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Maleic hydrazide, often known by the brand name Fazor is a plant growth regulator that reduces growth through preventing cell division but not cell enlargement. It is applied to the foliage of potato, onion, garlic and carrot crops to prevent sprouting during storage. It can also be used to control volunteer potatoes t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Given the definition of the elasticity coefficient in terms of a partial derivative, it is possible, for example, to determine the elasticity of an arbitrary rate law by differentiating the rate law by the independent variable and scaling. For example, the elasticity coefficient for a mass-action rate law such as:
wher... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many standard states are non-physical states, often referred to as "hypothetical states". Nevertheless, their thermodynamic properties are well-defined, usually by an extrapolation from some limiting condition, such as zero pressure or zero concentration, to a specified condition (usually unit concentration or pressure... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules – such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) – trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails (e.g. meth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reflection point groups, defined by 1 to 3 mirror planes, can also be given by their Coxeter group and related polyhedra. The [3,3] group can be doubled, written as , mapping the first and last mirrors onto each other, doubling the symmetry to 48, and isomorphic to the [4,3] group. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fish exhibit a wide range of tactics to counteract aquatic hypoxia, but when escape from the hypoxic stress is not possible, maintaining oxygen extraction and delivery becomes an essential component to survival. Except for the Antarctic ice fish that does not, most fish use hemoglobin (Hb) within their red blood cells ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The basic property of fluorescence are extensively used, such as a marker of labelled components in cells (fluorescence microscopy) or as an indicator in solution (Fluorescence spectroscopy), but other additional properties, not found with radioactivity, make it even more extensively used. | 1 | Biochemistry |
EU legislation has been approved banning the use of highly toxic pesticides including those that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction, those that are endocrine-disrupting, and those that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) and measures have ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Due to the similarity with polyketide synthases (PKS), many secondary metabolites are, in fact, fusions of NRPs and polyketides. In essence, this occurs when PK modules follow NRP modules, and vice versa. Although there is high degree of similarity between the Carrier (PCP/ACP) domains of both types of synthetases, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Experimental work by White and Brantley (2003) highlighted some of the limitations of the Goldich dissolution series, most notably that some variations in weathering rates of different minerals are not as pronounced as Goldich argues. According to the Goldich dissolution series, anorthite, a plagioclase feldspar, shou... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, volatility is a material quality which describes how readily a substance vaporizes. At a given temperature and pressure, a substance with high volatility is more likely to exist as a vapour, while a substance with low volatility is more likely to be a liquid or solid. Volatility can also describe the tend... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term operando first appeared in catalytic literature in 2002. It was coined by Miguel A. Bañares, who sought to name the methodology in a way that captured the idea of observing a functional material — in this case a catalyst — under actual working, i.e. device operation, conditions. The first international congres... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are many types of defects which result from many different causes. Some of the solutions to certain defects can be the cause for another type of defect.
The following defects can occur in sand castings. Most of these also occur in other casting processes. | 8 | Metallurgy |
During the 1950s, theoretical condensed matter physicists arrived at an understanding of "conventional" superconductivity, through a pair of remarkable and important theories: the phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory (1950) and the microscopic BCS theory (1957).
In 1950, the phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In one study a coupling reaction between an indole and a quinone takes place at room temperature without catalyst in water in 82% chemical yield even though reactants and products are insoluble in this medium. The reaction is much less efficient in homogeneous systems such as dichloromethane, toluene and acetonitrile ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The anti-Markovnikov addition selectivity to aldehyde can be achieved through exploiting inherent stereoelectronics of the substrate. Placement of directing group at homo-allylic (i.e. Figure 3, A) and allylic position (i.e. Figure 3, B) to the terminal olefin favors the anti-Markovnikov aldehyde product, which suggest... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Small, electronegative molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, which are the primary gases in air, significantly impact the ability of surrounding molecules to participate in hydrogen bonding. These molecules compete with surrounding hydrogen bond acceptors for hydrogen bond donors, therefore acting as "hydrogen bond br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test ("ISNT") is a method for measuring the amount of Nitrogen in soil that is available for use by plants as a nutrient. The test predicts whether the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural land will result in increased crop yields.
Nitrogen is essential for plant development. Indee... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This study examined the clinical history of the CSF and urine of two Greek siblings who were both diagnosed with SR deficiency. Both siblings displayed delayed psychomotor development and a movement disorder. The diagnosis was confirmed by measuring the SR enzyme activity and mutation analysis. The mutation analysis of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two-dimensional separations can be carried out in gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. Various different coupling strategies have been developed to "resample" from the first column into the second. Some important hardware for two-dimensional separations are Deans' switch and Modulator, which selectively transf... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Adaptive cells change their absorption/reflection characteristics depending on environmental conditions. An adaptive material responds to the intensity and angle of incident light. At the part of the cell where the light is most intense, the cell surface changes from reflective to adaptive, allowing the light to penetr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that am... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Coacervate ( or ) is an aqueous phase rich in macromolecules such as synthetic polymers, proteins or nucleic acids. It forms through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), leading to a dense phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with a dilute phase. The dispersed droplets of dense phase are also called coacervates, micro-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structure of histatin is unique depending on whether the protein of interest is histatin 1, 3 or 5. Nonetheless, histatins mainly possess a cationic (positive) charge due to the primary structure consisting mostly of basic amino acids. An amino acid that is crucial to histatin's function is histidine. Studies show ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) is an international environmental toxicology and environmental chemistry organization. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
More O’Ferrall–Jencks plots are two-dimensional representations of multiple reaction coordinate potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions that involve simultaneous changes in two bonds. As such, they are a useful tool to explain or predict how changes in the reactants or reaction conditions can affect the positi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hazards which accompany harmful algal blooms have hindered visitors' enjoyment of beaches and lakes in places in the U.S. such as Florida, California, Vermont, and Utah. Persons hoping to enjoy their vacations or days off have been kept away to the detriment of local economies. Lakes and rivers in North Dakota, Min... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The properties of HFMs can be characterized using the same techniques commonly used for other types of membranes. The primary properties of interest for HFMs are average pore diameter and pore distribution, measurable via a technique known as porosimetry, a feature of several laboratory instruments used for measuring p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water is the medium of the oceans, the medium which carries all the substances and elements involved in the marine biogeochemical cycles.
Water as found in nature almost always includes dissolved substances, so water has been described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve so many substances. This abi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is an enzyme that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria of different organisms. Proteins homologous to the mitochondrial oxidase and the related plastid terminal oxidase have also been identified in bacterial genomes.
The oxidase provides an alternative route for elect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The potential energy and unique bonding structure contained in the bonds of molecules with ring strain can be used to drive reactions in organic synthesis. Examples of such reactions are ring opening metathesis polymerisation, photo-induced ring opening of cyclobutenes, and nucleophilic ring-opening of epoxides and azi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pits that penetrate the bore are usually covered in a hard pale green nodule of copper sulfate and copper hydroxide salts. If the nodule is removed a hemispherical pit is revealed filled with coarse crystals of red cuprous oxide and green cuprous chloride. The pits are often referred to as Type 1 pits and the form ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
δS records have been used to infer changes in seawater sulfate concentrations. Because the δS values of carbonate-associated sulfate are thought to be sensitive to seawater sulfate levels, these measurements have been used to reconstruct the history of seawater sulfate. δS values of pyrite have also been applied to rec... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When dealing with rSOCs, the most important parameter to consider is the roundtrip efficiency, which is a measure of the efficiency of the system considering both the charge (SOEC) and discharge (SOFC) preocesses. The roundtrip efficiency for the single cell can be defined as:
where is the charge supplied or consumed ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neurotransmitter systems are systems of neurons in the brain expressing certain types of neurotransmitters, and thus form distinct systems. Activation of the system causes effects in large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Volume transmission is the diffusion of neurotransmitters through the brain extra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on oceans on a global scale, but it creates an amplified impact in the shallower waters of coastal waters. Acid rain can cause the oceans pH to fall, known as ocean acidification, making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The OCO-2 satellite was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, based around the LEOStar-2 bus. The spacecraft is being used to study carbon dioxide concentrations and distributions in the atmosphere.
OCO-2 was ordered after the original OCO spacecraft failed to achieve orbit. During the first satellite's launch atop a ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Silicon wafers can be etched in hydrofluoric acid (HF) to remove the native oxide and form a hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. The hydrogen-terminated surfaces undergo hydrosilation with unsaturated compounds (such as terminal alkenes and alkynes), to form a stable monolayer on the surface. For example:
:Si-H + HC=C... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The CO fertilization effect or carbon fertilization effect causes an increased rate of photosynthesis while limiting leaf transpiration in plants. Both processes result from increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO). The carbon fertilization effect varies depending on plant species, air and soil temperature,... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The ab initio binding energy between the two water molecules is estimated to be 5-6 kcal/mol, although values between 3 and 8 have been obtained depending on the method. The experimentally measured dissociation energy (including nuclear quantum effects) of (HO) and (DO) are 3.16 ± 0.03 kcal/mol (13.22 ± 0.12 kJ/mol) an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When translating a polycistronic mRNA, a 70S ribosome ends translation at a stop codon. It is now shown that instead of immediately splitting into its two halves, the ribosome can "scan" forward until it hits another Shine–Dalgarno sequence and the downstream initiation codon, initiating another translation with the he... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toxic metals can be present in the aqueous environment at trace or ultra-trace concentrations, yet still be toxicologically significant and thus cause harm to humans or the environment. Because these concentrations are so low, they would fall beyond the detection limits of most analytical instruments if the media had b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first potash application was in England in 1993, where Jameson Cells were used to treat potash slimes (see Potash flotation). It has subsequently been applied at Israel Chemicals Limited's Dead Sea Works and by an unnamed producer in the Saskatchewan province of Canada. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The four phosphorus atoms are at the corners of a tetrahedron surrounding the palladium(0) center. This structure is typical for four-coordinate 18 e complexes. The corresponding complexes Ni(PPh) and Pt(PPh) are also well known. Such complexes reversibly dissociate PPh ligands in solution, so reactions attributed to P... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although little is known about the mechanism of the adaptive response, it is believed that changes in gene transcription and the activation of cellular defenses are involved. It has recently been suggested that specific mechanistic pathways of the adaptive response can active the important tumor suppressor protein p53.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The super-Tonks–Girardeau gas was experimentally observed in Ref. using an ultracold gas of cesium atoms. Reducing the magnitude of the attractive interactions caused the gas to became unstable to collapse into cluster-like bound states. Repulsive dipolar interactions stabilize the gas when instead using highly magnet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many sulfate reducers are organotrophic, using carbon compounds such as lactate and pyruvate (among many others) as electron donors, while others are lithotrophic, using hydrogen gas () as an electron donor. Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g. Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans) can use phosphite () as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a radical ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called oxyanions. Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions. If the charge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Feringa found that the early introduction of chiroptical molecular switches, based on the design of the first chiral overcrowded alkenes and the demonstration of optically controlled molecular switching and amplification of chirality in mesoscopic systems, lead to molecular rotary motors in which chirality plays a crit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
NOTE: this section currently gives formulas that apply in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit , and does not use a quantized (Planck) treatment of radiation. Thus a usual factor like does not appear. The appearance of in below is due to the quantum-mechanical treatment of collisions.
In a plasma, the free electrons continually... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this context exposure is defined as the contact between an agent and a target. Contact takes place at an exposure surface over an exposure period.
Mathematically, exposure is defined as <br>
where is exposure, is a concentration that varies with time between the beginning and end of exposure. It has dimensions of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The total synthesis of callystatin A has been reported by various groups since its discovery in 1997. These total syntheses vary in their approaches and strategies. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Measurement of the emissivities of gases at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Emissivity values were required for gaseous aluminium chlorides as part of the development of the sub-halide distillation process mentioned above. A flowing column of the gas to be measured, heated in a refractory tube, was maintained at a fixed ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Analysis of water hardness in major Australian cities by the Australian Water Association shows a range from very soft (Melbourne) to hard (Adelaide).
Total hardness levels of calcium carbonate in ppm are:
*Canberra: 40
* Melbourne: 10–26
* Sydney: 39.4–60.1
* Perth: 29–226
* Brisbane: 100
* Adelaide:... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). Comparison of the gene sequences of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis to those of ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The G-less cassette transcription assay is a method used in molecular biology to determine promoter strength in vitro. The technique involves quantification of an mRNA product with the use of a plasmid. The G-less cassette is part of a pre-constructed vector, usually containing a multiple cloning site (MCS) upstream of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prior to these studies, HPLC analyses were tuned by modifying the mobile and stationary phases only. Gradient elution for HPLC merely meant changing the ratio of solvents to improve column efficiency, and this requires the use of sophisticated solvent pumping mechanisms along with extra steps and precautions in the chr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Drospirenone is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and , while drospirénone is its . Its name is a shortened form of the name 1,2-dihydrospirorenone or dihydrospirenone. Drospirenone is also known by its developmental code names SH-470 and ZK-30595 (alone), BAY 86-5300, BAY 98-7071, and SH-T-00186D (in combinat... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Young equation assumes a perfectly flat and rigid surface. In many cases, surfaces are far from this ideal situation, and two are considered here: the case of rough surfaces , to the so-called receding contact angle, . The equilibrium contact angle () can be calculated from and as was shown by Tadmor as,
where | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Aluminium gallium arsenide
* Boron nitride
* Indium gallium arsenide
* Indium arsenide
* Gallium arsenide
* Gallium nitride
* Germanium
* Metallic hydrogen | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flame treatment is a controlled, rapid, cost-effective method of increasing surface energy and wettability of polyolefins and metallic components. This high-temperature plasma treatment uses ionized gaseous oxygen via jet flames across a surface to add polar functional groups while melting the surface molecules, lockin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A FOCE system for studies of deep-sea benthic communities (designated dp-FOCE) was developed by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The dpFOCE project, deployed at a depth of 900 m, was attached to the MARS cabled seafloor observatory in Monterey Bay, central California. The system used a flume concept for mainta... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Evaporative cooling is an atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities which optical cooling techniques alone typically can not reach.
Atoms trapped in optical or magnetic traps can be evaporatively cooled via two primary mechanisms, usually specific to the type of trap in question: in magnetic traps,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some volcanic eruptions are explosive because of the mixing between water and magma reaching the surface, which releases energy suddenly. However, in some cases, the eruption is caused by volatiles dissolved in the magma itself. Approaching the surface, pressure decreases and the volatiles come out of solution, creatin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An internal control region is a sequence of DNA located with the coding region of eukaryotic genes that binds regulatory elements such as activators or repressors. This region can recruit RNA Polymerase or contribute to splicing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mercury beating heart is an electrochemical redox reaction between the elements mercury, iron and chromium. The reaction causes a blob of mercury in water to oscillate.
The observeable reaction demonstrates an effect of a non-homogeneous electrical double layer. It is often used as a classroom demonstration. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When one substance is dissolved into another, a solution is formed. This is opposed to the situation when the compounds are insoluble like sand in water. In a solution, all of the ingredients are uniformly distributed at a molecular level and no residue remains. A solvent-solute mixture consists of a single phase with ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Mammalian expression vectors offer considerable advantages for the expression of mammalian proteins over bacterial expression systems - proper folding, post-translational modifications, and relevant enzymatic activity. It may also be more desirable than other eukaryotic non-mammalian systems whereby the proteins expres... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amino acids from ingested food (or produced from catabolism of muscle protein) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and other biological substances can be oxidized by the body as an alternative source of energy, yielding urea and carbon dioxide. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chemistry of the subsurface ocean of Europa may be Earthlike. The subsurface ocean of Enceladus vents hydrogen and carbon dioxide to space. | 9 | Geochemistry |
STAT4 is involved in several autoimmune and cancer diseases in animal models humans, significantly in the disease progression and pathology. STAT4 were significantly increased in patients with colitis ulcerative and skin T cells of psoriatic patients. Moreover, STAT4 -/- mice developed less severe experimental autoimmu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1972, C.W. Horsting of the RCA Corporation published a paper which reported test results on the reliability of semiconductor devices in which the connections were made using aluminium wires bonded ultrasonically to gold plated posts. His paper demonstrated the importance of the Kirkendall effect in wire bonding tech... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In electrochemistry, CO stripping is a special process of voltammetry where a monolayer of carbon monoxide already adsorbed on the surface of an electrocatalyst is electrochemically oxidized and thus removed from the surface. A well-known process of this type is CO stripping on Pt/C electrocatalysts in which the electr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CW occurs after the polymer chain has grown somewhat on the metal catalyst. The precursor is a 16 e complex with the general formula [ML(CH)(chain)]. The ethylene ligand (the monomer) dissociates to produce a highly unsaturated 14 e cation. This cation is stabilized by an agostic interaction. β-Hydride elimination t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first boundary condition is
which constrains the sum of a and b. The second equation is
with the notable limit as (and ) of
The mixing rules become
The cross term still must be specified by a combining rule, either
or | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At high pressures, water has a complex phase diagram with 15 known phases of ice and several triple points, including 10 whose coordinates are shown in the diagram. For example, the triple point at 251 K (−22 °C) and 210 MPa (2070 atm) corresponds to the conditions for the coexistence of ice Ih (ordinary ice), ice III ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Growth EPDs measure the amount of weight a given offspring will gain due to the parent's genetics.
Calving ease predicts the level of difficulty first time heifers will have during birth. These are determined by the percentage of unassisted births for that particular animal.
Birth weight measures how much above or belo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations. Kinship is the probability that two alleles will be identical by descent when one allele is taken randomly from each mating individual. The mean kins... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region in the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, apoplast, peroxisome and plasma membrane. Some target peptides are cleaved from the protein by signa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Click Chemistry is a powerful tool to probe for the cellular localization of small molecules. Knowing where a small molecules goes in the cell gives powerful insights into their mechanisms of action. This approach has been used in numerous studies, and discoveries include that salinomycin localizes to lysosomes to init... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Emerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMD gene, also known as the STA gene. Emerin, together with LEMD3, is a LEM domain-containing integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane in vertebrates. Emerin is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, emerin localizes to adherens jun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the Toll and Imd signalling pathways of Drosophila are commonly depicted as independent for explanatory purposes, the underlying complexity of Imd signalling involves a number of likely mechanisms wherein Imd signalling interacts with other signalling pathways including Toll and JNK. While the paradigm of Toll an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ability to form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds enantioselectively under mild conditions makes the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation extremely appealing for the synthesis of complex molecules.
An example of this reaction is the synthesis of an intermediate in the combined total synthesis o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pewter () is a malleable metal alloy consisting of tin (85–99%), antimony (approximately 5–10%), copper (2%), bismuth, and sometimes silver. In the past it was an alloy of tin and lead, but most modern pewter, in order to prevent lead poisoning, is not made with lead. Pewter has a low melting point, around , depending ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When insulin binds to the cell's receptor, it results in negative feedback by limiting or stopping some other actions in the cell. It inhibits the release and production of glucose from the cells which is an important part in reducing the glucose blood level. Insulin will also inhibit the breakdown of glycogen into glu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ellingham diagrams are a particular graphical form of the principle that the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction depends on the sign of ΔG, the Gibbs free energy change, which is equal to ΔH − TΔS, where ΔH is the enthalpy change and ΔS is the entropy change.
The Ellingham diagram plots the Gibbs free energy change... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first SPR immunoassay was proposed in 1983 by Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström, then of the Linköping Institute of Technology (Sweden). They adsorbed
human IgG onto a 600-Ångström silver film, and used the assay to detect anti-human IgG in water solution. Unlike many other immunoassays, such as ELISA, an SPR imm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The priming effect is characterized by intense changes in the natural process of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, resulting from relatively moderate intervention with the soil. The phenomenon is generally caused by either pulsed or continuous changes to inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). Priming effects usually r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transketolase activity is decreased in deficiency of thiamine, which in general is due to malnutrition. Several diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency, including beriberi, biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD), Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, and others (see thiamine for a comprehensive listin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The half-life of delta bilirubin is equivalent to that of albumin since the former is bound to the latter, yields 2–3 weeks.
A free-of-bound bilirubin has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most (but not all; see minimalist channels) synthetic channels have chemical structures substantially larger than typical small molecules (molecular weights ~1-5kDa). This originates from the need to be amphiphilic, that is, have both sufficient hydrophobic portions to allow partitioning into lipid bilayer, as well as... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In contrast to intake of CoQ as a constituent of food, such as nuts or meat, from which CoQ is normally absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement. Bioavailability of CoQ supplements may be reduced due to the lipophilic nature of its molecule and large molecular weig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes. Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During enzyme catalytic reaction, the substrate and active site are brought together in a close proximity. This approach has various purposes. Firstly, when substrates bind within the active site the effective concentration of it significantly increases than in solution. This means the number of substrate molecules inv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc.) in a label-free... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nuclear receptors bind to coactivators in a ligand-dependent manner. A common feature of nuclear receptor coactivators is that they contain one or more LXXLL binding motifs (a contiguous sequence of 5 amino acids where L = leucine and X = any amino acid) referred to as NR (nuclear receptor) boxes. The LXXLL binding m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In electrochemistry, the electrode-electrolyte interface is generally charged. If the electrode is polarizable, then its surface charge depends on the electrode potential.
IUPAC defines the potential at the point of zero charge as the potential of an electrode (against a defined reference electrode) at which one of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the absence of active stabilization, the repetition rate and carrier–envelope offset frequency would be free to drift. They vary with changes in the cavity length, refractive index of laser optics, and nonlinear effects such as the Kerr effect. The repetition rate can be stabilized using a piezoelectric transducer,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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