads to breathing difficulties . Whoever has this corruption or contamination to any extent can not escape but will die within two days . Another form ... in which boils erupt under the armpits , ... a third form in which people of both sexes are attacked in the groin . Causes The Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) engorged with blood . This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis , the organism responsible for bubonic plague in most plague epidemics . Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection . Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut . The foregut ( proventriculus ) of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm ; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound , causing infection . Yersinia pestis ( 200x magnification ) . The bacterium which causes bubonic plague . Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages . The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a `` great pestilence in the air '' .",
"5": "This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . Today , this is known as the miasma theory . The word plague had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term . The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century ; until then it was common that the streets were filthy , with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding . A transmissible disease will spread easily in such conditions . One development as a result of the Black Death was the establishment of the idea of quarantine in Dubrovnik in 1377 after continuing outbreaks . The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865 , eventually spreading to India . The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th - century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894 , among whom was the French - Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin , after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis . The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul - Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . When the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic . The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that `` it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague '' .",
"6": "He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE . An estimate of the mortality rate for the modern bubonic plague , following the introduction of antibiotics , is 11 % , although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions . Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38 -- 41 ° C ( 100 -- 106 ° F ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . Left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 per cent die within eight days . Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 per cent . Symptoms include fever , cough , and blood - tinged sputum . As the disease progresses , sputum becomes free - flowing and bright red . Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes . A number of alternative theories -- implicating other diseases in the Black Death pandemic -- have also been proposed by some modern scientists ( see below -- `` Alternative Explanations '' ) . DNA evidence Skeletons in a mass grave from 1720 -- 1721 in Martigues , France , yielded molecular evidence of the orientalis strain of Yersinia pestis , the organism responsible for bubonic plague . The second pandemic of bubonic plague was active in Europe from AD 1347 , the beginning of the Black Death , until 1750 . In October 2010 , the open - access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998 .",
"7": "They assessed the presence of DNA / RNA with polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences . The authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany , `` ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death , and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages '' . The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . These clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves . Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years , eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France , implying Bergen op Zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands ) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in Britain and France , may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway , the Hanseatic cities or another site . The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England , Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 `` that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist . '' A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease .",
"8": "DNA taken from 25 skeletons from the 14th century found in London have shown the plague is a strain of Y. pestis that is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013 . Alternative Explanations Main article : Theories of the Black Death The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J.F.D. Shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th - century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors , including Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. ( 2002 and 2013 ) , David Herlihy ( 1997 ) , and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan ( 2001 ) . It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 . Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy . In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves .",
"9": "Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the Black Death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague -- which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare - ups . McCormick has suggested that earlier archaeologists were simply not interested in the `` laborious '' processes needed to discover rat remains . Walløe complains that all of these authors `` take it for granted that Simond 's infection model , black rat → rat flea → human , which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India , is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread '' , whilst pointing to several other possibilities . Similarly , Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of ( especially non-commensal ) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague . Anthrax skin lesion A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward . Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and Norman Cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that they characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola . Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . However , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections .",
"10": "In addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of `` blood poisoning '' ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . In 2014 , scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London , as well as of wills registered in London during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis . Consequences Main article : Consequences of the Black Death Death toll Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims There are no exact figures for the death toll ; the rate varied widely by locality . In urban centres , the greater the population before the outbreak , the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality . It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia . According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007 : The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45 -- 50 % of the European population dying during a four - year period . There is a fair amount of geographic variation . In Mediterranean Europe , areas such as Italy , the south of France and Spain , where plague ran for about four years consecutively , it was probably closer to 75 -- 80 % of the population . In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20 % . A death rate as high as 60 % in Europe has been suggested by Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow : Detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the Black Death : namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the Black Death , and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality , from Spain in southern Europe to England in north - western Europe . The data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60 per cent of Europe 's population . It is generally assumed that the size of Europe 's population at the time was around 80 million . This implies that around 50 million people died in the Black Death . The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East , including Iraq , Iran and Syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third .",
"11": "The Black Death killed about 40 % of Egypt 's population . Half of Paris 's population of 100,000 people died . In Italy , the population of Florence was reduced from 110,000 -- 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351 . At least 60 % of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished , and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well . In London approximately 62,000 people died between the years between 1346 and 1353 . While contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well - preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time . Before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . In 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the European population had already perished . In crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . The disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . Monks and priests were especially hard - hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death . Persecutions See also : Black Death Jewish persecutions Inspired by the Black Death , The Dance of Death or Danse Macabre , an allegory on the universality of death , was a common painting motif in the late medieval period . Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death . Some Europeans targeted `` various groups such as Jews , friars , foreigners , beggars , pilgrims '' , lepers , and Romani , thinking that they were to blame for the crisis . Lepers , and other individuals with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis , were singled out and exterminated throughout Europe . Because 14th - century healers were at a loss to explain the cause , Europeans turned to astrological forces , earthquakes , and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague 's emergence .",
"12": "The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisis because no one knew its cause or how it spread . The mechanism of infection and transmission of diseases was little understood in the 14th century ; many people believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins . This belief led to the idea that the cure to the disease was to win God 's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities . In February 1349 , the citizens of Strasbourg murdered 2,000 Jews . In August 1349 , the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated . By 1351 , 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed . Recurrence Main article : Second plague pandemic The Great Plague of London , in 1665 , killed up to 100,000 people The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries . According to Biraben , the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 . The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years : 1360 -- 1363 ; 1374 ; 1400 ; 1438 -- 1439 ; 1456 -- 1457 ; 1464 -- 1466 ; 1481 -- 1485 ; 1500 -- 1503 ; 1518 -- 1531 ; 1544 -- 1548 ; 1563 -- 1566 ; 1573 -- 1588 ; 1596 -- 1599 ; 1602 -- 1611 ; 1623 -- 1640 ; 1644 -- 1654 ; and 1664 -- 1667 . Subsequent outbreaks , though severe , marked the retreat from most of Europe ( 18th century ) and northern Africa ( 19th century ) . According to Geoffrey Parker , `` France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628 -- 31 . '' In England , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . By the end of 1350 , the Black Death subsided , but it never really died out in England .",
"13": "Over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361 -- 1362 , 1369 , 1379 -- 1383 , 1389 -- 1393 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10 -- 15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479 -- 1480 could have been as high as 20 % . The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665 . Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771 : During the course of the city 's plague , between 50,000 and 100,000 people died , ⁄ to ⁄ of its population . In 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time . The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 and 1490 . Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . Over 10 % of Amsterdam 's population died in 1623 -- 1625 , and again in 1635 -- 1636 , 1655 , and 1664 . Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . The plague of 1576 -- 1577 killed 50,000 in Venice , almost a third of the population . Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629 -- 1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years ' War , and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679 . Over 60 % of Norway 's population died in 1348 -- 1350 . The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654 .",
"14": "In the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy , or about 14 % of the population . In 1656 , the plague killed about half of Naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th - century Spain . The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half . In 1709 -- 1713 , a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 1721 , Sweden v. Russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in Sweden , and 300,000 in Prussia . The plague killed two - thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki , and claimed a third of Stockholm 's population . Europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille . Worldwide distribution of plague - infected animals 1998 The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world . Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa . Algiers lost 30,000 -- 50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620 -- 1621 , and again in 1654 -- 1657 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740 -- 1742 . Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . Between 1701 and 1750 , thirty - seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople , and an additional thirty - one between 1751 and 1800 . Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two - thirds of its population has been wiped out . Third plague pandemic Main article : Third plague pandemic The third plague pandemic ( 1855 -- 1859 ) started in China in the mid-19th century , spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone . Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths , chiefly in Sydney .",
"15": "This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading - edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis . The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900 -- 1904 , followed by another outbreak in 1907 -- 1908 . From 1944 through 1993 , 362 cases of human plague were reported in the United States ; approximately 90 % occurred in four western states : Arizona , California , Colorado , and New Mexico . Modern treatment methods include insecticides , the use of antibiotics , and a plague vaccine . The plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat . One case of a drug - resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995 . A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014 . In October 2017 the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar , killing 170 people and infecting thousands . Names The 12th - century French physician Gilles de Corbeil 's On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases ( Latin : De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum ) uses the phrase `` black death '' ( atra mors ) to refer to a pestilential fever ( febris pestilentialis ) . Writers contemporary with the plague referred to the event as the `` Great Mortality '' or the `` Great Plague '' . The phrase `` black death '' ( mors nigra ) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin , a Belgian astronomer , who wrote the poem `` On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn '' ( De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni ) , which attributes the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn . In 1908 , Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th - century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus : `` Commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death '' ( Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant ) . The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th - century epidemic as a proper name .",
"16": "In England , it was not until 1823 , that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death . See also Black Death ( film ) Black Death in England CCR5 , a human gene hypothesised to be associated with the plague Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Cronaca fiorentina ( Chronicle of Florence ) ; a literary history of the plague , and of Florence up to 1386 , by Baldassarre Bonaiuti Danse Macabre Death Doomsday Book ( novel ) , a science fiction novel written by Connie Willis Four thieves vinegar ; a popular French legend saying this recipe provided immunity to the plague Geisslerlieder Globalization and disease Last outbreak of bubonic plague in England ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Plague doctor Plague doctor costume Ring a Ring o ' Roses The Seventh Seal , a film directed by Ingmar Bergman Timeline of plague References ^ Jump up to : ABC / Reuters ( 29 January 2008 ) . `` Black death ' discriminated ' between victims ( ABC News in Science ) '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health . De-coding the Black Death '' . BBC . 3 October 2001 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Death 's Gene Code Cracked '' . Wired. 3 October 2001 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plague '' . World Health Organization . October 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Black Death '' . BBC . 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Austin Alchon , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : new world epidemics in a global perspective . University of New Mexico Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2871 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Census.gov . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Dr. L. Kip .",
"17": "`` The Black Plague : The Least You Need to Know '' . Dr. Wheeler 's website . Dr. L. Kip Wheeler . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay , Peter ( July 17 , 2000 ) . `` A Distant Mirror '' . TIME Europe . 156 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Tignor , Adelman , Brown , Elman , Liu , Pittman , Shaw , Robert , Jeremy , Peter , Benjamin , Xinru , Holly , Brent ( 2014 ) . Worlds Together , Worlds Apart , Volume 1 : Beginnings to the 15th Century . New York , London : W.W Norton & Company . p. 407 . ISBN 9780393922080 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Raoult ; Drancourt ( 2008 ) . `` Paleomicrobiology : Past Human Infections '' . Springer : 152 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Wade ( 31 October 2010 ) . `` Europe 's Plagues Came From China , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China : Alien regimes and border states , 907 -- 1368 , p. 585 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence : from ancient times to the present . Infobase Publishing . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sussman GD ( 2011 ) . `` Was the black death in India and China ? '' . Bulletin of the history of medicine . 85 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 55 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2011.0054 . PMID 22080795 . Jump up ^ `` Black Death may have originated in China '' . The Daily Telegraph .",
"18": "1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hecker 1859 , p. 21 cited by Ziegler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 -- History -- The Black Death '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael of Piazza ( Platiensis ) Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas retulere Vol 1 , p. 562 , cited in Ziegler , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ De Smet , Vol II , Breve Chronicon , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gunnar Karlsson ( 2000 ) . Iceland 's 1100 years : the history of a marginal society . London : C. Hurst . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 420 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zuchora - Walske , Christine , Poland , North Mankato : ABDO Publishing , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welford , Mark ; Bossak , Brian H. ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Revisiting the Medieval Black Death of 1347 -- 1351 : Spatiotemporal Dynamics Suggestive of an Alternate Causation '' . Geography Compass. 4 ( 6 ) : 561 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8198.2010. 00335. x . ISSN 1749 - 8198 . Jump up ^ Baggaley , Kate ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Bubonic plague was a serial visitor in European Middle Ages '' . Science News . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Boris V. ( 2015 ) . `` Climate - driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 112 ( 10 ) : 3020 -- 25 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 112.3020 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.",
"19": "1412887112 . PMC 4364181 . PMID 25713390 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne 2004 , pp. 21 -- 29 Jump up ^ Giovanni Boccaccio ( 1351 ) . `` Decameron '' . Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ D. Herlihy , The Black Death and the Transformation of the West ( Harvard University Press : Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1997 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Horrox , Rosemary ( 1994 ) . Black Death . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3498 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Plague Backgrounder '' . Avma.org . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Horrox 1994 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Sehdev PS ( 2002 ) . `` The Origin of Quarantine '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 35 ( 9 ) : 1071 -- 72 . doi : 10.1086 / 344062 . PMID 12398064 . ^ Jump up to : Christakos , George ; Olea , Ricardo A. ; Serre , Marc L. ; Yu , Hwa - Lung ; Wang , Lin - Lin ( 2005 ) . Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling : the Case of Black Death . Springer . pp. 110 -- 14 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25794 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gasquet 1893 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) ( 24 September 2015 ) . `` FAQ : Plague '' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ R. Totaro Suffering in Paradise : The Bubonic Plague in English Literature from More to Milton ( Pittsburgh : Duquesne University Press , 2005 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Byrne 2004 , p. 8 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Drancourt M , Aboudharam G , Signoli M , Dutour O , Raoult D ( 1998 ) . `` Detection of 400 - year - old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp : an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 95 ( 21 ) : 12637 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 9512637D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.21. 12637 . PMC 22883 . PMID 9770538 . see also Michel Drancourt ; Didier Raoult ( 2004 ) . `` Molecular detection of Yersinia pestis in dental pulp '' . Microbiology. 150 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 64 . doi : 10.1099 / mic. 0.26885 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Haensch S , Bianucci R , Signoli M , Rajerison M , Schultz M , Kacki S , Vermunt M , Weston DA , Hurst D , Achtman M , Carniel E , Bramanti B ( 2010 ) . Besansky NJ , ed . `` Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death '' . PLoS Pathogens. 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 . PMC 2951374 . PMID 20949072 . Jump up ^ Schuenemann VJ , Bos K , DeWitte S , Schmedes S , Jamieson J , Mittnik A , Forrest S , Coombes BK , Wood JW , Earn DJD , White W , Krause J , Poinar H ( 2011 ) : Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death . PNAS 2011 ; published ahead of print 29 August 2011 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.",
"21": "1105107108 Jump up ^ Bos KI , Schuenemann VJ , Golding GB , Burbano HA , Waglechner N , Coombes BK , McPhee JB , DeWitte SN , Meyer M , Schmedes S , Wood J , Earn DJ , Herring DA , Bauer P , Poinar HN , Krause J ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death '' . Nature . 478 ( 7370 ) : 506 -- 10 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 478 ... 506B . doi : 10.1038 / nature10549 . PMC 3690193 . PMID 21993626 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Vanessa ( 29 March 2014 ) . `` Black death was not spread by rat fleas , say researchers '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , James ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Michael ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Rats , Communications , and Plague : Toward an Ecological History '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219503322645439 . ISSN 0022 - 1953 . Jump up ^ Walloe , Lars ( 2008 ) . Vivian Nutton , ed . Medieval and Modern Bubonic Plague : some clinical continuities . Pestilential Complexities : Understanding Medieval Plague . Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Green , Monica ( 2014 ) . `` Taking `` Pandemic '' Seriously : Making the Black Death Global `` . The Medieval Globe : 31ff . Jump up ^ M. Kennedy . `` Black Death study lets rats off the hook '' . The Guardian .",
"22": "London : The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2829 - 2 ... Jump up ^ B. Slone . The Black Death in London . London : The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2829 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Olea Ricardo A. ; Christakos G. ( 2005 ) . `` Duration assessment of urban mortality for the 14th century Black Death epidemic '' . Human Biology . 77 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 303 . doi : 10.1353 / hub. 2005.0051 . PMID 16392633 . Jump up ^ Philip Daileader , The Late Middle Ages , audio / video course produced by The Teaching Company , ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59803 - 345 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ole J. Benedictow , `` The Black Death : The Greatest Catastrophe Ever '' , History TodayVolume 55 Issue 3 March 2005 ( http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever ) . Cf . Benedictow , The Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History , Boydell Press ( 7 Dec. 2012 ) , pp. 380ff . Jump up ^ Kathryn Jean Lopez ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online '' . Nationalreview.com . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Major Cities , U.S. Library of Congress Jump up ^ Snell , Melissa ( 2006 ) . `` The Great Mortality '' . Historymedren.about.com . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Dick , HC ; Pringle , JK ; Sloane , B ; Carver , J ; Wisneiwski , KD ; Haffenden , A ; Porter , S ; Roberts , D ; Cassidy , NJ ( 2015 ) . `` Detection and characterisation of Black Death burials by multi-proxy geophysical methods '' . Journal of Archaeological Science .",
"23": "59 : 132 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2015.04. 010 . Jump up ^ Richard Wunderli ( 1992 ) . Peasant Fires : The Drummer of Niklashausen . Indiana University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36725 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.M. Bennett and C.W. Hollister , Medieval Europe : A Short History ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : David Nirenberg , Communities of Violence , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 05889 - X . Jump up ^ R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society , Oxford , 1987 ISBN 0 - 631 - 17145 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Bennett and C.W. Hollister , Medieval Europe : A Short History ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , p. 326 . Jump up ^ `` Black Death '' . history.com. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Black Death , Jewishencyclopedia.com Jump up ^ `` Jewish History 1340 -- 1349 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague '' . Stephen Porter ( 2009 ) . Amberley Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 84868 - 087 - 2 . Jump up ^ J.N. Hays ( 1998 ) . `` The burdens of disease : epidemics and human response in western history . '' . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2528 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemics and pandemics : their impacts on human history '' . J.N. Hays ( 2005 ) . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 658 - 2 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker ( 2001 ) . `` Europe in crisis , 1598 -- 1648 '' . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 7 .",
"24": "ISBN 0 - 631 - 22028 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Black Death in Egypt and England : A Comparative Study , Stuart J. Borsch , Austin : University of Texas Jump up ^ Secondary sources such as the Cambridge History of Medieval England often contain discussions of methodology in reaching these figures that are necessary reading for anyone wishing to understand this controversial episode in more detail . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Black Death '' . BBC . p. 131 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Robert S. ( 1983 ) . The Black Death : Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe . London : Hale . ISBN 0 - 7090 - 1299 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 4 Voices of the Powerless -- 29 August 2002 Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Plague '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 694 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Harding ( 2002 ) . `` The dead and the living in Paris and London , 1500 -- 1670 . '' . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81126 - 0 . Jump up ^ Byrne 2004 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Harding ( 2002 ) . `` The dead and the living in Paris and London , 1500 -- 1670 . '' . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81126 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Plague in London : spatial and temporal aspects of mortality '' , J.A.I. Champion , Epidemic Disease in London , Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series , No. 1 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Geography , climate , population , economy , society . J.P. Sommerville . Jump up ^ `` Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries '' . Brian Pullan.",
"25": "( 2006 ) . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 37700 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine and society in early modern Europe '' . Mary Lindemann ( 1999 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42354 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Harald Aastorp ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt '' . Forskning.no . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Øivind Larsen . `` DNMS.NO : Michael : 2005 : 03 / 2005 : Book review : Black Death and hard facts '' . Dnms.no . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Karl Julius Beloch , Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens , volume 3 , pp. 359 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` Naples in the 1600s '' . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ The Seventeenth - Century Decline , S.G. Payne , A History of Spain and Portugal ^ Jump up to : `` Armies of pestilence : the effects of pandemics on history '' . James Clarke & Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 227 - 17240 - X Jump up ^ `` Kathy McDonough , Empire of Poland '' . Depts.washington.edu . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bubonic plague in early modern Russia : public health and urban disaster '' . John T. Alexander ( 2002 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515818 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ruttopuisto -- Plague Park '' . Tabblo.com . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Stockholm : A Cultural History '' . Tony Griffiths ( 2009 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 538638 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Black Death ) '' . Ucalgary.ca . Archived from the original on 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Joseph Patrick ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues : A -- M. ABC - CLIO . p. 519 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34102 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Slaves , Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean , the Barbary Coast and Italy , 1500 -- 1800 '' . Robert Davis ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 4551 - 9 . Jump up ^ Université de Strasbourg . Institut de turcologie , Université de Strasbourg . Institut d'études turques , Association pour le développement des études turques. ( 1998 ) . Turcica . Éditions Klincksieck . p. 198 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Fertile Crescent , 1800 -- 1914 : a documentary economic history '' . Charles Philip Issawi ( 1988 ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504951 - 9 . Jump up ^ Infectious Diseases : Plague Through History , sciencemag.org Jump up ^ Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900 , University of Sydney , Sydney Medical School Jump up ^ Chase , Marilyn ( 2004 ) . The Barbary Plague : The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco . Random House Digital . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75708 - 2 . Jump up ^ Echenberg , Myron ( 2007 ) .",
"27": "Plague Ports : The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague : 1894 -- 1901 . Sacramento : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2232 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kraut , Alan M. ( 1995 ) . Silent travelers : germs , genes , and the `` immigrant menace '' . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5096 - 7 . Jump up ^ Markel , Howard ( 2005 ) . When Germs Travel : Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America And the Fears They Have Unleashed . Random House Digital . ISBN 0 - 375 - 72602 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kalisch , Philip A. ( Summer 1972 ) . `` The Black Death in Chinatown : Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900 -- 1904 '' . Arizona and the West . Journal of the Southwest . 14 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 36 . JSTOR 40168068 . Jump up ^ Risse , Guenter B. ( 2012 ) . `` Bubonic Plague Visits San Francisco 's Chinatown '' . Plague , Fear , and Politics in San Francisco 's Chinatown . JHU Press . ISBN 1 - 4214 - 0510 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shah , Nayan ( 2001 ) . Contagious divides : Epidemics and race in San Francisco 's Chinatown . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22629 - 1 . Jump up ^ Human Plague -- United States , 1993 -- 1994 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Jump up ^ Drug - resistant plague a ' major threat ' , say scientists , SciDev.Net . Jump up ^ `` Plague -- Madagascar '' . World Health Organisation. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wexler , Alexandra ; Antoy , Amir ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Madagascar Wrestles With Worst Outbreak of Plague in Half a Century '' . Wall Street Journal .",
"28": "ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ See : Stephen d'Irsay ( May 1926 ) `` Notes to the origin of the expression : atra mors , '' Isis , 8 ( 2 ) : 328 -- 332 . Jump up ^ As seen in John of Fordun 's Scotichronicon , where he writes `` there was a great pestilence and mortality of men '' . Horrox , Rosemary ( 1994 ) . Black Death . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3498 - 5 . Jump up ^ On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica , Simon mentions the phrase `` mors nigra '' ( Black Death ) : `` Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit , et gentes reddidit illi ; '' ( When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose , and the nations surrendered to him ;) . A more legible copy of the poem appears in : Emile Littré ( 1841 ) `` Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348 , composé par un contemporain '' ( Work concerning the plague of 1348 , composed by a contemporary ) , Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , 2 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 243 ; see especially p. 228 . See also : Joseph Patrick Byrne , The Black Death ( Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 2004 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Francis Aidan Gasquet , The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 , 2nd ed . ( London , England : George Bell and Sons , 1908 ) , p. 7 . Johan Isaksson Pontanus , Rerum Danicarum Historia ... ( Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) : Johann Jansson , 1631 ) , p. 476 . Jump up ^ The German physician Justus Hecker ( 1795 -- 1850 ) cited the phrase in Icelandic ( Svarti Dauði ) , Danish ( den sorte Dod ) , etc . See : J.F.C.",
"29": "Hecker , Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert ( The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century ) ( Berlin , ( Germany ) : Friedr . Aug . Herbig , 1832 ) , page 3 . Jump up ^ The name `` Black Death '' first appeared in English in : `` Mrs. Markham '' ( pen name of Elizabeth Penrose ( née Cartwright ) ) , A History of England ... ( Edinburgh , Scotland : Archibald Constable , 1823 ) . In the 1829 edition , the relevant text appeared on pages 249 -- 250 , where , about the English king Edward III , she wrote : `` Edward 's successes in France were interrupted during the next six years by a most terrible pestilence -- so terrible as to be called the black death -- which raged throughout Europe , and proved a greater scourge to the people than even the calamities of war . '' ( For further information about this book and Mrs. Penrose , see : Wikisource and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ) . See also : J.L. Bolton , `` Looking for Yersinia pestis : Scientists , Historians and the Black Death '' in : Linda Clark and Carole Rawcliffe , ed. s , The Fifteenth Century XII : Society in an Age of Plague ( Woodbridge , England : Boydell Press , 2013 ) , p. 15 . The name `` Black Death '' was spread more widely when in 1833 , Benjamin Guy Babington published an English translation of J.F.C. Hecker 's book Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert as : J.F.C. Hecker with Benjamin Guy Babington , trans. , The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century ( London , England : A. Schloss , 1833 ) . Further reading Armstrong , Dorsey ( 2016 ) . `` The Black Death : The World 's Most Devastating Plague '' . The Great Courses . ASIN B01FWOO2G6 . Benedictow , Ole Jørgen ( 2004 ) . Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 214 - 0 .",
"30": "Byrne , J.P. ( 2004 ) . The Black Death . London : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32492 - 1 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 2001 ) , In the Wake of the Plague : The Black Death and the World It Made , New York , Free Press . Cohn , Samuel K. Jr. , ( 2002 ) , The Black Death Transformed : Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe , London : Arnold . Gasquet , Francis Aidan ( 1893 ) . The Great Pestilence AD 1348 to 1349 : Now Commonly Known As the Black Death . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 7113 - 8 . Hecker , J.F.C. ( 1859 ) . B.G. Babington ( trans ) , ed . Epidemics of the Middle Ages . London , Trübner . Herlihy , D. , ( 1997 ) , The Black Death and the Transformation of the West , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . McNeill , William H. ( 1976 ) . Plagues and Peoples . Anchor / Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 11256 - 4 . Scott , S. , and Duncan , C.J. , ( 2001 ) , Biology of Plagues : Evidence from Historical Populations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Shrewsbury , J.F.D. , ( 1970 ) , A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles , London : Cambridge University Press . Twigg , G. , ( 1984 ) , The Black Death : A Biological Reappraisal , London : Batsford . Ziegler , Philip ( 1998 ) . The Black Death . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 027524 - 7 . 1st editions 1969 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . Black Death on In Our Time at the BBC .",
"31": "Black Death at BBC ( hide ) Black Death Migration Causes Consequences Persecutions Notable deaths In medieval culture In England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&oldid=822357690 '' Categories : Black Death Plague pandemics 14th - century health disasters 1340s in Asia 1340s in Europe Eurasian history History of medieval medicine History of the Middle East Medieval health disasters Second plague pandemic 1350s in Europe Causes of death 1350s in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Use dmy dates from May 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская",
"32": "Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski",
"33": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water
|
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"The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB)"
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{
"0": "Flood control - Wikipedia Flood control Jump to : navigation , search For the protocol issue , see Flood control ( communications ) . A weir was built on the Humber River ( Ontario ) to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood . Flood control methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters . Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes of floods 1.1 Severe winds over water 1.2 Unusual high tides 2 Effects of floods 2.1 Benefits of flooding 3 Detection 4 Methods of controlling floods 4.1 Dams 4.2 Diversion canals 4.3 Floodplains and groundwater replenishment 4.4 River defences 4.5 Coastal defenses 4.6 Self - closing flood barrier 4.7 Temporary perimeter barriers 5 Hazard reduction 5.1 Strategic retreat 5.2 Resilience 6 Flood control by continent 6.1 Americas 6.2 Asia 6.3 Africa 6.4 Europe 7 Flood clean - up safety 8 Development of technology 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Further reading 11 External links Causes of floods ( edit ) Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall , ( locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area ) , highly accelerated snowmelt , severe winds over water , unusual high tides , tsunamis , or failure of dams , levees , retention ponds , or other structures that retained the water . Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires , which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall . Periodic floods occur on many rivers , forming a surrounding region known as the flood plain . During times of rain , some of the water is retained in ponds or soil , some is absorbed by grass and vegetation , some evaporates , and the rest travels over the land as surface runoff . Floods occur when ponds , lakes , riverbeds , soil , and vegetation can not absorb all the water .",
"1": "Water then runs off the land in quantities that can not be carried within stream channels or retained in natural ponds , lakes , and man - made reservoirs . About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow . River flooding is often caused by heavy rain , sometimes increased by melting snow . A flood that rises rapidly , with little or no warning , is called a flash flood . Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area , or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation . Severe winds over water ( edit ) Even when rainfall is relatively light , the shorelines of lakes and bays can be flooded by severe winds -- such as during hurricanes -- that blow water into the shore areas . Unusual high tides ( edit ) Coastal areas are sometimes flooded by unusually high tides , such as spring tides , especially when compounded by high winds and storm surges . Effects of floods ( edit ) Flooding has many impacts . It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species . Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere ( such as further downstream or down a coast ) . The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become polluted or completely destroyed . Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways . Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands , such as interfering with farming . Structural damage can occur in bridge abutments , bank lines , sewer lines , and other structures within floodways . Waterway navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired . Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year , with the worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars . Benefits of flooding ( edit ) There are many disruptive effects of flooding on human settlements and economic activities . However , flooding can bring benefits , such as making soil more fertile and providing nutrients in which it is deficient . Periodic flooding was essential to the well - being of ancient communities along the Tigris - Euphrates Rivers , the Nile River , the Indus River , the Ganges and the Yellow River , among others . The viability for hydrologically based renewable sources of energy is higher in flood - prone regions .",
"2": "Detection ( edit ) This is the method used for remote sensing the disasters . Detection of disasters such as floods , earthquakes , and explosions are quite complex in previous days and range of detection is inappropriate . But , it came to possibilities by using Multi temporal visualization of Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR ) images . But to obtain the good SAR images perfect spatial registration and very precise calibration are necessary to specify changes that have occurred . Calibration of SAR is very complex and also a sensitive problem . Possibly errors may occur after calibration that involves data fusion and visualization process . Traditional image pre-processing can not be used here due to the on - Gaussian of radar back scattering , but a processing method called `` cross calibration / normalization '' is used to solve this problem . The application generates a single disaster image called `` fast - ready disaster map '' from multitemporal SAR images . These maps are generated without user interaction and helps in providing immediate first aid to the people . This process also provides image enhancement and comparison between numerous images using data fusion and visualization process . This proposed processing includes filtering , histogram truncation and equalization steps . The process also helps in identifying the permanent waters and other classes by combined composition of pre-disaster and post-disaster images into a color image for better identity . Methods of controlling floods ( edit ) Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times . These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water , terracing hillsides to slow flow downhill , and the construction of floodways ( man - made channels to divert floodwater ) . Other techniques include the construction of levees , lakes , dams , reservoirs , retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding . Dams ( edit ) Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control . Many large dams have flood - control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy / summer melt season to allow a certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill . The term dry dam refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage ( e.g. Mount Morris Dam , Seven Oaks Dam ) .",
"3": "Diversion canals ( edit ) Main article : Flood control channel Floods can be controlled by redirecting excess water to purpose - built canals or floodways , which in turn divert the water to temporary holding ponds or other bodies of water where there is a lower risk or impact to flooding . Examples of flood control channels include the Red River Floodway that protects the City of Winnipeg ( Canada ) and the Manggahan Floodway that protects the City of Manila ( Philippines ) . Floodplains and groundwater replenishment ( edit ) Excess water can be used for groundwater replenishment by diversion onto land that can absorb the water . This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir . It is being used in California , where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops , or in other places wilderness areas have been re-engineered to act as floodplains . River defences ( edit ) In many countries , rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed . Defenses such as levees , bunds , reservoirs , and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks . A weir , also known as a lowhead dam , is most often used to create millponds , but on the Humber River in Toronto , a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by Hurricane Hazel in October 1954 . Coastal defenses ( edit ) Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defences , such as sea walls , beach nourishment , and barrier islands . Tide gates are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts . They can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers , where an estuary begins or where tributary streams , or drainage ditches connect to sloughs . Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland , and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike . The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate .",
"4": "Self - closing flood barrier ( edit ) The self - closing flood barrier ( SCFB ) is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall , gales or rapid melting snow . The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities , as well as industrial or other strategic areas . The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation , it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy . Barrier systems have already been built and installed in Belgium , Italy , Ireland , the Netherlands , Thailand , United Kingdom , Vietnam , Australia , Russia and the United States . Millions of documents at the National Archives building in Washington DC are protected by two SCFBs . Temporary perimeter barriers ( edit ) When permanent defenses fail , emergency measures such as sandbags , hydrosacks , Floodstop flood barriers or portable inflatable tubes are used . In 1988 , a method of using water to control was discovered . This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube . When filled , this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth , with dry ground behind it . Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station during the 2011 Missouri River Flooding . Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood , stacking it , then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site , flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water . However , these are not fool proof . A 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a skid - steer loader and it collapsed flooding a portion of the facility . In 1999 , A group of Norwegian Engineers founded and patented Aquafence . A transportable , removable , and reusable flood barrier which uses the water 's weight against itself . In 2013 , AquaFence was awarded the highest level USA ANSI Certification after more than one year of testing of the system by US ARMY Corps of Engineers as well as parts testing and production review by FM Global . Both commercial and municipal customers spanning across The United States of America , Europe and Asia .",
"5": "In the US alone , AquaFence removable flood panels are protecting more than $10 billion worth of real estate as well as cities and public utilities . A similar technology is the Water-Gate Flood barrier , a rapid - response barrier which can be rolled out in a matter of minutes . It is unique in the way that it self deploys using the weight of water to hold it back . The product has been FM Approved following testing from the US Army . It is used in 30 countries around the world , and notably by the Environment Agency in the UK . Hazard reduction ( edit ) Strategic retreat ( edit ) One way of reducing the damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood - prone areas , leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness . Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey ( both before and after Hurricane Sandy ) , Charlotte , North Carolina , and Missouri . In the United States , FEMA produces flood insurance rate maps that identify areas of future risk , enabling local governments to apply zoning regulations to prevent or minimize property damage . Resilience ( edit ) Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if a flood does happen , the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized . For example , homes can be put on stilts , electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement , and subway entrances and tunnels can have built - in movable water barriers . New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood reslience after Hurricane Sandy . Flood control by continent ( edit ) Americas ( edit ) An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found in the Canadian province of Manitoba . The Red River flows northward from the United States , passing through the city of Winnipeg ( where it meets the Assiniboine River ) and into Lake Winnipeg . As is the case with all north - flowing rivers in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere , snow melt in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw . This can lead to devastating flooding , as occurred in Winnipeg during the spring of 1950 . To protect the city from future floods , the Manitoba government undertook the construction of a massive system of diversions , dikes , and flood ways ( including the Red River Floodway and the Portage Diversion ) .",
"6": "The system kept Winnipeg safe during the 1997 flood which devastated many communities upriver from Winnipeg , including Grand Forks , North Dakota and Ste . Agathe , Manitoba . In the United States , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the lead flood control agency . After Hurricane Sandy , New York City 's Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the transit assets in Manhattan . In one case , the MTA 's New York City Transit Authority ( NYCT ) sealed subway entrances in lower Manhattan using a deployable fabric cover system called Flex-Gate , a system that protects the subway entrances against 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) of water . Extreme storm flood protection levels have been revised based on new Federal Emergency Management Agency guidelines for 100 - year and 500 - year design flood elevations . In the New Orleans Metropolitan Area , 35 percent of which sits below sea level , is protected by hundreds of miles of levees and flood gates . This system failed catastrophically , with numerous breaks , during Hurricane Katrina ( 2005 ) in the city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area , resulting in the inundation of approximately 50 percent of the metropolitan area , ranging from a few inches to twenty feet in coastal communities . The Morganza Spillway provides a method of diverting water from the Mississippi River when a river flood threatens New Orleans , Baton Rouge and other major cities on the lower Mississippi . It is the largest of a system of spillways and floodways along the Mississippi . Completed in 1954 , the spillway has been opened twice , in 1973 and in 2011 . In an act of successful flood prevention , the federal government offered to buy out flood - prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the Midwest . Several communities accepted and the government , in partnership with the state , bought 25,000 properties which they converted into wetlands . These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995 , when the floods returned , the government did not have to expend resources in those areas . Asia ( edit ) In India , Bangladesh and China , flood diversion areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies in order to protect cities .",
"7": "The consequences of deforestation and changing land use on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of discussion . In assessing the impacts of Himalayan deforestation on the Ganges - Brahmaputra Lowlands , it was found that forests would not have prevented or significantly reduced flooding in the case of an extreme weather event . However , more general or overview studies agree on the negative impacts that deforestation has on flood safety - and the positive effects of wise land use and reforestation . Many have proposed that loss of vegetation ( deforestation ) will lead to an increased risk of flooding . With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease . Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods . Africa ( edit ) In Egypt , both the Aswan Dam ( 1902 ) and the Aswan High Dam ( 1976 ) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the Nile River . Europe ( edit ) Flood blocking the road in Jerusalem Following the misery and destruction caused by the 1910 Great Flood of Paris , the French government built a series of reservoirs called Les Grands Lacs de Seine ( or Great Lakes ) which helps remove pressure from the Seine during floods , especially the regular winter flooding . London is protected from flooding by a huge mechanical barrier across the River Thames , which is raised when the water level reaches a certain point ( see : Thames Barrier ) . Venice has a similar arrangement , although it is already unable to cope with very high tides . The defenses of both London and Venice will be rendered inadequate if sea levels continue to rise . The largest and most elaborate flood defenses can be found in the Netherlands , where they are referred to as Delta Works with the Oosterschelde dam as its crowning achievement . These works were built in response to the North Sea flood of 1953 , in the southwestern part of the Netherlands . The Dutch had already built one of the world 's largest dams in the north of the country . The Afsluitdijk closing occurred in 1932 . The Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex was completed in 2008 , in Russia , to protect Saint Petersburg from storm surges . It also has a main traffic function , as it completes a ring road around Saint Petersburg .",
"8": "Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres ( 15.8 mi ) and stand 8 metres ( 26 ft ) above water level . Flood clean - up safety ( edit ) Clean - up activities following floods often pose hazards to workers and volunteers involved in the effort . Potential dangers include electrical hazards , carbon monoxide exposure , musculoskeletal hazards , heat or cold stress , motor vehicle - related dangers , fire , drowning , and exposure to hazardous materials . Because flooded disaster sites are unstable , clean - up workers might encounter sharp jagged debris , biological hazards in the flood water , exposed electrical lines , blood or other body fluids , and animal and human remains . In planning for and reacting to flood disasters , managers provide workers with hard hats , goggles , heavy work gloves , life jackets , and watertight boots with steel toes and insoles . Development of technology ( edit ) Europe is at the forefront of the flood control technology , with low - lying countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium developing techniques that can serve as examples to other countries facing similar problems . After Hurricane Katrina , the US state of Louisiana sent politicians to the Netherlands to take a tour of the complex and highly developed flood control system in place in the Netherlands . With a BBC article quoting experts as saying 70 percent more people will live in delta cities by 2050 , the number of people impacted by a rise in sea level will greatly increase . The Netherlands has one of the best flood control systems in the world and new ways to deal with water are constantly being developed and tested , such as the underground storage of water , storing water in reservoirs in large parking garages or on playgrounds , Rotterdam started a project to construct a floating housing development of 120 acres ( 0.49 km ) to deal with rising sea levels . Several approaches , from high - tech sensors detecting imminent levee failure to movable semi-circular structures closing an entire river , are being developed or used around the world . Regular maintenance of hydraulic structures , however , is another crucial part of flood control .",
"9": "See also ( edit ) Amphibious vehicle Cold drop Drowning Flash flood Flood barrier Flood wall Flood Control Act of 1934 ( in the US ) Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment Hydrosacks Lifesaving Maeslantkering - Netherlands MOSE project - Venice Northern Stormwater Interceptor , Bristol ( in the UK ) Thames Barrier - London Tidal barrage Weir References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flood Control '' , MSN Encarta , 2008 ( see below : Further reading ) . Jump up ^ IJERT International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology ( IJERT ) Vol. 3 Issue 4 , April - 2014 http://www.aiming.in Jump up ^ `` As Rains Soak California , Farmers Test How To Store Water Underground '' . Jump up ^ `` Where Levees Fail In California , Nature Can Step In To Nurture Rivers '' . Jump up ^ Guillermo R. Giannico ; Jon A. Souder ( 2004 ) . `` The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish '' ( PDF ) . National Sea Grant College Program , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . Product No . ORESU - G - 04 - 002 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Nebraska Nuclear Plant 's Vital Equipment Remains Dry , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Enlarge player → New weapon in the fight against flood damage '' . Fox News . Jul 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For Communities Plagued by Repeated Flooding , Property Acquisition May Be the Answer - FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov . Jump up ^ `` Flooding '' . City of Charlotte Government . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Buyout Program - FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov . Jump up ^ `` Federal Insurance & Mitigation Administration - FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov . Jump up ^ `` To Flood - Proof Subways , N.Y. Looks At Everything From Plugs To Sheets '' . Jump up ^ `` Sustainable Communities - Climate Resiience '' .",
"10": "www1.nyc.gov . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Washington , DC. `` Civil Works . '' Accessed 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schlossberg , Tatiana ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` New York Today : In Hurricane Sandy 's Wake '' . New York Today . New York Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-flood system rolled out in a lower Manhattan subway '' . Reuters . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flood Maps '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Read a Flood Map '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Floods , Tornadoes , Hurricanes , Wildfires , Earthquakes ... Why We Do n't Prepare . '' Time . Jump up ^ `` China blows up seventh dike to divert flooding . '' China Daily . 2003 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Lawrence S ( 1987 ) . `` What Are the Impacts of Himalayan Deforestation on the Ganges - Brahmaputra Lowlands and Delta ? Assumptions and Facts '' . Mountain Research and Development . Bern : International Mountain Society . 7 ( 3 ) : 256 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3673202 . JSTOR 3673202 . Jump up ^ Semi , Naginder S ( 1989 ) . `` The Hydrology of Disastrous floods in Asia : An Overview '' ( PDF ) . Hydrology and Water Resources Department . London : James & James Science Publishers . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , CJ ; Sodhi , NS ; Peh , SH ; Brook , BW ( 2007 ) . `` Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world '' . Global Change Biology . 13 ( 11 ) : 2379 -- 2395 .",
"11": "Bibcode : 2007GCBio ... 13.2379 B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2007. 01446. x . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , CJ ; Sodhi , NS ; Peh , SH ; Brook , BW ( 2007 ) . `` Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing . Also a flood has recently hit Pakistan which is said to be more devastating than the Tsunami of 2005 '' . Global Change Biology . 13 ( 11 ) : 2379 -- 2395 . Bibcode : 2007GCBio ... 13.2379 B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2007. 01446. x . Jump up ^ See Jeffrey H. Jackson , Paris Under Water : How the City of Light Survived the Great Flood of 1910 ( New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Washington , DC ( 2013 ) . `` Storm / Flood and Hurricane / Typhoon Response . '' Emergency Response Resources . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Netherlands Battens Its Ramparts Against Warming Climate . '' Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Suzanne ( 5 June 2009 ) . `` US urged to abandon ageing flood defences in favour of Dutch system '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` In pictures : Rotterdam strengthens sea defences '' . BBC News . 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://water.dhv.com/EN/Water_management/Documents/2008%20Leaflet%20Innovative%20water%20storage%20techniques.pdf Jump up ^ Palca , Joe ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Dutch Architects Plan for a Floating Future . '' National Public Radio , Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 6 September 2005 ) . `` In Europe , High - Tech Flood Control , With Nature 's Help '' . The New York Times .",
"12": "Further reading ( edit ) `` Flood Control '' . MSN Encarta. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flood control . Integrated Flood Management - Associated Programme on Flood Management ,",
"13": "Geneva Flood articles - BBC News Flood defence works in Wiltshire - BBC Flood defence works in Carlisle - BBC Flood management and restoration of habitats - BBC ( hide ) Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Flood_control&oldid=819150176 '' Categories : Flood control Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with a promotional tone from June 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Nest Learning Thermostat - wikipedia Nest Learning Thermostat Jump to : navigation , search Nest Learning Thermostat The nest thermostat 's front screen Developer Nest Labs Type Smart thermostat The nest learning thermostat is a smart thermostat developed by Nest Labs and designed by Tony Fadell , Ben Filson , and Fred Bould . The device is an electronic , programmable , and self - learning Wi - Fi - enabled thermostat that optimizes heating and cooling of homes and businesses to conserve energy . It is based on a machine learning algorithm : for the first weeks users have to regulate the thermostat in order to provide the reference data set . Nest can then learn people 's schedule , at which temperature they are used to and when . Using built - in sensors and phones ' locations it can shift into energy saving mode when it realizes nobody is at home . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 1.1 SKUs / Model numbers 1.2 Hardware 1.3 Software 1.4 Weave 1.5 Availability 2 References Specifications ( edit ) Device Photo Version Released Wi - Fi 802.15.",
"1": "4 24 V 120 -- 240 V Multiple Zones 1 -- 2 Stage Cooling 1 -- 3 Stage Heating Forced Air Radiant Heat Pump Oil Gas Electric Hybrid Systems Humidistat 1.10 Q4 2011 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Single Stage Only 1 -- 2 stage only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 1.12 Q1 2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Single Stage Only 1 -- 2 stage only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 2.6 Q3 2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.8 Q3 2013 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 5.4 Q4 2015 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Q3 2017 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both 1 -- 2 stage only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Note Gen E can support two - stage cooling OR two - stage heating OR heatpump due to a shared multi-use terminal .",
"2": "SKUs / Model numbers ( edit ) See also : Stock keeping unit T100577 is 1st Generation , released only in the US T200377 is 2nd Generation , UK release T200477 is 2nd Generation , Canada release T200577 is 2nd Generation , US release T200677 is 2nd Generation , France , Netherlands , and Belgium release T3007ES is 3rd Generation , US release T3010FD is 3rd Generation , France release T3010GB is 3rd Generation , UK release T3016US is 3rd Generation - black ring , US release T3017US is 3rd Generation - white ring , US release T3021US is 3rd Generation - copper ring , US release T4000ES is Thermostat E , US release T200477 and T200577 are technically the same T200377 and T200677 are technically the same , except for the power plug used for the USB charger Hardware ( edit ) The Nest Thermostat 's front screen Generation Release Date 1st October 25 , 2011 2nd October 2 , 2012 3rd September 1 , 2015 August 31 , 2017 Nest Learning Thermostat showing weather 's impact on energy usage Nest is compatible with most standard HVAC systems that use central heating and cooling and uses industry standard connections to facilitate the control of these appliances . Nest consists of two primary pieces of hardware . The display contains the main printed circuit board ( PCB ) and rotating ring , and the base ( pictured ) houses the connection terminals , bubble level , and holes for wall anchors . Neither can function independently ; if separated , the display becomes inactive until reconnected to the base . A special version of Nest is available in Europe , which is capable of controlling 120 -- 240 V heating systems . The Nest is paired with a `` Heat Link '' device , which contains the circuitry required for controlling the mains - voltage heating system . Software ( edit ) The Nest Thermostat is built around an operating system that allows interaction with the thermostat via spinning and clicking of its control wheel , which brings up option menus for switching from heating to cooling , access to device settings , energy history , and scheduling .",
"3": "Users can control Nest without a touch screen or other input device . As the thermostat is connected to the Internet , the company can push updates to fix bugs , improve performance and add additional features . For updates to occur automatically , the thermostat must be connected to Wi ‐ Fi and the battery must have at least a 3.7 V charge to give enough power to complete the download and installation of the update . The Nest Thermostat has had a number of software updates . A recent security update enables two factor authentication . Many have commented on the company 's `` Nest Community '' regarding the lack of prominent display of the current temperature . The operating system itself is based on Linux 2.6. 37 and many other free software components . To comply with the terms of the GPLv3 license under which some components are available , Nest Labs also provides a special firmware image which will unlock the system so that it will accept unsigned firmware images . While the thermostat software by Nest Labs itself remains proprietary , a third party has reimplemented the basic logic in an open source replacement called FreeAbode . Weave ( edit ) Nest devices interconnect with each other using a protocol called Weave , which is based on IEEE 802.15. 4 and Wi - Fi 802.11 b / g / n . Availability ( edit ) Nest is available for sale in the United States , Canada , Mexico , the United Kingdom , Belgium , France , Ireland , the Netherlands , Germany , Austria , Italy , and Spain . It is , however , compatible with many heating and cooling automation systems in other countries . Nest Labs have surveyed existing users known to be outside the areas where it is officially available . Use of the thermostat outside the United States and Canada is complicated by the software setting time and other functions based on the ZIP code . For international users this means they must either disable Wi ‐ Fi to set the time correctly or use the nearest U.S. zipcode which may result in erratic behavior as the thermostat makes faulty assumptions about inactivity corresponding with either sleep or the home 's occupants being away . In 2013 a man - in - the - middle hack potentially allowed worldwide users to set up their timezone and local weather . In an effort to increase the number of homes using their learning thermostats , Nest began to partner with energy companies .",
"4": "In February 2014 , Direct Energy and Nest laboratories launched their Comfort and Control plan . The plan allowed Canadian customers in Alberta to receive a learning thermostat when they signed up for a five - year electricity contract . In April 2014 , Nest announced a partnership with the United Kingdom energy supplier nPower . The partnership offers customers a cut on the Nest installation price and locked energy prices for 5 years , when customers receive both gas and electricity from nPower and paying with direct debit . In June 2014 , Direct Energy and Nest Laboratories expanded the package to Direct Energy 's United States market . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yarrow , Jay . `` Meet The Unknown Genius Who Helped Design The $3.2 Billion Nest Thermostat And Smoke Detector '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` A Thermostat That 's Clever , Not Clunky '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Commons , Marcela Gara / Resource Media via Creative . `` In Illinois , smart thermostats seen as key energy management tool '' . Midwest Energy News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Nest Learning Thermostat '' . Nest . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` What is Nest ? '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Generation Nest Learning Thermostat Introduces High - Resolution Screen , Slimmer Profile '' . nest.com . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat , 3rd Generation '' . amazon.com . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat Troisième Génération '' . amazon.fr . November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Generation Nest Learning Thermostat Now Available in Europe '' . nest.com .",
"5": "November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat , 3rd Generation '' . amazon.co.uk . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://nest.com/blog/2016/09/08/saving-energy-never-goes-out-of-style/ Jump up ^ `` Nest Expands Thermostat Line to Bring Energy Savings to More Homes with Nest Thermostat E '' . nest.com . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Thermostat E '' . amazon.com . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` T200477 ( Canadian ) vs T200577 ( US ) ? '' . community.nest.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` T200377 vs T200677 ? '' . community.nest.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Specifications for the Nest Learning Thermostat '' . Support.nest.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Nest Learning Thermostat will not turn on after installation '' . Support.nest.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat and Heat Link on UK Website '' . store.nest.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nest 2nd vs 3rd Generation '' . Leads Rating . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How do I update the software on my Nest Learning Thermostat ? '' . Support.nest.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat software update history '' . Support.nest.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Rachel . `` Nest Is Turning Up the Security on Its Thermostats '' . Fortune .",
"6": "Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Learning Thermostat open source compliance '' . Nest.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How does Nest Protect connect wirelessly ? November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Nest Thermostat , Nest Protect and Nest Cam support '' . Jump up ^ `` What 's new in the Nest Thermostat 's 4.0 software update ? '' . Nest.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nest 's smart Thermostat is now available to buy in the UK , priced from £ 179 '' . thenextweb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nest thermostat in Europe Hacks '' . Motote.blogspot.com.es . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energy to offer Nest thermostats to new Ohio customers '' . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nest smart thermostat comes to nPower , cools your energy bill '' . cnet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nest Partners With Direct Energy to Offer Smart Home Utility Service Package '' . mashable.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nest_learning_thermostat&oldid=818966232 '' Categories : 2011 introductions American inventions Temperature control Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 52 . About Wikipedia",
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who played cruella de vil in 101 dalmatians
|
[
"Glenn Close",
"Glenn Close",
"Glenn Close",
"Glenn Close",
"Glenn Close"
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{
"0": "101 Dalmatians ( 1996 film ) - wikipedia 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1996 live - action film . For the 1961 animated film , see One Hundred and One Dalmatians . For the original children 's novel , see The Hundred and One Dalmatians . For other uses , see 101 Dalmatians . 101 Dalmatians Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Herek Produced by John Hughes Ricardo Mestres Screenplay by John Hughes Based on The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith Starring Glenn Close Jeff Daniels Joely Richardson Joan Plowright Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Adrian Biddle Edited by Trudy Ship Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $320.6 million 101 Dalmatians is a 1996 American live - action comedy adventure film based on Walt Disney 's animated 1961 movie adaptation of Dodie Smith 's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians . Directed by Stephen Herek and co-produced by John Hughes and Ricardo Mestres , it stars Glenn Close , Jeff Daniels , Joely Richardson , Joan Plowright , Hugh Laurie , Mark Williams and Tim McInnerny . In contrast with the 1961 film , none of the animals talk in this version . 101 Dalmatians was released on November 27 , 1996 and was praised for its faithfulness to the animated classic . It received mixed reviews , but was a commercial success , grossing $320.6 million in theaters against a $75 million budget . Close , who was universally praised for her portrayal as Cruella de Vil , was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical , but lost to Madonna in Evita . The film was also nominated for a BAFTA award for best makeup effects .",
"1": "A sequel , 102 Dalmatians , was released on November 22 , 2000 with Close and McInnerny reprising their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 4.3 Video game 5 Reception 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) American video game designer Roger Dearly ( Jeff Daniels ) lives with his pet dalmatian Pongo in London . One day , Pongo sets his eyes on a beautiful female dalmatian named Perdy . After a frantic chase through the streets of London that ends in St. James 's Park , Roger discovers that Pongo likes Perdy . Her owner , Anita Campbell - Green ( Joely Richardson ) falls in love with Roger when they meet . They both fall into the lake as a result of their dogs chasing each other , but they return to Roger 's home and Anita accepts his proposal . They get married along with Perdita and Pongo . Anita works as a fashion designer at the House of de Vil . Her boss , the pampered and very glamorous Cruella de Vil ( Glenn Close ) , has a deep passion for fur , going so far as to have a taxidermist , Mr Skinner , skin a white tiger at the London Zoo to make it into a rug for her . Anita , inspired by her dalmatian , designs a coat made with spotted fur . Cruella is intrigued by the idea of making garments out of actual dalmatians , and finds it amusing that it would seem as if she was wearing Anita 's dog . Anita soon discovers that Perdy is pregnant and is then informed by Nanny ( Joan Plowright ) that she ( Anita ) is , too , much to her shock . Some time later , Cruella visits their home and expresses contempt upon meeting Roger . Her initial disgust at them having a baby turns to excitement when she finds out Perdy is expecting too . Several weeks later , she returns when a litter of 15 puppies are born and offers Roger and Anita £ 7,500 for them , but they declined her offer . Enraged , Cruella fires Anita and vows revenge against her and Roger .",
"2": "One winter evening , she has her henchmen , Jasper and Horace ( Hugh Laurie and Mark Williams ) break into their home and steal the puppies , while Roger and Anita are walking in the park with Pongo and Perdy . Along with 84 other dalmatians that were previously stolen , they deliver them to her ancient country estate , De Vil Mansion . Cruella also hires Skinner to kill and skin them to create her coat . With the family devastated at the loss of their puppies , Pongo uses the twilight bark to carry the message via the dogs and other animals of Britain , while Roger and Anita notify the Metropolitan Police . A dog who had witnessed the stolen puppies follows Jasper and Horace to the mansion , and finds all of them inside , before helping them escape under the duo 's noses . They make their way to a nearby farm , where they are later joined by Pongo and Perdy . Cruella arrives at the mansion and soon discovers what has happened . Angry with the thieves ' failure , she decides to carry out the job herself , while Jasper and Horace attempt to search for them also . After several mishaps , Jasper and Horace discover nearby police on the hunt for Cruella and her henchmen and hand themselves in , joining Skinner who was beaten earlier while trying to kill Lucky ( one of the 15 puppies ) , who had been left behind . Meanwhile , Cruella tracks the puppies to the farm where they are hiding and tries to retrieve them . However , the animals outwit her , cause her to fall into a vat of molasses and get thrown through a window into a pig pen . Shortly afterwards , the fleeing dalmatians ( including Lucky ) are found and sent home via the Suffolk Constabulary , while those looking for Cruella arrive at the farm to arrest her . In the police van , she belittles Jasper , Horace , and Skinner for their incompetence before they are sprayed by a skunk which she had mistaken for her bag . Pongo , Perdy and their puppies are reunited with Roger and Anita . After being informed that the remaining 84 puppies have no home to go to , as they have not been claimed by their original owners , they decide to adopt them , bringing the total to 101 .",
"3": "Roger designs a successful video game featuring dalmatian puppies as the protagonists and Cruella as the villain and they move to the countryside with their millions . Roger and Anita have a baby daughter , and a year later Anita becomes pregnant again and the puppies grew up . Cast ( edit ) Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil Jeff Daniels as Roger Dearly Joely Richardson as Anita Campbell - Green - Dearly Joan Plowright as Nanny The Housekeeper Hugh Laurie as Jasper Mark Williams as Horace Tim McInnerny as Alonzo John Shrapnel as Mr. Skinner Hugh Fraser as Frederick Zohren Weiss as Herbert Frank Welker as Pongo & Perdy ( voice ) Production ( edit ) The role of Cruella had been previously offered to Sigourney Weaver ( Close took it after finishing her run in the musical Sunset Boulevard ) . Cathy Moriarty was briefly considered for the role , but was later deemed too frightening for a children 's film after doing a screen test . The animatronic creatures used in the film are provided by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . Minster Court was used as the exterior of Cruella De Vil 's fashion house . Sarum Chase was used as the exterior of her home . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) 101 Dalmatians was released on November 27 , 1996 . The UK premiere of the film was held on December 4 , 1996 , at the Royal Albert Hall , London , and the exterior of the Hall was lit with dalmatian spots . It grossed $136.2 million in the United States and $320.7 million worldwide . Home media ( edit ) 101 Dalmatians was released on VHS for the first time on April 15 , 1997 , and on DVD on December 12 , 2000 . Due to the high sales of the One Hundred and One Dalmatians Platinum Edition DVD , Disney re-released it on September 16 , 2008 , in the U.S. , along with its sequel , 102 Dalmatians and that to the original 1961 animated version , 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure .",
"4": "Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the film entitled 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor was released in May 1997 . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes , it has an approval rating of 38 % and an average rating of 5.4 out of 10 from 33 reviews . Animal rights organizations protested the film 's release , saying that Dalmatian sales shot up after the premiere , fueled by impulsive purchases of puppies by parents for their children . Being ill - prepared to care for a relatively difficult breed of dog past puppy - hood , many of these new owners eventually surrendered their animals to pounds , where many dogs ended up being euthanized . Sequels ( edit ) A sequel , 102 Dalmatians , was released on November 22 , 2000 . The film 's early working title was 101 Dalmatians Returns . Disney is planning a live - action Cruella de Vil film origin story titled Cruella directed by Alex Timbers . Marc Platt and Andrew Gunn will produce ; Glenn Close is executive producer . Screenwriter Aline Brosh McKenna was set to write it , but Kelly Marcel replaced her . Emma Stone will play the eponymous role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians '' . PowerGrid . ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes '' . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ http://www.creatureshop.com/productions_film.php Archived August 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians filming locations '' . Movie-Locations.com . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( December 2 , 1996 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' Nabs Top Spot '' .",
"5": "The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Activists Protest Disney Dalmations '' . Cinema.com . August 30 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' Finds Director '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella de Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Disney is making a live - action Cruella de Vil movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Borys , Kit ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone in Talks to Play Cruella de Vil for Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeda , Allison ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone as Cruella de Vil and More Live - Action Fairy - Tale News From Disney '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 film ) .",
"6": "Official website 101 Dalmatians on IMDb 101 Dalmatians at Rotten Tomatoes 101 Dalmatians at AllMovie 101 Dalmatians at Box Office Mojo Disney portal Comedy portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil Films directed by Stephen Herek Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr.",
"7": "Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr.",
"8": "Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)&oldid=803617030 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films 101 Dalmatians films Adventure comedy films Disney film remakes Films about abduction Films about dogs Films based on adaptations Films based on children 's books Films set in London Films set in Suffolk Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films about animals Walt Disney Pictures films Film scores by Michael Kamen Films directed by Stephen Herek Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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name two fibres which are made of proteins
|
[
"feathers",
"silk",
"wool",
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{
"0": "Animal fiber - wikipedia Animal fiber Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Fiber Dyed wool Natural fibers Animal ( show ) Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Sinew Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Plant ( show ) Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Flax ( Linen ) Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Sisal Wood Mineral ( show ) Asbestos Man - made fibers Regenerated fibers ( show ) Art silk Semi-synthetic fibers ( show ) Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic fibers ( show ) Mineral ( show ) Glass Carbon ( Tenax ) Basalt Metallic Polymer ( show ) Acrylic Aramid ( Twaron , Kevlar , Technora , Nomex ) Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene ( Dyneema , Spectra ) Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Agriculture and agronomy portal Engineering portal Category : Fibers Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of particular proteins . Instances are silk , hair / fur ( including wool ) and feathers . The animal fibers used most commonly both in the manufacturing world as well as by the hand spinners are wool from domestic sheep and silk . Also very popular are alpaca fiber and mohair from Angora goats . Unusual fibers such as Angora wool from rabbits and Chiengora from dogs also exist , but are rarely used for mass production . Not all animal fibers have the same properties , and even within a species the fiber is not consistent . Merino is a very soft , fine wool , while Cotswold is coarser , and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of sheep . This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level , comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber .",
"1": "With animal fibers , and natural fibers in general , the individual fibers look different , whereas all synthetic fibers look the same . This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Silk 2 Wool 2.1 Alpaca 2.2 Angora 2.3 Bison 2.4 Cashmere 2.5 Mohair 2.6 Sheep 's wool 2.7 Qiviut 3 Fiber from other animals 4 Fibre 5 See also 6 References Silk ( edit ) Raw silk Silk is a `` natural '' protein fiber , some forms of which can be woven into textiles . The best - known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity . Rearing of silks is called sericulture . Degummed fibers from B. mori are 5 - 10 μm in diameter . The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers ' triangular prism - like cross-sectional structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles . The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared . Since the cocoon is made of one strand , if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long . Spider silk is the strongest natural fiber known . The strongest dragline silk is five times stronger than steel and three times tougher than Kevlar . It is also highly elastic , the silk of the ogre - faced spider can be stretched six times its original length without damage . As of 2005 , there is no synthetic material in production that can match spider silk , but it is actively being sought by the U.S. military for such applications as body armour , parachutes and rope . Genetically engineered goats have been raised to produce spider silk in their milk at a cost of around $1,500 per gram . Wool ( edit ) Wool Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family , principally sheep , but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats , alpacas , and rabbits may also be called wool .",
"2": "Alpaca ( edit ) Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca . It is warmer than sheep 's wool and lighter in weight . It is soft , fine , glossy , and luxurious . The thickness of quality fiber is between 12 - 29 micrometers . Most alpaca fiber is white , but it also comes in various shades of brown and black . Angora ( edit ) Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the down coat produced by the Angora rabbit . There are many types of Angora rabbits - English , French , German and Giant . Angora is prized for its softness , thin fibers of around 12 - 16 micrometers for quality fiber , and what knitters refer to as a halo ( fluffiness ) . The fiber felts very easily . Angora fiber comes in white , black , and various shades of brown . Bison ( edit ) Bison - hair gloves and a wool blanket used by a stagecoach company Bison is the soft undercoat of the American Bison . The coat of the bison contains two different types of fiber . The main coat is made up of coarse fibers ( average 59 micrometers ) called guard hairs , and the downy undercoat ( average 18.5 micrometers ) . This undercoat is shed annually and consists of fine , soft fibers which are very warm and protect the animal from harsh winter conditions . Cashmere ( edit ) Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat . Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers , with high napability and loft . In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere , it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long . It is noted as providing a natural light - weight insulation without bulk . Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns , and light to heavy - weight fabrics . Mohair ( edit ) Mohair is a silk - like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat . It is both durable and resilient . It is notable for its high luster and sheen , and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile . Mohair also takes dye exceptionally well .",
"3": "Sheep 's wool ( edit ) Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur : it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped ; in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch . Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometers to over 35 micrometers . The finer the wool , the softer it will be , while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling . Qiviut ( edit ) Qiviut is the fine underwool of the muskox . Qiviut fibers are long ( about 5 to 8 cm ) , fine ( between 15 and 20 micrometers in diameter ) , and relatively smooth . It is approximately eight times warmer than sheep 's wool and does not felt or shrink . Fiber from other animals ( edit ) Hand spinners also use fiber from animals such as llamas , camels , yak , and possums . These fibers are generally used in clothing . Hair from animals such as horses is also an animal fiber . Horsehair is used for brushes , the bows of musical instruments and many other things . The best artists brushes are made from Siberian weasel , many other fibers are used including ox hair and hog bristle . Camel - hair brushes are usually made from squirrel , cheaper ones from pony , but never camels . Chiengora is dog hair . Fibre ( edit ) Wool from a wide range of animals can be used for handicrafts and garments . The table below lists a variety of animal fibers and the approximate average diameter of each .",
"4": "Handspun llama yarn from Patagonia Average diameter of some of the finest , natural fibers Animal Fiber diameter ( micrometres ) Vicuña 6 -- 10 Alpaca ( Suri ) 10 -- 15 Muskox ( Qiviut ) 11 -- 13 Merino sheep 12 -- 20 Angora rabbit ( Angora wool ) 13 Cashmere goat ( Cashmere wool ) 15 -- 19 Yak ( Yak fiber ) 15 -- 19 Camel ( Camel hair ) 16 -- 25 Guanaco 16 -- 18 Llama ( Tapada ) 20 -- 30 Chinchilla 21 Angora goat ( Mohair ) 25 -- 45 Huacaya alpaca 27.7 Llama ( Ccara ) 30 -- 40 See also ( edit ) Animal products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Carwardine , Animal Records , p. 212 , Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. , 2008 ISBN 1402756232 . Jump up ^ Mel Schwartz , New Materials , Processes , and Methods Technology , p. 644 , CRC Press , 2005 ISBN 1420039342 . Jump up ^ http://www.buffalogold.net/store/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18:bison-qwoolq-fiber&catid=7:faqs&Itemid=25 Jump up ^ Beula Williams ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` Llama Fiber '' . International Llama Association .",
"5": "( hide ) Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Commons NDL : 00561552 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_fiber&oldid=818682610 '' Categories : Fibers Animal hair products Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge 한국어 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 23 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does rick find his wife in walking dead
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"\"Tell It to the Frogs\""
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{
"0": "The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first season of the television series . For the first season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead ( video game ) . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network AMC Original release October 31 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) -- December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Walking Dead episodes The first season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 31 , 2010 , and concluded on December 5 , 2010 , consisting of 6 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , who wrote or co-wrote four of the season 's six episodes and directed the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , David Alpert , Charles H. Eglee , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner . The season received very positive reviews by critics . It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special . The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers , and the finale garnered six million viewers , including four million viewers among adults ages 18 -- 49 , making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time . Based on its reception , AMC renewed the series for a second season consisting of 13 episodes , which premiered on October 16 , 2011 .",
"1": "This season adapts material from issues # 1 -- 6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who awakens from his coma in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After befriending Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) , Rick sets out , to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Writing 2.3 Filming 3 Promotion 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media releases 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the first season include ( from left to right ) : Amy , Shane , Glenn , Carl , Lori , Rick , Dale , and Andrea Main cast ( edit ) The first season features seven actors receiving opening credits billing : Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who awakens from a coma into the apocalypse . After becoming aware of the apocalypse , Rick sets out to find his wife , Lori , and son , Carl . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's best friend since high school and former colleague , who helped Rick 's family escape the apocalypse and is the leader of the Atlanta camp . Believing Rick to be dead , he also started a relationship with Lori , leading to complications when Rick unexpectedly returns alive and well . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's wife and mother of Carl . Lori is an emotionally fragile yet independent woman , who started a relationship with Shane out of her grief for losing Rick , leaving her off - guard and very conflicted when Rick returns . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former successful civil rights attorney and sister of Amy . Andrea has a slight temper , but has a compassionate side and is very protective of her sister ; both of them share a close bond with Dale .",
"2": "Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an elderly survivor , who owns the RV around which the survivors have formed a camp . Dale is a wise man of morals , who is n't afraid to voice his opinion and is very protective of everyone 's well - being , physically and emotionally . He serves as an adviser to Shane , then to Rick . Dale also has a close bond with Andrea and Amy . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who knows his way around Atlanta and often embarks on dangerous supply runs for the group . Glenn is a highly intelligent and resourceful , though slightly cocky yet hopeful individual , who cares for everyone yet he is easily taken advantage of by the other group members ; Rick trusts him on supply runs . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's son . He and his mother are taken to Atlanta by Shane after the initial outbreak . Supporting cast ( edit ) Emma Bell as Amy , Andrea 's younger , childish and innocent sister ; both have a close bond with Dale . Amy is shown to generally care for the children in the camp . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Merle 's equally aggressive and volatile younger brother and hunter . Unlike Merle , however , Daryl is far more reasonable and willing to follow the group 's lead . IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a fellow survivor in the Atlanta group . T - Dog is a man of honor and duty , who always tries to do what 's right by people even if they do n't deserve it or he does n't like it , and is heavily burdened when he makes mistakes and always tries to make it right . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , Lori 's best friend since the outbreak occurred and the mother of Sophia and the friendly yet soft - spoken wife of Ed . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , former military and drug dealer and Daryl 's racist , volatile and unreasonable older brother , who is also a hunter . His volatile tendencies often put him at odds with the group . Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui , a member of the group , who is the only survivor of her family and a former zoning office worker .",
"3": "Andrew Rothenberg as Jim , a mechanic and a quiet yet tortured member of the group , who saw his wife and children killed and eaten by walkers . Juan Pareja as Morales , another member of the group , who knows the city 's infrastructure and puts his family first , and is also a fairly optimistic person . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol and Ed 's quiet daughter , and Carl 's best friend . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's abusive husband and Sophia 's father . He frequently has issues with Shane and is implicated to have also abused other women at the camp . Maddie Lomax as Eliza Morales , daughter of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . She is the older sister of Louis . Viviana Chavez - Vega as Miranda Morales , wife of the aforementioned Morales and mother to Eliza and Louis . Noah Lomax as Louis Morales , son of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . He is the younger brother of Eliza . Noah Emmerich as Dr. Edwin Jenner , a pathologist in the Atlanta CDC looking for any kind of cure . Guest cast ( edit ) Lennie James as Morgan Jones , Duane 's father , Jenny 's husband and the first survivor that Rick encounters . Jim R. Coleman as Lambert Kendal , a police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Linds Edwards as Leon Basset , a somewhat inexperienced police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Keisha Tillis as Jenny Jones , Morgan 's wife and Duane 's mother . Adrian Kali Turner as Duane Jones , Morgan and Jenny 's son . Noel G. as Felipe , a member of Guillermo 's gang , the cousin of Miguel and the grandson of `` Abuela '' . Neil Brown Jr. as Guillermo , the leader of a Vatos group in Atlanta taking care of a hospital . Anthony Guajardo as Miguel , a teenage member of Guillermo 's gang , Felipe 's cousin and `` Abuela 's '' grandson . Gina Morelli as `` Abuela '' , Felipe and Miguel 's grandmother . James Gonzaba as Jorge , a member of Guillermo 's gang .",
"4": "The series features several actors Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously , including Laurie Holden , Jeffrey DeMunn , Melissa McBride and Juan Pareja . All four appeared in his 2007 film The Mist , along with Thomas Jane , who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO . He is also in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series . Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 film The Majestic ( she played Adele Stanton , Jim Carrey 's love interest ) , which Darabont directed . DeMunn has additionally appeared in several of Darabont 's films , in addition to The Mist and The Majestic : The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and The Green Mile ( 1999 ) . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A set - up of The Walking Dead at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego , California . Robert Kirkman , who created the comic book series in 2003 , says he had considered the idea of a Walking Dead television series , but never actively pursued it . `` I certainly wanted it to happen , just because I knew it would be good for the book ... I 'm certainly not against adaptations , like some creators . '' When Frank Darabont became interested in adapting the comic books for television , Kirkman said it was `` extremely flattering '' and went on to say that , `` He definitely cares about the original source material , and you can tell that in the way he 's adapting it . It 's an extreme validation of the work ... Never in a million years could I have thought that if Walking Dead were to ever be adapted that everything would be going this well . I think that that 's all because of Frank . '' Darabont himself had been a fan of the zombie genre since seeing George A. Romero 's 1968 film Night of the Living Dead when he was fourteen years old . `` '' Night of the Living Dead '' had this weird vibe that was almost - it was like pornography ... It had this marvelously attractive , disreputable draw ... I loved it immediately . '' Darabont recalls walking into a comic book store in Burbank , California and seeing The Walking Dead on the shelf in 2005 .",
"5": "`` Being that I 've always had `` the love of zombies genre , '' I of course grabbed it , took it home and read it , and immediately started pursuing the rights to it . I thought it would make a great TV show ... I loved the idea of an extended , ongoing , serialized dramatic presentation set in the zombie apocalypse . '' He described the process of developing the series and getting it set up at a network as `` four years of frustration , '' and credits executive producer Gale Anne Hurd with finally getting the series on AMC . `` I ca n't remember what the hell prompted her to read it ( the script ) , but she said , `` Wow , I really love this pilot you wrote . What are you doing with it ? '' I said I 'd been trying to set it up forever ... She said `` I think AMC might be the place to take this . '' She did , and then bam ! They were immediately interested . I had to credit Gale , her insight into marrying the material and the buyer . '' Writing ( edit ) Darabont 's original pilot script was split in half and embellished , making the first two episodes instead of one , `` ... just to slow the narrative down and dig into the characters more deeply , so it 's not just plot - driven , event - driven stuff . You really want to drag these characters into the equation . '' To write the remaining episodes of the season , Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee , Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara , all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of The Shield . Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team , along with Robert Kirkman , also an executive producer . `` I have the best of both worlds , '' says Kirkman . `` It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104 , and I 'm hoping if it continues into Season 2 , I 'll be able to write more episodes . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , began on May 15 , 2010 with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later on June 2 . The first season was filmed in and around Atlanta , Georgia where the episodes were primarily set .",
"6": "Promotion ( edit ) The show 's official website released a motion comic based on the first issue of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making - of documentary primarily about the first episode , as well as a number of other behind - the - scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard expressed that they were pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . Several scenes from `` Days Gone Bye '' were screened July 23 , 2010 as part of the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . Hurd asserted that `` ( they ) really are doing six one - hour movie '' , and Darabont insisted that the series would closely reflect the development in the comics . `` The path is a very strong template . But we 're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking . As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done , I do n't see any reason not to . If they have patience we 'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing . '' The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . `` Days Gone Bye '' premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30 , 2011 , while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November . Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States , the contents of the episode leaked online . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , international broadcasting affiliates of AMC and Fox coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event proceeding days prior to premiere of the episode in the United States . The event occurred in twenty six cities worldwide , and were hosted in select locations including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City , Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , Palace of Westminster in London , Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul , Acropolis of Athens in Athens , and the Museo del Prado in Madrid . The campaign events commenced in Hong Kong and Taipei , and culminated in Los Angeles . The Walking Dead was included on the cover of the December 2010 edition of Entertainment Weekly , which featured Rick Grimes pointing a gun at a horde of walkers .",
"7": "According to the journalist of the magazine , it `` examines the past , present , and future '' of the television franchise ; `` from the comic book 's humble beginnings , to unlikely path to the small screen , to even more unlikely path as a bona fide hit . '' Kirkman was ecstatic upon hearing of the news . `` I 've got to say -- not to kiss your magazine 's a -- or anything -- but when they called me and said Frank ( Darabont ) wanted to do the show , I was like , ' Yeah , I 'll believe it when I see it . ' And then when AMC was like , ' We 're picking up the show , ' I was like , ' Yeah , alright , whatever . ' When they actually started shooting the pilot I was like , ' Well , this is kind of real , this is neat . ' But when they called me and said , ' Your show 's on the cover of Entertainment Weekly , ' I think that was the first time I was like , ' Oh my god , I ca n't believe this is happening to me ! ' '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' Frank Darabont Teleplay by : Frank Darabont October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 5.35 Sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a gunshot - inflicted coma to discover the world overrun with walkers . He goes back to his house to find his wife and son but meets survivor Morgan Jones and his son Duane - Rick decides to head to Atlanta to find his wife Lori and son Carl , unaware they are safe with other survivors led by his former partner Shane . He encounters hordes of walkers and becomes trapped inside a tank . `` Guts '' Michelle MacLaren Frank Darabont November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 4.71 Rick is ambushed by a walker horde but is rescued by scavenger survivor Glenn when he becomes trapped inside a tank .",
"8": "They meet up with the rest of the survivors where they have to leave Merle handcuffed to the roof to stop him attracting walkers . They are forced to leave Rick 's gun bag behind as well as abandon the unhinged Merle as walkers surround them , but manage to escape the city . `` Tell It to the Frogs '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Story by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank Darabont November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 5.07 Glenn takes Rick to the survivors ' camp , where he finds Lori , Carl , and Shane . Rick leads a group , including Glenn , T - Dog , and Merle 's younger brother , Daryl back to Atlanta to recover his weapons , finding that Merle managed to free himself by sawing off his hand . `` Vatos '' Johan Renck Robert Kirkman November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 4.75 Rick 's group briefly scuffles with a group of Latino survivors protecting the residents of a nursing home in Atlanta , who want Rick 's weapons , but Rick is able to defuse the situation peacefully . They return to camp too late to stop a walker horde from attacking , killing Andrea 's sister Amy , and Carol 's husband Ed . 5 5 `` Wildfire '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara November 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) 5.56 As the survivors bury their dead , some split off on their own . Rick , against Shane 's judgement , leads the rest to the CDC facility in Atlanta , which initially appears abandoned and locked - down , but Rick spots signs of life and demands entry . 6 6 `` TS - 19 '' Guy Ferland Adam Fierro and Frank Darabont December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 5.97 Dr. Jenner of the CDC welcomes the survivors , allowing them to enjoy the amenities of the powered building while explaining what he knows about walkers .",
"9": "When the survivors discover that the building will self - detonate once it runs out of backup power , Dr. Jenner initially prevents them from leaving . Rick convinces Jenner to let them go , and Jenner whispers something to Rick . They escape just before the building explodes , and the group departs the city . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of The Walking Dead received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 82 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 25 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 89 % with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10 , based on 24 reviews , and an average episode score of 87 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Blood - spattered , emotionally resonant , and white - knuckle intense , The Walking Dead puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre . '' Following the pilot episode 's debut , TV Guide 's Matt Roush called the show `` a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence . '' Following the second episode , Simon Abrams from Slant Magazine awarded the show three and a half stars out of a possible four ; `` To say that Darabont has kicked his series off with a bang would be a serious understatement ... ( he ) has fashioned a fully realized alternate reality and it 's a thrilling thing to experience . '' In response to the season finale , James Poniewozik of TIME magazine gave the first season of The Walking Dead a glowing review stating , `` the show has an urgency and bravery that make it something special '' . Josh Jackson of Paste magazine also praised the season by writing , `` the characters are worth caring about '' despite `` occasional stilted monologues , quick tempers and unfortunate stereotypes '' . Some reviews were mixed , including one from Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant who concluded , `` The Walking Dead still has n't really defined itself as anything more than a vague survival story about the human condition '' but added , `` you can be sure I 'm one of those Dead - heads already chomping at the bit for season 2 '' .",
"10": "Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic also offered mixed criticism saying the first season `` had its ups and downs '' noting that the second season should focus on `` a more specific story arc and strengthening of the character development '' . Logan Hill of New York magazine was more critical , claiming the episodes contained `` atrocious dialogue '' and `` a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... has n't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular '' , though he admits the fifth episode showed `` flashes of promise '' . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2010 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The first season of The Walking Dead was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute . The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards and Best New Series at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Awards . It was also nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards . For the 37th Saturn Awards , the season received six nominations , winning Best Television Presentation . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Best Actress on Television ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Steven Yeun ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Laurie Holden ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Noah Emmerich ) . The pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on `` Days Gone Bye '' . Ratings ( edit ) The pilot received 5.3 million viewers , making it the most - watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series .",
"11": "The first - season finale received 6 million viewers , a season high ; with 4 million viewers in the 18 - 49 demographic , making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic . The first season had an average of 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18 - 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , it premiered one week after it did in the United States , on November 5 , 2010 on digital channel , FX . The premiere had 579,000 viewers , almost double for any other show on FX that week . The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode . The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10 , 2011 , averaged 1.46 million viewers . Based on its ratings , the series was renewed for a second season on November 8 , 2010 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' October 31 , 2010 2.7 / 7 5.35 `` Guts '' November 7 , 2010 2.5 / 7 4.71 `` Tell It to the Frogs '' November 14 , 2010 2.5 / 7 5.07 `` Vatos '' November 21 , 2010 2.4 / 6 4.75 5 `` Wildfire '' November 28 , 2010 2.8 / 7 5.56 6 `` TS - 19 '' December 5 , 2010 3.0 / 8 5.97 Home Media releases ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on March 8 , 2011 and in region 2 on May 16 , 2011 .",
"12": "Special features on the sets include six featurettes -- `` The Making of The Walking Dead '' , `` Inside The Walking Dead : Episode 1 -- 6 '' , `` A Sneak Peek with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Behind the Scenes Zombie Make - Up Tips '' , `` Convention Panel with Producers '' and `` The Walking Dead Trailer '' . Also included are other behind the scenes featurettes -- `` Zombie School '' , `` Bicycle Girl '' , `` On Set with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Hanging with Steven Yeun '' , `` Inside Dale 's RV '' and `` On Set with Andrew Lincoln '' . A three - disc special edition of the first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 4 , 2011 . The sets include all the previous special features , plus brand new extras . The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes , the black and white version of the pilot , and six new featurettes -- `` We Are The Walking Dead '' , `` Bring Out the Dead : KNB and the Art of Making Zombies '' , `` Digital Decay : The VFX of The Walking Dead '' , `` No More Room in Hell : The Walking Dead Phenomenon '' , `` Adapting the Dead '' and `` Killer Conversations : Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero '' . In addition to the DVD and Blu - ray release , a limited edition Blu - ray collector 's tin contains an exclusive wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make - up artist , Greg Nicotero . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC Series '' . AMC . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy Winners and Nominees 2011 : Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Finale Draws Series High 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating `` .",
"13": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Resurrects `` The Walking Dead '' for a Second Season '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Thomas Jane Yearns To Be One of `` The Walking Dead '' `` . NBC Washington . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Bill ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Robert Kirkman ( The Walking Dead ) ( Interview ) '' . Pads & Panels . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Comic - Con interview : Frank Darabont on AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` TV : ' The Walking Dead ' Pilot to Begin Lensing in May '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , Jon ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Walking Dead TV Series Starts Filming ! '' . Secondary Fire . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' first filming locations revealed , zombies wanted '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Motion Comic Arrives Online '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Making of The Walking Dead Documentary '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 13 , 2010 ) .",
"14": "`` SD Comic - Con 2010 : The Walking Dead Promotional One - Sheet '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' panel : ' This is big ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 - Days Gone By '' . Television Broadcasts Limited . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Signs Unprecedented Deal with FOX International Channels for All International Rights to Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' `` . The Futon Critic . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead TV - Series Premieres On BitTorrent '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Clayton ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Photos From The Walking Dead 's Worldwide Zombie Invasion '' . AMC . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' plans global zombie invasion stunt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Walking Dead ' : This week 's EW cover story goes behind the scenes on TV 's best new show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' writer Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's episode and teases next week 's season finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) .",
"15": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Kills ; Boardwalk Empire Steady ; + Swamp People , Dexter , Ghost Hunters Live & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Lives ! ; Boardwalk Empire Up ; + Real Housewives , Hannah Montana , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead , Sarah Palin ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Sarah Palin 's Alaska Falls ; The Walking Dead ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Dips ; Soul Train Awards , Real Housewives , Dexter , Top Gear & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Boardwalk Empire ' Finales Rise ; ' Sarah Palin 's Alaska , ' ' Dexter , ' ' The Hasslehoffs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Roush Review : Zombie Terror Alert ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Walking Dead Watch : The Big Decision '' . TIME . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Review ( Episode 1.6 `` TS - 19 '' ) `` . Paste . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review : `` TS - 19 '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Recap : A Bang That 's a Whimper '' . New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . AFI.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Walking Dead ' nominated for TCA Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Garners Six WGA Award Nominations for Acclaimed Original Dramas `` Mad Men , '' `` Breaking Bad '' and `` The Walking Dead '' '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mad Men , Fringe , Good Wife , Modern Family , Community , Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead and Frank Darabont Win Saturn Awards '' . AMC . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception , ' ' Walking Dead ' Top Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Awards Nominees for TV and Commercials '' . AMC . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' Garners Highest 18 - 49 Delivery for Any Cable Series Premiere for 2010 '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Walking Dead '' Finale Draws 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Year in Review / 2011 Year in Preview : AMC '' . The Futon Critic . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' ( Press release ) . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' scares up 1.5 m on C5 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC / Anchor Bay 's Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . January 6 , 2011 .",
"18": "Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Gord ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Press Release for Season 1 Special Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 1 episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol.",
"19": "1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to",
"20": "Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities",
"21": "'' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_1)&oldid=835948341 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Television shows set in Atlanta Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the battle of salamis was significant because it
|
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"marked the high-point of the second Persian invasion of Greece",
"resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks"
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{
"0": "Battle of Salamis - wikipedia Battle of Salamis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of Salamis ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Salamis Part of the Greco - Persian Wars A romantic version painting of the battle by artist Wilhelm von Kaulbach Date September , 480 BC Location Straits of Salamis 37 ° 57 ′ 5 '' N 23 ° 34 ′ 0 '' E / 37.95139 ° N 23.56667 ° E / 37.95139 ; 23.56667 Coordinates : 37 ° 57 ′ 5 '' N 23 ° 34 ′ 0 '' E / 37.95139 ° N 23.56667 ° E / 37.95139 ; 23.56667 Result Decisive Greek victory . Territorial changes Persia fails to conquer the Peloponnese . Belligerents Greek city - states Achaemenid Empire Commanders and leaders Eurybiades Themistocles Xerxes I of Persia Artemisia I of Caria Achaemenes Ariabignes † Damasithymos † Strength 371 -- 378 ships ~ 900 -- 1207 ships 600 -- 800 ships Casualties and losses 40 ships 200 -- 300 ships ? Jump up ^ Herodotus gives 378 ships of the alliance , but his numbers add up to 371 .",
"1": "Jump up ^ As suggested by several ancient sources Jump up ^ Modern estimates Location of the naval battle of Salamis within modern Greece ( hide ) Second Persian invasion of Greece Thermopylae Artemisium Salamis Potidea Olynthus Plataea Mycale The Battle of Salamis ( / ˈsæləmɪs / ; Ancient Greek : Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος , Naumachia tēs Salaminos ) was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city - states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks . The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis , an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens , and marked the high - point of the second Persian invasion of Greece . To block the Persian advance , a small force of Greeks blocked the pass of Thermopylae , while an Athenian - dominated Allied navy engaged the Persian fleet in the nearby straits of Artemisium . In the resulting Battle of Thermopylae , the rearguard of the Greek force was annihilated , whilst in the Battle of Artemisium the Greeks had heavy losses and retreated after the loss at Thermopylae . This allowed the Persians to conquer Boeotia and Attica . The Allies prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth whilst the fleet was withdrawn to nearby Salamis Island . Although heavily outnumbered , the Greek Allies were persuaded by the Athenian general Themistocles to bring the Persian fleet to battle again , in the hope that a victory would prevent naval operations against the Peloponnese . The Persian king Xerxes was also eager for a decisive battle . As a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles , the Persian navy rowed into the Straits of Salamis and tried to block both entrances . In the cramped conditions of the Straits , the great Persian numbers were an active hindrance , as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganized . Seizing the opportunity , the Greek fleet formed in line and scored a decisive victory .",
"2": "Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army , leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece . However , the following year , the remainder of the Persian army was decisively beaten at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale . The Persians made no further attempts to conquer the Greek mainland . These battles of Salamis and Plataea thus mark a turning point in the course of the Greco - Persian wars as a whole ; from then onward , the Greek poleis would take the offensive . A number of historians believe that a Persian victory would have hamstrung the development of Ancient Greece , and by extension western civilization , and this has led them to argue that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Background 3 Prelude 4 The opposing forces 4.1 The Greek fleet 4.2 The Persian fleet 5 Strategic and tactical considerations 6 The battle 6.1 Dispositions 6.2 The opening phase 6.3 The main battle 7 Aftermath 8 Significance 9 Anchorage discovery 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Ancient sources 11.2 Modern sources 12 External links Sources ( edit ) Main article : Herodotus The main source for the Greco - Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus . Herodotus , who has been called the ' Father of History ' , was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus , Asia Minor ( then under Persian overlordship ) . He wrote his Enquiries ( Greek : Ιστορίαι ; English : ( The ) Histories ) around 440 -- 430 BC , trying to trace the origins of the Greco - Persian Wars , which would still have been relatively recent history ( the wars finally ending in 450 BC ) . Herodotus 's approach was entirely novel , and at least in Western society , he does seem to have invented `` history '' as we know it .",
"3": "As Holland has it : `` For the first time , a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous , nor to the whims and wishes of some god , nor to a people 's claim to manifest destiny , but rather explanations he could verify personally . '' Some subsequent ancient historians , despite following in his footsteps , criticised Herodotus , starting with Thucydides . Nevertheless , Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off ( at the Siege of Sestos ) , and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus 's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting . Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay `` On the Malignity of Herodotus '' , describing Herodotus as `` Philobarbaros '' ( barbarian - lover ) , for not being pro-Greek enough , which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even - handed . A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe , though he remained well read . However , since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events . The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his Historia , but that some of his specific details ( particularly troop numbers and dates ) should be viewed with skepticism . Nevertheless , there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story . The Sicilian historian Diodorus Siculus , writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica , also provides an account of the Greco - Persian wars , partially derived from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus . This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus 's . The Greco - Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch , Ctesias of Cnidus , and are alluded by other authors , such as the playwright Aeschylus . Archaeological evidence , such as the Serpent Column , also supports some of Herodotus 's specific claims .",
"4": "Background ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Persian Wars , Second Persian invasion of Greece , Battle of Thermopylae , and Battle of Artemisium The Greek city - states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499 - 494 BC , led by the satrap of Miletus , Aristagoras . The Persian Empire was still relatively young , and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Moreover , Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire , and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved ( especially those not already part of the empire ) . Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece . A preliminary expedition under Mardonius , in 492 BC , to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re-conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia . In 491 BC , Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city - states , asking for a gift of ' earth and water ' in token of their submission to him . Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year , the majority of Greek cities duly obliged . In Athens , however , the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed ; in Sparta , they were simply thrown down a well . This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia . Darius thus put together an amphibious task force under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC , which attacked Naxos , before receiving the submission of the other Cycladic Islands . The task force then moved on Eretria , which it besieged and destroyed . Finally , it moved to attack Athens , landing at the bay of Marathon , where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army . At the ensuing Battle of Marathon , the Athenians won a remarkable victory , which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia . Map showing the Greek world at the time of the battle Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition .",
"5": "Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . Since this was to be a full - scale invasion , it required long - term planning , stock - piling and conscription . Xerxes decided that the Hellespont would be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe , and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos ( rounding which headland , a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC ) . These were both feats of exceptional ambition , which would have been beyond any other contemporary state . By early 480 BC , the preparations were complete , and the army which Xerxes had mustered at Sardis marched towards Europe , crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges . The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid-480s BC , and in 482 BC the decision was taken , under the guidance of the Athenian politician Themistocles , to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians . However , the Athenians did not have the manpower to fight on land and sea ; and therefore combatting the Persians would require an alliance of Greek city states . In 481 BC , Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water , but made the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta . Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states . A congress of city states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC , and a confederate alliance of Greek city - states was formed . It had the power to send envoys asking for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation . This was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world , especially since many of the city - states in attendance were still technically at war with each other . Initially the ' congress ' agreed to defend the narrow Vale of Tempe , on the borders of Thessaly , and thereby block Xerxes 's advance .",
"6": "However , once there , they were warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed through the pass by the modern village of Sarantaporo , and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelming , the Greeks retreated . Shortly afterwards , they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont . A second strategy was therefore adopted by the allies . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnese ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites , despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians . Furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium . This dual strategy was adopted by the congress . However , the Peloponnesian cities made fall - back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to it , whilst the women and children of Athens had been evacuated en masse to the Peloponnesian city of Troezen . Famously , the much smaller Greek army held the pass of Thermopylae against the Persians for three days before being outflanked by a mountain path . Much of the Greek army retreated , before the Spartans and Thespians who had continued to block the pass were surrounded and killed . The simultaneous Battle of Artemisium was up to that point a stalemate ; however , when news of Thermopylae reached them , the Allied fleet also retreated , since holding the straits of Artemisium was now a moot point . Prelude ( edit ) The Allied fleet now rowed from Artemisium to Salamis to assist with the final evacuation of Athens . En route Themistocles left inscriptions addressed to the Ionian Greek crews of the Persian fleet on all springs of water that they might stop at , asking them to defect to the Allied cause . Following Thermopylae , the Persian army proceeded to burn and sack the Boeotian cities that had not surrendered , Plataea and Thespiae , before marching on the now evacuated city of Athens .",
"7": "The Allies ( mostly Peloponnesian ) prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth , demolishing the single road that led through it , and building a wall across it . This strategy was flawed , however , unless the Allied fleet was able to prevent the Persian fleet from transporting troops across the Saronic Gulf . In a council - of - war called once the evacuation of Athens was complete , the Corinthian naval commander Adeimantus argued that the fleet should assemble off the coast of the Isthmus in order to achieve such a blockade . However , Themistocles argued in favour of an offensive strategy , aimed at decisively destroying the Persians ' naval superiority . He drew on the lessons of Artemisium , pointing out that `` battle in close conditions works to our advantage '' . He eventually won through , and the Allied navy remained off the coast of Salamis . The time - line for Salamis is difficult to establish with any certainty . Herodotus presents the battle as though it occurred directly after the capture of Athens , but nowhere explicitly states as much . If Thermopylae / Artemisium occurred in September , then this may be the case , but it is probably more likely that the Persians spent two or three weeks capturing Athens , refitting the fleet , and resupplying . Clearly though , at some point after capturing Athens , Xerxes held a council of war with the Persian fleet ; Herodotus says this occurred at Phalerum . Artemisia , queen of Halicarnassus and commander of its naval squadron in Xerxes 's fleet , tried to convince him to wait for the Allies to surrender believing that battle in the straits of Salamis was an unnecessary risk . Nevertheless , Xerxes and his chief advisor Mardonius pressed for an attack . It is difficult to explain exactly what eventually brought about the battle , assuming that neither side simply attacked without forethought . Clearly though , at some point just before the battle , new information began to reach Xerxes of rifts in the allied command ; the Peloponnesians wished to evacuate from Salamis while they still could . This alleged rift amongst the Allies may have simply been a ruse , in order to lure the Persians to battle .",
"8": "Alternatively , this change in attitude amongst the Allies ( who had waited patiently off the coast of Salamis for at least a week while Athens was captured ) may have been in response to Persian offensive maneuvers . Possibly , a Persian army had been sent to march against the Isthmus in order to test the nerve of the fleet . Either way , when Xerxes received this news , he ordered his fleet to go out on patrol off the coast Salamis , blocking the southern exit . Then , at dusk , he ordered them to withdraw , possibly in order to tempt the Allies into a hasty evacuation . That evening Themistocles now attempted what appears to have been a spectacularly successful use of disinformation . He sent a servant , Sicinnus , to Xerxes , with a message proclaiming that Themistocles was `` on the king 's side and prefers that your affairs prevail , not the Hellenes '' . Themistocles claimed that the Allied command was in - fighting , that the Peloponnesians were planning to evacuate that very night , and that to gain victory all the Persians need to do was to block the straits . In performing this subterfuge , Themistocles seems to have been trying to bring about exactly the opposite ; to lure the Persian fleet into the Straits . This was exactly the kind of news that Xerxes wanted to hear ; that the Athenians might be willing to submit to him , and that he would be able to destroy the rest of the Allied fleet . Xerxes evidently took the bait , and the Persian fleet was sent out that evening to effect this block . Xerxes ordered a throne to be set up on the slopes of Mount Aigaleo ( overlooking the straits ) , in order to watch the battle from a clear vantage point , and so as to record the names of commanders who performed particularly well . According to Herodotus , the Allies spent the evening heatedly debating their course of action . The Peloponnesians were in favour of evacuating , and at this point Themistocles attempted his ruse with Xerxes .",
"9": "It was only when Aristides , the exiled Athenian general arrived that night , followed by some deserters from the Persians , with news of the deployment of the Persian fleet , that the Peloponnesians accepted that they could not escape , and so would fight . However , Peloponnesians may have been party to Themistocles 's stratagem , so serenely did they accept that they would now have to fight at Salamis . The Allied navy was thus able to prepare properly for battle the forthcoming day , whilst the Persians spent the night fruitlessly at sea , searching for the alleged Greek evacuation . The next morning , the Persians rowed into the straits to attack the Greek fleet ; it is not clear when , why or how this decision was made , but it is clear that they did take the battle to the Allies . The opposing forces ( edit ) The Greek fleet ( edit ) Greek trireme Herodotus reports that there were 378 triremes in the Allied fleet , and then breaks the numbers down by city state ( as indicated in the table ) . However , his numbers for the individual contingents only add up to 371 . He does not explicitly say that all 378 fought at Salamis ( `` All of these came to the war providing triremes ... The total number of ships ... was three hundred and seventy - eight '' ) , and he also says that the Aeginetans `` had other manned ships , but they guarded their own land with these and fought at Salamis with the thirty most seaworthy '' . Thus it has been supposed that the difference between the numbers is accounted for by a garrison of 12 ships left at Aegina . According to Herodotus , two more ships defected from the Persians to the Greeks , one before Artemisium and one before Salamis , so the total complement at Salamis would have been 373 ( or 380 ) . According to the Athenian playwright Aeschylus , who actually fought at Salamis , the Greek fleet numbered 310 triremes ( the difference being the number of Athenian ships ) . Ctesias claims that the Athenian fleet numbered only 110 triremes , which ties in with Aeschylus 's numbers .",
"10": "According to Hyperides , the Greek fleet numbered only 220 . The fleet was effectively under the command of Themistocles , but nominally led by the Spartan nobleman Eurybiades , as had been agreed at the congress in 481 BC . Although Themistocles had tried to claim leadership of the fleet , the other city states with navies objected , and so Sparta ( which had no naval tradition ) was given command of the fleet as a compromise . City Number of ships City Number of ships City Number of ships Athens 180 Corinth 40 Aegina 30 Chalcis 20 Megara 20 Sparta 16 Sicyon 15 Epidaurus 10 Eretria 7 Ambracia 7 Troezen 5 Naxos Leucas Hermione Styra Cythnus 1 ( 1 ) Ceos Melos ( 2 ) Siphnus ( 1 ) Serifos ( 1 ) Croton Total 371 or 378 ( 5 ) The Persian fleet ( edit ) According to Herodotus , the Persian fleet initially numbered 1,207 triremes . However , by his reckoning they lost approximately a third of these ships in a storm off the coast of Magnesia , 200 more in a storm off the coast of Euboea , and at least 50 ships to Allied action at the Battle of Artemisium . Herodotus claims that these losses were replaced in full , but only mentions 120 ships from the Greeks of Thrace and nearby islands as reinforcements . Aeschylus , who fought at Salamis , also claims that he faced 1,207 warships there , of which 207 were `` fast ships '' . Diodorus and Lysias independently claim there were 1,200 ships in the Persian fleet assembled at Doriskos in the spring of 480 BC . The number of 1,207 ( for the outset only ) is also given by Ephorus , while his teacher Isocrates claims there were 1,300 at Doriskos and 1,200 at Salamis .",
"11": "Ctesias gives another number , 1,000 ships , while Plato , speaking in general terms refers to 1,000 ships and more . The number 1,207 appears very early in the historical record ( 472 BC ) , and the Greeks appear to have genuinely believed they faced that many ships . Because of the consistency in the ancient sources , some modern historians are inclined to accept 1,207 as the size of the initial Persian fleet ; others reject this number , with 1,207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the Iliad , and generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean . However , very few appear to accept that there were this many ships at Salamis : most favour a number in the range 600 - 800 . This is also the range given by adding the approximate number of Persian ships after Artemisium ( ~ 550 ) to the reinforcements ( 120 ) quantified by Herodotus . Strategic and tactical considerations ( edit ) The overall Persian strategy for the invasion of 480 BC was to overwhelm the Greeks with a massive invasion force , and complete the conquest of Greece in a single campaigning season . Conversely , the Greeks sought to make the best use of their numbers by defending restricted locations and to keep the Persians in the field for as long as possible . Xerxes had obviously not anticipated such resistance , or he would have arrived earlier in the campaigning season ( and not waited 4 days at Thermopylae for the Greeks to disperse ) . Time was now of the essence for the Persians -- the huge invasion force could not be reasonably supported indefinitely , nor probably did Xerxes wish to be at the fringe of his empire for so long . Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position was useless ; with the Allies now dug in across the narrow Isthmus , there was little chance of conquering the rest of Greece by land . However , as equally demonstrated by Thermopylae , if the Greeks could be outflanked , their smaller numbers of troops could be destroyed . Such an outflanking of the Isthmus required the use of the Persian navy , and thus the destruction of the Allied navy .",
"12": "Therefore , if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy , he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender ; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season . Conversely by avoiding destruction , or as Themistocles hoped , by crippling the Persian fleet , the Greeks could effectively thwart the invasion . However , it was strategically not necessary for the Persians to actually fight this battle at Salamis . According to Herodotus , Queen Artemisia of Caria pointed this out to Xerxes in the run - up to Salamis . Artemisia suggested that fighting at sea was an unnecessary risk , recommending instead : If you do not hurry to fight at sea , but keep your ships here and stay near land , or even advance into the Peloponnese , then , my lord , you will easily accomplish what you had in mind on coming here . The Hellenes are not able to hold out against you for a long time , but you will scatter them , and they will each flee to their own cities . The Persian fleet was still large enough to both bottle up the Allied navy in the straits of Salamis , and send ships to land troops in the Peloponnese . However , in the final reckoning , both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle , in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war . The Persians were at a significant tactical advantage , outnumbering the Allies , but also having `` better sailing '' ships . The `` better sailing '' that Herodotus mentions was probably due to the superior seamanship of the crews ; most of the Athenian ships ( and therefore the majority of the fleet ) were newly built as according to Themistocles ' request to the Athenians to build a fleet of 200 triremes in 483 BC , and had inexperienced crews . It is important to note that despite the inexperienced crew on part of the Athenians , these newly constructed triremes would ultimately prove crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia . The most common naval tactics in the Mediterranean area at the time were ramming ( triremes being equipped with a ram at the bows ) , or boarding by ship - borne marines ( which essentially turned a sea battle into a land one ) .",
"13": "The Persians and Asiatic Greeks had by this time begun to use a manoeuver known as diekplous . It is not entirely clear what this was , but it probably involved rowing into gaps between enemy ships and then ramming them in the side . This maneuver would have required skilled crews , and therefore the Persians would have been more likely to employ it ; the Allies however , developed tactics specifically to counter this . There has been much debate as to the nature of the Allied fleet compared to the Persian fleet . Much of this centres on the suggestion , from Herodotus , that the Allied ships were heavier , and by implication less maneuverable . The source of this heaviness is uncertain ; possibly the Allied ships were bulkier in construction , or that the ships were water - logged since they had not been dried out in the winter ( though there is no real evidence for either suggestion ) . Another suggestion is that the heaviness was caused by the weight of fully armored hoplite marines ( 20 fully armored hoplites would have weighed 2 tons ) . This ' heaviness ' , whatever its cause , would further reduce the likelihood of them employing the diekplous . It is therefore probable that the Allies had extra marines on board if their ships were less maneuverable , since boarding would then be the main tactic available to them ( at the cost of making the ships even heavier ) . Indeed , Herodotus refers to the Greeks capturing ships at Artemisium , rather than sinking them . It has been suggested that the weight of the Allied ships may also have made them more stable in the winds off the coast of Salamis , and made them less susceptible to ramming ( or rather , less liable to sustain damage when rammed ) . The Persians preferred a battle in the open sea , where they could better utilize their superior seamanship and numbers . For the Greeks , the only realistic hope of a decisive victory was to draw the Persians into a constricted area , where their numbers would count for little . The battle at Artemisium had seen attempts to negate the Persian advantage in numbers , but ultimately the Allies may have realised that they needed an even more constricted channel in order to defeat the Persians . Therefore , by rowing into the Straits of Salamis to attack the Greeks , the Persians were playing into the Allies ' hands .",
"14": "It seems probable that the Persians would not have attempted this unless the Persians were confident of the collapse of the Allied navy , and thus Themistocles 's subterfuge appears to have played a key role in tipping the balance in the favor of the Greeks . Salamis was , for the Persians , an unnecessary battle and a strategic mistake . The battle ( edit ) The actual battle of Salamis is not well described by the ancient sources , and it is unlikely that anyone ( other than perhaps Xerxes ) involved in the battle had a clear idea what was happening across the width of the straits . What follows is more of a discussion than a definitive account . Dispositions ( edit ) In the Allied fleet , the Athenians were on the left , and on the right were probably the Spartans ( although Diodorus says it was the Megareans and Aeginetians ) ; the other contingents were in the center . The Allied fleet probably formed into two ranks , since the straits would have been too narrow for a single line of ships . Herodotus has the Allied fleet in a line running north - south , probably with the northern flank off the coast of modern - day Saint George 's Islet ( Ayios Georgis ) , and the southern flank off the coast of Cape Vavari ( part of Salamis ) . Diodorus suggests the Allied fleet was aligned east - west , spanning the straits between Salamis and Mount Aigaleo ; however , it is unlikely that the Allies would have rested one of their flanks against Persian occupied territory . It seems relatively certain that the Persian fleet was sent out to block the exit from the Straits the evening before the battle . Herodotus clearly believed that the Persian fleet actually entered the Straits at nightfall , planning to catch the Allies as they fled . However , modern historians have greatly debated this point , with some pointing out the difficulties of maneuvering in this confined space by night , and others accepting Herodotus 's version . There are thus two possibilities ; that during the night the Persians simply blocked the exit to the Straits , and then entered the straits in daylight ; or that they entered the straits and positioned themselves for battle during the night .",
"15": "Regardless of when they attempted it , it seems likely that the Persians pivoted their fleet off the tip of Cape Vavari , so that from an initial east - west alignment ( blocking the exit ) , they came round to a north - south alignment ( see diagram ) . The Persian fleet seems to have been formed into three ranks of ships ( according to Aeschylus ) ; with the powerful Phoenician fleet on the right flank next to Mount Aigaleo , the Ionian contingent on the left flank and the other contingents in the centre . Diodorus says that the Egyptian fleet was sent to circumnavigate Salamis , and block the northern exit from the Straits . If Xerxes wanted to trap the Allies completely , this maneuver would have made sense ( especially if he was not expecting the Allies to fight ) . However , Herodotus does not mention this ( and possibly alludes to the Egyptian presence in the main battle ) , leading some modern historians to dismiss it ; though again , others accept it as a possibility . Xerxes had also positioned around 400 troops on the island known as Psyttaleia , in the middle of the exit from the straits , in order to kill or capture any Greeks who ended up there ( as a result of shipwreck or grounding ) . The opening phase ( edit ) Regardless of what time they entered the straits , the Persians did not move to attack the Allies until daylight . Since they were not planning to flee after all , the Allies would have been able to spend the night preparing for battle , and after a speech by Themistocles , the marines boarded and the ships made ready to sail . According to Herodotus , this was dawn , and as the Allies `` were putting out to sea the barbarians immediately attacked them '' . If the Persians only entered the straits at dawn , then the Allies would have had the time to take up their station in a more orderly fashion .",
"16": "Aeschylus claims that as the Persians approached ( possibly implying that they were not already in the Straits at dawn ) , they heard the Greeks singing their battle hymn ( paean ) before they saw the Allied fleet : ὦ παῖδες Ἑλλήνων ἴτε ἐλευθεροῦτε πατρίδ _̓ , ἐλευθεροῦτε δὲ παῖδας , γυναῖκας , θεῶν τέ πατρῴων ἕδη , θήκας τε προγόνων : νῦν ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀγών . O sons of the Greeks , go , Liberate your country , liberate Your children , your women , the seats of your fathers ' gods , And the tombs of your forebears : now is the struggle for all things . Herodotus recounts that , according to the Athenians , as the battle began the Corinthians hoisted their sails and began sailing away from the battle , northwards up the straits . However , he also says that other Greeks denied this story . If this did in fact occur , one possible interpretation is that these ships had been a decoy sent to reconnoitre the northern exit from the straits , in case the arrival of the encircling Egyptian detachment was imminent ( if indeed this also occurred ) . Another possibility ( not exclusive of the former ) is that the departure of the Corinthians triggered the final approach of the Persians , suggesting as it did that the Allied fleet was disintegrating . At any rate , if they indeed ever left , the Corinthians soon returned to the battle . Approaching the Allied fleet in the crowded Straits , the Persians appear to have become disorganised and cramped in the narrow waters . Moreover , it would have become apparent that , far from disintegrating , the Greek fleet was lined up , ready to attack them . However , rather than attacking immediately , the Allies initially appeared to back their ships away as if in fear .",
"17": "According to Plutarch , this was to gain better position , and also in order to gain time until the early morning wind . Herodotus recounts the legend that as the fleet had backed away , they had seen an apparition of a woman , asking them `` Madmen , how far will ye yet back your ships ? '' However , he more plausibly suggests that whilst the Allies were backing water , a single ship shot forward to ram the nearest Persian vessel . The Athenians would claim that this was the ship of the Athenian Ameinias of Pallene ; the Aeginetans would claim it as one of their ships . The whole Greek line then followed suit and made straight for the disordered Persian battle line . The main battle ( edit ) Death of the Persian admiral Ariabignes ( a brother of Xerxes ) early in the battle ; illustration from Plutarch 's Lives for Boys and Girls c. 1910 The details of the rest of the battle are generally sketchy , and no one involved would have had a view of the entire battlefield . Triremes were generally armed with a large ram at the front , with which it was possible to sink an enemy ship , or at least disable it by shearing off the banks of oars on one side . If the initial ramming was not successful , marines boarded the enemy ship and something similar to a land battle ensued . Both sides had marines on their ships for this eventuality ; the Greeks with fully armed hoplites ; the Persians probably with more lightly armed infantry . A king sate on the rocky brow Which looks o'er sea - born Salamis And ships , by thousands , lay below , And men in nations ; -- all were his ! He counted them at break of day -- And when the sun set where were they ? -- the philhellene Lord Byron in Don Juan Across the battlefield , as the first line of Persian ships was pushed back by the Greeks , they became fouled in the advancing second and third lines of their own ships . On the Greek left , the Persian admiral Ariabignes ( a brother of Xerxes ) was killed early in the battle ; left disorganised and leaderless , the Phoenician squadrons appear to have been pushed back against the coast , many vessels running aground .",
"18": "In the centre , a wedge of Greek ships pushed through the Persians lines , splitting the fleet in two . According to Plutarch , Ariabignes was killed by Ameinias and Socles ( Greek : Σωκλής ) of Pallene . When Ariabignes attempted to board on their ship , they hit him with their spears , and thrust him into the sea . Plutarch also mentions that it was Artemisia who recognized Ariabignes ' body floating among the shipwrecks and brought it back to Xerxes . Herodotus recounts that Artemisia , the Queen of Halicarnassus , and commander of the Carian contingent , found herself pursued by the ship of Ameinias of Pallene . In her desire to escape , she attacked and rammed another Persian vessel , thereby convincing the Athenian captain that the ship was an ally ; Ameinias accordingly abandoned the chase . However , Xerxes , looking on , thought that she had successfully attacked an Allied ship , and seeing the poor performance of his other captains commented that `` My men have become women , and my women men '' . The friendly ship she sank was a Calyndian ship and the king of the Calyndians , Damasithymos ( Greek : Δαμασίθυμος ) was on it . None of the crew of the Calyndian ship survived . Return of the Victorious Greeks from the Battle of Salamis The Persian fleet began to retreat towards Phalerum , but according to Herodotus , the Aeginetans ambushed them as they tried to leave the Straits . The remaining Persian ships limped back to the harbour of Phalerum and the shelter of the Persian army . The Athenian general Aristides then took a detachment of men across to Psyttaleia to slaughter the garrison that Xerxes had left there . The exact Persian casualties are not mentioned by Herodotus . However , he writes that the next year , the Persian fleet numbered 300 triremes . The number of losses then depends on the number of ships the Persian had to begin with ; something in the range of 200 -- 300 seems likely , based on the above estimates for the size of the Persian fleet .",
"19": "According to Herodotus , the Persians suffered many more casualties than the Greeks because most Persians did not know how to swim . Xerxes , sitting on Mount Aigaleo on his throne , witnessed the carnage . Some ship - wrecked Phoenician captains tried to blame the Ionians for cowardice before the end of the battle . Xerxes , in a foul mood , and having just witnessed an Ionian ship capture an Aeginetan ship , had the Phoenicians beheaded for slandering `` more noble men '' . According to Diodorus , Xerxes `` put to death those Phoenicians who were chiefly responsible for beginning the flight , and threatened to visit upon the rest the punishment they deserved '' , causing the Phoenicians to sail to Asia when night fell . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Second Persian invasion of Greece Serpent Column , a monument to their alliance , dedicated by the victorious Allies in the aftermath of Plataea ; now at the Hippodrome of Constantinople In the immediate aftermath of Salamis , Xerxes attempted to build a pontoon bridge or causeway across the straits , in order to use his army to attack the Athenians ; however , with the Greek fleet now confidently patrolling the straits , this proved futile . Herodotus tells us that Xerxes held a council of war , at which the Persian general Mardonius tried to make light of the defeat : Sire , be not grieved nor greatly distressed because of what has befallen us . It is not on things of wood that the issue hangs for us , but on men and horses ... If then you so desire , let us straightway attack the Peloponnese , or if it pleases you to wait , that also we can do ... It is best then that you should do as I have said , but if you have resolved to lead your army away , even then I have another plan . Do not , O king , make the Persians the laughing - stock of the Greeks , for if you have suffered harm , it is by no fault of the Persians . Nor can you say that we have anywhere done less than brave men should , and if Phoenicians and Egyptians and Cyprians and Cilicians have so done , it is not the Persians who have any part in this disaster .",
"20": "Therefore , since the Persians are in no way to blame , be guided by me ; if you are resolved not to remain , march homewards with the greater part of your army . It is for me , however , to enslave and deliver Hellas to you with three hundred thousand of your host whom I will choose . Fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe , Xerxes resolved to do this , taking the greater part of the army with him . Mardonius handpicked the troops who were to remain with him in Greece , taking the elite infantry units and cavalry , to complete the conquest of Greece . All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica , however , with Mardonius over-wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly ; the Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt city for the winter . The following year , 479 BC , Mardonius recaptured Athens ( the Allied army still preferring to guard the Isthmus ) . However , the Allies , under Spartan leadership , eventually agreed to try to force Mardonius to battle , and marched on Attica . Mardonius retreated to Boeotia to lure the Greeks into open terrain and the two sides eventually met near the city of Plataea ( which had been razed the previous year ) . There , at the Battle of Plataea , the Greek army won a decisive victory , destroying much of the Persian army and ending the invasion of Greece ; whilst at the near - simultaneous Battle of Mycale the Allied fleet destroyed much of the remaining Persian fleet . Significance ( edit ) Monument for the Battle of Salamis , Kynosoura peninsula , Salamis Island , Greece , by sculptor Achilleas Vasileiou The Battle of Salamis marked the turning point in the Greco - Persian wars . After Salamis , the Peloponnese , and by extension Greece as an entity , was safe from conquest ; and the Persians suffered a major blow to their prestige and morale ( as well as severe material losses ) . At the following battles of Plataea and Mycale , the threat of conquest was removed , and the Allies were able to go on the counter-offensive .",
"21": "The Greek victory allowed Macedon to revolt against Persian rule ; and over the next 30 years , Thrace , the Aegean Islands and finally Ionia would be removed from Persian control by the Allies , or by the Athenian - dominated successor , the Delian League . Salamis started a decisive swing in the balance of power toward the Greeks , which would culminate in an eventual Greek victory , severely reducing Persian power in the Aegean . Like the Battles of Marathon and Thermopylae , Salamis has gained something of a ' legendary ' status ( unlike , for instance , the more decisive Battle of Plataea ) , perhaps because of the desperate circumstances and the unlikely odds . A significant number of historians have stated that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history ( though the same is often stated of Marathon ) . In a more extreme form of this argument , some historians argue that if the Greeks had lost at Salamis , the ensuing conquest of Greece by the Persians would have effectively stifled the growth of Western Civilization as we know it . This view is based on the premise that much of modern Western society , such as philosophy , science , personal freedom and democracy are rooted in the legacy of Ancient Greece . Thus , this school of thought argues that , given the domination of much of modern history by Western Civilization , Persian domination of Greece might have changed the whole trajectory of human history . It is also worth mentioning that the celebrated blossoming of hugely influential Athenian culture occurred only after the Persian wars were won . Militarily , it is difficult to draw many lessons from Salamis , because of the uncertainty about what actually happened . Once again the Allies chose their ground well in order to negate Persian numbers , but this time ( unlike Thermopylae ) had to rely on the Persians launching an unnecessary attack for their position to count . ( Hale , John R . ) . Since it brought about that attack , perhaps the most important military lesson is to be found in the use of deception by Themistocles to bring about the desired response from the enemy . According to Plutarch , the previously undistinguished Cimon `` obtained great repute among the Athenians '' due to his courage in battle ; this reputation later enabled him to launch his political career .",
"22": "Anchorage discovery ( edit ) On March 17 , 2017 , archaeologists announced that they have uncovered the partially submerged remains of the anchorage used by the Greek warships prior to the Battle of Salamis . The site of the ancient mooring site is on the island of Salamis , at the coastal Ambelaki - Kynosaurus site . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 48 ^ Jump up to : Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 1971 ^ Jump up to : Demetrius , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Hanson , pp. 12 -- 60 Jump up ^ Cicero , On the Laws I , 5 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. xvi -- xvii . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War , e.g. , I , 22 ^ Jump up to : Finley , p. 15 Jump up ^ Holland , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Pipes 1998 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Fehling , pp. 1 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca Historica , XI , 28 -- 34 Jump up ^ Note to Herodotus IX , 81 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 47 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 203 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 105 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 171 -- 178 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 44 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 101 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 113 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 206 -- 206 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 208 -- 211 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp.",
"23": "213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 35 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 217 -- 223 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 32 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 145 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 226 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 173 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 255 -- 257 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 40 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 292 -- 294 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 18 Jump up ^ Herodotus , VIII , 21 Jump up ^ Dandamaev , E.A. ( 1989 ) . A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire . Leiden , The Netherlands : E.J. Brill . p. 204 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09172 - 6 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 50 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 71 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 302 -- 303 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 63 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 164 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 68 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 69 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 74 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 310 -- 315 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 75 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 76 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 318 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 78 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 70 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 81 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 82 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 83 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 316 Jump up ^ Herodotus , VIII , 44 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 46 Jump up ^ e.g.",
"24": ", Macaulay , in a note accompanying his translation of Herodotus VIII , 85 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 82 Jump up ^ Aeschylus , The Persians ^ Jump up to : Ctesias , Persica ( from Photius 's Epitome ) Jump up ^ Lee , A Layered Look Reveals Ancient Greek Texts ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 44 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 1 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 43 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 45 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 47 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 89 Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 188 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 14 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 11 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 60 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VII , 185 Jump up ^ Aeschylus , The Persians Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus XI , 3 Jump up ^ Lysias II , 27 Jump up ^ Ephorus , Universal History Jump up ^ Isocrates , Oration VII , 49 Jump up ^ Isocrates , Oration IV , 93 Jump up ^ Plato , Laws III , 699 Jump up ^ Köster ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Holland , p. 394 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Green , p. 61 Jump up ^ Burn , p. 331 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 209 -- 212 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 327 -- 329 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 308 -- 309 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 248 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 303 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 68 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p.",
"25": "138 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 222 -- 224 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 34 -- 37 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 60 ^ Jump up to : Strauss , pp. 1 -- 294 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 399 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII 85 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus Siculus , Biblioteca Historica XI , 18 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 76 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 320 -- 326 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 174 -- 180 Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Biblioteca Historica XI , 17 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 84 Jump up ^ Aesch . Pers. 402 - 5 . Available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0011%3Acard%3D395 . Editor 's translation . ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 94 Jump up ^ Plutarch . Themistocles , 14 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 84 ; Macaulay translation cf . Godley translation Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 86 Jump up ^ History Alive ! The Ancient World . California : Teachers Curriculum Institute . 2004 . p. 275 . ISBN 1 - 58371 - 351 - 4 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Herodotus VII , 184 Jump up ^ Lord Byron , Don Juan , Canto 3 , 86.4 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 89 Jump up ^ Themistocles By Plutarch `` Ariamenes , admiral to Xerxes , a brave man and by far the best and worthiest of the king 's brothers , was seen throwing darts and shooting arrows from his huge galley , as from the walls of a castle . Aminias the Decelean and Sosicles the Pedian ( This is wrong translation his name was Socles and he was from Palene ) , who sailed in the same vessel , upon the ships meeting stem to stem , and transfixing each the other with their brazen prows , so that they were fastened together , when Ariamenes attempted to board theirs , ran at him with their pikes , and thrust him into the sea ... '' Jump up ^ Plutarch Parallel Lives Themistocles , 14 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 87 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 88 Jump up ^ Herodotus Book 8 : Urania , 87 `` When the affairs of the king had come to great confusion , at this crisis a ship of Artemisia was being pursued by an Athenian ship ; and as she was not able to escape , for in front of her were other ships of her own side , while her ship , as it chanced , was furthest advanced towards the enemy , she resolved what she would do , and it proved also much to her advantage to have done so . While she was being pursued by the Athenian ship she charged with full career against a ship of her own side manned by Calyndians and in which the king of the Calyndians Damasithymos was embarked . '' Jump up ^ Polyaenus : Stratagems - BOOK 8 , 53.2 `` ... sank a ship of the Calyndian allies , which was commanded by Damasithymus . '' Jump up ^ `` Herodotus Book 8 : Urania , 88 '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 91 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 92 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 95 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 130 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VIII , 90 Jump up ^ `` Diodorus Siculus , Library , Book XI , Chapter 19 , section 4 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 100 Jump up ^ Herodotus VIII , 97 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 338 -- 341 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 333 -- 335 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 247 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 359 -- 363 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 366 Jump up ^ Discussed by Green ( The Year of Salamis ) , p xxiii and Holland , pp. xvi -- xxii Jump up ^ `` The Fabulous Fifth Century : Athens During the Age of Pericles - II . Greek Society After the Persian Wars '' . Molloy.edu . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Society After the Persian Wars '' . Hermes-press.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Persian War in ancient Greece '' . Essortment.com. 1986 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Lives . `` Life of Cimon ''. ( University of Calgary / Wikisource ) Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists say they 've uncovered site where ancient Athenian fleet docked before Battle of Salamis '' . Naftemporiki. 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 .",
"28": "References ( edit ) Ancient sources ( edit ) Herodotus , The Histories Perseus online version Aeschylus , extract from The Persians Ctesias , Persica ( excerpt in Photius 's epitome ) Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca Historica Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War Ephorus , Universal History Plutarch , Themistocles Cicero , On the Laws Modern sources ( edit ) Burn , A.R. ( 1985 ) . `` Persia and the Greeks '' in The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 2 : The Median and Achaemenid Periods , Ilya Gershevitch , ed . Cambridge University Press . Fehling , D. ( 1989 ) . Herodotus and His `` Sources '' : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . `` Introduction '' . Thucydides -- History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044039 - 9 . Green , Peter ( 1970 ) . The Year of Salamis , 480 -- 479 BC . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson ( ISBN 0 - 297 - 00146 - 9 ) . Green , Peter ( 1998 ) . The Greco - Persian Wars . Berkeley : University of California Press ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20573 - 1 ) ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20313 - 5 ) . Hale , John R. ( 2009 ) Lords of the Sea . Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02080 - 5 Hanson , Victor Davis ( 2001 ) . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power .",
"29": "New York : DoubleDay , 2001 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50052 - 1 ) ; New York : Anchor Books ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 385 - 72038 - 6 ) . Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek nation ) vol Β , Εκδοτική Αθηνών ( Editorial Athens ) 1971 . Holland , Tom ( 2005 ) . Persian Fire . London : Abacus ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11717 - 1 ) . Köster , A.J. ( 1934 ) . Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens . Klio Belheft 32 . Lazenby , J.F. ( 1993 ) . The Defence of Greece 490 -- 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . ( ISBN 0 - 85668 - 591 - 7 ) . Lee , Felicia R. ( 2006 ) . A Layered Look Reveals Ancient Greek Texts The New York Times , 27 November 2006 . Pipes , David ( 1998 ) . `` Herodotus : Father of History , Father of Lies '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Strauss , Barry ( 2004 ) . The Battle of Salamis : The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece -- and Western Civilization . New York : Simon and Schuster ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4450 - 8 ; paperback , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4451 - 6 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Salamis .",
"30": "Salamis at the Ancient History Encyclopedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Salamis&oldid=821677792 '' Categories : Battle of Salamis Naval battles involving the Achaemenid Empire Naval battles involving Athens 480 BC Saronic Gulf Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Greek - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4950472843406558062
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who is john snow on game of thrones
|
[
"Kit Harington",
"the illegitimate son of Ned Stark"
] |
{
"0": "Jon Snow ( character ) - wikipedia Jon Snow ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search Jon Snow A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Kit Harington as Jon Snow First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Video game : `` The Lost Lords '' ( 2015 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Kit Harington ( Game of Thrones ) Voiced by Kit Harington ( video game ) Information Aliases Lord Snow The Bastard of Winterfell King Crow The White Wolf Aegon Targaryen ( birth name , TV series ) Gender Male Title Lord Paramount and Warden of the North ( TV series ) King in the North ( TV series ) 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch Family House Stark House Targaryen ( TV series ) Significant other ( s ) Ygritte Daenerys Targaryen ( TV series ) Relatives Books : Ned Stark ( father ) Robb Stark ( half - brother ) Sansa Stark ( half - sister ) Arya Stark ( half - sister ) Bran Stark ( half - brother ) Rickon Stark ( half - brother ) Brandon Stark ( uncle ) Benjen Stark ( uncle ) Lyanna Stark ( aunt ) TV series : Lyanna Stark ( mother ) Rhaegar Targaryen ( biological father ) Ned Stark ( uncle / adoptive father ) Robb Stark ( cousin / adoptive brother ) Sansa Stark ( cousin / adoptive sister ) Arya Stark ( cousin / adoptive sister ) Bran Stark ( cousin / adoptive brother ) Rickon Stark ( cousin / adoptive brother ) Rhaenys Targaryen ( half - sister ) Aegon Targaryen ( half - brother ) Brandon Stark ( uncle ) Benjen Stark ( uncle ) Viserys Targaryen ( uncle ) Daenerys Targaryen ( aunt ) Kingdom The North Jon Snow is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R.",
"1": "Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He is a prominent point of view character in the novels , and has been called one of the author 's `` finest creations '' and most popular characters by The New York Times . Jon is a main character in the TV series , and his storyline in the 2015 season 5 finale generated a strong reaction among viewers . Speculation about the character 's parentage has also been a popular topic of discussion among fans of both the books and the TV series . Jon is introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark , the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Knowing his prospects are limited by his status , Jon joins the Night 's Watch , who guard the far northern borders from the wildlings who live beyond The Wall . As the rest of the Starks face grave adversity , Jon finds himself honor bound to remain with the Watch . In A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , he joins a scouting party investigating the growing threat from the otherworldly `` Others '' beyond the Wall , and manages to infiltrate the wildlings . Jon learns of their plans to invade Westeros in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) , and begins to fall in love with the fierce wildling woman Ygritte . He betrays them -- and Ygritte -- before they can attack , but the Night Watch 's victory comes at a heavy price for Jon . Now the Lord Commander of the Watch , he appears briefly in 2005 's A Feast for Crows . Jon returns as a prominent character in a A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) , working to negotiate an alliance between the Night 's Watch and the wildlings . The growing animosity he has attracted from among the Watch finally catches up with him , and he is forced to face the dire consequences . Jon is portrayed by Kit Harington on the HBO series Game of Thrones . His storyline follows the character 's plot arc from the novel series , though season 6 and season 7 of the TV adaptation continue on from the events of Martin 's latest published installment . Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role in 2016 .",
"2": "He was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2012 , 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Parentage 2 Storylines 2.1 A Game of Thrones 2.2 A Clash of Kings 2.3 A Storm of Swords 2.4 A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons 2.5 Family tree 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Overview 3.2 Storylines 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.3 Recognition and awards 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) In A Game of Thrones , Jon Snow is introduced as the 14 - year - old bastard son of Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Lord of Winterfell , and half - brother to Robb , Sansa , Arya , Bran and Rickon . Jon is described as having strong Stark features with a lean build , long face , dark brown hair and grey eyes . Jon has the surname `` Snow '' ( customarily used for illegitimate children in the North ) and is resented by Ned 's wife Catelyn , who views him as a constant reminder of Ned 's infidelity . Jon is the same age as Robb and enjoys a warm relationship with his siblings , particularly the tomboy Arya ( who resembles Jon and like him does not feel like she fits in ) . Ned treats Jon as much like his other children as propriety and his honor will allow . Still , as somewhat of an outsider , Jon has learned to be independent and to fend for himself when necessary . Jon idolizes his father , but is wounded by Ned 's refusal to tell him about his mother . At the beginning of the story , Jon adopts the albino direwolf that he names Ghost . He later finds that at times he can `` inhabit '' the wolf and share its experiences .",
"3": "David Orr of The New York Times describes Jon as `` a complex , thoughtful and basically good character '' . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the creators and executive producers of the television adaptation of the series , explain that Jon is one of several characters in the series who must `` face hard truths about the world they live in , and adapt themselves to those truths '' because `` The struggle many of them face is how to do that without losing their grip on who they are . '' Ned Stark teaches all his children about leadership , selflessness , duty and honor . Following his father 's example becomes more difficult as Jon faces challenges to his identity as a man , a Stark , and a brother of the Night 's Watch . Benioff and Weiss note that `` Jon Snow tries to live with honor , while knowing that honor often gets his family members murdered . '' Writing for Variety about the season 6 episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' , Laura Prudom suggests that Jon `` has the same shortcomings '' as his father : `` he fights with honor against opponents who are all too willing to use that predictable morality against him '' . Jon is a prominent point of view character in the novels , and has been called one of Martin 's `` finest creations '' . Jon is introduced as the illegitimate son of a Northern lord who , realizing he is an outsider in his own family , follows his uncle to the far north and accepts the honorable duty of serving in the Night 's Watch . But as much as he is a second - class Stark at home , initially his fellow recruits and brothers of the Watch set him apart as privileged and aloof . Jon adapts , soon proving himself to be wise , compassionate , and a natural leader . Over the course of the series , Jon 's loyalty to the Watch and its vows , his family , and even Westeros itself are tested as he becomes embroiled in the efforts of the wildlings from Beyond the Wall to force their way back into the Seven Kingdoms . He lives among them as a spy for the Watch , sympathetic to their cause and becoming romantically involved with the tenacious Ygritte . However he ultimately betrays them to defend The Wall . Later , as the newest Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , he pursues an alliance with the wildlings .",
"4": "Several reviews of 2011 's A Dance with Dragons noted the return to the narrative of Jon , Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister , the three popular characters whom fans had missed most from the previous volume , A Feast for Crows . These `` favorites '' had last been featured 11 years before in Martin 's A Storm of Swords . In A Dance with Dragons , Jon 's leadership of the Night 's Watch is complicated by several unprecedented challenges , including a wildling alliance , the demands of would - be-king Stannis Baratheon and the conflicting factions developing within the Watch itself . The New York Times notes that `` Jon 's leadership is the best hope of Westeros , so naturally he 's in imminent danger throughout A Dance With Dragons . '' James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly called Jon 's final chapter in A Dance with Dragons `` a harsh chapter in terms of fan expectations . You go from this total high of Jon giving this rousing speech about going after the evil Ramsay Bolton , to this utter low of his men turning against him . '' Jon 's presence in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter is uncertain . Asked what he thought was Jon 's biggest `` mistake '' , Martin replied : Were they mistakes ? I guess they were mistakes in some ways since they led to him losing control of part of his group . But it might have been wise and necessary decisions in terms of protecting the realm and dealing with the threat of the White Walkers . I 'm a huge student of history , and all through history there 's always this question of what 's the right decision . You look back with benefit of hindsight at a battle that was lost and say , ' The losing general was such an idiot . ' Was Napoleon a genius for all the battles he won ? Or an idiot for losing at Waterloo ? Partly I 'm reacting to a lot of the fantasy that has come before this . Ruling is difficult whether you 're a Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch or the King of England . These are hard decisions and each have consequences . We 're looking at Jon trying to take control of Night 's Watch and deal with the wildlings and the threat beyond The Wall .",
"5": "Parentage ( edit ) The identity of Jon 's mother has created much speculation among readers of the series , and guessing her identity was the test Martin gave Benioff and Weiss when they approached him in March 2006 about adapting his novels into a TV series . In the novels , Martin hints that she could be a servant named Wylla , or the noblewoman Ashara Dayne . The popular fan theory -- called `` R + L = J '' , an abbreviation of `` Rhaegar + Lyanna = Jon '' -- proposes that Jon is not the son of Ned at all , but is actually the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Ned 's younger sister Lyanna Stark . Though the character is presented as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark , David Orr voiced the doubt of some readers when he wrote in The New York Times in 2011 , `` Jon Snow is presented as the illegitimate son of the Stark patriarch , although it 's uncertain whether Stark is indeed his father . '' Actor Sean Bean , who portrays Ned in the HBO television series , said when asked in a 2014 interview about returning to the series to appear in flashbacks , `` I 've definitely got some unfinished business that needs to be resolved there . I 'm obviously not Jon Snow 's dad . And you need that to be revealed at some point , do n't you ? '' The uncertainty arises from anecdotal evidence in the texts interpreted by readers to connect the mysterious maternity of Ned 's son with the vague backstory of his sister Lyanna . As recounted by Ned in A Game of Thrones , at a tourney years before the events of the novel , Rhaegar had shown public favor to Lyanna in the presence of his own wife , the Dornish princess Elia Martell . When Rhaegar and Lyanna disappeared a year later , her father Rickard and eldest brother Brandon confronted Rhaegar 's father , the Mad King Aerys Targaryen , demanding that his son return the abducted Lyanna . Aerys had Rickard and Brandon brutally executed for their insolence , inciting Ned and his friend Robert Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End and Lyanna 's betrothed , to rebel against Aerys .",
"6": "In what later became known as Robert 's Rebellion , Aerys was overthrown and Rhaegar was killed by Robert in single combat . After a bloody battle against three of Aerys ' Kingsguard protecting the Tower of Joy in Dorne , Ned found Lyanna inside , in a `` bed of blood . '' She died shortly after eliciting a promise from Ned . Once the war was won , he returned to Winterfell with his illegitimate son Jon . The R + L = J theory posits that rather than Rhaegar kidnapping Lyanna , they fell in love and ran away together . Living for a year in the Tower of Joy , they conceived a child -- Jon . Rhaegar was killed in battle by Robert , and Lyanna died in childbirth . Ned claimed the baby as his own to protect him from Robert , who sought to exterminate all Targaryens out of hatred and to secure his claim to the throne . HBO 's Game of Thrones has included in its adaptation many of the `` hints '' identified by this theory . In the season 6 finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , Bran Stark has a vision of the past which shows Ned reuniting with a dying Lyanna in the Tower of Joy . Lyanna makes him promise to protect her son -- Jon . An infographic subsequently posted on the HBO - controlled website MakingGameofThrones.com confirmed Rhaegar as Jon 's father . Journalists later commented on the significance of two plot points in the season 7 episode `` Eastwatch '' . One of Daenerys Targaryen 's dragons , Drogon , approaches Jon calmly and allows the King in the North to pet him , seemingly recognizing him as a Targaryen . Later , Gilly learns from a book at the Citadel that a High Septon annulled Rhaegar 's marriage , and married him to someone else in Dorne , suggesting the possibility that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar and Lyanna . The season 7 finale episode `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' confirmed that Jon is indeed the legitimate son of Rhaegar and Lyanna , and that his birth name is Aegon Targaryen .",
"7": "Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of the Night 's Watch and House Stark A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Jon Snow is first introduced in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , as he and his five siblings adopt six orphaned direwolf cubs . As Ned Stark 's illegitimate son and with Ned 's wife Catelyn despising him , Jon has always felt removed from the rest of the Stark family . He resolves to join the Night 's Watch , as his status as a bastard prevents him from holding lands or marrying into a good family . At The Wall , the other recruits resent Jon 's aura of superiority , but he makes amends by helping them master swordplay . He also befriends Samwell Tarly , a cowardly lordling who , despite being helpless with weapons , displays an aptitude for book learning . Jon 's independence and his compassion for the recruits invite the ire of the harsh master - at - arms Alliser Thorne , who sees Jon as a threat to his authority . Jon gains the notice of the Lord Commander , Jeor Mormont , who names Jon his personal squire and grooms Jon for command . After learning of his father 's execution , Jon resolves to desert the Night 's Watch and join his half brother Robb , but the other recruits convince Jon to remain loyal to his Night 's Watch vows . The next night , Jon saves Mormont 's life by killing an undead wight . Mormont then orders a Great Ranging beyond the Wall to learn more of this new threat . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) In 1998 's A Clash of Kings , Mormont leads a party of Night 's Watch rangers beyond the Wall to investigate the disappearance of Jon 's uncle Benjen , assess the intentions of the wildling leader Mance Rayder and learn more of the threat posed by the Others . Jon is sent out with a scouting party led by Qhorin Halfhand . On the journey , Jon comes upon a wildling lookout and takes the warrior girl Ygritte captive ; though told to kill her , Jon lets her escape . Jon and Qhorin are subsequently captured by the wildlings . Qhorin , who faces certain execution at Mance 's hands , commands Jon to infiltrate the wildlings and learn their plans , at any cost .",
"8": "Jon pretends to disavow the Night 's Watch , and the wildlings force him to fight Qhorin to the death to earn their trust . With Qhorin 's silent consent , Jon kills him with the aid of Ghost . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) As A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) begins , Jon has gained the trust of the wildlings by killing Qhorin , and marches with their host . He learns that Mance intends to breach the Wall and march south to escape the Others , crushing the Night 's Watch if necessary . Jon finds himself torn between his growing love for Ygritte and his vows of celibacy . After climbing over The Wall with Ygritte and Tormund Giantsbane , Jon deserts them to warn the Watch of the impending attack . He helps defend Castle Black against the wildlings ' initial attacks despite his lack of men and weapons . Ygritte is killed in the fighting , leaving Jon stricken . When the battle is won , Jon is arrested for desertion by Thorne and Janos Slynt , but is freed after convincing the judges of his loyalty . Still suspicious , Thorne orders that Jon be sent to kill Mance under the pretense of parley , but Jon 's task is interrupted by the arrival of Stannis Baratheon 's army . Stannis offers to legitimize Jon and declare him Lord of Winterfell if he will align the North with Stannis . Though greatly tempted at the prospect of becoming a true Stark , Jon again chooses to remain loyal to his Night 's Watch vows . With Sam 's help , Jon is elected to the position of Lord Commander by acclamation . A Feast for Crows and a Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Jon is not a POV character in 2005 's A Feast for Crows , but appears briefly from Sam 's perspective as he sends Sam away from Castle Black with the Watch 's Maester Aemon and Mance 's newborn son to protect them from sacrifice by the Red Priestess Melisandre . Jon also gives Sam the specific mission of traveling to the Citadel in Oldtown to become a maester , so that he may better understand the threat of the Others and eventually succeed Maester Aemon .",
"9": "In A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) , after sending Sam away to the Citadel to become a Maester , Jon successfully negotiates the peaceful surrender of the remains of Mance 's army . He promises to settle the wildlings in sparsely populated regions of the North , and allows some of them to join the Watch to garrison the many abandoned Night 's Watch fortresses . Many members of the Watch dislike the idea of allowing their ancient enemies through the Wall and welcoming them into their ranks . Jon attempts to juggle the integration of the wildlings , growing unrest within the Night 's Watch , and Stannis ' attempts to use the Watch in his war for the Iron Throne , while trying to maintain the Watch 's strict political neutrality . Already agitated by these unprecedented developments , a group of officers led by Slynt openly defies Jon 's orders . When Slynt refuses to submit , Jon executes the man himself . Stannis explains to Jon his plan to attack the Dreadfort , but Jon advises him to instead rally the Mountain Clans and attack Deepwood Motte , the fortress of House Glover recently captured by the Ironborn . Stannis does so , winning the support of the Glovers and the Mormonts . Jon learns that his sister Arya is being married to Ramsay Bolton so that the Boltons may claim Winterfell . Unaware that the bride is actually Jeyne Poole , Jon sends Mance to rescue her while Stannis marches on Winterfell . Jon later receives a letter from Ramsay claiming that Stannis has been defeated and Mance is a prisoner . Ramsay demands hostages , else he will march on the Wall and kill Jon . Jon decides to seek out and kill Ramsay himself , but he is stabbed by his Night 's Watch brothers seeking to uphold the Watch 's neutrality before he can leave Castle Black . Jon 's presence in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter is uncertain ; when asked in 2011 by Entertainment Weekly `` Why did you kill Jon Snow ? '' , author Martin responded `` Oh , you think he 's dead , do you ? '' Asked later whether Jon was killed or will survive , Martin responded with a laugh , `` I will not comment on that . ''",
"10": "Family tree ( edit ) Descendants of Rickard Stark Rickard Lyarra Brandon Catelyn Tully Eddard Lyanna Benjen Robb Jeyne Westerling Sansa Tyrion Lannister Arya Brandon Rickon Jon Snow Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eddard '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Stark Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Stark '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 785 -- 786 . ^ Jump up to : In the TV series Game of Thrones , Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 14 : Catelyn '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . TV adaptation ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Kit Harington plays the role of Jon Snow in the television series . Martin told Rolling Stone in 2014 that some early inquiries he received about adapting A Song of Ice and Fire suggested identifying the story 's `` important character '' and focusing on that individual plot line : Jon and Daenerys Targaryen being the two most popular choices . Martin was not interested in sacrificing so much of the overall story .",
"11": "When the pilot for the HBO adaptation went into production years later , one of the first parts cast was Jon , with Kit Harington announced in the role in July 2009 . Alfie Allen and Iwan Rheon had also auditioned for the role , and were brought into the show to play Theon Greyjoy and Ramsay Snow instead , respectively . In October 2014 , Harington and several other key cast members , all contracted for six seasons of the series , renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five , six , and seven . The Hollywood Reporter called the raises `` huge '' , noting that the deal would make the performers `` among the highest - paid actors on cable TV '' . Deadline.com put the number for season five at `` close to $300,000 an episode '' for each actor , and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid `` upward of $500,000 per episode '' for seasons seven and the potential eight . In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £ 2 million per episode for the show . As the series premiered , TV Guide called Harington a `` soulful heartthrob '' whose Jon is idolized by his younger siblings and who `` seeks purpose '' by joining the Night 's Watch . Creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss later noted that Jon `` tries to live with honor , while knowing that honor often gets his family members murdered '' . They explained that he is one of several characters in the series who must `` face hard truths about the world they live in , and adapt themselves to those truths . The struggle many of them face is how to do that without losing their grip on who they are . '' Matt Fowler of IGN wrote in 2013 that while Jon and Daenerys ' storylines in season 1 and season 2 `` felt very separate '' from the rest of the series ' plot , for the first time in season 3 , `` Jon 's entire situation felt incorporated into the larger picture . '' Fowler also added that Jon 's `` oath - breaking romance with Ygritte added a lot of heat to the story '' . In May 2015 , International Business Times called Jon `` clearly the most popular character '' of the series .",
"12": "The costumes of Ygritte , Jon Snow , and Tormund Giantsbane in the show In a 2015 interview Benioff said , `` The problem with Jon is , he 's not a cautious man . It 's the problem with him , and also the reason we love him . He is a hero , but heroes are inherently incautious . '' Weiss added , `` At the end of the day , Jon is his father 's son , he 's a person who 's honorable to a fault and does the right thing even when the right thing is extremely dangerous to him personally . '' In the June 2015 season 5 finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , Jon is stabbed to death by Alliser Thorne and several men of the Night 's Watch after being labeled a traitor . With Martin 's 2011 novel A Dance with Dragons vague on Jon 's fate , Harington confirmed the character 's death in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , saying `` I 've been told I 'm dead . I 'm dead . I 'm not coming back next season . '' He added , `` I loved how they brought ( the orphan boy ) Olly in to be the person who kills me . I love how the storyline with Thorne was wrapped up . '' Benioff also said of the episode : This is obviously a big deal , the death of Jon Snow . This is something we 've been thinking about for a long long time , and Alliser kills him , it 's kind of like , it 's a bad guy killing a good guy . But when it 's Olly holding the knife ... Olly 's not a bad guy . Olly 's a kid who 's seen just way too much horror way too early , and he makes a decision that 's a really hard decision for him but you understand where he 's coming from ... It 's one of those great conflicts that makes us love the books and this saga , is that it 's , ultimately it 's not just about good vs evil , it 's about people of good intentions who come into conflict with each other because they have very different views of the world , and unfortunately it did not work out well for Jon Snow in this case .",
"13": "Writing for The New York Times , Jeremy Egner called Jon 's demise `` the biggest death on the show '' since Ned Stark 's beheading in season 1 . Amid strong fan reaction over Jon 's death on social media , immediately following the episode journalists began theorizing how the show could resurrect the character . Nate Jones of Vulture.com noted : It 's easy to see what ( other characters ' ) deaths meant for the series ' sprawling narrative : Ned 's execution sent the Stark kids adrift in a universe where there was nobody looking out for them , while Robb 's murder was the final death knell for the hopes that the saga would ever have a traditional ' happy ' ending . What would be accomplished , narratively , by getting rid of Jon permanently right now ? A July 2015 sighting of Harington arriving in Belfast , a primary filming location for the series where other actors were arriving for season 6 script read - throughs , prompted further speculation about the character 's return . However , a story in Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance had been seen in Belfast the previous year after his character Tywin Lannister 's death as well , and he only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season as a corpse . Another photo that showed Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit was published on September 25 , 2015 . A season 6 Game of Thrones promotional poster released in November 2015 featured a bloodied Jon . Jon is resurrected by Melisandre in `` Home '' , the May 2016 second episode of season 6 . Though calling it a `` predictable move '' for a television series , David Sims of The Atlantic praised the plot development as `` the right choice '' for the show 's narrative . In a subsequent interview with Entertainment Weekly , Harington said : I 'd like to say sorry for lying to everyone . I 'm glad that people were upset that he died . I think my biggest fear was that people were not going to care ... But it seems like people had a , similar to the Red Wedding episode , kind of grief about it . Which means something I 'm doing -- or the show is doing -- is right .",
"14": "Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair credited Jon 's much - discussed cliffhanger death as a primary factor behind Game of Thrones ' subsequent 25 % ratings increase for season 6 . Harington 's performance in season 6 earned the actor his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination in July 2016 . Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Following the plot of A Game of Thrones , in season 1 Jon , the bastard son of Ned Stark , joins the Night 's Watch . He arrives at the Wall , with his direwolf Ghost in tow , to find that the order is a shadow of its former self . Raised to be a talented fighter with a strong sense of justice and honor , Jon is at first contemptuous of his fellow recruits , who are mostly lowborn , untrained criminals and exiles . In `` Lord Snow '' , he is persuaded by Tyrion Lannister to put aside his prejudices , and helps some of the others with their weapons training . Jon befriends Samwell Tarly , who is more an intellectual than a fighter . Jon takes his vows but is disappointed to be made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger in `` You Win or You Die '' . Sam points out that he is likely being groomed for command . Jon saves Mormont from a wight in `` The Pointy End '' , and in `` Baelor '' is given House Mormont 's ancestral blade Longclaw , a sword made of Valyrian steel , in thanks . Jon learns of his father 's execution for treason in `` Fire and Blood '' , and though tempted to leave the Wall to help his family , his sense of duty ultimately compels him to stay . Season 2 ( edit ) In season 2 , Jon witnesses the wildling Craster , a man with many wives who marries his own daughters , sacrifice his newborn son to the White Walkers in `` The Night Lands '' . Later , as part of a small scouting party led by Night 's Watch ranger Qhorin Halfhand , Jon is tasked to kill a wildling prisoner , the woman warrior Ygritte . He finds himself unable to do so in `` The Old Gods and the New '' , and she escapes , only to capture him with her comrades in `` The Prince of Winterfell '' .",
"15": "Qhorin orders Jon to pretend to defect and join the wildlings to discover their plans . In `` Valar Morghulis '' , Qhorin stages a fight and secretly instructs Jon to kill him to gain the wildlings ' trust . Jon does , and is taken to meet Mance Rayder , the wildlings ' King - Beyond - the Wall . Season 3 ( edit ) In season 3 , Jon pledges his loyalty to Mance and travels with the wildlings , learning that they intend to scale the Wall and force their way back into Westeros . Jon 's feelings for Ygritte begin to intensify , and they have sex in `` Kissed by Fire '' . When Jon refuses to kill an innocent man to prove his loyalty in `` The Rains of Castamere '' , he is attacked by the other wildlings , but escapes . In `` Mhysa '' , he is tracked by Ygritte , who shoots him with three arrows before he is able to escape again and return to Castle Black . Season 4 ( edit ) In `` Two Swords '' , Alliser Thorne and Janos Slynt call for Jon 's execution for defecting to the wildlings , but Maester Aemon is convinced of Jon 's loyalty to the Watch and sets him free . In `` First of His Name '' , Jon leads an expedition to Craster 's Keep , where some men of the Watch have mutinied and murdered Lord Commander Mormont . After defeating the mutineers , Jon is reunited with Ghost . Tormund 's wildlings attack Castle Black while Mance 's army besieges the Wall in `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . The wildlings are successfully repelled , though Ygritte is shot and dies in Jon 's arms . Before Jon can negotiate with or kill Mance , Stannis Baratheon 's army arrives and routs the wildling camp , taking Mance prisoner in the season finale `` The Children '' . Season 5 ( edit ) In `` The Wars to Come '' , Stannis enlists Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to add the wildling army to his own . Mance refuses to submit to Stannis , and the wildling king is burned at the stake by the red priestess Melisandre .",
"16": "In `` The House of Black and White '' , Stannis offers to legitimize Jon and make him lord of Winterfell in exchange for his support . Jon is voted the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , initially tying with his nemesis Thorne but having the tie settled by Maester Aemon . Jon 's intent to welcome the wildlings into Westeros and grant them lands by the Wall further enrages Thorne 's faction of the Watch , who hold a deep seated hatred for the wildlings . In `` Hardhome '' , Jon travels by ship north of the Wall to the eponymous wildling village , seeking their support for his plan to ally the Night 's Watch and the wildlings against the growing threat of the White Walkers . As some the wildling clans board Stannis ' ships to travel south , a massive force of wights , led by White Walkers and their Night King , attacks the village . Jon kills a White Walker with Longclaw , learning that weapons forged with Valyrian steel can destroy them completely . Jon and his group barely make it out alive , with only a fraction of the wildling forces . Jon then permits the wildling forces to pass through the Wall into the North . Shortly after returning to Castle Black in the season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , Jon is summoned to hear news of his missing uncle Benjen , but is instead stabbed to death by Thorne and his group of mutineers . Season 6 ( edit ) In `` The Red Woman '' , Davos Seaworth , Dolorous Edd , and other brothers of the Watch loyal to Jon barricade themselves in a room with Ghost and Jon 's body , and an attack by Thorne and his men is thwarted by the arrival of Tormund and his wildlings . Davos encourages Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon in `` Home '' , and though the ritual at first seems to fail , Jon suddenly awakens . After hanging Thorne , Olly , Bowen Marsh , and Othell Yarwyck for their treason in `` Oathbreaker '' , Jon gives command of the Watch to Edd and prepares to leave Castle Black .",
"17": "In `` Book of the Stranger '' , he is reunited with his half - sister Sansa Stark , who has fled her abusive husband Ramsay Bolton and now seeks Jon 's aid in crushing the Boltons . Jon is hesitant until a threatening message arrives from Ramsay demanding Sansa 's return , and announcing Ramsay 's possession of their brother Rickon . Jon , Sansa , Davos , Tormund , and Brienne of Tarth set off to recruit an army to take back Winterfell and rescue Rickon from Ramsay in `` The Broken Man '' , but their forces grow to only half the size of Bolton 's . As the armies face each other in `` Battle of the Bastards '' , Ramsay murders Rickon to enrage Jon , who rushes in with murderous fury . A devastating battle ensues in which the outnumbered Stark forces are nearly slaughtered , until the Knights of the Vale from House Arryn arrive with Sansa and Petyr Baelish , and attack the Bolton army from the rear . Jon chases Ramsay back into Winterfell and beats him savagely , stopping before killing him . Sansa subsequently feeds Ramsay to his own hounds . In the season finale episode `` The Winds of Winter '' , Bran Stark has a vision of the past which shows Ned reuniting with a dying Lyanna in the Tower of Joy . She makes him swear to protect her son -- Jon . Meanwhile , the Northern lords name Jon the King in the North . Season 7 ( edit ) Attempting to bolster the North 's defenses in `` Dragonstone '' , Jon is frustrated when his authority is undermined by Sansa , who does not want him to repeat the mistakes that got their father Ned and brother Robb killed . Jon dismisses a message from Cersei Lannister that he swear his allegiance to her . In `` Stormborn '' , he receives an invitation to Dragonstone from Tyrion on Daenerys Targaryen 's behalf . Subsequently , receiving a message from Sam that a hoard of obsidian lies beneath the ancient Targaryen castle , Jon decides to meet Daenerys , leaving a surprised Sansa as his regent . At Dragonstone , he declines swearing fealty to Daenerys in `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and instead asks for her assistance fighting the White Walkers .",
"18": "She demurs , but permits him to mine the obsidian . In `` Eastwatch '' , Daenerys is surprised when her dragon Drogon approaches Jon and allows the King in the North to pet him . Determined to convince Cersei that their true enemy is the army of the dead , Jon leads an expedition north of the Wall to capture a wight and bring it south to King 's Landing . They manage to do so in `` Beyond the Wall '' , but are surrounded by a horde of the Night King 's minions . Daenerys arrives with her dragons , but the Night King kills one of them with an ice spear , forcing the others to flee without Jon . He is saved by the reappearance of his uncle Benjen , who is overtaken by the dead as Jon escapes back to the Wall . Daenerys vows to fight the White Walkers with Jon , and he agrees to swear fealty to her as his queen . In `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' , the two negotiate a truce with Cersei , who agrees to join them in fighting the Night King 's forces . Bran learns that Jon was born Aegon Targaryen , the legitimate son and heir of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark . Meanwhile , Jon and Daenerys finally give in to their growing attraction for each other and fall into bed together , unaware that they are related by blood . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role in 2016 . He said , `` It is a serious understatement to say that I am somewhat stunned ... For my work on Game of Thrones to be recognized in this way is an emotional moment for me . I could not be more humbled . '' Harington was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for the role in 2012 , 2016 , and 2017 . His other nominations include the Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series in 2012 , the Young Hollywood Award for Actor of the Year in 2013 , and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2016 . IGN also nominated Jon Snow as its Best TV Hero in 2011 .",
"19": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Orr , David ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Dragons Ascendant : George R.R. Martin and the Rise of Fantasy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Dana ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` A Dance with Dragons Review : In a Fantasyland of Liars , Trust No One , and Keep Your Dragon Close '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Game of Thrones : Analysis of Jon Snow '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Clash of Kings : Analysis of Jon Snow '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Character profile for Jon Snow '' . Goodreads . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . New York City : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones showrunners on those season 4 finale twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Recap : Women Rule in ' Battle of the Bastards ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Storm of Swords : Analysis of Jon Snow '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R.",
"20": "Martin 's Dance with Dragons : A Masterpiece Worthy of Tolkien '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` The Problems of Power : George R.R. Martin 's A Dance With Dragons '' . Time . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Thomas M. ( 2011 ) . `` Review : A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) '' . SFReviews.net . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hutley , Krist ( 2011 ) . `` Reviews : A Dance with Dragons '' . Booklist . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Dance With Dragons shocking twist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guillaume , Jenna ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This Game Of Thrones Fan Theory Will Blow Your Mind '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk Game of Thrones Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Longo , Donovan ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winds Of Winter Plot Spoilers : Who Is Jon Snow 's Mother ? '' . Latin Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grubbs , Jefferson ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Alternate Jon Snow Parentage Theories In Case Game Of Thrones Shoots Down R + L = J '' . Bustle . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Jon Snow 's parents to be revealed in Winds of Winter ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alt Shift X ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` R + L = J : who are Jon Snow 's parents ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pallotta , Frank ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Fans Have A Crazy Game Of Thrones Theory About Jon Snow 's True Parentage '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . pp. 49 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sean Bean on Legends , Method Acting , and Game of Thrones Flashbacks '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ García , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda . `` The Citadel : FAQ -- 6.2. 1 . Who are Jon Snow 's parents ? '' . Westeros : The A Song of Ice and Fire Domain . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . pp. 607 -- 608 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . pp.",
"22": "39 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . pp. 708 -- 709 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` This Game of Thrones Theory Will Blow Jon Snow Fans ' Minds '' . MTV News . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Daniella ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Did Game Of Thrones just confirm one of the biggest Jon Snow fan theories ? '' . Metro . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` All The Times Game of Thrones Tried to Tell You Who Jon Snow 's Parents Are '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones just revealed Jon Snow 's real parents '' . Vox . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Finale Recap : ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` See the Connections Behind Ned 's Promise With This Infographic '' . MakingGameofThrones.com ( HBO ) . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones finale confirms game - changing fan theory '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bricken , Rob ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` You Can Stop Second - Guessing That Big Jon Snow Revelation from the Finale '' . io9 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : ' Eastwatch ' ( Part 1 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Peter Allen ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Apparently Game of Thrones dragons enjoy the smell of Jon Snow '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Does Drogon Know Jon Snow Is A Targaryen On Game Of Thrones ? Daenerys ' Dragon May Sense The Secret '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : ' Eastwatch ' ( Part 3 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 3 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Megan ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Just Slipped in a Huge Reveal About Jon Snow 's Parents '' . Time . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The Massive Bombshell Hidden in Gilly 's Book '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones finale recap : ' The Dragon and the Wolf ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : How that Jon Snow twist changes everything '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 1998 ) . A Clash of Kings . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89785 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R.",
"24": "( 2000 ) . A Storm of Swords . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Aaron ( January 2006 ) . `` Fantasy Book Review : A Feast for Crows by George R.R. Martin '' . Fantastic Reviews . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Will Game of Thrones Jon Snow Have The Same Story In The Show As He Does In The Books ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . A Dance with Dragons . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Exclusive ! George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , The Winds of Winter , and Real - World Influences for A Song of Ice and Fire '' . SmarterTravel.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borysm ; Andreeva , Nellie ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Sean Bean to ascend to Thrones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Not A Blog : A Casting We Will Go '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 5 : what we learned from the Blu - rays '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ramsay Bolton of Game of Thrones Is the Most Hated Man on TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Culture : Iwan Rheon '' . Interview . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Belloni , Matthew ; Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Cast Signs for Season 7 with Big Raises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Stars Score Big Raises '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Roush Review : Grim Thrones Is a Crowning Achievement '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 .",
"26": "^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Sutrishna ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Who is Kit Harington ? 5 lesser - known facts about Game Of Thrones star Jon Snow '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Benioff , David ; Weiss , D.B. ( June 14 , 2015 ) . Ep. 50 : Inside The Episode ( Video ) . HBO . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones star on that shocking death : ' I 'm not coming back ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Recap : Shocking Deaths and a Walk of Shame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Fans are freaking out over the Game of Thrones cliffhanger finale '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Renfro , Kim ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` What the devastating Game of Thrones finale means for next season '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeLucci , Theresa ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 5 , Episode 10 : ' Mother 's Mercy ' '' . Tor.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Update : New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the ' Jon Snow Lives ' Conspiracy '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : ' Mother 's Mercy ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Why the Latest Game of Thrones Death Might Not Be Like the Others '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Rachel ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Spoiler : Is Kit Harington 's Jon Snow Alive ? Actor ' Spotted Close To Set In Belfast ' ... '' The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV News UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Kit Harington breaks his silence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 , Episode 2 : Jon Snow , Dragons and Ramsay 's Dogs '' .",
"28": "The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones and Television 's Long History of Cheating Death '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy nominations 2016 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rogue One , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Competition 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Golden Nymph Awards . 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Young Hollywood Awards : Check Out Early Winners '' . Wetpaint .",
"29": "Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Television Hero 2011 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters",
"30": "Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"31": "php?title=Jon_Snow_(character)&oldid=816235412 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional adoptees Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional kings Fictional lords and ladies Fictional orphans Fictional swordsmen Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Good articles All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Português Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the core of the sun in which the sun's thermonuclear energy is produced takes up about
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{
"0": "Sun - wikipedia Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the star . For other uses , see Sun ( disambiguation ) . The Sun Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter . Observation data Mean distance from Earth 1 au ≈ 7011149600000000000 ♠ 1.496 × 10 km 8 min 19 s at light speed Visual brightness ( V ) − 26.74 Absolute magnitude 4.83 Spectral classification G2V Metallicity Z = 0.0122 Angular size 31.6 -- 32.7 minutes of arc Adjectives Solar Orbital characteristics Mean distance from Milky Way core ≈ 7020270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 × 10 km 7004272000000000000 ♠ 27,200 light - years Galactic period ( 2.25 -- 2.50 ) × 10 yr Velocity ≈ 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220 km / s ( orbit around the center of the Milky Way ) ≈ 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20 km / s ( relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood ) ≈ 7005370000000000000 ♠ 370 km / s ( relative to the cosmic microwave background ) Physical characteristics Equatorial radius 695,700 km , 696,392 km 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 × Earth Equatorial circumference 7009437900000000000 ♠ 4.379 × 10 km 109 × Earth Flattening 6994900000000000000 ♠ 9 × 10 Surface area 7018609000000000000 ♠ 6.09 × 10 km 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 × Earth Volume 7027141000000000000 ♠ 1.41 × 10 km 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1,300,000 × Earth Mass 7030198855000000000 ♠ ( 1.988 55 ± 0.",
"1": "000 25 ) × 10 kg 7005333000000000000 ♠ 333,000 × Earth Average density 7003140800000000000 ♠ 1.408 g / cm 6999255000000000000 ♠ 0.255 × Earth Center density ( modeled ) 7005162200000000000 ♠ 162.2 g / cm 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 × Earth Equatorial surface gravity 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274.0 m / s 7001279400000000000 ♠ 27.94 g 7004275422900000000 ♠ 27,542.29 cgs 28 × Earth Moment of inertia factor 6998700000000000000 ♠ 0.070 ( estimate ) Escape velocity ( from the surface ) 7005617700000000000 ♠ 617.7 km / s 55 × Earth Temperature Center ( modeled ) : 7007157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 × 10 K Photosphere ( effective ) : 7003577200000000000 ♠ 5,772 K Corona : ≈ 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 K Luminosity ( L ) 7026382800000000000 ♠ 3.828 × 10 W ≈ 7028375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 × 10 lm ≈ 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 lm / W efficacy Mean radiance ( I ) 7007200900000000000 ♠ 2.009 × 10 W m sr Age ≈ 4.6 billion years Rotation characteristics Obliquity 7.25 ° ( to the ecliptic ) 67.23 ° ( to the galactic plane ) Right ascension of North pole 286.13 ° 19 h 4 min 30 s Declination of North pole + 63.87 ° 63 ° 52 ' North Sidereal rotation period ( at equator ) 25.05 d ( at 16 ° latitude ) 25.",
"2": "38 d 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s ( at poles ) 34.4 d Rotation velocity ( at equator ) 7003199694444444444 ♠ 7.189 × 10 km / h Photospheric composition ( by mass ) Hydrogen 73.46 % Helium 24.85 % Oxygen 0.77 % Carbon 0.29 % Iron 0.16 % Neon 0.12 % Nitrogen 0.09 % Silicon 0.07 % Magnesium 0.05 % Sulfur 0.04 % The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers , i.e. 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years .",
"3": "After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars , one of which is the predominant calendar in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 1.1 Religious aspects 2 Characteristics 3 Sunlight 4 Composition 4.1 Singly ionized iron - group elements 4.2 Isotopic composition 5 Structure and energy production 5.1 Core 5.2 Radiative zone 5.3 Tachocline 5.4 Convective zone 5.5 Photosphere 5.6 Atmosphere 5.7 Photons and neutrinos 6 Magnetism and activity 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Variation in activity 6.3 Long - term change 7 Life phases 7.1 Formation 7.2 Main sequence 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion 8 Motion and location 8.1 Orbit in Milky Way 9 Theoretical problems 9.1 Coronal heating problem 9.2 Faint young Sun problem 10 History of observation 10.1 Early understanding 10.2 Development of scientific understanding 10.3 Solar space missions 11 Observation and effects 12 Planetary system 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Name and Etymology The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south .",
"4": "Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunne , sonne , Old Saxon sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , modern Dutch zon , Old High German sunna , modern German Sonne , Old Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō . All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto - Germanic * sunnōn . The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English ( Sunnandæg ; `` Sun 's day '' , from before 700 ) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis , itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου ( hēméra hēlíou ) . The Latin name for the Sun , Sol , is not common in general English language use ; the adjectival form is the related word solar . The term sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet , such as Mars . A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours , whereas a mean Martian ' sol ' is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . Religious aspects Main article : Solar deity Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies . The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu , the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna , the Queen of Heaven , who was identified as the planet Venus . Later , Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash . Utu was regarded as a helper - deity , who aided those in distress , and , in iconography , he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw , which represented his role as the dispenser of justice . From at least the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra , portrayed as a falcon - headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk , and surrounded by a serpent . In the New Empire period , the Sun became identified with the dung beetle , whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun . In the form of the Sun disc Aten , the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent , if not only , divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton .",
"5": "In Proto - Indo - European religion , the sun was personified as the goddess * Seh ul . Derivatives of this goddess in Indo - European languages include the Old Norse Sól , Sanskrit Surya , Gaulish Sulis , Lithuanian Saulė , and Slavic Solntse . In ancient Greek religion , the sun deity was the male god Helios , but traces of an earlier female solar deity are preserved in Helen of Troy . In later times , Helios was syncretized with Apollo . In the Bible , Malachi 4 : 2 mentions the `` Sun of Righteousness '' ( sometimes translated as the `` Sun of Justice '' ) , which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah ( Christ ) . In ancient Roman culture , Sunday was the day of the Sun god . It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background . The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians , and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions . In paganism , the Sun was a source of life , giving warmth and illumination to mankind . It was the center of a popular cult among Romans , who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed . The celebration of the winter solstice ( which influenced Christmas ) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun ( Sol Invictus ) . Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East . Tonatiuh , the Aztec god of the sun , was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice . The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion , and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors . Characteristics The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star that comprises about 99.86 % of the mass of the Solar System . The Sun has an absolute magnitude of + 4.83 , estimated to be brighter than about 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way , most of which are red dwarfs . The Sun is a Population I , or heavy - element - rich , star . The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae .",
"6": "This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System , such as gold and uranium , relative to the abundances of these elements in so - called Population II , heavy - element - poor , stars . The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova , or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second - generation star . The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth 's sky , with an apparent magnitude of − 26.74 . This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star , Sirius , which has an apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . The mean distance of the Sun 's center to Earth 's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit ( about 150,000,000 km ; 93,000,000 mi ) , though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July . At this average distance , light travels from the Sun 's horizon to Earth 's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds , while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less . The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis , and drives Earth 's climate and weather . The Sun does not have a definite boundary , but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere . For the purpose of measurement , however , the Sun 's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere , the apparent visible surface of the Sun . By this measure , the Sun is a near - perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths , which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun . The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles . This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun 's rotation . In a frame of reference defined by the stars , the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles .",
"7": "Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun , the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days . Sunlight Main article : Sunlight The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight . The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 W / m ( watts per square meter ) at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) from the Sun ( that is , on or near Earth ) . Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth 's atmosphere , so that less power arrives at the surface ( closer to 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 W / m ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith . Sunlight at the top of Earth 's atmosphere is composed ( by total energy ) of about 50 % infrared light , 40 % visible light , and 10 % ultraviolet light . The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70 % of solar ultraviolet , especially at the shorter wavelengths . Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth 's dayside upper atmosphere , creating the electrically conducting ionosphere . The Sun 's color is white , with a CIE color - space index near ( 0.3 , 0.3 ) , when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky . When measuring all the photons emitted , the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other . When the Sun is low in the sky , atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow , red , orange , or magenta . Despite its typical whiteness , most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow ; the reasons for this are the subject of debate . The Sun is a G2V star , with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C , 9,941 ° F ) , and V that it , like most stars , is a main - sequence star . The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre , but as viewed through Earth 's atmosphere , this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd / m . However , the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun ( limb darkening ) .",
"8": "Composition See also : Molecules in stars The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium ; they account for 74.9 % and 23.8 % of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere , respectively . All heavier elements , called metals in astronomy , account for less than 2 % of the mass , with oxygen ( roughly 1 % of the Sun 's mass ) , carbon ( 0.3 % ) , neon ( 0.2 % ) , and iron ( 0.2 % ) being the most abundant . The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the interstellar medium out of which it formed . The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis , and the heavier elements were produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in generations of stars that completed their stellar evolution and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun . The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System . However , since the Sun formed , some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere . Therefore , in today 's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced , and the metallicity is only 84 % of what it was in the protostellar phase ( before nuclear fusion in the core started ) . The protostellar Sun 's composition is believed to have been 71.1 % hydrogen , 27.4 % helium , and 1.5 % heavier elements . Today , nuclear fusion in the Sun 's core has modified the composition by converting hydrogen into helium , so the innermost portion of the Sun is now roughly 60 % helium , with the abundance of heavier elements unchanged . Because heat is transferred from the Sun 's core by radiation rather than by convection ( see Radiative zone below ) , none of the fusion products from the core have risen to the photosphere . The reactive core zone of `` hydrogen burning '' , where hydrogen is converted into helium , is starting to surround an inner core of `` helium ash '' . This development will continue and will eventually cause the Sun to leave the main sequence , to become a red giant . The solar heavy - element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun 's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures .",
"9": "These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements . The two methods generally agree well . Singly ionized iron - group elements In the 1970s , much research focused on the abundances of iron - group elements in the Sun . Although significant research was done , until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron - group elements ( e.g. cobalt and manganese ) via spectrography because of their hyperfine structures . The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron - group elements were made available in the 1960s , and these were subsequently improved . In 1978 , the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived . Isotopic composition Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases , e.g. correlations between isotopic compositions of neon and xenon in the Sun and on the planets . Prior to 1983 , it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere . In 1983 , it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic - composition relationship between the planetary and solar - wind - implanted noble gases . Structure and energy production Core Main article : Solar core The structure of the Sun The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20 -- 25 % of the solar radius . It has a density of up to 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150 g / cm ( about 150 times the density of water ) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins ( K ) . By contrast , the Sun 's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above . Through most of the Sun 's life , energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p -- p ( proton -- proton ) chain ; this process converts hydrogen into helium . Only 0.8 % of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older .",
"10": "The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion ; 99 % of the power is generated within 24 % of the Sun 's radius , and by 30 % of the radius , fusion has stopped nearly entirely . The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers , finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles . The proton -- proton chain occurs around 7037919999999999999 ♠ 9.2 × 10 times each second in the core , converting about 3.7 × 10 protons into alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) every second ( out of a total of ~ 8.9 × 10 free protons in the Sun ) , or about 6.2 × 10 kg / s . Fusing four free protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) into a single alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) releases around 0.7 % of the fused mass as energy , so the Sun releases energy at the mass -- energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second ( which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen ) , for 384.6 yottawatts ( 7026384600000000000 ♠ 3.846 × 10 W ) , or 9.192 × 10 megatons of TNT per second . Theoretical models of the Sun 's interior indicate a power density of approximately 276.5 W / m , a value that more nearly approximates that of reptile metabolism or a compost pile than of a thermonuclear bomb . The fusion rate in the core is in a self - correcting equilibrium : a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers , reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation ; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly , increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate . Radiative zone Main article : Radiative zone From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii , thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer . The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core .",
"11": "This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence can not drive convection , which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection . Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions . The density drops a hundredfold ( from 20 g / cm to 0.2 g / cm ) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii , the top of the radiative zone . Tachocline Main article : Tachocline The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer , the tachocline . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two -- a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another . Presently , it is hypothesized ( see Solar dynamo ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun 's magnetic field . Convective zone Main article : Convection zone The Sun 's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii ( 500,000 km ) to near the surface . In this layer , the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation . Instead , the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun 's energy outward towards its surface . Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands , thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise . As a result , an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun 's photosphere above . Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface , its density increases , and it sinks to the base of the convection zone , where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues . At the photosphere , the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ) .",
"12": "The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales . Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains `` small - scale '' dynamo action over the near - surface volume of the Sun . The Sun 's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms . Photosphere The effective temperature , or black body temperature , of the Sun ( 5,777 K ) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power . Main article : Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun , the photosphere , is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light . Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space , and almost all of its energy escapes the Sun entirely . The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions , which absorb visible light easily . Conversely , the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions . The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick , and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth . Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part , an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk , in a phenomenon known as limb darkening . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black - body radiating at about 6,000 K , interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere . The photosphere has a particle density of ~ 10 m ( about 0.37 % of the particle number per volume of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ) . The photosphere is not fully ionized -- the extent of ionization is about 3 % , leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form . During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere , some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth . In 1868 , Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium , after the Greek Sun god Helios . Twenty - five years later , helium was isolated on Earth .",
"13": "Atmosphere See also : Corona and Coronal loop During a total solar eclipse , the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye , during the brief period of totality . During a total solar eclipse , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon , parts of the Sun 's surrounding atmosphere can be seen . It is composed of four distinct parts : the chromosphere , the transition region , the corona and the heliosphere . The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500 km above the photosphere , and has a temperature of about 7003410000000000000 ♠ 4,100 K . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water , which can be detected via their absorption spectra . The chromosphere , transition region , and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun . The reason is not well understood , but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona . Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 km thick , dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines . It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma , meaning color , because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses . The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude , ranging up to around 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 K near the top . In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized . Taken by Hinode 's Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007 , this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity . Above the chromosphere , in a thin ( about 200 km ) transition region , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region , which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma . The transition region does not occur at a well - defined altitude .",
"14": "Rather , it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments , and is in constant , chaotic motion . The transition region is not easily visible from Earth 's surface , but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum . The corona is the next layer of the Sun . The low corona , near the surface of the Sun , has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m . The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K ; however , in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000 -- 20,000,000 K . Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona , at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection . The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun , which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun 's photosphere . A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind . The heliosphere , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun , is filled with the solar wind plasma . This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic -- that is , where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves , at approximately 20 solar radii ( 0.1 AU ) . Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere can not affect the shape of the solar corona within , because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves . The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere , forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape , until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun . In December 2004 , the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause . In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind , which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium .",
"15": "Photons and neutrinos See also : solar irradiance High - energy gamma - ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone , usually after traveling only a few millimeters . Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy . With this sequence of emissions and absorptions , it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun 's surface . Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years . In contrast , it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos , which account for about 2 % of the total energy production of the Sun , to reach the surface . Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter , the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer , on the order of 30,000,000 years . This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state , if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed . Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core , but , unlike photons , they rarely interact with matter , so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately . For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3 . This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation : the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory , but neutrino detectors were missing ⁄ of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected . Magnetism and activity Magnetic field See also : Stellar magnetic field , Sunspots , List of solar cycles , and Solar phenomena Visible light photograph of sunspot , 13 December 2006 Butterfly diagram showing paired sunspot pattern . Graph is of sunspot area . In this false - color ultraviolet image , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field , rising from the stellar surface .",
"16": "The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System , and results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium . The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun . Its polar field is 1 -- 2 gauss ( 0.0001 -- 0.0002 T ) , whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss ( 0.3 T ) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10 -- 100 gauss ( 0.001 -- 0.01 T ) in solar prominences . The magnetic field also varies in time and location . The quasi-periodic 11 - year solar cycle is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes . Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun 's photosphere , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface . As a result , sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere , and , so , they appear dark . At a typical solar minimum , few sunspots are visible , and occasionally none can be seen at all . Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes . As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator , a phenomenon known as Spörer 's law . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across . An 11 - year sunspot cycle is half of a 22 - year Babcock -- Leighton dynamo cycle , which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between toroidal and poloidal solar magnetic fields . At solar - cycle maximum , the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo - cycle minimum strength , but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field , generated through differential rotation within the tachocline , is near its maximum strength . At this point in the dynamo cycle , buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere , giving rise to pairs of sunspots , roughly aligned east -- west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities . The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle , a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle .",
"17": "During the solar cycle 's declining phase , energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field , and sunspots diminish in number and size . At solar - cycle minimum , the toroidal field is , correspondingly , at minimum strength , sunspots are relatively rare , and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength . With the rise of the next 11 - year sunspot cycle , differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field , but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle . The process carries on continuously , and in an idealized , simplified scenario , each 11 - year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change , then , in the overall polarity of the Sun 's large - scale magnetic field . The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself . The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun 's magnetic field into space , forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field . In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines . As a result , the outward - flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward , forcing it into a roughly radial structure . For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field , with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator , a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind . At great distances , the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field . The Sun 's dipole magnetic field of 50 -- 400 μT ( at the photosphere ) reduces with the inverse - cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth . However , according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth 's location is around 5 nT , about a hundred times greater . The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun . Variation in activity Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years The Sun 's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity . Solar flares and coronal - mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups .",
"18": "Slowly changing high - speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface . Both coronal - mass ejections and high - speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System . The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System . With solar - cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions , including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected . Long - term change Long - term secular change in sunspot number is thought , by some scientists , to be correlated with long - term change in solar irradiance , which , in turn , might influence Earth 's long - term climate . For example , in the 17th century , the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades ; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the Maunder minimum . This coincided in time with the era of the Little Ice Age , when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures . Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower - than - average global temperatures . A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun that cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years . These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles . Life phases Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Stellar evolution The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life . It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more . However , after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped , the Sun will undergo severe changes , both internally and externally . Formation The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars . This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology . The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material , at 4.567 billion years ago .",
"19": "Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that form only in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed . A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity . As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure . Much of the mass became concentrated in the center , whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies . Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more matter from the surrounding disk , eventually triggering nuclear fusion . Thus , the Sun was born . Main sequence Evolution of the Sun 's luminosity , radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun . After Ribas ( 2010 ) The Sun is about halfway through its main - sequence stage , during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium . Each second , more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun 's core , producing neutrinos and solar radiation . At this rate , the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy , about 0.03 % of the total mass of the Sun . The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main - sequence star . The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence , because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused . The core is therefore shrinking , allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force , according to the inverse - square law . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core , which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs . This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser . It is estimated that the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . At present , it is increasing in brightness by about 1 % every 100 million years .",
"20": "After core hydrogen exhaustion The size of the current Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated size during its red - giant phase in the future The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova . Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant . As a red giant , the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury , Venus , and probably Earth . Even before it becomes a red giant , the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled , and Earth will receive as much sunlight as Venus receives today . Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years , the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years . It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous . This then starts the red - giant - branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass . Evolution of a Sun - like star . The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-asymptotic - giant - branch stage . After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left , but much happens . First , the core , full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash , where it is estimated that 6 % of the core , itself 40 % of the Sun 's mass , will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple - alpha process . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity , with a temperature a little lower than today . It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch , but a star of the Sun 's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch . Instead , it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core . When the helium is exhausted , the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted , except that this time it all happens faster , and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous .",
"21": "This is the asymptotic - giant - branch phase , and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell . After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch , the Sun becomes increasingly unstable , with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so . The thermal pulses become larger each time , with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model , Earth 's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and , eventually , drag from the lower chromosphere ) , so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase , 1 and 3.8 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate . Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss . Models that have higher mass loss on the red - giant branch produce smaller , less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch , perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius . For the Sun , four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula . By the end of that phase -- lasting approximately 500,000 years -- the Sun will only have about half of its current mass . The post-asymptotic - giant - branch evolution is even faster . The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases , with the ejected half of the Sun 's mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K . The final naked core , a white dwarf , will have a temperature of over 100,000 K , and contain an estimated 54.05 % of the Sun 's present day mass . The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years , but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical black dwarf .",
"22": "Motion and location Illustration of the Milky Way , showing the location of the Sun The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way 's Orion Arm , in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt , at a distance of 7.5 -- 8.5 kpc ( 25,000 -- 28,000 light - years ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble , a space of rarefied hot gas , possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga , or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 6,500 light - years . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone . The Apex of the Sun 's Way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars . This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules , near the star Vega . Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light - years from Earth ( the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light - years ) , the Sun ranks fourth in mass . Orbit in Milky Way The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way , and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus . A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates X , Y ,",
"23": "and Z as : X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + U ( 0 ) κ sin ( κ t ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \\ displaystyle X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + ( \\ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \\ kappa ) ) \\ sin ( \\ kappa t ) + ( \\ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) ( 1 - \\ cos ( \\ kappa t ) ) ) Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2 A ( X ( 0 ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ) t − Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) sin ( κ t ) + 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \\ displaystyle Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2A \\ left ( X ( 0 ) + ( \\ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \\ right ) t - ( \\ frac ( \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \\ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \\ sin ( \\ kappa t ) + ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \\ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) ( 1 - \\ cos ( \\ kappa t ) ) ) Z ( t ) = W ( 0 ) ν sin ( ν t ) + Z ( 0 ) cos ( ν t ) ( \\ displaystyle Z ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \\ nu ) ) \\ sin ( \\ nu t ) + Z ( 0 ) \\ cos ( \\ nu t ) ) where U , V , and W are the respective velocities with respect to the local standard of rest , A and B are the Oort constants , Ω 0 = A − B ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) = A-B ) is the angular velocity of galactic rotation for the local standard of rest ,",
"24": "κ = − 4 Ω 0 B ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa = ( \\ sqrt ( - 4 \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) B ) ) ) is the `` epicyclic frequency '' , and ν is the vertical oscillation frequency . For the sun , the present values of U , V , and W are estimated as ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ) km / s , and estimates for the other constants are A = 15.5 km / s / kpc , B = − 12.2 km / s / kpc , κ = 37 km / s / kpc , and ν = 74 km / s / kpc . We take X ( 0 ) and Y ( 0 ) to be zero and Z ( 0 ) is estimated to be 17 parsecs . This model implies that the sun circulates around a point that is itself going around the galaxy . The period of the sun 's circulation around the point is 2 π / κ ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ pi / \\ kappa ) . which , using the equivalence that a parsec equals 1 km / s times 0.978 million years , comes to 166 million years , shorter than the time it takes for the point to go around the galaxy . In the ( X , Y ) coordinates , the sun describes an ellipse around the point , whose length in the Y direction is 2 × ( 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ) 2 + ( Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) ) 2 = 1035 parsec .",
"25": "( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ times ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \\ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \\ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1035 ( \\ text ( parsec ) ) . ) and whose width in the X direction is 2 × ( U ( 0 ) κ ) 2 + ( V ( 0 ) 2 B ) 2 = 691 parsec ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ times ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \\ kappa ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 691 ( \\ text ( parsec ) ) ) The ratio of length to width of this ellipse , the same for all stars in our neighborhood , is 2 Ω / κ ≈ 1.50 . ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ Omega / \\ kappa \\ approx 1.50 . ) The moving point is presently at X = V ( 0 ) 2 B = − 215 parsec ( \\ displaystyle X = ( \\ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) = - 215 ( \\ text ( parsec ) ) ) Y = 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) = 405 parsec . ( \\ displaystyle Y = ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \\ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) = 405 ( \\ text ( parsec ) ) . )",
"26": "The oscillation in the Z direction takes the sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98 parsec ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \\ nu ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + Z ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 98 ( \\ text ( parsec ) ) ) above the galactic plane and the same distance below it , with a period of 2 π / ν ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ pi / \\ nu ) or 83 million years , approximately 2.7 times per orbit . Although 2 π / Ω 0 ( \\ displaystyle 2 \\ pi / \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) is 222 million years , the value of Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) at the point around which the sun circulates is Ω ≈ Ω 0 − 2 A R 0 Δ X ≈ 26.1 km / s / kpc ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega \\ approx \\ Omega _ ( 0 ) - ( \\ frac ( 2A ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ Delta X \\ approx 26.1 ( \\ text ( km / s / kpc ) ) ) ( see Oort constants ) , corresponding to 235 million years , and this is the time that the point takes to go once around the galaxy . Other stars with the same value of X + V / ( 2 B ) ( \\ displaystyle X + V / ( 2B ) ) have take the same amount of time to go around the galaxy as the sun and thus remain in the same general vicinity as the sun . The Sun 's orbit around the Milky Way is perturbed due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way , such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms . It has been argued that the Sun 's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth , perhaps due to increased impact events . It takes the Solar System about 225 -- 250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so it is thought to have completed 20 -- 25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun .",
"27": "The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km / s ( 156 mi / s ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 7 days to travel 1 AU . The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km / s , and the Sun 's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km / s in the direction of Crater or Leo . Theoretical problems Map of the full Sun by STEREO and SDO spacecraft Coronal heating problem Main article : Corona The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K , whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K . The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere . It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere , and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating . The first is wave heating , in which sound , gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone . These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona , depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat . The other is magnetic heating , in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events -- nanoflares . Currently , it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism . All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona . In addition , Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona . Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms . Faint young Sun problem Main article : Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun 's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , during the Archean eon , the Sun was only about 75 % as bright as it is today .",
"28": "Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth 's surface , and thus life should not have been able to develop . However , the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history , and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today . One theory among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide , methane ) than are present today , which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it . However , examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations . Instead , the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the `` lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei '' . This would have led to increased absorption of solar energy , thereby compensating for the lower solar output . History of observation The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . Early understanding The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology . The sculpture is probably from around 1350 BC . It is displayed at the National Museum of Denmark . See also : The Sun in culture The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history . Humanity 's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky , whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night . In many prehistoric and ancient cultures , the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity . Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians , the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico . In religions such as Hinduism , the Sun is still considered a god .",
"29": "Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind ; for example , stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice ( some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa , Egypt ; Mnajdra , Malta and at Stonehenge , England ) ; Newgrange , a prehistoric human - built mount in Ireland , was designed to detect the winter solstice ; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque , accompanied by lesser gods , and to the Greeks , he was Helios , carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses . From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun 's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus ( literally `` Unconquered Sun '' ) soon after the winter solstice , which may have been an antecedent to Christmas . Regarding the fixed stars , the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac , and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets ( Greek planetes , `` wanderer '' ) ; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman era . Development of scientific understanding In the early first millennium BC , Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun 's motion along the ecliptic is not uniform , though they did not know why ; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun , with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion . One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras . He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Helios , but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponnesus and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun . For teaching this heresy , he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death , though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles .",
"30": "Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80000 '' , the translation of which is ambiguous , implying either 4,080,000 stadia ( 755,000 km ) or 804,000,000 stadia ( 148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU ) ; the latter value is correct to within a few percent . In the 1st century AD , Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth , approximately 7.71 million kilometers ( 0.0515 AU ) . The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia ( see Heliocentrism ) . This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus . Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) by Chinese astronomers , who maintained records of these observations for centuries . Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century . The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot , Galileo Galilei and other astronomers . Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun . Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius ' discovery that the direction of the Sun 's apogee ( the place in the Sun 's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest ) is changing . ( In modern heliocentric terms , this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth 's orbit ) . Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun 's position for many years using a large astrolabe . Sol , the Sun , from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti 's Liber astronomiae .",
"31": "From an observation of a transit of Venus in 1032 , the Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun . In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun . In 1666 , Isaac Newton observed the Sun 's light using a prism , and showed that it is made up of light of many colors . In 1800 , William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum . The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun ; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum , the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines . In the early years of the modern scientific era , the source of the Sun 's energy was a significant puzzle . Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat . Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output , but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years , well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time . In 1890 Joseph Lockyer , who discovered helium in the solar spectrum , proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun . Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered . Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun 's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat , and suggested radioactive decay as the source . However , it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun 's energy output with his mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . In 1920 , Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen ( protons ) into helium nuclei , resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass . The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha , an Indian physicist .",
"32": "The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe . Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy - producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun . In 1957 , Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , William Fowler and Fred Hoyle showed that most of the elements in the universe have been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars , some like the Sun . Solar Space missions See also : Solar observatory The Sun giving out a large geomagnetic storm on 1 : 29 pm , EST , 13 March 2012 Play media A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO B 's ultraviolet imaging cameras The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA 's Pioneers 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 , which were launched between 1959 and 1968 . These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth , and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field . Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time , transmitting data until May 1983 . In the 1970s , two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona . The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S. -- German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury 's orbit at perihelion . The Skylab space station , launched by NASA in 1973 , included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station . Skylab made the first time - resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona . Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections , then called `` coronal transients '' , and of coronal holes , now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind . Coronal hole on the Sun forms a question mark ( 22 December 2017 ) In 1980 , the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA . This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays , X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity .",
"33": "Just a few months after launch , however , an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode , and it spent the next three years in this inactive state . In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit . The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth 's atmosphere in June 1989 . Launched in 1991 , Japan 's Yohkoh ( Sunbeam ) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths . Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares , and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed . Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun . It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005 . One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995 . Originally intended to serve a two - year mission , a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009 . It has proven so useful that a follow - on mission , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , was launched in February 2010 . Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun ( at which the gravitational pull from both is equal ) , SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch . Besides its direct solar observation , SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets , mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun . A solar prominence erupts in August 2012 , as captured by SDO All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic , and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail . The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun 's polar regions . It first travelled to Jupiter , to `` slingshot '' into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic .",
"34": "Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit , it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes , finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km / s , which was slower than expected , and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays . Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies , but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood . A solar wind sample return mission , Genesis , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material . The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO ) mission was launched in October 2006 . Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to ( respectively ) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind Earth . This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena , such as coronal mass ejections . The Indian Space Research Organisation has scheduled the launch of a 100 kg satellite named Aditya for 2017 -- 18 . Its main instrument will be a coronagraph for studying the dynamics of the Solar corona . Observation and effects During certain atmospheric conditions , the Sun becomes clearly visible to the naked eye , and can be observed without stress to the eyes . Click on this photo to see the full cycle of a sunset , as observed from the high plains of the Mojave Desert . The Sun , as seen from low Earth orbit overlooking the International Space Station . This sunlight is not filtered by the lower atmosphere , which blocks much of the solar spectrum The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye ; however , doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes . Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness . It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina , slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that can not respond properly to the brightness . UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years , and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts , but this depends on general exposure to solar UV , and not whether one looks directly at the Sun .",
"35": "Long - duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV - induced , sunburn - like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds , particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused ; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants ( which admit more UV than aging natural eyes ) , Sun angles near the zenith , and observing locations at high altitude . Viewing the Sun through light - concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight . When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun , the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use . Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays , can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels . Herschel wedges , also called Solar Diagonals , are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes . The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass . Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected . The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument . If the glass breaks because of the heat , no light at all is reflected , making the device fail - safe . Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break , endangering the observer 's eyesight . Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye , possibly causing immediate damage . It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage . Halo with sun dogs Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye 's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast : the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view , not by the brightest object in the field . During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun , but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day . In the overall gloom , the pupil expands from ~ 2 mm to ~ 6 mm , and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun .",
"36": "This can damage or kill those cells , resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer . The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children , because there is no perception of pain : it is not immediately obvious that one 's vision is being destroyed . A sunrise During sunrise and sunset , sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth 's atmosphere , and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ) . Hazy conditions , atmospheric dust , and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation . An optical phenomenon , known as a green flash , can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise . The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being bent ( usually through a temperature inversion ) towards the observer . Light of shorter wavelengths ( violet , blue , green ) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths ( yellow , orange , red ) but the violet and blue light is scattered more , leaving light that is perceived as green . Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water . It also causes sunburn , and has other biological effects such as the production of vitamin D and sun tanning . Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth 's ozone layer , so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations , including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe . Planetary System Main article : Solar System The Sun has eight known planets . This includes four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) , two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ) . The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets , an asteroid belt , numerous comets , and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . See also Book : The Sun Advanced Composition Explorer Antisolar point List of brightest stars Solar energy Sun dogs Sun path Sun - Earth Day Sunday Sungazing Timeline of the far future Star portal Solar System portal Notes ^ Jump up to : All numbers in this article are short scale .",
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"67": "NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN THROUGH ANY FORM OF OPTICAL EQUIPMENT , EVEN FOR AN INSTANT . A brief glimpse of the Sun through a telescope is enough to cause permanent eye damage , or even blindness . Even looking at the Sun with the naked eye for more than a second or two is not safe . Do not assume that it is safe to look at the Sun through a filter , no matter how dark the filter appears to be . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Haber , Jorg ; Magnor , Marcus ; Seidel , Hans - Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Physically based Simulation of Twilight Phenomena '' . ACM Transactions on Graphics . 24 ( 4 ) : 1353 -- 1373 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.67. 2567 . doi : 10.1145 / 1095878.1095884 . Jump up ^ Piggin , I.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Diurnal asymmetries in global radiation '' . Springer . 20 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 48 . Bibcode : 1972AMGBB ... 20 ... 41P . doi : 10.1007 / BF02243313 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Flash '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Barsh , G.S. ( 2003 ) . `` What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color ? '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : e7 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000027 . PMC 212702 . PMID 14551921 . Further reading Cohen , Richard ( 2010 ) . Chasing the Sun : the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6875 - 4 . Thompson , M.J. ( 2004 ) .",
"68": "`` Solar interior : Helioseismology and the Sun 's interior '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 ( 4 ) : 21 -- 25 . Solar Activity Scholarpedia Hugh Hudson 3 ( 3 ) : 3967 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3967 External links Find more aboutSunat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Nasa SOHO ( Solar & Heliospheric Observatory ) satellite National Solar Observatory Astronomy Cast : The Sun A collection of spectacular images of the Sun from various institutions ( The Boston Globe ) Satellite observations of solar luminosity Sun Trek , an educational website about the Sun The Swedish 1 - meter Solar Telescope , SST An animated explanation of the structure of the Sun ( University of Glamorgan ) Animation -- The Future of the Sun Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up -- NASA -- images , link to report on Science NASA 5 - year timelapse video of the Sun Sun in Ultra High Definition NASA 11 January 2015 Album of images and videos by Seán Doran ,",
"69": "based on SDO imagery ( hide ) The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation Spectral class : G2V Solar space missions Current ACE DSCOVR GGS WIND Hinode ( Solar - B ) IRIS MinXSS PICARD RHESSI SOHO SDO SOLAR STEREO Past Apollo Telescope Mount ESRO 2B Genesis GOES 13 Helios Hinotori ( Astro - A ) IMP - 8 Intercosmos 26 ISEE 1 -- 3 Koronas - Foton Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO 2 OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Solwind Pioneer 5 Pioneer 6 , 7 , and 8 PROBA - 2 Prognoz 6 SolarMax Spartan 201 Taiyo ( SRATS ) TRACE Ulysses Yohkoh ( Solar - A ) Planned Parker Solar Probe ( 2018 ) Aditya - L1 ( 2019 ) Solar Orbiter ( 2019 ) PROBA - 3 ( 2020 ) Proposed",
"70": "ADAHELI EUVST Lagrange Solar - C Cancelled Pioneer H OSO J Solar Sentinels Sun - Earth SORCE SXI ACRIMSAT The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472",
"71": ") 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy",
"72": "Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Celestial objects within 0 -- 5 light - years → Primary member type Celestial objects by systems . Secondary members are listed in small print . Main - sequence stars G - type Sun ( 0 ly ) rest of Solar System α Cen ( 4.366 ± 0.007 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B red dwarf C ( Proxima Centauri ) ( 4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly ) planet b Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax .",
"73": "Astronomy Outline History Timeline Astronomer Glossary Astronomy by Manner Amateur Observational Sidewalk Celestial subject Galactic / Extragalactic Local system Solar Method Radio Submillimetre Infrared ( Far - infrared ) Visible - light ( optical ) Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma - ray Neutrino Cosmic rays Gravitational radiation High - energy Spherical Culture Australian Aboriginal Babylonian Chechen ( Nakh ) Chinese Egyptian Greek Hebrew Indian Inuit Medieval Islamic Serbian Tibetan Optical telescopes List Category Extremely large telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias Hubble Space Telescope Keck Observatory Large Binocular Telescope Southern African Large Telescope Very Large Telescope Related topics Archaeoastronomy Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrophysics Astrology and astronomy Astrometry Astroparticle physics Photometry Physical cosmology List of astronomers Muslim Russian Women Portals Astronomy Cosmology Solar System Mars Jupiter Uranus Moon Space Spaceflight Star X-ray astronomy Category Commons Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh85130462 GND : 4055562 - 8 NDL : 00616878 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun&oldid=837428242 '' Categories : G - type main - sequence stars Light sources Plasma physics Space plasmas Stars with proper names Sun Astronomical objects known since antiquity Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2017 Featured articles Pages with numeric Bible version references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk",
"74": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti",
"75": "Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart",
"76": "Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла",
"77": "संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 228 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 ,",
"78": "at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what kind of book is where's waldo
|
[
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"a British series of children's puzzle books",
"puzzle",
"a British series of children's puzzle books"
] |
{
"0": "Where 's Wally ? - Wikipedia Where 's Wally ? Jump to : navigation , search For the first book in the series , see Where 's Wally ? ( book ) . Where 's Wally ? Martin Handford with ( left to right ) Wizard Whitebeard , Woof , Odlaw , Wenda , and Wally Author Martin Handford Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's literature , puzzle Publisher UK : Walker Books US : Little Brown & Co then Candlewick Press Published 1987 -- present Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Where 's Wally ? , published in the US and Canada as Where 's Waldo ? , is a British series of children 's puzzle books created by the English illustrator Martin Handford . The books consist of a series of detailed double - page spread illustrations depicting dozens or more people doing a variety of amusing things at a given location . Readers are challenged to find a character named Wally hidden in the group . Wally 's distinctive red - and - white - striped shirt , bobble hat , and glasses make him slightly easier to recognise , but many illustrations contain red herrings involving deceptive use of red - and - white striped objects . Later entries in the long - running book series added other targets for readers to find in each illustration . The books have also inspired a television show ( Where 's Wally ? : The Animated Series ) , comic strip and a series of video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characters 3 International editions 4 Media 4.1 Books 4.1. 1 Primary books 4.1. 2 Other books 4.1. 3 Collections 4.1. 4 Publication details 4.2 Magazine 4.3 Television show 4.4 Film 4.5 Video games 4.6 Comic strip 4.7 Cereal boxes 5 Real - life Where 's Wally ?",
"1": "phenomena 5.1 World record attempts 5.2 Real - life recreation 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) In 1986 , Handford was asked by his art director at Walker Books to draw a character with peculiar features so that his pictures of crowds had a focal point . After much thinking , he came up with the idea of `` Wally '' , a world traveller and time travel aficionado who always dresses in red and white . Sometimes it would take him up to eight weeks to draw a two - page sketch of the elusive `` Wally '' and the characters surrounding him . The first Where 's Wally ? book was published on 21 September 1987 . The Where 's Wally ? books were published in the United Kingdom by Walker Books and in the United States under the title Where 's Waldo ? first by Little , Brown and Company before being taken on by Candlewick Press ( Walker Books ' American subsidiary publishing company ) . The first four titles were originally printed in Italy , but later reprinted in China . The books became extremely popular and were localised for many different territories , with name changes for Wally in certain regions . The franchise also spawned other media in a more storyline - based form , including a television series , a comic strip and a series of video games . As the series goes on , Wally progressively becomes harder to find , reducing his size on the page and surrounding him by more other characters . In the first book , Wally was on average 0.99 square centimeters ( sq cm ) big . This was reduced to 0.80 sq cm in the second book , 0.33 sq cm in the third , and between 0.20 and 0.17 sq cm in the fourth through seventh book . He has also been surrounded by more other characters , from 225 on the first book 's first page to about 850 on the last book 's first page . Characters ( edit ) Wally , whose name was localised for certain international editions , for example Waldo in the United States and Canadian editions . In the first two books , Wally wandered alone and was the only person to be found in every illustration . Over time , more characters were added to find in each scene .",
"2": "Wilma , Wally 's friend first appeared in the Ultimate Fun Book , and was replaced by her identical twin sister Wenda in the Where 's Wally : The Magnificent Poster Book . Wenda , A friend of Wally who replaced her twin sister Wilma for In Hollywood ( although she previously appeared in The Magnificent Poster Book ) . Odlaw , Wally 's nemesis , who made his print debut in The Magnificent Poster Book . He appears nearly the same as Wally , except that his clothes are yellow and black striped instead of red and white ; his glasses have a blue tint to them ; and he has a moustache . He also has a British accent in the television series . Although we are told `` his bad deeds are many '' , he is not depicted in the books doing anything particularly nasty . However , in the television series , he is frequently seen to be attempting to steal Wally 's magical walking stick . His name `` Odlaw '' is simply a reversal of the spelling of `` Waldo '' , the American name for Wally , although he is called `` Odlaw '' in the United Kingdom as well . Woof , Wally 's dog , first appeared in The Ultimate Fun Book , where he was identified as Wenda 's dog . Only his tail can be found , with the exception of the final page of Where 's Wally : The Wonder Book , which depicts all of Woof , and the six activity books released between 1993 and 1995 ( the first book of which is titled The Truly Terrific Activity Book ) , where Woof shows himself to the reader . Wizard Whitebeard , first seen in The Fantastic Journey . His signature is his exceptionally long beard , which is often the key to finding him . In his first appearance , he was responsible for sending Wally on a quest to discover the truth about himself , and he has tagged along on Wally 's travels ever since . His appearance in The Ultimate Fun Book , however , is in just one scene ( `` Old Friends '' ) and his presence is unmentioned in the book and acts as one of the background characters . The Wally Watchers are Wally 's devoted fan - club that first appeared in Where 's Wally ? The Ultimate Fun Book ( 1990 ) .",
"3": "They turn up wherever Wally goes , dressed in the same red - and - white striped outfit . 25 appear in most books , though there are 99 of them in the Ultimate Fun Book . In the earlier books , a character appears in every scene , which the reader must look to find out who it is . This is because no information on the characters is given in the books aside from the task to look for them . The characters appeared as background characters and all had something unique to them ( like blonde hair or a ginger beard ) . In some cases , characters from previous scenes would also appear . International editions ( edit ) In international editions , Wally has often been given a name in the local language : Afrikaans : Willie Arabic : فضولي ( Fodhouli ) Bulgarian : Уоли ( Uoli ) Catalan : Wally Chinese : 威 利 Cantonese pronunciation : Wai lei Mandarin pronunciation : Wēilì Croatian : Jura Czech : Valdík Danish : Holger Dutch : Wally Estonian : Volli Finnish : Vallu French : Charlie German : Walter Georgian : ( Voli ) Greek : Γουόλι ( Yuόli ) Hebrew : אפי ( Efi ) Hindi : हेट्टी ( Hetti ) Hungarian : Vili Icelandic : Valli Italian : Ubaldo , Wally Japanese : ウォーリー ( Wōrī ) Korean : 월리 ( Wolli ) Lithuanian : Valdas North American English : Waldo Norwegian : Willy Polish : Wally Portuguese : Wally Russian : Уолли ( Uolli ) Serbian : Гиле ( Gile ) Spanish : Wally Swedish : Waldo , Valle , Hugo Turkish : Ali , Gezgin Veli Vietnamese : Văn - lang Welsh : Wali Some examples of the full book names in other countries include : Où est Charlie ? ( French ) Wo ist Walter ? ( German ) Hvor er Holger ? ( Danish ) Hvor er Willy ? ( Norwegian ) On és Wally ? ( Catalan ) ¿ Dónde está Wally ?",
"4": "( Spanish ) Waar is Wally ? ( Dutch ) Gdzie jest Wally ? ( Polish ) Onde está o Wally ? ( Portuguese ) ウォーリー を さがせ ! ( Japanese ) 尋找 威 利 ( Chinese ) איפה אפי ? ( Hebrew ) Hvar er Valli ? ( Icelandic ) Ubaldo dove sei ? ( Italian ) 월리 를 찾아라 ( Korean ) Missä Vallu ? ( Finland ) Ble mae Wali ? ( Wales ) Ali nerede ? ( Turkish ) Var är Waldo ? ( Swedish ) Media ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Primary books ( edit ) As of 2009 , there are seven primary Wally books . The books were released both in hard - cover ( for the original books ) and subsequently in paperback . Each contains around a dozen scenes with Wally hidden in them . Each book has additional hidden objects and / or characters hidden in each scene specific to that book . The books usually reserve telling the reader about some item ( s ) to find until the end of the book so that the reader will have to go through the book again . The books contain checklists for each scene of interesting things or people to find . Where 's Wally ? ( US title : Where 's Waldo ? ) ( 1987 ) Where 's Wally Now ? ( US title : Find Waldo Now , renamed Where 's Waldo Now ? later ) ( 1988 ) Where 's Wally ? The Fantastic Journey ( US title : The Great Waldo Search ) ( 1989 ) Where 's Wally in Hollywood ? ( US title : Where 's Waldo in Hollywood ? ) ( 1993 ) Where 's Wally ? The Wonder Book ( US title : Where 's Waldo ? The Wonder Book ) ( 1997 ) Where 's Wally ? The Great Picture Hunt ! ( US title : Where 's Waldo ? The Great Picture Hunt ! ) ( 2006 ) Where 's Wally ?",
"5": "The Incredible Paper Chase ( US title : Where 's Waldo ? The Incredible Paper Chase ) ( 2009 ) There have been three rounds of revised editions . In 1993 , to coincide with the publication of In Hollywood , the first three books were reprinted with Wenda , Woof and the Wally Watchers added to the original illustrations , and the books were numbered on the cover . A `` pocket edition '' of the first book was also published , in a tiny A6 format ( 105 millimetres ( 4.1 in ) × 148 millimetres ( 5.8 in ) ) . Wally is even harder to spot when shrunk to this degree , and later printings included a free magnifying lens . In 1997 , to coincide with the publication of The Wonder Book , special `` Tenth Anniversary Editions '' of the first four books were published with a distinct silver border on their front covers , and added later - introduced characters and objects to look for in every scene , and also moved Wally to different locations from the original versions . These special editions appeared in both standard and `` pocket '' formats . In 2007 , for the 20th anniversary of the first book , the special editions of 1997 ( and The Great Picture Hunt ) were re-released with a new cover into paperback format . The silver borders on the books were removed and instead , the books were numbered in the top left - hand corner of the cover . Aside from the new numbering system , some of the front covers were also revised otherwise ; for example , the `` NOW ? '' on the cover of Where 's Wally Now ? was given a 2D effect , but it was originally designed to look like a 3D shape . Other books ( edit ) In addition to the primary books , other books have also been published in the Wally franchise . The first alternate - format Wally book was the Ultimate Fun Book . In addition to standard Wally scenes , this paperback activity book featured other types of games and activities , as well as cardboard punch - outs and stickers . The Magnificent Poster Book , which was a large - format book of posters including five scenes from past books and six new scenes ( later included in The Great Picture Hunt ) . Where 's Wally ?",
"6": "The Ultimate Fun Book ( 1990 ) Activity book Where 's Wally ? The Magnificent Poster Book ( 1991 ) Larger book containing cut - out posters Where 's Wally ? The Dazzling Deep - sea Divers Sticker Book ( 1994 ) Sticker book and play scene Where 's Wally ? The Fabulous Flying Carpets Sticker Book ( 1994 ) Sticker book and play scene A Where 's Wally ? Fun Fact Book : Plundering Pirates ( 2000 ) Educational Where 's Wally ? book with new scenes and facts A Where 's Wally ? Fun Fact Book : Fighting Knights ( 2000 ) Educational Where 's Wally ? book with new scenes and facts Where 's Wally ? ( 2008 ) A £ 1 World Book Day Book Where 's Wally ? The Spectacular Poster Book ( 2010 ) Larger book containing cut - out posters Where 's Wally ? The Search for the Lost Things ( 2012 ) Where 's Wally ? 25th Anniversary Annual ( 2012 ) Several other `` activity books '' have also been published featuring art from the `` Where 's Wally '' comic strip : Where 's Wally ? The Truly Terrific Activity Book ( 1993 ) Where 's Wally ? The Absolutely Amazing Activity Book ( 1993 ) Where 's Wally ? The Wildly Wonderful Activity Book ( 1994 ) Where 's Wally ? Simply Sensational Activity Book ( 1994 ) Where 's Wally ? The Really Remarkable Activity Book ( 1995 ) Where 's Wally ? The Completely Crazy Activity Book ( 1995 ) Where 's Wally ? Bumper Activity Book ( 1995 ) -- previous four books in one volume . The first six activity books mentioned were reprinted in 2009 in a smaller size with different packaging . Collections ( edit ) Year Title Contains 1995 Bumper Activity Book The Wildly Wonderful Activity Book , The Simply Sensational Activity Book , The Really Remarkable Activity Book and The Completely Crazy Activity Books in one large book .",
"7": "2000 Boxed Set Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Ultimate Fun Book , The Truly Terrific Activity Book and The Absolutely Amazing Activity Book The Completely Cool Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood and The Wonder Book special editions 2006 The Mega Mini Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey and In Hollywood mini special editions . 2007 The Solid Gold Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood , The Wonder Book special editions and The Fabulous Flying Carpets Sticker Book . 2009 The Ultimate Travel Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood and The Wonder Book special editions in one travel - sized book . 2009 The Magnificent Mini Box Set Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood and The Wonder Book mini special editions with special Where 's Wally ? magnifying glass . 2011 The Totally Essential Travel Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood , The Wonder Book , The Great Picture Hunt and The Incredible Paper Chases special editions in one travel - sized book . 2012 The Wow Collection Where 's Wally ? , Where 's Wally Now ? , The Fantastic Journey , In Hollywood , The Wonder Book , and The Great Picture Hunt special editions and an 80 - piece jigsaw puzzle ( of WallyWorld Again , from The Great Picture Hunt ! ) in a hardcover slipcase . Publication details ( edit ) As at 2017 , only the special editions of the original five books are still in print , as well as a paperback 2007 reprint of The Great Picture Hunt and a paperback 2010 reprint of The Incredible Paper Chase .",
"8": "1997 's The Wonder Book was the last numbered book in the series to contain new , original scenes , as The Great Picture Hunt and The Incredible Paper Chase contain both new scenes and older ones from The Ultimate Fun Book and The Magnificent Poster Book , as these books are no longer in print . The scene originally titled `` Among the Pirates '' is the most used , as it has appeared in 1991 's The Magnificent Poster Book , 2000 's Plundering Pirates , 2006 's The Great Picture Hunt , and a jigsaw puzzle . Magazine ( edit ) There was a series of geographical magazines made available for children in the United Kingdom , Ukraine , Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Portugal , Poland , Brazil , France , Hungary , Malta , Bulgaria and Russia , called Wally 's World . In each issue Wally traveled to a different country or region of the world telling the reader interesting facts . This was published for 52 issues from January 1997 to January 1998 , when Wally 's History of the World began , focusing more on history than geography . The first issue was given away free with the last issue of Wally 's World . Television show ( edit ) Main article : Where 's Wally ? : The Animated Series A 13 - episode animated series , Where 's Wally ? : The Animated Series , with Townsend Coleman as the voice of Wally , was produced by DiC for CBS in 1991 for the North American market under the `` Waldo '' name . The show was later translated for international markets -- usually renaming the character to match the books of that country . The dialogue and theme song were recorded in alternative Wally versions , with the same voice cast of the original US production , in order to market the show in the UK . The distribution rights to the show are currently held by HIT Entertainment . Film ( edit ) A film based on the Where 's Wally ? series of books has been pursued by various studios . Nickelodeon was the one of the studios to take an interest in the idea but when the regime at Paramount ( Nickelodeon 's parent company ) changed , the project was cancelled .",
"9": "In June 2009 , it was announced that Universal Studios ( who would later obtain ownership of the property through its 2016 acquisition of Classic Media 's owner DreamWorks Animation ) and Illumination Entertainment had acquired the rights to turn Where 's Wally ? into a live - action film , but the project was also cancelled . In November 2011 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and DreamWorks Classics announced that a live - action film based on the Where 's Wally ? series is in development . Screenwriter Todd Berger has been hired to write the story for the film , which was slated to be released in the summer of 2015 . On March 9 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg are in talks to produce the film with their producing partner James Weaver while Kyle Hunter and Ariel Shaffir will write the film , under their Point Grey Pictures banner . The 1994 comedy film Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , starring Leslie Nielsen and Priscilla Presley , features a cameo appearance by Wally at the end of the film during a scene that takes place at the Academy Awards . During the 2012 Super Bowl , Wally was featured in a MetLife commercial . As in the series , Wally was hard to find in the commercial . Video games ( edit ) A number of North American video games were developed using the US / Canada regional name `` Waldo '' . Where 's Waldo ? ( 1991 ) ( NES ) The Great Waldo Search ( 1992 ) ( NES , SNES , Mega Drive ) Wally o Sagase ! ( 1993 ) ( Super Famicom ) ( Japan - exclusive title published by Tomy ) Where 's Waldo at the Circus ( 1995 ) ( PC ) Where 's Waldo ? : Exploring Geography ( 1996 ) ( PC ) Where 's Waldo ? The Fantastic Journey ( 2009 ) ( PC , Mac , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS , iPhone , iPad , iPod Touch ) Where 's Waldo ? in Hollywood ( 2010 ) ( iPhone , iPad , iPod Touch ) Waldo & Friends , a mobile game published by Ludia , Inc.",
"10": "on iOS and Android in 2015 , but is no longer available for download Comic strip ( edit ) For several years in the early and mid-1990s , Where 's Wally ? was turned into a Sunday newspaper comic / puzzle , distributed by King Features Syndicate . The comics were also released in book form in the US , using the regional name ' Waldo ' . Cereal boxes ( edit ) In the early 1990s Quaker Life Cereal in the US carried various Where 's Wally ? scenes on the back of the boxes along with collector 's cards , toys and send - away prizes . This was shown in The Simpsons episode `` Hello Gutter , Hello Fadder '' where Homer shouts `` WALDO , WHERE ARE YOU ? ! '' after looking at the scene on the cereal box as Waldo walks by the kitchen window . Real - life Where 's Wally ? Phenomena ( edit ) World record attempts ( edit ) Attendees at the 2011 Where 's Wally ? World Record event in Dublin , Ireland On Thursday 2 April 2009 , 1,052 students , alumni , and members of the community at Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , America , captured the Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of people dressed as Waldo . The event raised money for local public schools . On Monday 31 May 2010 , Great Yarmouth attempted to break this record , but fell short of 1,052 with only 930 fans . On Sunday 19 June 2011 , the previous record was broken when 3,872 people dressed as Wally gathered in Merrion Square , Dublin , Ireland . The Waldo Waldo 5K has tried to break the record in a 5k fun run to raise money for the Waldo Canyon Fire burn area in Colorado Springs , Colorado , US , every year since the fire in July , 2012 . The first attempt , on Sunday 21 October 2012 , had just over a thousand The second attempt , on Sunday 27 October 2013 , had over 2,700 . The third attempt , on Sunday 26 October 2014 , hosted 3,104 participants . The fourth attempt , on Saturday 17 October 2015 increased the count to 3,400 participants .",
"11": "The fifth attempt was made on 22 October 2016 , with a final count of 3,524 . The next race was held on Saturday 21 October 2017 . Real - life re-creation ( edit ) On Saturday 12 September 2009 a re-creation took place in downtown Chicago . The re-creation featured all of the characters , Wally , Wenda , Wizard Whitebeard , Odlaw , and Woof , hiding throughout downtown Chicago and invited others to come and find them . See also ( edit ) 1980s portal 1990s portal Wimmelbilderbuch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duckett , Jodi ( 26 November 1997 ) . `` Waldo 's World '' . LA Times . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Up Against the Waldo '' , by Cyndi Stivers , 14 December 1990 , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 Feb 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Martin Handford '' , Scholastic Book Club . Retrieved 7 Feb 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Walker Books . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blatt , Ben ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Where 's Waldo 's Elusive Hero Did n't Just Get Sneakier . He Got Smaller '' . Slate . Jump up ^ http://www.hitentertainment.com/hitcatalogue/whereswally.html Jump up ^ `` ' Waldo ' finds his way to the bigscreen -- Entertainment News , Film News , Media '' . Variety . 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . At the same time , Illumination has scrapped a number of planned movie ideas . `` Waldo '' and a Tim Burton - helmed , stop - motion `` The Addams Family '' are dead .",
"12": "The company abandoned a Woody Woodpecker pic , and could n't crack `` Clifford the Big Red Dog . '' Jump up ^ `` MGM Acquires Film Rights To Where 's Waldo ? Franchise , Eyes Live - Action Pic '' . MGM via Deadline. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Sivadel , Sulai . `` ' Where 's Waldo ? ' Movie Snags a Writer '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg To Spearhead ' Where 's Waldo ' For MGM '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Where ISN 'T Wally ? 930 fans put on bobble hats and glasses to break world record '' . Daily Mail . London . 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rutgers students set Where 's Waldo record '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Róisín ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Let me entertain you '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Waldo Waldo 2012 '' . 21 Oct 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Waldo Waldo 2013 '' . 27 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waldo Waldo 2014 '' . 26 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Waldo Waldo 2015 '' . 17 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Waldo Waldo '' . 22 Oct 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waldo Waldo 2016 '' . 22 Oct 2016 . Jump up ^ http://waldo5k.com/ Jump up ^ `` Play real - life Where 's Waldo ? downtown this Saturday -- on A.V. Chicago Decider '' . Jump up ^ `` Where 's Waldo ? In Chicago ! '' . NBC Chicago . ( hide ) Where 's Wally ? Books Where 's Wally ? Where 's Wally Now ? The Fantastic Journey The Ultimate Fun Book The Magnificent Poster Book !",
"13": "Where 's Wally in Hollywood ? The Wonder Book The Great Picture Hunt ! The Incredible Paper Chase Television Where 's Wally ? : The Animated Series episodes Video games Where 's Waldo ? ( 1991 ) The Great Waldo Search ( 1992 ) Where 's Waldo at the Circus ( 1995 ) Where 's Waldo ? : Exploring Geography ( 1996 ) Where 's Waldo ? The Fantastic Journey ( 2009 ) Other Martin Handford Where 's Wally comic strip International variations of Where 's Wally ? The Waldo Waldo 5K Where 's Waldo ? magazine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where%27s_Wally%3F&oldid=818541329 '' Categories : British children 's picture books Puzzle books Where 's Wally ?",
"14": "Fictional characters introduced in 1987 1980s fads and trends 1990s fads and trends Tomy games Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won latest america's next top model
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"0": "America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) Cycle 24 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network VH1 Original release January 9 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) -- April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Ashley Graham Drew Elliott Law Roach No. of contestants 15 Winner Kyla Coleman Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 23 The twenty - fourth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on January 9 , 2018 and was the second season to air on VH1 . Continuing from cycle 23 , this cycle featured an all - female cast . However , in a first for the series , the maximum age limit was removed , allowing contestants of all ages to enter the contest . Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show 's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora . The judging panel , consisting of model Ashley Graham , Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott , and celebrity stylist Law Roach , remained otherwise unchanged . The prizes for this cycle included a contract with Next Model Management , fashion spread in Paper magazine , a cash prize of US $100,000 from Pantene , and a featured avatar in the new America 's Next Top Model Mobile Game . The winner of the competition was 20 year - old Kyla Coleman from Lacey , Washington .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 The Boss Is Back 2.2 Beauty Is Los Angeles 2.3 Beauty Is a Trademark 2.4 Beauty Is Drama 2.5 Beauty Is Unconventional 2.6 Beauty Is Pride 2.7 Beauty Is Raw 2.8 Beauty Is Social 2.9 Beauty Is Movement 2.10 Beauty Is Real 2.11 Behind The Beauty 2.12 Beauty Is Personality 2.13 Beauty Is a Comeback 2.14 Beauty Is Commercial 2.15 Next Level Fierce 3 Summaries 3.1 Results 3.2 Photo shoot guide 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest . ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Maggie Keating 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Surry , Maine Episode 2 15 Ivana Thomas 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Durham , North Carolina Episode 3 14 Liz Woodbury 24 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Greenville , Massachusetts Episode 4 13 ( quit ) Rhiyan Carreker 20 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Orange County , California 12 Coura Fall 24 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Eastvale , California Episode 5 11 Liberty Netuschil 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Lava Hot Springs , Idaho Episode 6 10 Christina McDonald 34 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Jenkintown , Pennsylvania Episode 7 9 Sandra Shehab 22 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Cliffside Park , New Jersey Episode 8 8 Brendi K Seiner 22 1.",
"2": "78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Nashville , Tennessee Episode 9 7 ( quit ) Erin Green 42 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Riverside , California Episode 10 6 Rio Summers 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Detroit , Michigan Episode 13 5 Shanice Carroll 25 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Murfreesboro , Tennessee Episode 15 Khrystyana Kazakova 32 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) New York , New York Jeana Turner 24 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Minneapolis , Minnesota Kyla Coleman 20 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Lacey , Washington Episodes ( edit ) The boss is back ( edit ) Original air date : January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) The semi-finalists were introduced to the judges for the first time , and were made aware of the new casting process in which any of them could be eliminated at any point during casting week ( as opposed to the mass - eliminations in previous cycles ) , to gradually reduce the pool of contestants . The models then had one - on - one auditions with the judges , which saw several semi-finalists leave the competition . The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant - garde photo shoot and runway challenge . The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house , and at the end of the week , host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants . Immediately afterwards , Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who 'd missed the final cut , Erin Green , would also be allowed to move on to the main competition , bringing the final number of contestants to 15 . Featured photographer : Renata Raksha Special guests : Nicola Formichetti Beauty is Los Angeles ( edit ) Original air date : January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) The finalists moved into the model home .",
"3": "They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park , where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp . As the winner of the challenge , Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week . On set , the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford , inspired by Hollywood 's latest baby boom fashion trends . At elimination , Coura received best picture . Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two , and Maggie was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Charlotte Rutherford Special guests : Stacey McKenzie Beauty is a trademark ( edit ) Original air date : January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon . After the makeovers were administered , the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors . At elimination , Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot . Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two , and Ivana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Leanne Citrone Beauty is drama ( edit ) Original air date : January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips , which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie . Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner . Later on , the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story . After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra , Liz decided to quit the competition . At elimination , Khrystyana received best photo . Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two , and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition .",
"4": "Featured photographer : Ekaterina Belinskaya Special guests : B. Akerlund , Anthony Hemingway , Stacey McKenzie , Kevin Phillips Beauty is unconventional ( edit ) Original air date : February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools . Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner , and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr 's channel . On set , the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken . At elimination , Rio received best picture . Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two , and Coura was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tatiana Gerusova Special guests : Patrick Starr Beauty is pride ( edit ) Original air date : February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky 's Bar , and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana . The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon , Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova . Khrystyana won best picture at elimination . Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two , and Liberty was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Katie Levine Special guests : Valentina , Christian Cowan , Manila Luzon , Stacey McKenzie , Katya Zamolodchikova Beauty is raw ( edit ) Original air date : February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X . As the winners of the challenge , Khrystyana , Kyla , and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC . On set , the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra .",
"5": "At elimination Brendi K , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice received a joint first call - out as a group . Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two , and Christina was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Yoko Sakakura , Shigeko Taylor , Director X , Stacey McKenzie Beauty is social ( edit ) Original air date : February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) The remaining models received a visit from Tyra , and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie . They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan 's clothing brand , LonDunn . Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge . On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus - sized male models covered in gold body paint . At elimination , Kyla received best photo . Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two , and Sandra was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Jourdan Dunn , Zach Miko , Miles Dausuel , Kevin Rivers , Michael Guest judge : Jourdan Dunn Beauty is movement ( edit ) Original air date : March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge , which was won by Jeana . They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute . Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel . Shanice received best photo during elimination , while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two . As a result of Brendi K 's departure earlier in the episode , both of them were allowed to stay . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Jermaine Browne Beauty is real ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry .",
"6": "Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge , and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward . On set , the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine . At elimination , Rio received best photo . Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Erin was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Chris Mena , Barbara Strasmore , Maggie Barry Behind the beauty ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) This episode featured behind the scenes and never before seen footage of the cycle , and highlighted each contestants journey to the top five . Beauty is personality ( edit ) Original air date : March 20 , 2018 The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America 's Next Top Model mobile game . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner , and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach . The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X . At elimination , Khrystyana received best performance . Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Maejor , David Ortis Guest judge : Director X Beauty is a comeback ( edit ) Original air date : March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) The final four took part in a throwback America 's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16 . It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants , one of whom would be replacing that week 's eliminee at panel . Erin was chosen as the challenge winner , and along with Liberty , Christina , and Jeana , moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return . On set , the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas , shot by former judge Nigel Barker . At elimination , Kyla received best picture .",
"7": "Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Rio was eliminated from the competition . Out of the four comeback contestants , Jeana was chosen to return . Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Stacey McKenzie , Eva Marcille Beauty is commercial ( edit ) Original air date : April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner . On set , the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene , which required them to embody several different products from the brand . At elimination , Kyla won best photo . Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . In a shocking turn of events , she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein , joining the other three models in the finale . Featured photographer : Torkil Gudnason Special guests : Kelly Vanasse , Danilo , Philipp Plein Guest judge : Philipp Plein Next level fierce ( edit ) Original air date : April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition . The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner 's spread to be published in Paper magazine . They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show . Immediately following the runway show , Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week . The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists , and at the end of the night , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Featured photographer : Vijat Mohindra Special guests : Philipp Plein , Mickey Boardman , Stacey McKenzie Summaries ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 Coura Liberty Khrystyana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K .",
"8": "Jeana Khrystyana Kyla Rio Sandra Shanice Kyla Shanice Rio Khrystyana Kyla Kyla Kyla Rio Jeana Jeana Khrystyana Shanice Jeana Khrystyana Khrystyana Kyla Khrystyana Khrystyana Jeana Erin Brendi K . Christina Shanice Jeana Shanice Erin Jeana Shanice Shanice Shanice Khrystyana Jeana Rio Liberty Sandra Christina Erin Rio Kyla Rio Rio Jeana Shanice 5 Khrystyana Kyla Brendi K . Kyla Erin Brendi K . Jeana Kyla Shanice Jeana 6 Christina Christina Erin Brendi K . Sandra Rio Erin 7 Liz Liz Shanice Jeana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K . 8 Kyla Coura Kyla Erin Brendi K . Erin Sandra 9 Ivana Erin Rio Liberty Kyla Christina 10 Rhiyan Khrystyana Sandra Christina Liberty 11 Liberty Sandra Coura Coura 12 Shanice Rhiyan Rhiyan 13 Sandra Shanice Liz 14 Brendi K . Ivana 15 Maggie The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant was originally eliminated but was saved The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant won the competition Jump up ^ In Episode 4 , Liz quit the competition before that week 's panel and elimination . Jump up ^ In Episode 7 , Brendi K. , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice shared a 7 - way tie for first call - out . Jump up ^ In Episode 9 , Brendi K. quit the competition during panel . As a result , no one was eliminated .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Jeana returned to the competition after Rio 's elimination in episode 13 . She was originally eliminated once again in episode 14 when she landed in the bottom two with Shanice , but was saved . Jump up ^ In episode 15 , Shanice was eliminated outside of judging panel after a fitting that took place before the final runway . Khrystyana was eliminated after the first deliberation at the final judging . Following the final deliberation , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Avant - garde couture in a garden ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Bohemian maternity editorial Episode 3 video shoot : Trademark style in a mirrored room Episode 4 photo shoot : American Horror Story in a haunted mansion Episode 5 photo shoot : Stacked beauty shots in groups Episode 6 photo shoot : Princesses with former RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants Episode 7 photo shoot : Unretouched natural beauty in lingerie Episode 8 photo shoot : Dripping in gold with plus - size male models Episode 9 photo shoot : Parachute couture in the desert Episode 10 photo shoot : Paper magazine cover tries Episode 12 music video : Mansion madness with Maejor Episode 13 photo shoot : Posing in pairs with Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas Episode 14 photo shoot : Pantene ad campaigns Episode 15 photo shoot : Paper magazine spreads Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in cycle Episode Air date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / share Ref . 305 `` The Boss Is Back '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.86 0.45 306 `` Beauty Is Los Angeles '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.96 0.40 307 `` Beauty Is a Trademark '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.88 0.42 308 `` Beauty Is Drama '' January 30 ,",
"10": "2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.79 0.37 309 5 `` Beauty Is Unconventional '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.78 0.38 310 6 `` Beauty Is Pride '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.79 0.32 311 7 `` Beauty Is Raw '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.86 0.40 312 8 `` Beauty Is Social '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.83 0.39 313 9 `` Beauty Is Movement '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.67 0.30 314 10 `` Beauty Is Real '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.73 0.35 315 11 `` Behind The Beauty '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.41 0.18 316 12 `` Beauty Is Personality '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 0.78 0.35 317 13 `` Beauty Is a Comeback '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.74 0.35 318 14 `` Beauty Is Commercial '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.83 0.36 319 15 `` Next Level Fierce '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.86 0.35 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nolfi ,",
"11": "Joey ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the fiercely - aged America 's Next Top Model cycle 24 cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' winner on disrupting fashion standards : ' Times are changing ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the Models Competing For the Title of America 's Next Top Model on Cycle 24 '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Orbey , Eren ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` The Enduring Miracle of Tyra Banks on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Season 24 premiere : Tyra Banks and experts determine the Top 15 models '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Maggie Keating after contestants pose pregnant for photo shoot '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' eliminates Ivana Thomas after shocking makeovers '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' recap : Liz Harlan leaves the show , Rhiyan Carreker gets eliminated '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Coura Fall and determines Top 10 finalists '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Trump model gets ousted on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : The Women Expose Themselves and Khrystyana Brings Everyone to Tears '' . BuddyTV .",
"12": "Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Sandra Shehab after sexy photo shoot with `` big , brawny '' men `` . Reality TV World . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : An Injury Occurs On Set and Another Woman Quits '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Shanice Upsets Drew at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Jeana Gets Pushy at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Eliminated Contestants Return for a Second Chance '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Which Contestants Make It to the Finals ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowen Yang and Matt Rogers ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Season - Finale Recap : Hangar in There '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' .",
"13": "www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' .",
"14": "www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 .",
"15": "External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_24)&oldid=837694743 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 12 : 22 . About Wikipedia",
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[
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how do you say evil eye in greek
|
[
"vaskania (βασκανία)",
"matiasma",
"vaskania (βασκανία)",
"vaskania (βασκανία)"
] |
{
"0": "Evil eye - wikipedia Evil eye Jump to : navigation , search `` Malochio '' and `` Malocchio '' redirect here . For the album by Abandon All Ships , see Malocchio ( album ) . ( show ) Part of a series of articles on the paranormal Main articles Afterlife Angel Astral projection Aura Bilocation Clairvoyance Close encounter Cold spot Conjuration Deity Demon Demonic possession Demonology Devil Ectoplasm Electronic voice phenomenon Exorcism Extrasensory perception Fairy Fear of ghosts Forteana Ghost Ghost hunting Ghost story God Haunted house Hypnosis Indigo children Magic Mediumship Miracle Occult Orb Ouija Paranormal Paranormal fiction Paranormal television Poltergeist Precognition Psychic Psychic reading Psychokinesis Psychometry Reincarnation Remote viewing Residual haunting Retrocognition Shadow people Soul Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Spiritualism Stone Tape Supernatural Telepathy UFO UFO sightings Ufology Will - o ' - the - wisp Haunted locations United Kingdom United States World Articles on skepticism Cold reading Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Debunking Hoax James Randi Educational Foundation Magical thinking Prizes for evidence of the paranormal Pseudoskepticism Scientific skepticism Related articles on science , psychology , and logic Agnosticism Anomalistics Argument from ignorance Argumentum ad populum Bandwagon effect Begging the question Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty Urban legend Related articles on Social change and Parapsychology Countermovement Death and culture Parapsychology Scientific literacy Social movement Nazars , charms used to ward off the evil eye . The evil eye is a curse believed to be cast by a malevolent glare , usually given to a person when they are unaware . Many cultures believe that receiving the evil eye will cause misfortune or injury .",
"1": "Talismans created to protect against the evil eye are also frequently called `` evil eyes '' . The idea expressed by the term causes many different cultures to pursue protective measures against it . The concept and its significance vary widely among different cultures , primarily in West Asia . The idea appears several times in rabbinic literature . It was a widely extended belief among many Mediterranean and Asian tribes and cultures . Charms and decorations with eye - like symbols known as nazars , which are used to repel the evil eye , are a common sight across Armenia , Albania , Algeria , Tunisia , Turkey , Egypt , Iran , Iraq , Pakistan , Israel , Morocco , Greece , the Levant , Afghanistan , Syria , southern Spain , and Mexico , and have become a popular choice of souvenir with tourists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Classical antiquity 2 Around the world 3 Protective talismans and cures 3.1 In Islam 3.2 Assyrians 3.3 In Judaism 3.4 Turkey 3.5 Ethiopia 3.6 Pakistan 3.7 Greece 3.8 Italy 3.9 Spain and Latin America 3.9. 1 Brazil 3.9. 2 Mexico 3.10 India 3.11 United States 4 Media and press coverage 5 Names in various languages 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Belief in the evil eye dates back to Classical antiquity . It is referenced by Hesiod , Callimachus , Plato , Diodorus Siculus , Theocritus , Plutarch , Heliodorus , Pliny the Elder , and Aulus Gellius . Peter Walcot 's Envy and the Greeks ( 1978 ) listed more than one hundred works by these and other authors mentioning the evil eye . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Roman - era mosaic from Antioch depicting a plethora of devices against the evil eye Classical authors attempted to offer explanations for the evil eye .",
"2": "Plutarch 's scientific explanation stated that the eyes were the chief , if not sole , source of the deadly rays that were supposed to spring up like poisoned darts from the inner recesses of a person possessing the evil eye . Plutarch treated the phenomenon of the evil eye as something seemingly inexplicable that is a source of wonder and cause of incredulity . The belief in the evil eye during antiquity varied across different regions and periods . The evil eye was not feared with equal intensity in every corner of the Roman Empire . There were places in which people felt more conscious of the danger of the evil eye . In Roman times , not only were individuals considered to possess the power of the evil eye but whole tribes , especially those of Pontus and Scythia , were believed to be transmitters of the evil eye . The phallic charm called fascinum in Latin , from the verb fascinare , `` to cast a spell '' ( the origin of the English word `` fascinate '' ) , was used against the evil eye . The spreading in the belief of the evil eye across the Near East is believed by some to have been propagated by the Empire of Alexander the Great , which spread this and other Greek ideas across his empire . Around the World ( edit ) Tree with nazars in Cappadocia , Turkey . Belief in the evil eye is strongest in West Asia , Latin America , East and West Africa , Central America , Central Asia , and Europe , especially the Mediterranean region ; it has also spread to areas , including northern Europe , particularly in the Celtic regions , and the Americas , where it was brought by European colonists and West Asian immigrants . Belief in the evil eye is found in the Islamic doctrine , based upon the statement of Prophet Muhammad , `` The influence of an evil eye is a fact ... '' ( Sahih Muslim , Book 26 , Number 5427 ) . Authentic practices of warding off the evil eye are also commonly practiced by Muslims : rather than directly expressing appreciation of , for example , a child 's beauty , it is customary to say Masha'Allah , that is , `` God has willed it '' , or invoking God 's blessings upon the object or person that is being admired .",
"3": "A number of beliefs about the evil eye are also found in folk religion , typically revolving around the use of amulets or talismans as a means of protection . In the Aegean Region and other areas where light - colored eyes are relatively rare , people with green eyes , and especially blue eyes , are thought to bestow the curse , intentionally or unintentionally . Thus , in Greece and Turkey amulets against the evil eye take the form of blue eyes , and in the painting by John Phillip , below , we witness the culture - clash experienced by a woman who suspects that the artist 's gaze implies that he is looking at her with the evil eye . Among those who do not take the evil eye literally , either by reason of the culture in which they were raised or because they simply do not believe it , the phrase , `` to give someone the evil eye '' usually means simply to glare at the person in anger or disgust . The term has entered into common usage within the English language . Within the broadcasting industry it refers to when a presenter signals to the interviewee or co-presenter to stop talking due to a shortage of time . Protective talismans and cures ( edit ) The Hamsa , a charm made to ward off the evil eye . Attempts to ward off the curse of the evil eye has resulted in a number of talismans in many cultures . As a class , they are called `` apotropaic '' ( Greek for `` prophylactic '' / προφυλακτικός or `` protective '' , literally : `` turns away '' ) talismans , meaning that they turn away or turn back harm . Disks or balls , consisting of concentric blue and white circles ( usually , from inside to outside , dark blue , light blue , white , and dark blue ) representing an evil eye are common apotropaic talismans in West Asia , found on the prows of Mediterranean boats and elsewhere ; in some forms of the folklore , the staring eyes are supposed to bend the malicious gaze back to the sorcerer . Known as nazar ( Turkish : nazar boncuğu or nazarlık ) , this talisman is most frequently seen in Turkey , found in or on houses and vehicles or worn as beads .",
"4": "Detail of a 19th - century Anatolian kilim , with rows of crosses ( Turkish : Haç ) and scattered S - shaped hooks ( Turkish : Çengel ) , both to ward off the evil eye A blue or green eye can also be found on some forms of the hamsa hand , an apotropaic hand - shaped talisman against the evil eye found in West Asia . The word hamsa , also spelled khamsa and hamesh , means `` five '' referring to the fingers of the hand . In Jewish culture , the hamsa is called the Hand of Miriam ; in some Muslim cultures , the Hand of Fatima . Though condemned as superstition by doctrinaire Muslims , it is almost exclusively among Muslims in the Near East and Mediterranean that the belief in envious looks containing destructive power or the talismanic power of a nazar to defend against them . To adherents of other faiths in the region , the nazar is an attractive decoration . A variety of motifs to ward off the evil eye are commonly woven into tribal kilim rugs . Such motifs include a cross ( Turkish : Haç ) to divide the evil eye into four , a hook ( Turkish : Çengel ) to destroy the evil eye , or a human eye ( Turkish : Göz ) to avert the evil gaze . The shape of a lucky amulet ( Turkish : Muska ; often , a triangular package containing a sacred verse ) is often woven into kilims for the same reason . In islam ( edit ) Evil eye , Isabat al - ' ayn , is a common belief that individuals have the power to look at people , animals or objects to cause them harm . It is tradition among many Muslims that if a compliment is to be made one should say `` Masha'Allah '' ( ما شاء الله ) ( `` God has willed it . '' ) and also `` TabarakAllah '' ( تبارك الله ) ( `` Blessings of God '' ) to ward off the evil eye . Reciting Sura Ikhlas , Sura Al - Falaq and Sura Al - Nas from the Qur'an , three times after Fajr and after Maghrib is also used as a means of personal protection against the evil eye .",
"5": "Still in Islam , Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Founder of Muridism in Senegal , wrote a Qassida ( prayers and duah ) called `` As Sindidi '' ( `` The Generous Chief '' ) , on which He praises God with these words against evil eye : `` Be He , who will protect me against the evil of the Jealous , the mischief of the evil whisperer , from the mischief of the envier when he envies . O Allah ! Be my refuge against the evil of the magic , against the evil of the Jinn , and other venomous creatures . O Allah ! '' ( in Arabic transcript ) : Assyrians ( edit ) A Ruby Eye Pendant from an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia was possibly used as amulet to protect against evil eyes . Adilnor Collection . Assyrians are also strong believers in the evil eye . They will usually wear a blue / turquoise bead around a necklace to be protected from the evil eye . Also , they might pinch the buttocks , comparable to Armenians . It is said that people with green or blue eyes are more prone to the evil eye effect . A simple and instant way of protection in European Christian countries is to make the sign of the cross with your hand and point two fingers , the index finger and the middle finger , towards the supposed source of influence or supposed victim as described in the first chapter of Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula published in 1897 : When we started , the crowd round the inn door , which had by this time swelled to a considerable size , all made the sign of the cross and pointed two fingers towards me . With some difficulty , I got a fellow passenger to tell me what they meant . He would not answer at first , but on learning that I was English , he explained that it was a charm or guard against the evil eye . In Judaism ( edit ) The evil eye is mentioned several times in the classic Pirkei Avot ( Ethics of Our Fathers ) . In Chapter II , five disciples of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai give advice on how to follow the good path in life and avoid the bad . Rabbi Eliezer says an evil eye is worse than a bad friend , a bad neighbor , or an evil heart .",
"6": "Judaism believes that a `` good eye '' designates an attitude of good will and kindness towards others . Someone who has this attitude in life will rejoice when his fellow man prospers ; he will wish everyone well . An `` evil eye '' denotes the opposite attitude . A man with `` an evil eye '' will not only feel no joy but experience actual distress when others prosper , and will rejoice when others suffer . A person of this character represents a great danger to our moral purity . Many Observant Jews avoid talking about valuable items they own , good luck that has come to them and , in particular , their children . If any of these are mentioned , the speaker and / or listener will say `` b'li ayin hara '' ( Hebrew ) , meaning `` without an evil eye '' , or `` kein eina hara '' ( Yiddish ; often shortened to `` kennahara '' ) , `` no evil eye '' . Another way to ward off the evil eye is to spit three times ( or pretend to ) . Romans call this custom `` despuere malum , '' to spit at evil . It has also been suggested the 10th commandment : `` do not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor '' is a law against bestowing the evil eye on another person . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Nazar ( amulet ) Traditionally shaped nazar ornaments A typical nazar is made of handmade glass featuring concentric circles or teardrop shapes in dark blue , white , light blue and black , occasionally with a yellow / gold edge . As a legacy of the Turkish Ottoman Empire , it is a common sight in Turkey , Romania , Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Greece , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Palestine , Israel , Egypt , Armenia , Iran , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Iraq and Azerbaijan , where the nazar is often hung in homes , offices , cars , children 's clothing , or incorporated in jewellery and ornaments . They are a popular choice of souvenir with tourists . Ethiopia ( edit ) Main article : Buda ( folk religion ) Belief in the evil eye , or buda ( var . bouda ) , is widespread in Ethiopia . Buda is generally believed to be a power held and wielded by those in a different social group , for example among the Beta Israel or metalworkers .",
"7": "Some Ethiopian Christians carry an amulet or talisman , known as a kitab , or will invoke God 's name , to ward off the ill effects of buda . A debtera , who is either an unordained priest or educated layperson , will create these protective amulets or talismans . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , the evil eye is called Nazar ( نظر ) . People usually may resort to reading the last three chapters of the Quran , namely Sura Ikhlas , Sura Al - Falaq and Sura Al - Nas . `` Masha'Allah '' ( ما شاء الله ) ( `` God has willed it . '' ) is commonly said to ward off the evil eye . Understanding of evil eye varies by the level of education . Some perceive the use of black color to be useful in protecting from evil eye . Others use `` taawiz '' to ward off evil eye . Truck owners and other public transport vehicles may commonly be seen using a small black cloth on the bumpers to prevent evil eye . Greece ( edit ) The evil eye , known as μάτι ( mati ) , `` eye '' , as an apotropaic visual device , is known to have been a fixture in Greece dating back to at least the 6th century BC , when it commonly appeared on drinking vessels . In Greece , the evil eye is cast away through the process of xematiasma ( ξεμάτιασμα ) , whereby the `` healer '' silently recites a secret prayer passed over from an older relative of the opposite sex , usually a grandparent . Such prayers are revealed only under specific circumstances , according to their customs those who reveal them indiscriminately lose their ability to cast off the evil eye . There are several regional versions of the prayer in question , a common one being : `` Holy Virgin , Our Lady , if ( insert name of the victim ) is suffering of the evil eye , release him / her of it . '' Evil repeated three times . According to custom , if one is indeed afflicted with the evil eye , both victim and `` healer '' then start yawning profusely . The `` healer '' then performs the sign of the cross three times , and emits spitting - like sounds in the air three times .",
"8": "A very similar ritual can be found in neighboring Bulgaria . Another `` test '' used to check if the evil eye was cast is that of the oil : under normal conditions , olive oil floats in water , as it is less dense than water . The test of the oil is performed by placing one drop of olive oil in a glass of water , typically holy water . If the drop floats , the test concludes there is no evil eye involved . If the drop sinks , then it is asserted that the evil eye is cast indeed . Another form of the test is to place two drops of olive oil into a glass of water . If the drops remain separated , the test concludes there is no evil eye , but if they merge , there is . There is also a third form where in a plate full of water the `` healer '' places three or nine drops of oil . If the oil drops become larger and eventually dissolve in the water there is evil eye . If the drops remain separated from water in a form of a small circle there is n't . The first drops are the most important and the number of drops that dissolve in water indicate the strength of the evil eye . There is another form of the `` test '' where the `` healer '' prepares a few cloves by piercing each one with a pin . Then she lights a candle and grabs a pinned clove with a pair of scissors . She then uses it to do the sign of the cross over the afflicted whilst the afflicted is asked to think of a person who may have given him the evil eye . Then the healer holds the clove over the flame . If the clove burns silently , there is no evil eye present ; however , if the clove explodes or burns noisily , that means the person in the thoughts of the afflicted is the one who has cast the evil eye . As the clove explodes , the evil eye is released from the afflicted . Cloves that burn with some noise are considered to be λόγια - words - someone foul - mouthing you that you ought to be wary of . The burned cloves are extinguished into a glass of water and are later buried in the garden along with the pins as they are considered to be contaminated . Greek people will also ward off the evil eye by saying φτου να μη σε ματιάξω !",
"9": "which translates to `` I spit so that I wo n't give you the evil eye . '' Contrary to popular belief , the evil eye is not necessarily given by someone wishing you ill , but it stems from admiration . Since it is technically possible to give yourself the evil eye , it is advised to be humble . The Greek Fathers accepted the traditional belief in the evil eye , but attributed it to the Devil and envy . In Greek theology , the evil eye or vaskania ( βασκανία ) is considered harmful for the one whose envy inflicts it on others as well as for the sufferer . The Greek Church has an ancient prayer against vaskania from the Megan Hieron Synekdemon ( Μέγαν Ιερόν Συνέκδημον ) book of prayers . Italy ( edit ) Various evil eye amulets from Italy such as the cornicello , cimaruta , and lunula ( 1895 ) . The cornicello , `` little horn '' , also called the cornetto ( `` little horn '' , plural cornetti ) , is a long , gently twisted horn - shaped amulet . Cornicelli are usually carved out of red coral or made from gold or silver . The type of horn they are intended to copy is not a curled - over sheep horn or goat horn but rather like the twisted horn of an African eland or a chili pepper . One idea that the ribald suggestions made by sexual symbols distract the witch from the mental effort needed to successfully bestow the curse . Another is that since the effect of the eye was to dry up liquids , the drying of the phallus ( resulting in male impotence ) would be averted by seeking refuge in the moist female genitals . Among the ancient Romans and their cultural descendants in the Mediterranean nations , those who were not fortified with phallic charms had to make use of sexual gestures to avoid the eye . Such gestures include the mano cornuta gesture and the fig sign ; a fist with the thumb pressed between the index and middle fingers , representing the phallus within the vagina . In addition to the phallic talismans , statues of hands in these gestures , or covered with magical symbols , were carried by the Romans as talismans .",
"10": "In Latin America , carvings of the fist with the thumb pressed between the index and middle fingers continue to be carried as good luck charms . Two handsigns ( fig sign and horned sign ) used in Italy against the evil eye ( 1914 ) . The wielder of the evil eye , the jettatore , is described as having a striking facial appearance , high arching brows with a stark stare that leaps from his black eyes . He often has a reputation for clandestine involvement with dark powers and is the object of gossip about dealings in magic and other forbidden practices . Successful men having tremendous personal magnetism quickly gain notoriety as jettatori . Pope Pius IX was dreaded for his evil eye , and a whole cycle of stories about the disasters that happened in his wake were current in Rome during the latter decades of the 19th century . Public figures of every type , from poets to gangsters , have had their specialized abilities attributed to the power of their eyes . Spain and Latin America ( edit ) The evil eye or ' Mal de Ojo ' has been deeply embedded in Spanish popular culture throughout its history and Spain is the origin of this superstition in Latin America . In Mexico and Central America , infants are considered at special risk for the evil eye ( see mal de ojo , above ) and are often given an amulet bracelet as protection , typically with an eye - like spot painted on the amulet . Another preventive measure is allowing admirers to touch the infant or child ; in a similar manner , a person wearing an item of clothing that might induce envy may suggest to others that they touch it or some other way dispel envy . One traditional cure in rural Mexico involves a curandero ( folk healer ) sweeping a raw chicken egg over the body of a victim to absorb the power of the person with the evil eye . The egg is later broken into a glass with water and placed under the bed of the patient near the head . Sometimes it is checked immediately because the egg appears as if it has been cooked . When this happens it means that the patient did have Mal De Ojo . Somehow the Mal De Ojo has transferred to the egg and the patient immediately gets well .",
"11": "( Fever , pain and diarrhea , nausea / vomiting goes away instantly ) In the traditional Hispanic culture of the Southwestern United States and some parts of Mexico , the egg may be passed over the patient in a cross-shaped pattern all over the body , while reciting The Lord 's Prayer . The egg is also placed in a glass with water , under the bed and near the head , sometimes it is examined right away or in the morning and if the egg looks like it has been cooked then it means that they did have Mal de Ojo and the patient will start feeling better . Sometimes if the patient starts getting ill and someone knows that they had stared at patient , usually a child , if the person who stared goes to the child and touches them , the child 's illness goes away immediately so the Mal De Ojo energy is released . In some parts of South America the act of ojear , which could be translated as to give someone the evil eye , is an involuntary act . Someone may ojear babies , animals and inanimate objects just by staring and admiring them . This may produce illness , discomfort or possibly death on babies or animals and failures on inanimate objects like cars or houses . It 's a common belief that since this is an involuntary act made by people with the heavy look , the proper way of protection is by attaching a red ribbon to the animal , baby or object , in order to attract the gaze to the ribbon rather than to the object intended to be protected . Brazil ( edit ) Brazilians generally will associate mal - olhado , mau - olhado ( `` act of giving a bad look '' ) or olho gordo ( `` fat eye '' i.e. `` gluttonous eye '' ) with envy or jealousy on domestic and garden plants ( that , after months or years of health and beauty , will suddenly weaken , wither and die , with no apparent signs of pest , after the visitation of a certain friend or relative ) , attractive hair and less often economic or romantic success and family harmony . Unlike in most cultures mal - olhado is not seen to be something that risks young babies . `` Pagans '' or non-baptized children are instead assumed to be at risk from bruxas ( witches ) , that have malignant intention themselves rather than just mal - olhado .",
"12": "It probably reflects the Galician folktales about the meigas or Portuguese magas , ( witches ) , as Colonial Brazil was primarily settled by Portuguese people , in numbers greater than all Europeans to settle pre-independence United States . Those bruxas are interpreted to have taken the form of moths , often very dark , that disturb children at night and take away their energy . For that reason , Christian Brazilians often have amulets in the form of crucifixes around , beside or inside beds where children sleep . Nevertheless , older children , especially boys , that fulfill the cultural ideals of behaving extremely well ( for example , having no problems whatsoever in eating well a great variety of foods , being obedient and respectful toward adults , kind , polite , studious , and demonstrating no bad blood with other children or their siblings ) who unexpectedly turn into problematic adolescents or adults ( for example lacking good health habits , extreme laziness or lacking motivation towards their life goals , having eating disorders , or being prone to delinquency ) , are said to have been victims of mal - olhado coming from parents of children whose behavior was not as admirable . Amulets that protect against mal - olhado tend to be generally resistant , mildly to strongly toxic and dark plants in specific and strategic places of a garden or the entry to a house . Those include comigo - ninguém - pode ( `` against - me - nobody - cans '' ) , Dieffenbachia ( the dumbcane ) , espada - de-são - jorge ( `` St. George 's sword '' ) , Sansevieria trifasciata ( the snake plant or mother - in - law 's tongue ) and guiné ( `` Guinea '' ) , among various other names , Petiveria alliacea ( the guinea henweed ) . For those lacking in space or wanting to `` sanitize '' specific places , they may all be planted together in a single sete ervas ( `` seven ( lucky ) herbs '' ) pot , that will also include arruda ( common rue ) , pimenteira ( Capsicum annuum ) , manjericão ( basil ) and alecrim ( rosemary ) . ( Though the last four ones should not be used for their common culinary purposes by humans . )",
"13": "Other popular amulets against evil eye include : the use of mirrors , on the outside of your home 's front door , or also inside your home facing your front door ; an elephant figurine with its back to the front door ; and coarse salt , placed in specific places at home . Mexico ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mal ojo often occurs without the dimension of envy , but insofar as envy is a part of ono , it is a variant of this underlying sense of insecurity and relative vulnerability to powerful , hostile forces in the environment . In her study of medical attitudes in the Santa Clara Valley of California , Margaret Clark arrives at essentially the same conclusion : `` Among the Spanish - speaking folk of Sal si Puedes , the patient is regarded as a passive and innocent victim of malevolent forces in his environment . These forces may be witches , evil spirits , the consequences of poverty , or virulent bacteria that invade his body . The scapegoat may be a visiting social worker who unwittingly ' cast the evil eye ' ... Mexican folk concepts of disease are based in part on the notion that people can be victimized by the careless or malicious behavior of others '' . Another aspect of the mal ojo syndrome in Ixtepeji is a disturbance of the hot - cold equilibrium in the victim . According to folk belief , the bad effects of an attack result from the `` hot '' force of the aggressor entering the child 's body and throwing it out of balance . Currier has shown how the Mexican hot - cold system is an unconscious folk model of social relations upon which social anxieties are projected . According to Currier , `` the nature of Mexican peasant society is such that each individual must continuously attempt to achieve a balance between two opposing social forces : the tendency toward intimacy and that toward withdrawal . ( It is therefore proposed ) that the individual 's continuous preoccupation with achieving a balance between ' heat ' and ' cold ' is a way of reenacting , in symbolic terms , a fundamental activity in social relations . ''",
"14": "India ( edit ) Main article : Nazar Battu In North India , the evil eye is called `` Drishti '' ( meaning gaze or vision ) or more commonly as Buri Nazar . A charm bracelet , tattoo or other object ( Nazar battu ) , or a slogan ( Chashme Baddoor ( slogan ) ) , may be used to ward - off the evil eye . Some truck owners write the slogan to ward off the evil eye : `` buri nazar wale tera muh kala '' ( `` O evil - eyed one , may your face turn black '' ) . In general in India , if gone through time up to historical myths , babies and newborn infants will have their eye adorned with kajal , or eyeliner . This would be black , as it is believed in India that black wards off the evil eye or any evil auras . In South India ( Andhra Pradesh ) , people call it as ' Disti ' or ' Drusti ' . To remove Disti people follow several methods based on their culture / area . Items used to remove Disti either Rock salt or Red chilies or Oiled cloth . Taking one of this item , people remove Disti by rotating their hand with one of the item above around the person who affected by Disti and they will burn the item . United States ( edit ) In 1946 , the American magician Henri Gamache published a text called Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed ! ( later reprinted as Protection against Evil ) , which offers directions to defend oneself against the evil eye . Media and press coverage ( edit ) In some cultures over-complimenting is said to cast a curse . So does envy . Since ancient times such maledictions have been collectively called the evil eye . According to the book The Evil Eye by folklorist Alan Dundes , the belief 's premise is that an individual can cause harm simply by looking at another 's person or property . However , protection is easy to come by with talismans that can be worn , carried , or hung in homes , most often incorporating the contours of a human eye . In Aegean countries , people with light - colored eyes are thought to be particularly powerful , and amulets in Greece and Turkey are usually blue orbs .",
"15": "Indians , Muslims , and Jews use charms with palm - forward hands with an eye in the center ; Italians employ horns , phallic shapes meant to distract spell casters . Names in various languages ( edit ) In most languages , the name translates literally into English as `` bad eye '' , `` evil eye '' , `` evil look '' , or just `` the eye '' . Some variants on this general pattern from around the world are : In Albanian it is known as `` syri i keq '' ( Standart and Tosk ) , or as `` syni keq '' ( Gheg ) meaning `` bad eye '' . Also `` mësysh '' is used commonly , meaning `` cast an evil eye '' . In Arabic , ʿayn al - ḥasūd , عين الحسود , `` the eye of envy '' . ʿAyn ḥārrah ( عين حارّة ) is also used , literally translating to `` hot eye '' . In Armenian , char atchk ( չար աչքն ) `` evil eye '' or `` bad eye '' . Regarding the act of giving an evil gaze , it is said ( directly translated ) , `` to give with the eye '' or in Armenian , `` atchkov tal '' . In Azerbaijani , `` Göz dəyməsi '' -- translating as being struck by an eye In Chinese it is called 邪惡 之 眼 ( Hant ) / 邪恶 之 眼 ( Hans ) ( xié è zhī yǎn , literally `` evil eye '' ) In Dutch it is called `` het boze oog '' , literally `` the malicious eye '' or `` the angry eye '' In Galician , it is called `` meigallo '' , from meiga , `` witch '' ( and maybe - allo , diminutive or aumentative suffix ; or contracted with either ollo , `` eye '' ; or allo , `` garlic '' ) . In German , it is called `` böser Blick '' , literally `` evil gaze '' .",
"16": "In Greek , to matiasma ( μάτιασμα ) or mati ( μάτι ) someone refers to the act of casting the evil eye ( mati being the Greek word for eye ) ; also : vaskania ( βασκανία , the Greek word for jinx ) In Hebrew , ʿáyin hā - ráʿ ( עַיִן הָרַע , `` eye of evil '' ) In Hindustani and other languages of South Asia , ( Hindi : nazar ( नज़र ) ; nazar lagna ( नज़र लगना ) ) means to be afflicted by the evil eye . ( However , it generally has no evil connotations because a doting mother 's eye can supposedly also cause harm . ) In Urdu , another variant of Hindustani , nazar '' ( نظر ) `` Chashm - é bad '' ( چشمِ بد ) ; nazar lagna means to be afflicted by the evil eye . In Hungarian , gonosz szem means `` evil eye '' , but more widespread is the expression szemmelverés ( lit . `` beating with eye '' ) , which refers to the supposed / alleged act of harming one by an evil look In Irish , the term drochshúil is used for the ' evil eye ' , being a compound of ' droch ' ( bad , poor , evil , ill ) and ' súil ( eye ) . This can also be used to refer to someone with weak eyesight . In Italian , the word malocchio refers to the evil eye . In Japanese it is known as `` 邪 視 '' ( `` jashi '' ) . In Kannada , it is called `` drishti '' . ( But cf . `` Drishti ( yoga ) '' . ) In Ke / Tz Luo , it is called `` Sihoho / Juog wang ' '' . In Macedonian it is known as урокливо око .",
"17": "In Malayalam it is known as kannu veykkuka -- to cast an evil eye while `` kannu peduka '' means to be on the receiving end of the malefic influence . `` kannu dosham '' refers to a bad effect caused by an evil eye . In Neapolitan it is known as `` ' o mma'uocchje '' which translates literally into `` the evil / bad / maleficent eye '' , which afflicts people , especially women and children who are supposedly the most vulnerable , with multiple issues and problems , stemming from pre-natal issues , miscarriages , early childhood death or sickness or death of a mother during birth , as well as afflicting women with infertility , sexual problems , early widowhood , etc. , while afflicted men suffer from cancer , laziness , greed , gluttony , and other diseases , disabilities and ailments . In Persian it is known as `` چشم زخم '' ( injurious look / eyes causing injury ) or `` چشم شور '' ( omen eye ) `` Cheshmeh Hasood '' , meaning Jealous eye , or `` Cheshme Nazar '' meaning evil eye . In Polish it is known as `` złe oko '' or `` złe spojrzenie '' . In Pashto it is known as `` بدو سترګو وهل '' ( bado stargo wahal ) and also `` نظر وهل '' ( Nazar wahal ) In Portuguese , it is called `` mau olhado '' , ou `` olho gordo '' ( literally `` fat eye '' ) . The first expression is used in Portugal and second one is more common in Brazil . In Romanian , it is known as `` deochi '' , meaning literally `` un-eye '' . In Russian , `` дурной глаз '' ( durnoy glaz ) means `` bad / evil eye '' ; `` сглаз '' ( sglaz ) literally means `` from eye '' . In Sanskrit , an ancient Indo - Aryan language , it is called `` drishti dosha '' ( दृष्टि दोष ) meaning malice caused by evil eye . ( But cf . `` drishti ( yoga ) '' . )",
"18": "In Serbo - Croatian ( Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian and Montenegrin ) , it is called Urokljivo oko ( Cyr . Урокљиво око ) . First word is adjective of the word urok / урок , which means spell or curse , and the second one means eye . In Somali , it is called `` il '' , or `` Ilaaco '' or `` Qumayo '' ( first word literally meaning `` eye '' and the other two words meaning envy eye ) In Spanish , mal de ojo literally means `` evil from the eye '' as the name does not refer to the actual eye but to the evil that supposedly comes from it . Casting the evil eye is then echar mal de ojo , i.e. `` to cast evil from the eye '' . In Tamil , `` கண் படுதல் '' ( kan padudhal ) literally means `` casting an eye '' ( with an intention to cause harm ) . `` கண்ணூறு '' ( kannooru ) `` harm from the eye '' In Turkish kem göz means evil eye and the cure is having a `` nazar boncuğu '' , the nazar amulet . See also ( edit ) John Phillip , The Evil Eye ( 1859 ) , a self - portrait depicting the artist sketching a Spanish gypsy who thinks she is being given the evil eye . Amulet Balor of the Evil Eye -- a character in Irish legend Basilisk -- Death glance / petrifying glance Cockatrice -- Death glance / petrifying glance Cornicello -- Italian amulet used to ward off the evil eye Envy Eye bead Eye of Horus -- an Ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and power against evil . Eye of Providence -- a symbol showing an eye surrounded by rays of light or a glory , and usually enclosed by a triangle . Eye of Sauron -- a fictional eye from The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Hamsa Harmal Lashon hara -- Jewish concept of the `` evil tongue '' Matthew 6 : 23 `` If thine eye be evil '' -- The evil eye as ungenerosity of spirit , hence darkness / blindness / evil itself .",
"19": "( A saying of Jesus . ) Medusa and Gorgon -- Petrification glance ( Stone glance ) , picture also used on as protection from evil eye . Mirror armour , which is believed as protection not from only cold steel and arrows , but also from evil eye Nazar Chasme Battu -- from North India and Pakistan Red string ( Kabbalah ) Scopophobia Sign of the horns -- horned hand gesture used for warding off the Evil Eye and other purposes Thousand mile stare -- a relatively common phenomenon that may be mistaken for the evil eye . Usog -- a Filipino version . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross , C ( 2010 ) . `` Hypothesis : The Electrophysicological Basis of the Evil Eye Belief '' . Anthropology of Consciousness. 21 : 47 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1556 - 3537.2010. 01020. x . Jump up ^ `` Definition for `` evil eye '' from Merriam Webster Dictionary `` . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` evil eye ( occult ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Ulmer , Rivka ( 1994 ) . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. , ed . The evil eye in the Bible and in rabbinic literature . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 463 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts '' . Usc.edu . Jump up ^ `` Du'a -- What to say when in fear of afflicting something or someone with one ? s eye '' . Makedua.com . Jump up ^ Cora Lynn Daniels , et al. , eds , Encyclopædia of Superstitions , Folklore , and the Occult Sciences of the World ( Volume III ) , p. 1273 , Univ . Press of the Pacific , Honolulu , ISBN 1 - 4102 - 0916 - 4 Jump up ^ `` He may sound like a Dalek doing a bad impression of Kenneth Williams , but why DO so many BBC stars want to exterminate Pesto ? '' .",
"20": "Daily Mail . 18 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Erbek , Güran ( 1998 ) . Kilim Catalogue No. 1 . May Selçuk A.S. Edition = 1st . Jump up ^ Definition of the evil eye , and ways of protecting oneself against it and treating it , Islam Questions and Answers Jump up ^ Sindidi . Daaraykamil.com Jump up ^ Sindidi . Al-himma.com Jump up ^ Dracula , Bram Stoker 's novel 1897 edition online . p. ? Jump up ^ `` Evil Eye in Judaism '' . My Jewish Learning . Jump up ^ Chapters of the Fathers , Translation & Commentary by Samson Raphael Hirsch , Feldheim Publishers , ISBN 0 - 87306 - 182 - 9 pg. 32 Jump up ^ Joyce Eisenberg and Ellen Scolnic . `` The Whole Spiel : Funny essays about digital nudniks , seder selfies and chicken soup memories , '' Incompra Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 72625 - 9 pg. 153 ^ Jump up to : Lonely Planet Middle East. Lonely Planet ; 6 edition , 2009 , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Stoltz , Dustin ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Evil Eye and Mountain Karma in Azerbaijan '' . www.dustinstoltz.com . Jump up ^ Turner , John W. `` Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity : Faith and practices '' . A Country Study : Ethiopia . Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry , eds . Washington : Library of Congress Federal Research Division , 1991 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Charles . `` Ethiopians & Eritreans . '' Refugee Health -- Immigrant Health . Waco , TX : Baylor University . Jump up ^ Finneran , Niall . `` Ethiopian Evil Eye Belief and the Magical Symbolism of Iron Working . '' Folklore , Vol. 114 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Geleta , Amsalu Tadesse .",
"21": "`` Case Study : Demonization and the Practice of Exorcism in Ethiopian Churches Archived 2010 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization , Nairobi , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Ghilzai , S.A. , and Kanwal , A. ( 2016 ) Semiotic Analysis of Evil Eye Beliefs among Pakistani Cultures and their Predetermined Behaviour . Research Issues in social sciences , 47 - 67 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of World Religions. 2000 , p. 69 . ISBN 0877790442 . Jump up ^ Lucky Mojo . `` The Corno ( Italian Horn Amulet ) '' . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Clarence . The Evil Eye . New York : Columbia UP , 1976 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 04006 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Anthropology : Explanations of Illness '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Flórez , Franz . `` El Mal de Ojo de la Etnografía Clásica y La Limpia Posmoderna '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Guizetti , Franco . `` Conheça o poder ea proteção das sete ervas '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved Jan 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caires , Olivia . `` Proteja sua casa do mau olhado '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Clarence . The Evil Eye . New York : Columbia UP , 1976 . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 04006 - 7 . Jump up ^ Amariglio , Jack ; Cullenberg , Stephen E ; Ruccio , David F ( 2013 ) . Post-Modernism , Economics and Knowledge . Routledge . pp. 217 -- .",
"22": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 83668 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gamache , Henri ( 1946 ) Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed Raymond Publishing , New York , OCLC 9989883 ; reprinted in 1969 as Protection Against Evil Dorene , Dallas , Texas , OCLC 39132235 Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan ( ed . ) ( 1992 ) The Evil Eye : A Casebook University of Wisconsin Press , Madison , Wisconsin , ISBN 0 - 299 - 13334 - 6 ; originally published in 1981 by Garland Publishing , New York Jump up ^ Rizzo , Johnna ( April 2013 ) National Geographic Magazine Jump up ^ Vaskania ( Βασκανία ) in Εγκυκλοπαιδικό Λεξικό Ελευθερουδάκη , ( Encyclopedic Lexicon Eleftheroudakis ) ed. 1928 Jump up ^ loghatnaameh.com . `` Dictionary of Dehkhoda -- لغتنامه دهخدا '' . Loghatnaameh.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hakim Bey : Urokljivo oko ( evil eye ) '' . Kontrapunkt . February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Academia Española de la Lengua . Diccionario Usual '' ( in Spanish ) . Buscon.rae.es . Further reading ( edit ) Borthwick , E. Kerr ( 2001 ) `` Socrates , Socratics , and the Word ΒΛΕΠΕΔΑΙΜΩΝ '' The Classical Quarterly New Series , 51 ( 1 ) : pp. 297 -- 301 Dickie , Mathew W. ( January 1991 ) `` Heliodorus and Plutarch on the Evil Eye '' Classical Philology 86 ( 1 ) : pp. 17 -- 29 Elliott , John H.",
"23": "( 2015 ) Beware the Evil Eye : The Evil Eye in the Bible and the Ancient World : Volume 1 : Introduction , Mesopotamia , and Egypt . Eugene , OR : Cascade . Elliott , John H. ( 2016 ) Beware the Evil Eye : The Evil Eye in the Bible and the Ancient World : Volume 2 : Greece and Rome . Eugene , OR : Cascade . Elworthy , Frederick Thomas ( 1895 ) The Evil Eye . An Account of this Ancient & Widespread Superstition John Murray , London , OCLC 2079005 ; reprinted in 2004 as : The Evil Eye : The Classic Account of an Ancient Superstition Dover Publications , Mineola , New York , ISBN 0 - 486 - 43437 - 0 ( online text ) Gifford , Edward S. ( 1958 ) The Evil Eye : Studies in the Folklore of Vision Macmillan , New York , OCLC 527256 Jones , Louis C. ( 1951 ) `` The Evil Eye among European - Americans '' Western Folklore 10 ( 1 ) : pp. 11 -- 25 Limberis , Vasiliki ( April 1991 ) `` The Eyes Infected by Evil : Basil of Caesarea 's Homily '' The Harvard Theological Review 84 ( 2 ) : pp. 163 -- 184 Lykiardopoulos , Amica ( 1981 ) `` The Evil Eye : Towards an Exhaustive Study '' Folklore 92 ( 2 ) : pp. 221 -- 230 Meerloo , Joost Abraham Maurits ( 1971 ) Intuition and the Evil Eye : The Natural History of a Superstition Servire , Wassenaar , Netherlands , OCLC 415660 Slone , Kathleen Warner and Dickie , M.W. ( 1993 ) `` A Knidian Phallic Vase from Corinth '' Hesperia 62 ( 4 ) : pp. 483 -- 505 Mal de ojo External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references .",
"24": "( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up evil eye in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Evil Eye . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Evil eye . The Evil Eye Protection in History The Evil Eye Meaning A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus by Richard Payne Knight ( 1786 ) , mentions phallic charms against the Evil Eye in ancient Rome . The Evil Eye at Fortean Times The Evil Eye by Frederick Thomas Elworthy Evil Eye by Hakim Bey What is an `` Ayin Hara '' ( evil eye ) ?",
"25": "-- `` Ask the Rabbi '' at Ohr Somayach Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor ,",
"26": "Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend NDL : 00575811 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"27": "php?title=Evil_eye&oldid=819508398 '' Categories : Curses Eye Fictional body parts Folklore Superstitions Superstitions of Italy Mediterranean Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 19 .",
"28": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is the left anterior descending artery located
|
[
"the left coronary artery"
] |
{
"0": "Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery - wikipedia Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery Jump to : navigation , search Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery Sternocostal surface of heart . Anterior descending branch labeled at upper right Details Source left coronary artery Branches septals , diagonals Supplies anterolateral myocardium , apex , interventricular septum , 45 - 55 % of the left ventricle ( LV ) Identifiers Latin ramus interventricularis anterior arteriae coronariae sinistrae TA A12. 2.03. 202 FMA 3862 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery , ( also left anterior descending artery ( LAD ) , or anterior descending branch ) is a branch of the left coronary artery . Occlusion of this artery is often called the widow - maker infarction due to a high death risk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Branches 2 Function 3 Widow maker 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) It passes at first behind the pulmonary artery and then comes forward between that vessel and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus , along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex . Although rare , multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described . These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus . In 78 % of cases , it reaches the apex of the heart . Branches ( edit ) The LAD gives off two types of branches : septals and diagonals . Septals originate from the LAD at 90 degrees to the surface of the heart , perforating and supplying the anterior 2 / 3rds of the interventricular septum . Diagonals run along the surface of the heart and supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle and the anterolateral papillary muscle . Function ( edit ) The artery supplies the anterolateral myocardium , apex , and interventricular septum .",
"1": "The LAD typically supplies 45 - 55 % of the left ventricle ( LV ) and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply . Tight , critical stenosis ( 95 % ) of the proximal LAD in a patient with Wellens ' Warning Widow maker ( edit ) Further information : Wellens ' sign The widow maker is an alternate name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery . The name widow maker may also apply to the left coronary artery or severe occlusions to that artery . This term is used because the left main coronary and / or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart . This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death . The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque . Even a small amount of plaque in this area can ( for a variety of poorly understood reasons ) rupture and cause death ; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time period can minimize the damage done . An example of the devastating results of a complete occlusion of the LAD artery was the sudden death of former NBC News Washington Bureau Chief Tim Russert . From the minute a widow maker heart attack hits , survival time ranges from minutes to several hours . Rapidly progressing symptoms should signal the need for immediate attention . Symptoms of initial onset may include nausea , shortness of breath , pain in the head , jaw , arms or chest , numbness in fingers , often of a novel but imprecise sensation which builds with irregular heart beat . Early symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning , flu or general malaise until they intensify . A widow maker can not kill instantly but induces cardiac arrest which may do so within 10 to 20 minutes of no circulation . A victim with no pulse or breath is still alive , living off oxygen stored in the blood and may be able to be rescued if treatment is begun promptly within this window . Additional images ( edit ) Coronary arteries ( labeled in red text ) The arch of the aorta , and its branches .",
"2": "Heart attack Cardiac vessels Human heart with coronary arteries Heart coronary territories References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 547 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : Topol , Eric J. ; Califf , Robert M. ( 2007 ) . Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 283 . ISBN 9780781770125 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . The most worrisome type is the proximal left anterior descending ( LAD ) MI , often referred to as the widow - maker infarction , which carries a high mortality and is attributed to an occlusion of the LAD before or at the first septal perforator . Jump up ^ Ropers , D. ( 12 February 2002 ) . `` Anomalous Course of the Left Main or Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Originating From the Right Sinus of Valsalva : Identification of Four Common Variations by Electron Beam Tomography '' . Circulation. 105 ( 6 ) : 42e -- 43 . doi : 10.1161 / hc0602. 102020 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Kathryn ( 1 December 2009 ) . Multiple Lead ECGs : A Practical Analysis of Arrhythmias . Cengage Learning . p. 10 . ISBN 9781435441248 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . The LAD is frequently implicated in sudden cardiac death , predominantly in adult males . Clinicians often refer to the LAD as the widow maker because obstruction here predisposes to a high incidence of sudden death . Jump up ^ Barbara J. Aehlert ; Robert Vroman ( 2011 ) . `` 22 '' . Paramedic Practice Today : Above and Beyond ( 1st ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 819 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 08535 - 9 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Beebe ; Jeff Myers ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` 34 '' .",
"3": "Professional Paramedic , Volume I : Foundations of Paramedic Care . Cengage Learning . p. 764 . ISBN 1 - 4283 - 2345 - 7 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlos S Restrepo ; Dianna M.E. Bardo ( 1 January 2011 ) . Cardiac Imaging . Thieme . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60406 - 186 - 4 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` TV newsman Tim Russert dies of heart attack '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kearl , Mary ( June 2009 ) . `` Surviving a Widow - Maker Heart Attack '' . AOL Health . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 20 : 09 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Heart : The Left Coronary Artery and its Branches '' Anatomy figure : 20 : 03 - 08 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Anterior view of the heart . ''",
"4": "( hide ) Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic , superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anterior_interventricular_branch_of_left_coronary_artery&oldid=828527108 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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[
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