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The building blocks of materials are the chemical elements. These can be identified by their atomic number Z, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. An element can have more than one value for N, the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The sum of these is the mass number, which is roughly equal to the atomic mas... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Schwab received honours throughout his lifetime in recognition of his scientific work. In 1952 he became one of the only 45 ordinary members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and in 1956 he was also inducted as a member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
In ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The optimization of the particle size distribution facilitates the pumping, mixing and transportation of foodstuff. Particle size analysis is usually done with any milled food, such as coffee, flour, cocoa powder. It is especially helpful with chocolate quality to ensure there is a consistent taste and feeling when eat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Household RO units use a lot of water because they have low back pressure. Household RO water purifiers typically produce one liter of usable water and 3-25 liters of wastewater. The remainder is discharged, usually into the drain. Because wastewater carries the rejected contaminants, recovering this water is not pract... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fumagillin has been used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. It is also an amebicide.
Fumagillin can block blood vessel formation by binding to an enzyme methionine aminopeptidase 2 and for this reason, the compound, together with semisynthetic derivatives, are investigated as an angiogenesis inhibitor in the treatme... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Obtaining samples for analysis is challenging. VOCs, even when at dangerous levels, are dilute, so preconcentration is typically required. Many components of the atmosphere are mutually incompatible, e.g. ozone and organic compounds, peroxyacyl nitrates and many organic compounds. Furthermore, collection of VOCs by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Besides the oxygen ligand, which binds to hemoglobin in a cooperative manner, hemoglobin ligands also include competitive inhibitors such as carbon monoxide (CO) and allosteric ligands such as carbon dioxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO). The carbon dioxide is bound to amino groups of the globin proteins to form carbamino... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AFPs are thought to inhibit ice growth by an adsorption–inhibition mechanism. They adsorb to nonbasal planes of ice, inhibiting thermodynamically-favored ice growth. The presence of a flat, rigid surface in some AFPs seems to facilitate its interaction with ice via Van der Waals force surface complementarity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both the oral and patch forms come with strong warnings against combining selegiline with drugs that could produce serotonin syndrome, such as SSRIs and the cough medicine dextromethorphan. Selegiline in combination with the opioid analgesic pethidine is not recommended, as it can lead to severe adverse effects. Sever... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The beta 2,6 linkages of levan allow for it to be soluble in both water and oil; however, the water temperature varies the degree of solubility. Levan also is insoluble in many organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. The branching of levan allows it to have a high tensile and cohesive strength, whi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes that carry out the detoxification of methylglyoxal and the other reactive aldehydes that are produced as a normal part of metabolism. This system has been studied in both bacteria and eukaryotes. This detoxification is accomplished by the sequential action of two thiol-dependen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic chelates such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) proved too stable and not nutritionally viable. If the mineral was taken from the EDTA ligand, the ligand could not be used by the body and would be expelled. During the expulsion process the EDTA ligand randomly chelated and stripped other minerals from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thiosemicarbazide is the chemical compound with the formula HNC(S)NHNH. A white, odorless solid, it is related to thiourea (HNC(S)NH) by the insertion of an NH center. They are commonly used as ligands for transition metals. Many thiosemicarbazides are known. These feature an organic substituent in place of one or m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some coactivators indirectly regulate gene expression by binding to an activator and inducing a conformational change that then allows the activator to bind to the DNA enhancer or promoter sequence. Once the activator-coactivator complex binds to the enhancer, RNA polymerase II and other general transcription machinery... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thorin (also called thoron or thoronol) is an indicator used in the determination of barium, beryllium, lithium, uranium and thorium compounds. Being a compound of arsenic, it is highly toxic. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNA-Seq (named as an abbreviation of RNA sequencing) is a technique that uses next-generation sequencing to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA molecules in a biological sample, providing a snapshot of gene expression in the sample, also known as transcriptome.
Specifically, RNA-Seq facilitates the ability to look ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Emerin has been shown to interact with:
* ACTA1,
* ACTG2,
* BANF1,
* BCLAF1,
* CTNNB1,
* GMCL1,
* LMNA,
* PSME1,
* SYNE1,
* SYNE2,
* TMEM43, and
* YTHDC1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ratsimamanga married Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga on 23 March 1963. She was a French Ashkenazi Jewish biochemist, a Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (1989), and the African Academy of Sciences (1987), and IMRAs Chair and Alberts closest collaborator. With Albert, she co-founded "Albert and Suzanne Rakoto Ratsima... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent research has shown that AAV can successfully restore color vision to treat color blindness in adult monkeys. Although this treatment has not yet entered clinical trials for humans, this work was considered a breakthrough for the ability to target cone photoreceptors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The association of phosphorylation and the reduction of an electron acceptor such as ferricyanide increase similarly with the addition of phosphate, magnesium (Mg), and ADP. The existence of these three components is important for maximal reductive and phosphorylative activity. Similar increases in the rate of ferricya... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%, which translates to a number needed to treat of 3.33. Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder as well. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 2009, Zurek et al. predicted that the alloy would be a stable metal at only one quarter of the pressure required to metallize hydrogen, and that similar effects should hold for alloys of type LiH and possibly "other alkali high-hydride systems", i.e. alloys of type XH, where X is an alkali metal. This was later ver... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This technique either uses a camera to detect many speckle grains (see speckle pattern) or a ground glass to create a large number of speckle realizations (Echo-DWS). In both cases an average over a large number of statistically independent intensity values is obtained, allowing a much faster data acquisition time.
MSD... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This is an example of an esterification reaction where one molecule acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid) reacts with one molecule ethanol, yielding one molecule ethyl acetate (a bimolecular second-order reaction of the type A + B → C):
: 120 g acetic acid (60 g/mol, 2.0 mol) was reacted with 230 g ethanol (46 g/mol,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Manfred Schidlowski (13 November 1933 – 3 October 2012) was a German Professor of Geochemistry at the Max-Planck-Institut for Chemistry (Otto-Hahn-Institut) in Mainz. His research was concerned with the biochemistry of the Early Earth with a focus on isotope-biogeochemistry and the evidence of the earliest life process... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelating polyphosphate group, ATP binds metal cations with high affinity. The binding constant for is (). The binding of a divalent cation, almost always magnesium, strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins. Due to the strength of the ATP-Mg interaction, AT... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In free-radical chain-growth polymerization, chain termination can occur by a disproportionation step in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain molecule to another one, which produces two dead (non-growing) chains.
:: Chain—CH–CHX + Chain—CH–CHX → Chain—CH=CHX + Chain—CH–CHX
in which, Chain— ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An allomone is any chemical substance released by an individual of one species that affects the behavior of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver. Production of allomones is a common form of defense, such as by plant species against insect herbivores or prey species against p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent evidence suggests that similar chemical cycles to Earth's occur on a lesser scale on Mars, facilitated by the thin atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (and possibly carbon), water, sulphur, methane, oxygen, ozone, and nitrogen cycles. Many studies point to significantly more active chemical cycles on Mars in th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The chemical composition of a mixture can be defined as the distribution of the individual substances that constitute the mixture, called "components". In other words, it is equivalent to quantifying the concentration of each component. Because there are different ways to define the concentration of a component, there ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Single 20 to 40mg oral doses generally give rise to peak plasma esomeprazole concentrations of 0.5-1.0mg/L within 1–4 hours, but after several days of once-daily administration, these levels may increase by about 50%. A 30-minute intravenous infusion of a similar dose usually produces peak plasma levels on the order of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Epoxides are typically prepared by oxidation of alkenes. The most important epoxide in terms of industrial scale is ethylene oxide, which is produced by oxidation of ethylene with oxygen. Other epoxides are produced by one of two routes:
* By the oxidation of alkenes with a peroxyacid such as m-CPBA.
* By the base intr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of their mechanism of action, phorbol esters can be used to study tumor proliferation and pain response. TPA is most commonly used in the laboratory to induce a cellular response. For example, TPA can be used to measure response to pain and test compounds that may mitigate the inflammatory response. TPA and oth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chlorinated or fluorinated alkenes undergo polymerization. Important halogenated polymers include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE, or teflon).
;Alkyl fluorides: An estimated one fifth of pharmaceuticals contain fluorine, including several of the top drugs. Most of these compounds are alkyl flu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The European Union has a searchable database with the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for 716 pesticides. Under the previous system, revised in 2008, certain pesticide residues were regulated by the commission; others were regulated by Member States, and others were not regulated at all. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Papakostas et al. observed in 2003 that planar chirality affects the polarization of light diffracted by arrays of planar chiral microstructures, where large polarization changes of opposite sign were detected in light diffracted from planar structures of opposite handedness. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Since the industrial revolution 30% of the anthropogenic CO has been absorbed by the oceans, resulting in ocean acidification, which is a threat to calcifying alga. As a result, there has been profound interest in these calcifying algae, boosted by their major role in the global carbon cycle. Globally, coccolithophores... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The transesterification reaction is base catalyzed. Any strong base capable of deprotonating the alcohol will work (e.g. NaOH, KOH, sodium methoxide, etc.), but the sodium and potassium hydroxides are often chosen for their cost. The presence of water causes undesirable base hydrolysis, so the reaction must be kept dry... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
TDS spectrum 1 and 2 are typical examples of a TPD measurement. Both are examples of NO desorbing from a single crystal in high vacuum. The crystal was mounted on a titanium filament and heated with current. The desorbing NO was measured using a mass spectrometer monitoring the atomic mass of 30.
Before 1990 analysis o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levomethamphetamine is an active metabolite of the antiparkinson's drug selegiline. Selegiline, a selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO) inhibitor at low doses, is also metabolized into levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine. This has caused users to test positive for amphetamines.
Selegiline itself has neuroprotective a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Safranin (Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. Safranin is used as a counterstain in some staining protocols, colouring cell nuclei red. This is the classic counterstain in both Gram stains and endospore staining. It can also be used for the detection of cartilage, mucin and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chemical mimicry exists in many forms and for a variety of uses. It may be classified by the function it performs for the mimicking species and the effect that the mimic will have on the species that is deceived. It can be used for such functions as deterring predators, drawing prey, to allow a parasite to deceive a ho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. Like sonochemistry, sonoelectrochemistry was discovered in the early 20th century. The effects of power ultrasound on electrochemical systems and important electrochemical parameters were originally demonstrated by Moriguchi and then by Schmid a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Polycomb-group (PcG) regulatory complexes are known for their influence in the epigenetic regulation of stem cells,
especially in hematopoietic stem cells. The Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC 1) is directly involved in the process of hematopoiesis, and functions together with, for example, the PcG gene “Bmi1”. S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as per day to as high as ; with a mean BMR of per day. Statistically, the researchers calculated that 62% of this variation was explained by differences ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogen sulfide - a component of crude oil and natural gas and a by-product in anaerobic digestion of biomass - is also suitable for plasma-catalytic decomposition to produce hydrogen and elemental sulfur due to its weak binding energy.
The energy requirement for the production of hydrogen from HS is approx. 5 kWh/kg. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain perfusates have been shown to have toxic effects on kidneys as a result of the inadvertent inclusion of particular chemicals in their formulation. Collins showed that the procaine included in the formulation of his flush fluids could be toxic, and Pegg has commented how toxic materials, such as PVC plasticizers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider two energy eigenstates of a quantum system with Hamiltonian (for example, this could be the Hamiltonian of a particle in a potential, like the Hydrogen atom or the Alkali atoms):
We want to consider the time dependent Hamiltonian
where is the potential of the electromagnetic field. Treating the potential as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
4-(γ-Glutamylamino)butanoic acid is molecule that consists of -glutamate conjugated to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is the substrate of the enzyme γ-glutamyl-γ-aminobutyrate hydrolase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although a plain metallic cathode will exhibit photoelectric properties, the specialized coating greatly increases the effect. A photocathode usually consists of alkali metals with very low work functions.
The coating releases electrons much more readily than the underlying metal, allowing it to detect the low-energy ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liquid-liquid extractions in the laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel, where two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other, according to the relative solubility in each of the phases. Typically, this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In crystallography, mosaicity is a measure of the spread of crystal plane orientations. A mosaic crystal is an idealized model of an imperfect crystal, imagined to consist of numerous small perfect crystals (crystallites) that are to some extent randomly misoriented. Empirically, mosaicities can be determined by measur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first known use of liquation on a large scale was in Germany in the mid-15th century. Metal workers had long known that Central European copper ore was rich in silver, so it was only a matter of time until a method was discovered that could separate the two metals.
Liquation is first documented in the archives of t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Due to the paternal inheritance, Y-haplotypes provide information about the genetic ancestry of the male population. To investigate this population history, and to provide estimates for haplotype frequencies in criminal casework, the "Y haplotype reference database (YHRD)" has been created in 2000 as an online resource... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The members of genus Orbivirus within the Reoviridae family are arthropod borne viruses and are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) which causes disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle) has been in the forefront of molecular studies for the last three decades and now repr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Knock-in technology is different from knockout technology in that knockout technology aims to either delete part of the DNA sequence or insert irrelevant DNA sequence information to disrupt the expression of a specific genetic locus. Gene knock-in technology, on the other hand, alters the genetic locus of interest via ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Empirical scales are based on the measurement of physical parameters that express the property of interest to be measured through some formal, most commonly a simple linear, functional relationship. For the measurement of temperature, the formal definition of thermal equilibrium in terms of the thermodynamic coordinate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Comparative genomic hybridization can be described as a method that uses FISH in a parallel manner with the comparison of the hybridization strength to recall any major disruptions in the duplication process of the DNA sequences in the genome of the nucleus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hafnium or zirconium added to niobium–tin increases the maximum current density in a magnetic field. This may allow it to be used at 16 tesla for CERN's planned Future Circular Collider. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The company sells a special soap – available to authorities but not the general public – that neutralises the smell of skunk water if officers are accidentally sprayed. It has been suggested that rubbing a surface contaminated with skunk with ketchup, similar to treating a real skunk spray with tomato juice, and then w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also letters that represent ambiguity which are used when more than one kind of nucleotide could occur at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:
For example, W means that ei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One distinct section of cell engineering involves the alteration and tuning of stem cells. Much of the recent research on stem cell therapies and treatments falls under the aforementioned cell engineering methods. Stem cells are unique in that they may differentiate into various other types of cells which may then be a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A miniature binary weapon is used in an assassination in the Frederick Forsyth novel The Devils Alternative'. It consists of two half-capsules, a non-resistant one containing potassium cyanide and an acid-resistant one containing hydrochloric acid. The substances mix after the halves are assembled and the seal betwee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. However, it also has... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The modification of A to I is effected by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), of which in mice there are three. The knockdown of these in the cell, therefore, and the subsequent cell–cell comparison of ADAR+ and ADAR- RNA content would be anticipated to provide a basis for A-to-I modification profiling. Howev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs, though the receptor(s) as yet remain unidentified. Detailed characterisation of the events occurring in sperm in response to progesterone has elucidated certain events including i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a moiety ( ) is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well.
Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules, and it should not be used to describe or name smaller functional groups of at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to Reetz, the Cram-chelate model for 1,2-inductions can be extended to predict the chelated complex of a β-alkoxy aldehyde and metal. The nucleophile is seen to attack from the less sterically hindered side and anti- to the substituent R, leading to the anti-adduct as the major product.
To make such chelates... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Two-photon absorption (TPA) is a third-order process in which two photons are nearly simultaneously absorbed by the same molecule. If a second photon is absorbed by the same electron within the same quantum event, the electron enters an excited state.
This is the same phenomenon used in two-photon microscopy (TPM), but... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Parkinsons disease is caused by the loss of dopamine stimulation to the basal ganglia of the midbrain, resulting in tremor at rest and bradykinesia. In some rare forms, protein aggregation of alpha-synuclein and parkin can elicit symptoms of Parkinsons disease. For a variety of drugs, restoring dopamine to the central ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The scholarship surrounding Mosul Metalwork has been ongoing for a very long time, since it became the first Islamic objects dart studied in Europe, due to its early arrival on the continent. The diverse opinions on what constitutes as Mosul Metalwork arise due to the styles dispersion across lands and through the comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1979, teams at Harvard and Caltech extended the basic idea of making DNA copies of mRNAs in vitro to amplifying a library of such in bacterial plasmids.
In 1982, the idea of selecting random or semi-random clones from such a cDNA library for sequencing was explored by Greg Sutcliffe and coworkers.
In 1983, Putney ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The methods to prevent and treat lipotoxicity are divided into three main groups.
The first strategy focuses on decreasing the lipid content of non-adipose tissues. This can be accomplished by either increasing the oxidation of the lipids, or increasing their secretion and transport. Current treatments involve extreme ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioorganic chemistry is a scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. It is that branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. Protein and enzyme function are examples of these processes.
Sometimes biochemistry is used interchangeably for bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three types of magnetic effects in electrochemistry:
* on electrolytes
* on mass transfer
* on metal deposition | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Gibbs free energy is so combining the previous results gives
This is the Gibbs free energy for a perfect vdW fluid, or in reduced form | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hysteresis, in this case, refers to the restructuring of the adhesive interface over some period of time, with the result being that the work needed to separate two surfaces is greater than the work that was gained by bringing them together (W > γ + γ). For the most part, this is a phenomenon associated with diffusive ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Methoxy groups heavily decorate the biopolymer lignin. Much interest has been shown in converting this abundant form of biomass into useful chemicals (aside from fuel). One step in such processing is demethylation.
The demethylation of vanillin, a derivative of lignin, requires and strong base. Pulp and paper ind... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Exemestane, sold under the brand name Aromasin among others, is a medication used to treat breast cancer. It is a member of the class of antiestrogens known as aromatase inhibitors. Some breast cancers require estrogen to grow. Those cancers have estrogen receptors (ERs), and are called ER-positive. They may also be ca... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A solid in contact with a liquid, in the presence of an electric field, forms an electric double layer. This layer is present at the interface of the solid and liquid and it shields the charged surface of the solid. This electric double layer has an effect on the optical reflectivity of the solid as it changes the elas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this biological process, which is a redox comproportionation reaction, nitrite and ammonium ions are converted directly into a diatomic molecule of nitrogen and water.
: (ΔG° = ).
Globally, this process may be responsible for 30–50% of the gas produced in the oceans. It is thus a major sink for fixed nitrogen and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amoxicillin is occasionally used for the treatment of skin infections, such as acne vulgaris. It is often an effective treatment for cases of acne vulgaris that have responded poorly to other antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Chymotrypsin is a serine endopeptidase that is present in pancreatic juice and helps the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in L-isomers of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. In the active site of this enzyme, three amino acid residues work together to form a catalyt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the high activity of the enzyme, expression of untethered Dam results in methylation of all regions of accessible chromatin. This approach can be used as an alternative to ATAC-seq or DNAse-seq. When combined with cell-type specific DamID methods, expression of untethered Dam can be used to identify cell-type sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Class IIB HDACs include HDAC6 and HDAC10. These two HDACs are most closely related to each other in overall sequence. However, HDAC6's catalytic domain is most similar to HDAC9. A unique feature of HDAC6 is that it contains two catalytic domains in tandem of one another. Another unique feature of HDAC6 is the HDAC6... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* The spectral centroid of a signal is the midpoint of its spectral density function, i.e. the frequency that divides the distribution into two equal parts.
* The spectral edge frequency (SEF), usually expressed as "SEF x", represents the frequency below which x percent of the total power of a given signal are located... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Senftleben was born in Bremen. After graduating from the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau, Senftleben studied physics at the University of Breslau and received his doctorate with Rudolf Ladenburg. The dissertation was about the glow of flames, which he attributed in part to light scattering from small particles in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Passage of hydrogen chloride through molten MsO yields MsCl.
Similar to MsCl, MsO can perform mesylation of alcohols to form sulfonates. Use of MsO avoids the alkyl chloride, which often appears as a side-product when MsCl is used. Unlike MsCl, MsO may not be suitable for mesylation of the unsaturated alcohols.
Example... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In Conia-ene reactions proceeding via alkyne activation, a suitable late transition metal (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd) coordinates to the alkyne and increases its electrophilicity; thus, the enol tautomer of the carbonyl can attack more readily. Toste et al. pioneered two of the first examples of alkyne activation in 2004. Using a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A combination of ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, and prasterone is under development by Pantarhei Bioscience as a combined birth control pill for prevention of pregnancy in women. It includes prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA), an oral androgen prohormone, to replace testosterone and avoid testosterone deficienc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Currently there are six known structural families. Their conserved structural motifs are:
* LAGLIDADG: Every polypeptide has 1 or 2 LAGLIDADG motifs. The sequence LAGLIDADG is a conserved sequence of amino acids where each letter is a code that identifies a specific residue. This sequence is directly involved in the D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In July 1987, Lower Saxony’s minister of Science and Art approved the establishment of the ICBM as a cooperation of the university departments of mathematics, biology, physics and chemistry. In 1991, the ICBM was approved as a central organisation of the University of Oldenburg. The registered association „Centre for R... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Dragomir Vitorović, Snežana Bojović, Živorad Čeković: “Vukić M. Mićović 1896-1981, life and work", Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, 1996, 142 pages. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Axially chiral biaryl compounds are prepared by coupling reactions, e.g., Ullmann coupling, Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, or palladium-catalyzed arylation of arenes. Subsequent to the synthesis, the racemic biaryl is resolved by classical methods. Diastereoselective coupling can be achieved through the use of a chiral bridg... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings. In terms of thermodynamics and thermochemistry, it is a thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy (or internal energy ) of the system. In an endothermic process, the heat that a system absorbs is thermal ener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The covalent pair-wise interaction between boronic acids and hydroxy groups as found in alcohols and acids is rapid and reversible in aqueous solutions. The equilibrium established between boronic acids and the hydroxyl groups present on saccharides has been successfully employed to develop a range of sensors for sacch... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC/MS-O)
* GC-recomposition-olfactometry (GC-R)
* Multi-gas chromatography-olfactometry | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is used:
* in the desulfurization of iron (pig iron, cast iron and steel)
* as a fuel in steelmaking to extend the scrap ratio to liquid iron, depending on economics.
* as a powerful deoxidizer at ladle treatment facilities. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The overall organisation of prokaryotic genes is markedly different from that of the eukaryotes. The most obvious difference is that prokaryotic ORFs are often grouped into a polycistronic operon under the control of a shared set of regulatory sequences. These ORFs are all transcribed onto the same mRNA and so are co-r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endre Qvie Berner (24 September 1893 – 30 January 1983) was a Norwegian organic chemist, author and educator. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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