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In clinical trials SPINA-GT was significantly elevated in patients with Graves disease and toxic adenoma compared to normal subjects. It is also elevated in diffuse and nodular goiters, and reduced in untreated autoimmune thyroiditis. In patients with toxic adenoma it has higher specificity and positive likelihood rati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A pair of forward and reverse reactions may occur simultaneously with comparable speeds. For example, A and B react into products P and Q and vice versa (a, b, p, and q are the stoichiometric coefficients):
The reaction rate expression for the above reactions (assuming each one is elementary) can be written as:
where: ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since PECT materials expand and contract upon ion-insertion it is possible to use this effect for actuation. Several different materials have been proposed for this, including: carbon fibers inserted with lithium, sodium, and potassium; lithium cobalt oxide; and vanadium oxide nanofibers inserted with lithium and sodiu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Research based on the split gene theory sheds light on other basic questions of exons and introns. The exons of eukaryotes are generally short (human exons average ~120 bases, and can be as short as 10 bases) and introns are usually long (average of ~3,000 bases, and can be several hundred thousands bases long), for ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mutation in genes (XPB), (XPD) or (TTDA) cause trichothiodystrophy, a condition characterized by photosensitivity, ichthyosis, brittle hair and nails, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility and/or short stature. | 1 | Biochemistry |
To act as glycosyl donors, those monosaccharides should exist in a highly energetic form. This occurs as a result of a reaction between nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and glycosyl monophosphate (phosphate at anomeric carbon). The recent discovery of the reversibility of many glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions calls... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The captive bubble method is a method for measuring contact angle between a liquid and a solid, by using drop shape analysis. In this method, a bubble of air is injected beneath a solid, the surface of which is located in the liquid, instead of placing a drop on the solid as in the case of the sessile drop technique.
T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most imides are cyclic compounds derived from dicarboxylic acids, and their names reflect the parent acid. Examples are succinimide, derived from succinic acid, and phthalimide, derived from phthalic acid. For imides derived from amines (as opposed to ammonia), the N-substituent is indicated by a prefix. For example, N... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During the 1990s, the lactic acid hypothesis was created to explain why people experienced burning or muscle cramps that occurred during and after intense exercise. The hypothesis proposes that a lack of oxygen in muscle cells results in a switch from cellular respiration to fermentation. Lactic acid created as a bypro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The P element has found wide use in Drosophila research as a mutagen. The mutagenesis system typically uses an autonomous but immobile element, and a mobile nonautonomous element. Flies from subsequent generations can then be screened by phenotype or PCR. Naturally-occurring P elements contain coding sequence for the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various cultures divide the semantic field of colors differently from the English language usage and some do not distinguish between blue and green in the same way. An example is Welsh where can mean blue or green, or Vietnamese where likewise can mean either. Conversely, in Russian and some other languages, there is... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A wide variety of enantioselective additions employing chiral, non-racemic Lewis acids are known. The chiral (acyloxy)borane or "CAB" catalyst 1, titanium-BINOL system 2, and silver-BINAP system 3 provide addition products in high ee via the Lewis-acid-promoted mechanism described above. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sarfati was a founder of the Wellington Christian Apologetics Society in New Zealand, and has long retained an interest in Christian apologetics and the creation–evolution controversy. His first two books, Refuting Evolution in 1999, and Refuting Evolution 2 in 2002, are intended as rebuttals to the National Academy of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration. Cyanide prevents the cell from producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by binding to one of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain. This protein, cytochrome c oxidase, contains several subunits and has ligands containing iron g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With cyclopropylketones, transition metal can coordinate to the ketone to direct oxidative addition into the proximal C-C bond. The resulting metallacyclobutane intermediate can be in equilibrium with the six-membered alkyl metal enolate depending on presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. dimethylaluminum chloride).
With the m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A primary amine and carbon disulfide react to give a dithiocarbamic acid:
In the presence of diimides or pyridine, these acids convert to isothiocyanates: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
G-protein-coupled receptor oligomerisation is a widespread phenomenon. One of the best-studied examples is the metabotropic GABA receptor. This so-called constitutive receptor is formed by heterodimerization of GABAR1 and GABAR2 subunits. Expression of the GABAR1 without the GABAR2 in heterologous systems leads to rete... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For metal oxides acidity and basicity are dependent on the charge and the radius of the metal ions as well as the character of the metal oxygen bond. The bond between oxygen and the metal is influenced by the coordination of the metal cations and the oxygen anions as well as the filling of the metal d-orbitals. The sur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, and aluminium-based alloys, but ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Non-synonymous is the variant in exons that change the amino acid sequence encoded by the gene, including single base changes and non frameshift indels. It has been extremely investigated the function of non-synonymous variants on protein and many algorithms have been developed to predict the deleteriousness and pathog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As mentioned, Gram-negative bacteria primarily use acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) as autoinducer molecules. The minimum quorum sensing circuit in Gram-negative bacteria consists of a protein that synthesizes an AHL and a second, different protein that detects it and causes a change in gene expression. First iden... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Suppose an analyst is determining the concentration of silver in samples of waste solution in photographic film by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using the calibration curve method, the analyst can calibrate the spectrometer with a pure silver aqueous solutions, and use the calibration graph to determine the amount of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Type K (chromel–alumel) is the most common general-purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41 μV/°C. It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are available in its −200 °C to +1350 °C (−330 °F to +2460 °F) range. Type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today, a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. It should not be confused with the term stress corrosion cracking which is an anodic cracking mechanism. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide (), forming metal sulfides (MeS) and atomi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Cornforth reagent is very toxic to aquatic life and may cause long-term damage to the environment if released in large amounts. It irritates skin and mucous membranes and may induce allergic reactions; it is carcinogenic. The maximum allowable concentration varies between 0.01 and 0.1 mg·m in air depending on the c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective. Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the nu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon nanotubes have also been used to create surfaces similar to rice leaves. Similar to the lotus leaf, a hierarchical structure provides the hydrophobicity of rice leaf. Unlike the lotus leaf, rice leaves have an anisotropic structure. When CNT’s are made to mimic rice leaf papillae patterns, the contact angle to d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Drospirenone is an antimineralocorticoid with potassium-sparing properties, though in most cases no increase of potassium levels is to be expected. In women with mild or moderate chronic kidney disease, or in combination with chronic daily use of other potassium-sparing medications (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II recep... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
After a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a receptor molecule, it must be removed to allow for the postsynaptic membrane to continue to relay subsequent EPSPs and/or IPSPs. This removal can happen through one or more processes:
*The neurotransmitter may diffuse away due to thermally-induced oscillations of both it and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bitumen ( , ) is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In the U.S., the material is commonly referred to as asphalt. Whether found in natural deposits or refine... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, ultraviolet detectors use either a solid-state device, such as one based on silicon carbide or aluminium nitride, or a gas-filled tube as the sensing element. UV detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by sunlight and artificial light. A burning hydrogen flame, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Diazomethane is a popular methylating agent in the laboratory, but it is too hazardous (explosive gas with a high acute toxicity) to be employed on an industrial scale without special precautions. Use of diazomethane has been significantly reduced by the introduction of the safer and equivalent reagent trimethylsilyldi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the digestive process, and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication, without which speech would be impossible. The main glands are all exocrine gl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lacking the ability to form hydrogen bonds, acyl chlorides have lower boiling and melting points than similar carboxylic acids. For example, acetic acid boils at 118 °C, whereas acetyl chloride boils at 51 °C. Like most carbonyl compounds, infrared spectroscopy reveals a band near 1750 cm.
The simplest stable acyl chlo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He was appointed as the Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 and served for one term retiring in 1978. He also gave notable speeches on political issues such as the invasion of Cambodia, and various topics on Chemistry. The talks he gave sometimes had negative impacts on his life, exemplified b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) is an angular dispersive device that, like a prism or a diffraction grating, splits light into its spectral components. The device works almost independently of polarization. In contrast to prisms or regular diffraction gratings, the VIPA has a much higher angular dispersion but h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The name octasulfur is the most commonly used for this chemical. It is systematically named cyclo-octasulfur (which is the preferred IUPAC name) and cyclooctasulfane. It is also the final member of the thiocane heterocylic series, where every carbon atom is substituted with a sulfur atom, thus this sulfur allotrope is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Harford County, Maryland, found MTBE in wells near several of its filling stations beginning in 2004. This led the state of Maryland to make moves to ban MTBE.
In 2005, an Exxon-Mobil station in Fallston, Maryland, was found to be leaking MTBE into the local wells. The discovery resulted in the station being abruptly c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Despite the widespread interest in organocatalysis and the large number of new catalytic systems that are continuously being discovered, progress in the understanding of mechanism and catalyst design in the field of hydrogen-bond catalysis is extremely limited. Compared to a more developed field like palladium-catalyze... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954) based on the work of Rosalind Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling, who took the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", and Maurice Wilkins,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In plants and animals, mineral absorption, also called mineral uptake is the way in which minerals enter the cellular material, typically following the same pathway as water. In plants, the entrance portal for mineral uptake is usually through the roots. Some mineral ions diffuse in-between the cells. In contrast to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SoRI-20041 is an "antagonist-like" allosteric modulator of amphetamine-induced dopamine release (in contrast to the related research chemicals SoRI-9804 and SoRI-20040, which are "agonist-like"). SoRI-20041 is believed to be the first example of a drug that separately modulates uptake versus release in the dopamine tra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major industrial synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride: This synthesis can be adapted to the laboratory by heating oleum to slowly distill the sulfur trioxide into a cooled flask of sulfur dichloride.
Other methods include syntheses from:
*Phosphorus pentachloride:
*Chlorine and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
3-membered rings are strained moieties in organic chemistry. When a 3-membered ring contains a heteroatom, such as in an epoxide or in a bromonium intermediate, the three atoms in the ring become polarized. It is impossible to assign (+) and (-) polarities to a 3-membered ring without having two adjacent atoms with the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Mg-Mg bond for a neutral magnesium(I) dimer has shown to be significantly sigma-bonding. This arises from the s-orbital overlap of the two metals. The bonding interaction that occurs may be connected to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), giving the highest energy bond of the molecule. This can be reflec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MicroRNAs, or miRNAs for short, are small (~22nt) segments of RNA which have been found to play a crucial role in gene regulation. One of the most commonly used methods for cloning and identifying miRNAs within a cell or tissue was developed in the Bartel Lab and published in a paper by Lau et al. (2001). Since then, s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using the technique of flash photolysis with the compound diazomethane,
Gerhard Herzberg and Jack Shoosmith
were the first to
produce and spectroscopically characterize the methylene molecule. In their work they obtained
the ultraviolet spectrum of gas phase methylene at around 141.5 nm. Their
analysis of the spectr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Epicillin (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic. It is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.
It is an aminopenicillin. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The element is named after ytterbite, a mineral first identified in 1787 by the chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius. He named the mineral after the village of Ytterby, in Sweden, where it had been discovered. When one of the chemicals in ytterbite was later found to be a previously unidentified element, the element was then n... | 8 | Metallurgy |
EBSD is used in a wide range of applications, including materials science and engineering, geology, and biological research. In materials science and engineering, EBSD is used to study the microstructure of metals, ceramics, and polymers, and to develop models of material behaviour. In geology, EBSD is used to study th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitrate esters are typically prepared by condensation of nitric acid and the alcohol: For example, the simplest nitrate ester, methyl nitrate, is formed by reaction of methanol and nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid:
Formation of a nitrate ester is called a nitrooxylation (less commonly, nitroxylation). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a gravitational field, liquids exert pressure on the sides of a container as well as on anything within the liquid itself. This pressure is transmitted in all directions and increases with depth. If a liquid is at rest in a uniform gravitational field, the pressure at depth is given by
where:
: is the pressure at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When referring to DNA transcription, the coding strand (or informational strand) is the DNA strand whose base sequence is identical to the base sequence of the RNA transcript produced (although with thymine replaced by uracil). It is this strand which contains codons, while the non-coding strand contains anticodons. Du... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the applications of pharmacometabolomics to personalized medicine are largely only being realized now, the study of an individual's metabolism has been used to treat disease since the Middle Ages. Early physicians employed a primitive form of metabolomic analysis by smelling, tasting and looking at urine to di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He was born in Greenock, in 1872, but his family came to Edinburgh in his youth and he was then educated at Merchiston Castle School. He then studied Chemistry at Andersonian college in Glasgow under Prof William Dittmar.
He then went to Heidelberg where he gained his first doctorate (PhD) in 1896. He was greatly influ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first recorded observation is attributed to English scholar Francis Bacon when he recorded in his 1620 Novum Organum that "It is well known that all sugar, whether candied or plain, if it be hard, will sparkle when broken or scraped in the dark." The scientist Robert Boyle also reported on some of his work on tribo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosphatases act in opposition to kinases/phosphorylases, which add phosphate groups to proteins. The addition of a phosphate group may activate or de-activate an enzyme (e.g., kinase signalling pathways) or enable a protein-protein interaction to occur (e.g., SH2 domains ); therefore phosphatases are integral to many ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The biosynthesis of lovastatin occurs via an iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. The six genes that encode enzymes that are essential for the biosynthesis of lovastatin are lovB, lovC, lovA, lovD, lovG, and lovF . The synthesis of dihydromonacolin L requires a total of 9-malonyl Coa . It proceeds in the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Svante Arrhenius (1889) equation is often used to characterize the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. The Arrhenius formula gave a simple and powerful law, which in a vast generality of cases describes the dependence on absolute temperature of the rate constant as following,
where is the abs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pyridine crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pna2 and lattice parameters a = 1752 pm, b = 897 pm, c = 1135 pm, and 16 formula units per unit cell (measured at 153 K). For comparison, crystalline benzene is also orthorhombic, with space group Pbca, a = 729.2 pm, b = 947.1 pm, c = 674.2 pm (at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NADK phosphorylates NAD at the 2’ position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety. It is highly selective for its substrates, NAD and ATP, and does not tolerate modifications either to the phosphoryl acceptor, NAD, or the pyridine moiety of the phosphoryl donor, ATP. NADK also uses metal ions to coordinate ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At birth, infants don't develop enough ability to conjugate bilirubin. Up to 8% to 11% neonates will develop hyperbilirubinemia in the first week of their lives. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen. The iron is the reducing agent (gives up electrons) while the oxygen is the oxidizing agent (gains electrons). The rate of corrosion is affected by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Main article smFRET.
In single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer, the molecule is labeled in (at least) two places. A laser beam is focused on the molecule exciting the first probe. When this probe relaxes and emits a photon, it has a chance of exciting the other probe. The efficiency of the absorption of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In terms of structure, GPCRs are characterized by an extracellular N-terminus, followed by seven transmembrane (7-TM) α-helices (TM-1 to TM-7) connected by three intracellular (IL-1 to IL-3) and three extracellular loops (EL-1 to EL-3), and finally an intracellular C-terminus. The GPCR arranges itself into a tertiary s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Application of electric pulses of sufficient strength to the cell causes an increase in the trans-membrane potential difference, which provokes the membrane destabilization. Cell membrane permeability is increased and otherwise nonpermeant molecules enter the cell.
Although the mechanisms of gene electrotransfer are no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oximes can be synthesized by condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone with hydroxylamine. The condensation of aldehydes with hydroxylamine gives aldoximes, and ketoximes are produced from ketones and hydroxylamine. In general, oximes exist as colorless crystals or as thick liquids and are poorly soluble in water. Theref... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrosation is a process of converting organic compounds into nitroso derivatives, i.e., compounds containing the R-NO functionality. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methods for the synthesis of aromatic, organofluorine, heterocyclic and heteroatomic compounds. Study of properties and formation of organic, hybrid and polymer materials. Study of pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents of natural and synthetic origin etc. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate (used to form triglycerides) from precursors other than glucose. Usually, glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, in the liquid of the cells cytoplasm (the cytosol'). Glyceroneogenesis is used when the concentrations o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In electrochemistry, Faraday efficiency (also called faradaic efficiency, faradaic yield, coulombic efficiency or current efficiency) describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction. The word "Faraday" in this term has two interrelated aspects:... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a substance reacts simultaneously to give two different products, a parallel or competitive reaction is said to take place. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two common methods in which to construct a DNA molecular-weight size marker. One such method employs the technique of partial ligation. DNA ligation is the process by which linear DNA pieces are connected to each other via covalent bonds; more specifically, these bonds are phosphodiester bonds. Here, a 100bp ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Today, a muffle furnace is often a front-loading box-type oven or kiln for high-temperature applications such as fusing glass, creating enamel coatings, ceramics and soldering and brazing articles. They are also used in many research facilities, for example by chemists in order to determine what proportion of a sample... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In monometallic complexes, aldehydes and ketones can bind to metals in either of two modes, η-O-bonded and η-C,O-bonded. These bonding modes are sometimes referred to sigma- and pi-bonded. These forms may sometimes interconvert.
The sigma bonding mode is more common for higher valence, Lewis-acidic metal centers (e.g.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The development of VR started in 1957, after the Soviet Union obtained information about detection of high level of toxicity in phosphorylthiocholines (the same year Lars-Erik Tammelin published his first articles on fluorophosphorylcholines and phosphorylthiocholines in Acta Chemica Scandinavica) by a team from the So... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fucosylation is the process of adding fucose sugar units to a molecule. It is a type of glycosylation.
It is important clinically, and high levels of fucosylation have been reported in cancer. In cancer and inflammation there are significant changes in the expression of fucosylated molecules. Therefore, antibodies and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A set of structure utilities has been included for various applications such as: the transformation of unit cells ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/celltran.html CELLTRAN]) or complete structures ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/transtru.html TRANSTRU]); strain tensor calculation ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/strain.ht... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Any protein that can be split into two parts and reconstituted non-covalently to form a functional protein may be used in a PCA. The two fragments however have low affinity for each other and must be brought together by other interacting proteins fused to them (often called "bait" and "prey" since the bait protein can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ore concentrate is first introduced into an IsaMill. This comminution step places a high degree of strain on the mineral lattice and causes an increase in the number of grain boundary fractures and lattice defects of several orders of magnitude. The increase in the number of defects within the mineral lattice "acti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis is a specific type of intracellular signaling pathway that regulates several fundamental properties of cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both agriculture and sewage treatment produce inputs into rivers with very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses including a wide range of pathogenic organisms. Even in areas with little human activity significant levels of bacteria and viruses can be detected originating from fish and aquatic mammals and from an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Zero-order ultrasensitivity takes place under saturating conditions. For example, consider an enzymatic step with a kinase, phosphatase, and substrate. Steady state levels of the phosphorylated substrate have an ultrasensitive response when there is enough substrate to saturate all available kinases and phosphatases. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor. It is a product of both the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in vi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although there are many other molecular display technologies, such as phage display, bacterial display, yeast display, and ribosome display, mRNA display technology has many advantages over the others. The first three biological display libraries listed have polypeptides or proteins expressed on the respective microorg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Values for log K typically range between -3 (very hydrophilic) and +10 (extremely lipophilic/hydrophobic).
The values listed here are sorted by the partition coefficient. Acetamide is hydrophilic, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl is lipophilic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Current research interests in the Naim laboratory focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying protein trafficking, particularly polarized protein sorting in epithelial cells, in health and disease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
New DNA is made during this phase by enzymes which synthesize DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction. DNA polymerase is essential for both the leading strand which is made as a continuous strand and lagging strand which is made in small pieces in DNA Synthesis. This process happens for extension of the newly synthesized fragme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Palmitoylcarnitine has demonstrated potential as a diagnostic marker in newborns for the medical condition of primary carnitine deficiency.
Levels of palmitoylcarnitine (palcar) demonstrated significant correlation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and its effects in prostate cancer models, suggesting a similar role betwe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required number of photons. It was first observed in 1979 by Pierre Agostini and colleagues in xenon gas. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The three ketone bodies, each synthesized from acetyl-CoA molecules, are:
* Acetoacetate, which can be converted by the liver into β-hydroxybutyrate, or spontaneously turn into acetone. Most acetoacetate is reduced to beta-hydroxybutyrate, which serves to additionally ferry reducing electrons to the tissues, especiall... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pacific West Coast Inorganic Lectureship, USA and Canada, 1985; Gold Medal "S. Cannizzaro", Italian Chemical Society, 1988; Doctorate "Honoris Causa", University of Fribourg (CH), 1989; Accademia dei Lincei Award in Chemistry, Italy, 1992; Ziegler-Natta Lecturer, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, Germany, 1994; Italgas ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Battery leakage is the escape of chemicals, such as electrolytes, within an electric battery due to generation of pathways to the outside environment caused by factory or design defects, excessive gas generation, or physical damage to the battery. The leakage of battery chemical often causes destructive corrosion to th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Lecturer, 1952–53; assistant professor, 195658, Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University
*Professor, Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Rajshahi University, 195890
*Nuffield Fellow, Cambridge University, U.K. 196062
*Dean, Faculty of Science, Rajshahi University, 1972
*Commonwealth Senior Fellow, Cambridg... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isothiocyanate and its linkage isomer thiocyanate are ligands in coordination chemistry. Thiocyanate is a more common ligand. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Concentration of rNTPs within the cell is 10 to 10 times higher than the concentration of dNTP. Thus, during DNA replication the higher concentration of rNTP poses a problem as it can be erroneously incorporated into the developing DNA strand by DNA polymerases. The usage of RNA primers during DNA replication is an exa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of iron isotopes may also have applications when studying potential evidence for life on other planets. The ability of microbes to utilize iron in their metabolisms makes it possible for organisms to survive in anoxic, iron-rich environments, such as Mars. Thus, the continual improvement of knowledge regarding ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
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