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Levofloxacin is rapidly and essentially completely absorbed after oral administration, with a plasma concentration profile over time that is essentially identical to that obtained from intravenous administration of the same amount over 60 minutes. As such, the intravenous and oral formulations of levofloxacin are cons... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene. TILLING was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and expanded on into other uses and methodologies by a small group of scientists includin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ethers () consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains. The shorter of the two chains becomes the first part of the name with the -ane suffix changed to -oxy, and the longer alkane chain becomes the suffix of the name of the ether. Thus, is methoxymethane, and is methoxyethane (not ethoxymethane).... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vitamin B is the preeminent bioorganometallic species. Vitamin B is actually a collection of related enzyme cofactors, several of which contain cobalt–alkyl bonds, and is involved in biological methylation and 1,2-carbon rearrangement reactions. For a long time since its structure was elucidated by Hodgkin in 1955, i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zearalenone has two major phase I metabolites: α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol. When exposed orally ZEN is absorbed by the intestinal lining and metabolized there as well as in the liver. Research into the metabolism of ZEN has been difficult because of the significant difference in biotransformation between species maki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The unique features of NICE-OHMS, in particular its high sensitivity, imply that it has a large potential for a variety of applications. First developed for frequency standard applications, with an astonishing detectability of 10 cm, it has later been used for spectroscopic investigations as well as chemical sensing an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Cryobiology, the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things
* Cryonics, the low-temperature preservation of people who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine
* Cryoprecipitate, a blood-derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders
* Cryotherapy, medical treat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bismuth compounds have been used because of their astringent, antiphlogistic, bacteriostatic, and disinfecting actions. In dermatology bismuth subgallate is still used in vulnerary salves and powders as well as in antimycotics. In the past, bismuth has also been used to treat syphilis and malaria. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In any solid at any temperature, the primary particles (e.g. atoms or molecules) are not stationary, but rather vibrate about mean positions. In insulators the capacity of the solid to store thermal energy is due almost entirely to these vibrations. Many physical properties of the solid (e.g. modulus of elasticity) can... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hexahydroxybenzene trisoxalate is a chemical compound, an oxide of carbon with formula . Its molecule consists of a benzene core with the six hydrogen atoms replaced by three oxalate groups. It can be seen as a sixfold ester of benzenehexol and oxalic acid.
The compound was first described by H. S. Verter and R. Domini... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the case of a scale-invariant type of system (where a system of volume has exactly the same set of microstates as systems of volume ), then when the system expands new particles and energy will flow in from the reservoir to fill the new volume with a homogeneous extension of the original system.
The pressure, then... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eigen et al. and Woese proposed that the genomes of early protocells were composed of single-stranded RNA, and that individual genes corresponded to separate RNA segments, rather than being linked end-to-end as in present-day DNA genomes. A protocell that was haploid (one copy of each RNA gene) would be vulnerable to d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Schwinger variational principle is a variational principle which expresses the scattering T-matrix as a functional depending on two unknown wave functions. The functional attains stationary value equal to actual scattering T-matrix. The functional is stationary if and only if the two functions satisfy the Lippmann-Schw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A multidimensional population translation experiment was utilized to determine the detection limits of an ARS device, Populations with small multidimensional separation, in this case aspirin and ibuprofen, were used to determine that tablets with a 0.08 mm difference in thickness, 0.0046 g mass difference, and a differ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The traditional approach to supramolecular catalysts focuses on the design of macromolecular receptor with appropriately placed catalytic functional groups. These catalysts are often inspired by the structure of enzymes with the catalytic group mimicking reactive amino acid residues, but unlike real enzymes, the bindi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Myristoylation is an integral part of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis is necessary for cell homeostasis and occurs when cells are under stress such as hypoxia or DNA damage. Apoptosis can proceed by either mitochondrial or receptor mediated activation. In receptor mediated apoptosis, apoptotic pathways a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of DIMBOA, forming indole from indole-3-glycerol phosphate. The enzyme is called indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase, chloroplast, EC 4.1.2.8 and is located in the chloroplast. The X-ray structure of BX1 protein has been resolved and compared with bacterial TSA (tryptophan syntha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The einstein (symbol E) is an obsolete unit with two conflicting definitions. It was originally defined as the energy in one mole of photons ( photons). Because energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, the unit is frequency dependent. This unit is not part of the International System of Units (SI) and is redunda... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Flowers of sulfur (FOS) testing was developed to determine the porosity of metallic coatings susceptible to sulfur induced corrosion [see below ASTM B809-95(2018)]. Applicable substrates are silver, copper, copper alloys and any other metal or metal alloy with which sulfur will react. For porosity testing, coatings c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When carbon dioxide is held above its critical pressure (73.773 bar) and temperature (30.9780 °C), it can behave both as a gas and as a liquid, that is it expands to fill entirely its container like a gas but has a density similar to that of a liquid.
Supercritical CO is chemically stable, very cheap, and non-flammable... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the control of all growth conditions such as temperature, bond strength, diffusion, and saturation level, desired morphology could be formed by choosing the right parameters. Following is the demonstration how to obtain some interesting surface features: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Singlet oxygen luminesces concomitant with its decay to the triplet ground state. This phenomenon was first observed in the thermal degradation of the endo peroxide of rubrene. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MK-886, or L-663536, is a leukotriene antagonist. It may perform this by blocking the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), thus inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and may help in treating atherosclerosis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flucloxacillin can reduce the excretion of methotrexate, potentially resulting in a risk of methotrexate toxicity. The level of flucloxacillin in the blood may rise in kidney failure and with the use of probenecid. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The US Food and Drug Administration issued a Premarket Submission and Labeling Recommendations for Drugs of Abuse Screening Tests. Its availability was announced in the Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 231 on December 2, 2003 and is listed under "Notices." Presumptive testing has found widespread use by employers and pub... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PPA is a metastable polymer known for its ease of synthesis and rapid depolymerization. In addition, its properties can be easily influenced and manipulated upon either functionalizing the phthalaldehyde monomer with different groups, most efficiently, electron withdrawing groups, or employing different functional grou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In genetics, attenuation is a regulatory mechanism for some bacterial operons that results in premature termination of transcription. The canonical example of attenuation used in many introductory genetics textbooks, is ribosome-mediated attenuation of the trp operon. Ribosome-mediated attenuation of the trp operon rel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AOAC International holds an Annual Meeting & Conference, typically held in August or September of each year, which is moved around the United States and held in major cities. In addition, a mid-year meeting is held every March near the headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another category of multipass cells is generally referred to as circular multipass reflection cells. They were first introduced by Thoma and co-workers in 1994. Such cells rely on a circular arrangement of mirrors. The beam enters the cell under an angle and propagates on a star-shaped pattern (see picture on the righ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Microarray-Based Study by Metal Nanoparticle Probes
Recently, studies by using metal nanoparticle probes to detect the carbohydrate–protein interactions were reported. Use of gold and silver nanoparticle probes in resonant light scattering (RLS) gives particular high sensitivity. Zhenxin Wang and coworker the same pri... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In transcriptional silencing, SIR2,3,4 are required in stoichiometric amounts to silence specific chromosomal regions. In yeast, SIR proteins bind sites on nucleosome tails and form a multimeric compound of SIR2,3,4 that condenses chromatin and is thought to physically occlude promoters in the silenced interval, preven... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of entities, commonly atoms or molecules.
Monolayers can also be made out of cells.
Self-assembled monolayers form spontaneously on surfaces.
Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two classes of transcription terminators, Rho-dependent and Rho-independent, have been identified throughout prokaryotic genomes. These widely distributed sequences are responsible for triggering the end of transcription upon normal completion of gene or operon transcription, mediating early termination of transcripts ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
21-Crown-7 is an organic compound with the formula [CHO] and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaoxacycloheneicosane. Like other crown ethers, 21-crown-7 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for caesium cations. The dipole moment of 21-crown-7 varies in different solvents and und... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Diazomethane is prepared by hydrolysis of an ethereal solution of an N-methyl nitrosamide with aqueous base. The traditional precursor is N-nitroso-N-methylurea, but this compound is itself somewhat unstable, and nowadays compounds such as N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitroso-p'-toluenesulf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In humans, the major route of excretion of most arsenic compounds is via the urine. The biological half-life of inorganic arsenic is about 4 days, but is slightly shorter following exposure to arsenate than to arsenite. The main metabolites excreted in the urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic are mono- and dim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
K252a is an alkaloid isolated from Nocardiopsis bacteria. This staurosporine analog is a highly potent cell permeable inhibitor of CaM kinase and phosphorylase kinase (IC = 1.8 and 1.7 nmol/L, respectively). At higher concentrations it is also an efficient inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases (IC of 10 to 30 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlorotrifluoromethane, R-13, CFC-13, or Freon 13, is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and also a mixed halomethane. It is a man-made substance used primarily as a refrigerant. When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential, and long atmospheric lifeti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene self-assemble to form a complex, this protein structure is referred to as a "multimer". Genes that encode multimer-forming polypeptides appear to be common. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular ge... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Liquid marbles are non-stick droplets (normally aqueous) wrapped by micro- or nano-metrically scaled hydrophobic, colloidal particles (Teflon, polyethylene, lycopodium powder, carbon black, etc.); representing a platform for a diversity of chemical and biological applications. Liquid marbles are also found naturally; a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the liver and peripheral tissues of humans, retinol is reversibly converted to retinal by the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, which are also responsible for the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Retinal is irreversibly oxidized to retinoic acid (RA) by the action of aldehyde dehydrogenases. RA regulates the a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The chemical consists of rings of 8 sulfur atoms. It adopts a crown conformation with D point group symmetry. The S–S bond lengths are equal, at about 2.05 Å. Octasulfur crystallizes in three distinct polymorphs: rhombohedral, and two monoclinic forms, of which only two are stable at standard conditions. The rhombohedr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electrons are partially transferred from a d-orbital of the metal to anti-bonding molecular orbitals of CO (and its analogs). This electron-transfer strengthens the metal–C bond and weakens the C–O bond. The strengthening of the M–CO bond is reflected in increases of the vibrational frequencies for the M–C bond (of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halocarbon with the formula CHCl, commonly used as an industrial degreasing solvent. It is a clear, colourless, non-flammable, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like pleasant mild smell and sweet taste. Its IUPAC name is trichloroethene. Trichloroethylene has been sold under a variety of tr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
HMG proteins are thought to play a significant role in various human disorders. Disruptions and rearrangements in the genes coding for some of the HMG proteins are associated with some common benign tumors. Antibodies to HMG proteins are found in patients with autoimmune diseases. The SRY gene on the Y Chromosome, resp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Materials with high surface area to volume ratio (e.g. very small diameter, very porous, or otherwise not compact) react at much faster rates than monolithic materials, because more surface is available to react. An example is grain dust: while grain is not typically flammable, grain dust is explosive. Finely ground sa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a photochemical process, the sunlight is directly used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Because the absorption spectrum of water does not overlap with the emission spectrum of the sun, direct dissociation of water cannot take place; a photosensitizer needs to be used. Several such catalysts have been develop... | 5 | Photochemistry |
RiPPs are characterized by a common biosynthetic strategy wherein genetically-encoded peptides undergo translation and subsequent chemical modification by biosynthetic enzymes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Macroscopically, the ideal gas law states that, for an ideal gas, the product of pressure and volume is proportional to the product of amount of substance and absolute temperature :
where is the molar gas constant (). Introducing the Boltzmann constant as the gas constant per molecule (being N the Avogadro constan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At constant temperature, the reversibility of polymerization can be determined using the Gibbs free energy equation:
where is the change of entropy during polymerization. The change of enthalpy during polymerization, , is also known as the heat of polymerization, which is defined by
where and denote the activation e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermal equilibrium of a body in itself refers to the body when it is isolated. The background is that no heat enters or leaves it, and that it is allowed unlimited time to settle under its own intrinsic characteristics. When it is completely settled, so that macroscopic change is no longer detectable, it is in its own... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Direct carbon-proton coupling constants are used to study the anomeric configuration of a sugar.
Vicinal proton-proton coupling constants are used to study stereo orientation of protons relatively to the other protons within a sugar ring, thus identifying a monosaccharide.
Vicinal heteronuclear H-C-O-C coupling constan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lipoidal estradiol (LE2) is the variety of endogenous C17β long-chain fatty acid esters of estradiol which are formed as metabolites of estradiol. Important examples of these esters include estradiol arachidonate, estradiol lineolate, estradiol oleate, estradiol palmitate, and estradiol stearate. LE2 are estrogens but ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, amine value is a measure of the nitrogen content of an organic molecule. Specifically, it is usually used to measure the amine content of amine functional compounds. It may be defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) equivalent to one gram of epoxy hardener resin. The units... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While SERS can be performed in colloidal solutions, today the most common method for performing SERS measurements is by depositing a liquid sample onto a silicon or glass surface with a nanostructured noble metal surface. While the first experiments were performed on electrochemically roughened silver, now surfaces are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A transposase is any of a class of enzymes capable of binding to the end of a transposon and catalysing its movement to another part of a genome, typically by a cut-and-paste mechanism or a replicative mechanism, in a process known as transposition. The word "transposase" was first coined by the individuals who cloned ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Barton decarboxylation is a radical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is converted to a thiohydroxamate ester (commonly referred to as a Barton ester). The product is then heated in the presence of a radical initiator and a suitable hydrogen donor to afford the decarboxylated product. This is an example of a red... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Highly-fermentable fiber residues, such as those from resistant starch, oat bran, pectin, and guar are transformed by colonic bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) including butyrate, producing more SCFA than less fermentable fibers such as celluloses. One study found that resistant starch consistently produces ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
) At I = 0.1 M () At I = 2.5 M</small> | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Huang Weiyuan (; December 15, 1921 – November 17, 2015) was a Chinese organic chemist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as President of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and President of the Chinese Chemical Society. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vertebrates can also biosynthesize defensive chemicals or sequester them from plants or prey. Sequestered compounds have been observed in frogs, natricine snakes, and two genera of birds, Pitohui and Ifrita. It is suspected that some well-known compounds such as tetrodotoxin produced by newts and pufferfish are derived... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There remain a few ambiguities about the effect. The current theory of triboluminescence—based upon crystallographic, spectroscopic, and other experimental evidence—is that upon fracture of asymmetrical materials, charge is separated. When the charges recombine, the electrical discharge ionizes the surrounding air, cau... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In base and precious metals flotation, the Jameson Cell has established itself as being particularly useful in several applications in flotation circuits that also use other types of flotation cells, such as mechanical cells. These applications include:
* preflotation roughers for removing naturally hydrophobic gangue ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In addition to naturally occurring types of catalytic triads, protein engineering has been used to create enzyme variants with non-native amino acids, or entirely synthetic amino acids. Catalytic triads have also been inserted into otherwise non-catalytic proteins, or protein mimics.
Subtilisin (a serine protease) has ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Norvaline (abbreviated as Nva) is an amino acid with the formula CH(CH)CH(NH)COH. The compound is a structural analog of valeric acid and also an isomer of the more common amino acid valine. Like most other α-amino acids, norvaline is chiral. It is a white, water-soluble solid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anthocyanins generally are degraded at higher pH. However, some anthocyanins, such as petanin (petunidin 3-[6-O-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-O-α--rhamnopyranosyl)-β--glucopyranoside]-5-O-β--glucopyranoside), are resistant to degradation at pH 8 and may be used effectively as a food colorant. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Other factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Sahara are thought to play a role in causing HABs. Some algal blooms on the Pacific coast have also been linked to natural occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as El Niño events. HABs are also linked to heavy rainfall. Alth... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGAM gene.
Maltase-glucoamylase is an alpha-glucosidase digestive enzyme. It consists of two subunits with differing substrate specificity. Recombinant enzyme studies have shown that its N-terminal catalytic domain has highest activity again... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Colworth Medal is awarded annually by the Biochemical Society to an outstanding research biochemist under the age of 35 and working mainly in the United Kingdom. The award is one of the most prestigious recognitions for young scientists in the UK, and was established by Tony James FRS at Unilever Research and Henry... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consecutively, the probe is incubated in a SAM to make the surface of the probe that is unoccupied unreactive to target or further aptamer binding. The optimized SAM thickness is thick enough for the surface to be passivated against target binding and thin enough to transfer electrons from the redox reporter to the ele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other variations of the Grignard reagent have been discovered to improve the chemoselectivity of the Grignard reaction, which include but are not limited to: Turbo-Grignards, organocerium reagents, and organocuprate (Gilman) reagents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These include genotoxicity testing, human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology, ecogenotoxicology, as well as fundamental research in DNA damage and repair. For example, Swain and Rao, using the comet assay reported marked increases in several types of DNA damages in rat brain neurons and astrocytes during aging, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deterministic theories can be divided into two subgroups: if the initial chiral influence took place in a specific space or time location (averaging zero over large enough areas of observation or periods of time), the theory is classified as local deterministic; if the chiral influence is permanent at the time the chir... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fermentation is a specific type of heterotrophic metabolism that uses organic carbon instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. This means that these organisms do not use an electron transport chain to oxidize NADH to and therefore must have an alternative method of using this reducing power and maintaining a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) group is largely used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A number of possible routes can be used to prepare crystal violet. The original procedure developed by the German chemists Kern and Caro involved the reaction of dimethylaniline with phosgene to give 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone) as an intermediate. This was then reacted with additional dimethy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mnemonics BrINClHOF, pronounced "Brinklehof", HONClBrIF, pronounced "Honkelbrif", “HOBrFINCl”, pronounced “Hoberfinkel”, and HOFBrINCl, pronounced "Hofbrinkle", have been coined to aid recall of the list of diatomic elements. Another method, for English-speakers, is the sentence: "Never Have Fear of Ice Cold Beer... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is an enzyme () synthesized in the liver containing 6 atoms of copper in its structure. Ceruloplasmin carries more than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma. The rest is accounted for by macroglobulins. Ceruloplasmin exhibits a copper-dependent oxidase activity, which is associated with po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water clarity is more specific than water quality. The term “water clarity” more strictly describes the amount of light that passes through water or an object’s visibility in water. The term “water quality” more broadly refers to many characteristics of water, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, the amount of nutr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are no known contraindication to the use of dexmedetomidine. It has a biphasic effect on blood pressure with lower readings at lower drug concentrations and higher readings at higher concentrations. Common side effects include: hypotension, hypertension, with slight decreases in heart rate, arrhythmias, and hypox... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Weighting of the contributing structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using "Ab initio" methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO) approaches of Weinhold [http://www.chem.wisc.edu/~nbo5 NBO5] , or finally from emp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hemocompatability of a medical device is dependent upon surface charge, energy and topography. Devices that fail to be hemocompatabile run the risk of forming a thrombus, proliferation and compromising the immune system. Polymer coatings are applied to devices to increase their hemocompatability. Chemical cascades ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magnesium is required as a co-factor for thermostable DNA polymerase. Taq polymerase is a magnesium-dependent enzyme and determining the optimum concentration to use is critical to the success of the PCR reaction. Some of the components of the reaction mixture such as template concentration, dNTPs and the presence of c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the distance between the probe and the sample is brought to the range where atomic force may be detected, while a cantilever is excited in its natural eigenfrequency (f), the resonance frequency f of the cantilever may shift from its original resonance frequency. In other words, in the range where atomic force may... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Note: Where a given letter is used in both capital and lower case form (, and , ) the capital letter refers to the macroscopic observable and the lower case letter to the corresponding variable for an individual particle or layer of the material. Greek symbols are used for properties of a single particle.
: ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levocetirizine is used for allergic rhinitis. This includes allergy symptoms such as watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, hives, and itching. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Organobarium compounds of the type (allyl)BaCl can be prepared by reaction of activated barium (Rieke method reduction of barium iodide with lithium biphenylide) with allyl halides. These allylbarium compounds react with carbonyl compounds. Such reagents are more alpha-selective and more stereoselective than the relat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To formally describe time-translation symmetry we say the equations, or laws, that describe a system at times and are the same for any value of and .
For example, considering Newton's equation:
One finds for its solutions the combination:
does not depend on the variable . Of course, this quantity describes the tota... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Radical disproportionation encompasses a group of reactions in organic chemistry in which two radicals react to form two different non-radical products. Radicals in chemistry are defined as reactive atoms or molecules that contain an unpaired electron or electrons in an open shell. The unpaired electrons can cause radi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The manifold topographic techniques can be categorized according to several criteria.
One of them is the distinction between restricted-beam techniques on the one hand (such as section topography or pinhole topography) and extended-beam techniques on the other hand, which use the full width and intensity of the incomin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The generally accepted model of the formation of the Universe states that it happened as the result of the Big Bang. In this model, in the time interval of 10–10 s after the Big Bang, matter existed in the form of a quark–gluon plasma. It is possible to reproduce the density and temperature of matter existing of that t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Since organochlorine compounds are the most abundant organohalides, most dehalogenations entail manipulation of C-Cl bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A chromatography detector is a device that detects and quantifies separated compounds as they elute from the chromatographic column. These detectors are integral to various chromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
BCF is commercially synthesized in a two-step process from chloroform. Chloroform is fluorinated with hydrogen fluoride. The resulting chlorodifluoromethane is then reacted with elemental bromine at 400-600 °C, with reaction time limited to about 3 seconds. The overall yield is over 90%. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Inverted repeats are often described as "hotspots" of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomic instability. Long inverted repeats are deemed to greatly influence the stability of the genome of various organisms. This is exemplified in E. coli, where genomic sequences with long inverted repeats are seldom replicated, but rath... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gas analyzers directly measure concentrations of multiple gas species using mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy with QCLs as light sources. This allows for highly specific and accurate gas detection along with maximum measurement sensitivity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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