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Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an emerging biomedical imaging technology which uses the properties of scattered light to measure the average size of cell structures, including cell nuclei. The technology shows promise as a clinical tool for in situ detection of dysplastic, or precancerous tissue... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Artificial seawater (abbreviated ASW) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater. Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and in marine and reef aquaria, and allows the easy preparation of media appropriate for marine organisms (including algae, bacteria, pl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Unlike the widely used automotive antifreeze, ethylene glycol, AFPs do not lower freezing point in proportion to concentration. Rather, they work in a noncolligative manner. This phenomenon allows them to act as an antifreeze at concentrations 1/300th to 1/500th of those of other dissolved solutes. Their low concent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the presence of palladium acetate under 1-30 bar of CO, simple aromatic compounds convert to aromatic carboxylic acids. A PSiP-pincer ligand (5) promotes carboxylation of allene without using pre-functionalized substrates. Catalyst regeneration, EtAl was added to do transmetallation with palladium. Catalyst is regen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to its surface property, sucrose esters are used in pharmaceutical research as a stabilizer or a surfactant on vesicles for drug delivery systems. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After DNA has been separated and purified by standard biochemical methods, one has a sample in a jar much like in the figure at the top of this article. Below are the main steps involved in generating structural information from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers that are drawn from the hydrated DNA samp... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Source:
* 1991 Chris H. Greene: "For his many contributions to atomic and molecular theory including studies of resonance vibronic processes, multiple electron excitations, photo-absorption in external fields, and threshold effects of long range forces."
* 1993 Timothy E. Chupp: "For his contributions to the developmen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A majority of silver nanoparticles in consumer products go down the drain and are eventually released into sewer systems and reach wastewater treatment plants. Primary screening and grit removal in wastewater treatment does not completely filter out silver nanoparticles, and coagulation treatment may lead to further co... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In these cycles and engines the working fluid is always a gas (i.e., there is no phase change):
*Carnot cycle (Carnot heat engine)
*Ericsson cycle (Caloric Ship John Ericsson)
*Stirling cycle (Stirling engine, thermoacoustic devices)
*Internal combustion engine (ICE):
**Otto cycle (e.g. gasoline/petrol engine)
**Diesel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Preventative measures have been recommended that are intended to decrease the risk of accidental ingestion of caustic substances including:
* Keeping caustic substances in locked cabinets or on upper shelves
* Not storing chemical substances in food or drink containers
* Not keeping large amounts of detergent in the ho... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are linear DNA molecules containing the necessary features of an authentic yeast chromosome, including telomeres, a centromere, and an origin of replication. Large inserts of DNA can be ligated into the middle of the YAC so that there is an “arm” of the YAC on either side of the inse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is a fast and a slow carbon cycle. The fast cycle operates in the biosphere and the slow cycle operates in rocks. The fast or biological cycle can complete within years, moving carbon from atmosphere to biosphere, then back to the atmosphere. The slow or geological cycle may extend deep into the mantle and can ta... | 5 | Photochemistry |
End groups are an important aspect of polymer synthesis and characterization. In polymer chemistry, they are functional groups that are at the very ends of a macromolecule or oligomer (IUPAC). In polymer synthesis, like condensation polymerization and free-radical types of polymerization, end-groups are commonly used a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the English literature this reaction is sometimes called Baeyer–Drewsn reaction, although the author of the original paper was spelled Drewsn. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The introduction of lasers in atomic manipulation experiments was the precursor to the laser cooling proposals in the mid 1970s. Laser cooling was proposed separately in 1975 by two different research groups: Hänsch and Schawlow,
and Wineland and Dehmelt. Both proposals outlined the simplest laser cooling process, kno... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For each thermodynamic potential, there are thermodynamic variables that need to be held constant to specify the potential value at a thermodynamical equilibrium state, such as independent variables for a mathematical function. These variables are termed the natural variables of that potential. The natural variables ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DIDs are sensitive to a broad range of components.
In air separation plants, they are used to detect the components ; ; ; ; in argon product in ppm range.
DIDs are non-destructive detectors. They do not destroy or consume the components they detect. Therefore, they can be used before other detectors in multiple-detec... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Progesterone plays a role in early human sexual differentiation. Placental progesterone is the feedstock for the 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produced via the backdoor pathway found operating in multiple non-gonadal tissues of the fetus, whereas deficiencies in this pathway lead to undervirilization of the male fetus, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The classic method of nonlinear absorption used by microscopists is conventional two-photon fluorescence, in which two photons from a single source interact to excite a photoelectron. The electron then emits a photon as it transitions back to its ground state. This microscopy method has been revolutionary in biological... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An oil dispersant is a mixture of emulsifiers and solvents that helps break oil into small droplets following an oil spill. Small droplets are easier to disperse throughout a water volume, and small droplets may be more readily biodegraded by microbes in the water. Dispersant use involves a trade-off between exposing c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms, mostly Cladosporium resinae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sulfate reducing bacteria, colloquially known as "HUM bugs", are commonly present in jet fuel. They live in the water-fuel interface of the water droplets, form dark black/brown/green, gel-like mats, and cause microbial cor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, pyranose is a collective term for saccharides that have a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom (a heterocycle). There may be other carbons external to the ring. The name derives from its similarity to the oxygen heterocycle pyran,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Damage and subsequent dysfunction in mitochondria is an important factor in a range of human diseases due to their influence in cell metabolism. Mitochondrial disorders often present as neurological disorders, including autism. They can also manifest as myopathy, diabetes, multiple endocrinopathy, and a variety of othe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NMR spectroscopic research includes the following steps:
*Extraction of carbohydrate material (for natural glycans)
*Chemical removal of moieties masking regularity (for polymers)
*Separation and purification of carbohydrate material (for 2D NMR experiments, 10 mg or more is recommended)
*Sample preparation (usually in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
acid is a member of the carboxylic acid family of organic compounds. It is a structural analog of butyric acid with a hydroxyl functional group and a methyl substituent located on its beta carbon. By extension, other structural analogs include acid and acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Some measurements of water quality are most accurately made on-site, because water exists in equilibrium with its surroundings. Measurements commonly made on-site and in di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As part of the post-September 11 drive towards increased capability in homeland security and public health preparedness, traditional GC–MS units with transmission quadrupole mass spectrometers, as well as those with cylindrical ion trap (CIT-MS) and toroidal ion trap (T-ITMS) mass spectrometers have been modified for f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed by chemisorbing reactive reagents with metal surfaces. A famous example involves thiols (RS-H) adsorbing onto the surface of gold. This process forms strong Au-SR bonds and releases H. The densely packed SR groups protect the surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In E. coli amino acid starvation inhibited DNA replication at the initiation stage at oriC, most probably owing to the lack of the DnaA replication initiation protein. In B. subtilis, the replication arrest due to (p)ppGpp accumulation is caused by the binding of an Rtp protein to specific sites about 100-200kb away fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The neutral monomer , as well as the other neutral gold trihalide species, has not been isolated in the gas phase which indicates the coordination number three is not favored. Predominantly, gold(III) displays square planar coordination corresponding to a preferred coordination number of four.
Specifically, in solution... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Golden rice is a recombinant variety of rice that has been engineered to express the enzymes responsible for β-carotene biosynthesis. This variety of rice holds substantial promise for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the world's population. Golden rice is not currently in use, pending the resolution o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Piperidine is produced by hydrogenation of pyridine with a nickel-, cobalt-, or ruthenium-based catalyst at elevated temperatures. The hydrogenation of pyridine to piperidine releases 193.8 kJ·mol, which is slightly less than the energy of the hydrogenation of benzene (205.3 kJ·mol).
Partially hydrogenated derivatives ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Halocarbons are less prolific compounds developed for diverse uses throughout industry; for example as solvents and refrigerants. Nevertheless, the buildup of relatively small concentrations (parts per trillion) of chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, and perfluorocarbon gases in the atmosphere is responsible for ab... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Geminal dithiols have the formula RR'C(SH). They are derived from aldehydes and ketones by the action of hydrogen sulfide. Their stability contrasts with the rarity of geminal diols. Examples include methanedithiol, ethane-1,1-dithiol, and cyclohexane-1,1-dithiol. Upon heating, gem-dithiols often release hydrogen sulfi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The AMoN measures ambient ammonia gas concentrations over a two-week period via a Radiello®-passive sampler, which is a simple diffusive sampler that offers higher capacity and faster sampling rates than other devices. Therefore, AMoN can provide reliable data to aid in meeting air quality policies and administration n... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, bu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An MTC provides traceability and assurance to the end user about the quality of the steel used and the process used to produce it.
Typically a European MTC will be produced to EN 10204. High quality steels for pressure vessel of structural purposes will be declared to 2.1 or 2.2 or certificated to 3.1 or 3.2. (EDIT: t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Originally developed in the 1970s by French neuroscientist Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories, modafinil has been prescribed in France since 1994, and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.
Concerns have been raised about the growing use of modafinil as a "smart drug" or cognitive enhancer among h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For many years mutations of the seipin gene were associated with a loss of function, such as in CGL (see above). However, recent studies show that mutations such as N88S and S90L seem to have a gain-of-toxic-function which may result in autosomal dominant motor neuron diseases and distal hereditary motor neuropathy, su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 7 crystal systems consist of 32 crystal classes (corresponding to the 32 crystallographic point groups) as shown in the following table below:
The point symmetry of a structure can be further described as follows. Consider the points that make up the structure, and reflect them all through a single point, so that (... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Minimise the lateral pressure of the strings by adjusting the alignment tine bar to avoid the string being cut off. Have ceramic tube place over each aligning tine bar to act as bearing surface for the strings. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The competition between energy and entropy makes liquids difficult to model at the molecular level, as there is no idealized "reference state" that can serve as a starting point for tractable theoretical descriptions. Mathematically, there is no small parameter from which one can develop a systematic perturbation theor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A typical action potential begins at the axon hillock with a sufficiently strong depolarization, e.g., a stimulus that increases V. This depolarization is often caused by the injection of extra sodium cations into the cell; these cations can come from a wide variety of sources, such as chemical synapses, sensory neuron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Moreso than other enzymes in the Calvin cycle, SBPase levels have a significant impact on plant growth, photosynthetic ability, and response to environmental stresses. Small decreases in SBPase activity result in decreased photosynthetic carbon fixation and reduced plant biomass. Specifically, decreased SBPase levels r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Applied Geochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Association of GeoChemistry. It covers research on environmental and regional geochemistry and was established in 1986. It is published by Elsevier and from 2012 to 2022 the editor-in-chief was Michae... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Nickelodeon television series SpongeBob SquarePants features a copepod named Sheldon J. Plankton as a recurring character. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Silent Information Regulator (SIR) proteins are involved in regulating gene expression. SIR proteins organize heterochromatin near telomeres, ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and at silent loci including hidden mating type loci in yeast. The SIR family of genes encodes catalytic and non-catalytic proteins that are involved in de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic primers, sometimes known as oligos, are chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, usually of DNA, which can be customized to anneal to a specific site on the template DNA. In solution, the primer spontaneously hybridizes with the template through Watson-Crick base pairing before being extended by DNA polymeras... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Bradford protein assay (also known as the Coomassie protein assay) was developed by Marion M. Bradford in 1976. It is a quick and accurate spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution. The reaction is dependent on the amino acid composition of the measured proteins. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energetics, these forms are called energy carriers and correspond to the conc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chloralkali process is a large scale application that uses electrocatalysts. This technology supplies most of the chlorine and sodium hydroxide required by many industries. The cathode is a mixed metal oxide clad titanium anode (also called a dimensionally stable anode). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The method has mainly been developed for detecting the various phenotypes of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. It requires the usage of patient-derived xenografts for enrichment of ctDNA in blood for further analysis. After WGS, the method utilizes the tool Griffin for inspection of local promoter covera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at milder temperatures, which s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tautomers () are structural isomers (constitutional isomers) of chemical compounds that readily interconvert. The chemical reaction interconverting the two is called tautomerization. This conversion commonly results from the relocation of a hydrogen atom within the compound. The phenomenon of tautomerization is called ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The evidence that arsenic may be a beneficial nutrient at trace levels below the background to which living organisms are normally exposed has been reviewed. Some organoarsenic compounds found in nature are arsenobetaine and arsenocholine, both being found in many marine organisms. Some As-containing nucleosides (suga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using chiral phosphines as spectator ligands, catalysts have been developed for catalytic asymmetric hydrosilation. A well studied reaction is the addition of trichlorosilane to styrene to give 1-phenyl-1-(trichlorosilyl)ethane:
:ClSiH + PhCH=CH → (Ph)(CH)CHSiCl
Nearly perfect enantioselectivities (ee's) can be achieve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Part of the extraordinary potential of hyrax middens as palaeoenvironmental archives is the large range of proxies that are contained within them. Initially, when their diachronic nature was less evident, they were viewed as the poor relation to the better studied pack rat middens. While pack rat middens are rich in id... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One of the more interesting applications of hydrogenases is to produce hydrogen, due its capacity to catalyze its redox reaction:
In the field of hydrogen production, the incorporation of chemical compounds in electrochemical devices to produce molecular hydrogen has been a topic of huge interest in the recent years du... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This pathway has a significant effect in the way genes are translated, restricting the amount of gene expression. It is still a new field in genetics, but its role in research has already led scientists to uncover numerous explanations for gene regulation. Studying nonsense-mediated decay has allowed scientists to dete... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several ways of reducing and preventing this form of corrosion.
* Electrically insulate the two metals from each other. If they are not in electrical contact, no galvanic coupling will occur. This can be achieved by using non-conductive materials between metals of different electropotential. Piping can be is... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The eIF4F complex is composed of three subunits: eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. Each subunit has multiple human isoforms and there exist additional eIF4 proteins: eIF4B and eIF4H.
eIF4G is a 175.5-kDa scaffolding protein that interacts with eIF3 and the Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), as well as the other members of the eIF4... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can remove up to 80% of phenolic compounds from coking waste water. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drosatos received his B.Sc. from the department of biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece in 2000. In 2000, he continued with graduate studies at the Molecular Biology-Biomedicine graduate program of the department of biology and the medical school of the University of Crete. He received his M.Sc. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potential antitumor and antiviral drugs. The Anderson-type polyoxomolybdates and heptamolybdates exhibit activity for suppressing the growth of some tumors. In the case of (NHPr)[MoO], activity appears related to its redox properties. The Wells-Dawson structure can efficiently inhibit amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation in a th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A myc tag is a polypeptide protein tag derived from the c-myc gene product that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology. It can be used for affinity chromatography, then used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild type protein expressed by the host organism. It can also be used in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vsevolod Vasilyevich Perekalin (; 27 February 1913, Saint Petersburg – 7 January 1998, Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet and Russian organic chemist, Doktor nauk. He created the drug known as Phenibut. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thiomers are able to reversibly open tight junctions. The responsible mechanism seems to be based on the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase being involved in the closing process of tight junctions. Due to thiolation the permeation enhancing effect of polymers such as polyacrylic acid or chitosan can be up to 10... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an investigation performed by Luo et al., Escherichia coli strains were utilized to examine how the metabolism of propionyl-CoA could potentially lead to the production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). It was shown that a mutation in a key gene involved in the pathway, succinate CoA-transferase, led to a significa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agmatine, also known as 4-aminobutyl-guanidine, was discovered in 1910 by Albrecht Kossel. It is a chemical substance which is naturally created from the amino acid arginine. Agmatine has been shown to exert modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, notably: neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, nitric oxide (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first compound of the homolog row of nitriles, the nitrile of formic acid, hydrogen cyanide was first synthesized by C. W. Scheele in 1782. In 1811 J. L. Gay-Lussac was able to prepare the very toxic and volatile pure acid.
Around 1832 benzonitrile, the nitrile of benzoic acid, was prepared by Friedrich Wöhler and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time point. Approximately one million cell nuclei are isolated and incubated with labeled nucleotides, and genes in the process of being transcribed are detected by hybridization of extracted RNA to gene specific probes on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Homotopic groups in a chemical compound are equivalent groups. Two groups A and B are homotopic if the molecule remains achiral when the groups are interchanged with some other atom (such as bromine) while the remaining parts of the molecule stay fixed. Homotopic atoms are always identical, in any environment. Homotopi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The conventional semi-classical model describes the photosynthetic energy transfer process as one in which excitation energy hops from light-capturing pigment molecules to reaction center molecules step-by-step down the molecular energy ladder.
The effectiveness of photons of different wavelengths depends on the absorp... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The second phase of the $170 million Human Microbiome Project was focused on integrating patient data to different omic datasets, considering host genetics, clinical information and microbiome composition. The phase one focused on characterization of communities in different body sites. Phase 2 focused in the integrati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2003)
*Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1999)
* President, Pakistan Materials Research Society
*Fellow, Pakistan Institute of Metallurgical Engineers
*Fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Being a powerful oxidizing acid, nitric acid reacts with many organic materials, and the reactions may be explosive. The hydroxyl group will typically strip a hydrogen from the organic molecule to form water, and the remaining nitro group takes the hydrogen's place. Nitration of organic compounds with nitric acid is th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The blister copper is put into an anode furnace, a furnace that refines the blister copper to anode-grade copper in two stages by removing most of the remaining sulfur and iron, and then removing oxygen introduced during the first stage. This second stage, often referred to as poling is done by blowing natural gas, or ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons make up a significant portion of the human genome, with an estimated 500,000 copies per genome. Genes encoding for human LINE1 usually have their transcription inhibited by methyl groups binding to its DNA carried out by PIWI proteins and enzymes DNA methyltransferases. L1 retrotranspositio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC or DCC) was introduced in 1970 by Tanimura, Pisano, Ito, and Bowman. DCCC is considered to be a form of liquid-liquid separation, which includes countercurrent distribution and countercurrent chromatography, that employs a liquid stationary phase held in a collection of verti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The recent identification of several antimicrobial compounds from the secretions of animal dermal scent glands may be the beginning of a promising new area of drug development. Assuming functional analogs of these lead compounds can be synthesized and found to be effective in vivo, the potential exists for producing ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic matter plays an important role in drinking water and wastewater treatment and recycling, natural aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, and environmental rehabilitation. It is therefore important to have reliable methods of detection and characterisation, for both short- and long-term monitoring. A variety of analyti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite being used in 90% of gold production: gold cyanidation is controversial due to the toxic nature of cyanide. Although aqueous solutions of cyanide degrade rapidly in sunlight, the less-toxic products, such as cyanates and thiocyanates, may persist for some years. The famous disasters have killed few people — hum... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gene guns are mostly used with plant cells. However, there is much potential use in humans and other animals as well. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Complexes with three bidentate ligands or two cis bidentate ligands can exist as enantiomeric pairs. Examples are shown below. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The interactions of the soil's micropores and macropores are important to soil chemistry, as they allow for the provision of water and gaseous elements to the soil and the surrounding atmosphere. Macropores help transport molecules and substances in and out of the micropores. Micropores are comprised within the aggrega... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When the temperature of a system changes, the Henry constant also changes. The temperature dependence of equilibrium constants can generally be described with the van t Hoff equation, which also applies to Henrys law constants:
where is the enthalpy of dissolution. Note that the letter in the symbol refers to enthal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The B3 DNA binding domain (DBD) is a highly conserved domain found exclusively in transcription factors (≥40 species) () combined with other domains (). It consists of 100-120 residues, includes seven beta strands and two alpha helices that form a DNA-binding pseudobarrel protein fold (); it interacts with the major gr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Propionyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid. It is composed of a 24 total carbon chain (without the coenzyme, it is a 3 carbon structure) and its production and metabolic fate depend on which organism it is present in. Several different pathways can lead to its production, such as through the catabolism ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (USSA1976) defines the gas constant R as:
:R = = .
Note the use of kilomoles, with the resulting factor of in the constant. The USSA1976 acknowledges that this value is not consistent with the cited values for the Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant. This disparity is not a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the host and guest molecules combine to form a single complex, the equilibrium is represented as
and the equilibrium constant, K, is defined as
where [X] denotes the concentration of a chemical species X (all activity coefficients are assumed to have a numerical values of 1).
The mass-balance equations, at any dat... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Charles Bonner Harris (April 24, 1940, in New York City – March 10, 2020, in Berkeley, California) was an American physical chemist. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In bacteria, HMP-P arises by conversion of the purine biosynthetic precursor 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) through the action of enzymes such as phosphomethylpyrimidine synthase, a member of the radical SAM superfamily. Studies using isotopically labelled AIR have shown which atoms carry into the product. Mechanisms ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Maximum valences for the elements are based on the data from list of oxidation states of the elements. They are shown by the color code at the bottom of the table. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Conventionally, redox reactions of coordination complexes are assumed to be metal-centered. The reduction of MnO to MnO is described by the change in oxidation state of manganese from 7+ to 6+. The oxide ligands do not change in oxidation state, remaining 2-. Oxide is an innocent ligand. Another example of conventi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic, as blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at . Neutral litmus paper is purple. Wet litmus paper can also b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ferric iron () is a widespread anaerobic terminal electron acceptor both for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Electron flow in these organisms is similar to those in electron transport, ending in oxygen or nitrate, except that in ferric iron-reducing organisms the final enzyme in this system is a ferric iron r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In water treatment plants, organic halides are adsorbed using GAC or PAC in agitated tanks. The loaded carbon is separated using a membrane made out of materials like polypropylene or cellulose nitrate. Measuring the AOX levels into and out of the treatment zone shows a drop in organic halide concentrations. Some proc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The electrophilic addition reaction of hydrogen bromide to 1,3-butadiene above room temperature leads predominantly to the thermodynamically more stable 1,4 adduct, 1-bromo-2-butene, but decreasing the reaction temperature to below room temperature favours the kinetic 1,2 adduct, 3-bromo-1-butene.
:The rationale for th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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