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Dialysis has a wide range of applications. These can be divided into two categories depending on the type of dialysis used. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Twin laws are symmetry operations that define the orientation between twin crystal segments. These are as characteristic of the mineral as are its crystal face angles. For example, crystals of staurolite show twinning at angles of almost precisely 90 degrees or 30 degrees. A twin law is not a symmetry operation of the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A compressor map shows the operating range of a compressor and how well it works within its operating range. Two fundamental requirements for the gas flowing through a compressor explain why it works best at a design condition and not so well at other conditions, known as off-design. First, the exit area has to be smal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In course of his research and scholastic endeavors, Achinewhu has visited many universities and has received a number of international as well as local awards. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Yuri Berlin received his master's degree in Physics from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute in 1968, studying luminescence of aromatic molecules dissolved in organic liquids. During the period 1968-1974, Berlin worked as a research fellow at the Institute of Chemical Physics, the USSR Academy of Science, and in 1... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hundreds of metal artefacts were found from the Late Bronze Age (second half of 2nd millennium BCE): ca.
200 blade weapons, 140 metal vessels, some working tools, small arrowheads, and decorative objects. All
the blades analyzed were made of tin bronze and most of all the other copper-based objects are either tin bron... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A metallacarboxylic acid is a metal complex with the ligand COH. These compounds are intermediates in reactions that involve carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, these species are intermediates in the water gas shift reaction. Metallacarboxylic acids are also called hydroxycarbonyls. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, ionized impurity scattering is the scattering of charge carriers by ionization in the lattice. The most primitive models can be conceptually understood as a particle responding to unbalanced local charge that arises near a crystal impurity; similar to an electron encountering an electric field. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).
Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at ei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. Chromatography and electrophoresis are representative of this field. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Photochromic coordination complexes are relatively rare in comparison to the organic compounds listed above. There are two major classes of photochromic coordination compounds. Those based on sodium nitroprusside and the ruthenium sulfoxide compounds. The ruthenium sulfoxide complexes were created and developed by Rack... | 5 | Photochemistry |
α-Halo carboxylic acids and esters are organic compounds with the respective formulas where R and R' are organic substituents. The X in these compounds is a halide, usually chloride and bromide. These compounds are often used as intermediates in the preparation of more elaborate derivatives. They are often potent ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dexpramipexole is the (D)-enantiomer of pramipexole. Enantiopure dexpramipexole has essentially no dopamine agonist activity and shares no other pharmacologic similarity to pramipexole. In contrast, pramipexole the (S)-enantiomer is a dopamine agonist and is an approved drug (Mirapex) used in Parkinson’s disease.
Dexpr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
One criticism of the concept of the control coefficient as defined above is that it is dependent on being described relative to a change in enzyme activity. Instead, the Berlin school defined control coefficients in terms of changes to local rates brought about by any suitable parameter, which could include changes to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earliest estimated use of bitumen dates back 40,000 years to the paleolithic age in which Bitumen was used to adhere handles onto primitive stone tools.
A re-examination of artifacts uncovered in 1908 at Le Moustier rock shelters in France has identified Mousterian stone tools that were attached to grips made of oc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours, although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration f... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Foreign DNA inserted
* Insertional mutagenesis (but not lethal for the plant cell – as the organism is diploid)
* Transformation DNA fed to rodents ends up in their phagocytes and rarely in other cells. Specifically, this refers to bacterial and M13 DNA. (This preferential accumulation in phagocytes is thought to be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions are organic reactions in which a new carbon–carbon bond is formed. They are important in the production of many human-made chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. The reverse reaction, where a carbon-carbon bond is broken, is known as carbon-carbon bond activation.
Some exam... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to the similar aqueous chemistries of aluminium and iron, it has been long thought that an analogous iron polycation should be isolatable from water. Moreover, in 2007, the structure of ferrihydrite was determined and shown to be built of iron Keggin ions. This further captured scientists' imagination and drive to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It also brings around the conversion of a hydrazone to a diazo compound, for example in the diazo-thioketone coupling. It also converts thioacetals to their parent carbonyl compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Turning now to quantum mechanics an atom or a molecule can be thought of as a collection of point charges (electrons and nuclei), so that the second definition of the dipole applies. The interaction of atom or molecule with a uniform external field is described by the operator
This operator is used as a perturbation in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by a lithium level blood level. Blood levels are most useful six to twelve hours after the last dose. The normal blood serum lithium level in those on treatment is between 0.6-1.2 mEq/L. Some blood tubes contain lithium heparin which may result in falsely posit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a light microscopy-based technique that allows detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level. The technique utilizes the binding specificity of antibodies and antigens. The specific region an antibody recognizes on an anti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Large quantities of wood flour are frequently to be found in the waste from woodworking and furniture companies. An adaptive reuse to which this material can be directed is composting.
Wood flour can be subject to dust explosions if not cared for and disposed of properly. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Chiral inversion is the process of conversion of one enantiomer of a chiral molecule to its mirror-image version with no other change in the molecule.
Chiral inversion happens depending on various factors (viz. biological-, solvent-, light-, temperature- induced, etc.) and the energy barrier associated with the stereog... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fumagillin and the related fumagillol (the hydrolysis product) have been a target in total synthesis, with several reported successful strategies, racemic, asymmetric, and formal. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The microscopic model and most optical properties of ensembles of the NV centers have been firmly established in the 1970s based on the optical measurements combined with uniaxial stress and on the electron paramagnetic resonance. However, a minor error in EPR results (it was assumed that illumination is required to ob... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Butyric acid is used in the preparation of various butyrate esters. It is used to produce cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), which is used in a wide variety of tools, paints, and coatings, and is more resistant to degradation than cellulose acetate. CAB can degrade with exposure to heat and moisture, releasing butyric a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Building on the reactivity of the triphenylphosphine ligand, the structure of ligands used for the Tsuji–Trost reaction quickly became more complex. Today, these ligands may contain phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen or some combination of these elements, but most studies have concentrated on the mono- and diphosphine ligand... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The cell used in this process consists of an iron tank lined with carbon at the bottom.
A molten alloy of copper, crude aluminium and silicon is used as the anode. It forms the lowermost layer in the cell.
The middle layer consists of molten mixture of fluorides of sodium, aluminium and barium (cryolite + BaF).
The upp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI) is a small, circular peptide produced in sunflower seeds, and is a potent inhibitor of trypsin. It is the smallest known member of the Bowman-Birk family of serine protease inhibitors.
One example of Sunflower trypsin inhibitor is Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). Sunflower tryp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemists have demonstrated that many artificial supramolecular systems can be designed that exhibit molecular recognition. One of the earliest examples of such a system are crown ethers which are capable of selectively binding specific cations. However, a number of artificial systems have since been established. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas, it is said to have evaporated. Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of kinetic energy. The aggregate measuremen... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* 2Fe–2S: AOX1; FDX1; FDX2; NDUFS1; SDHB; XDH;
* 4Fe–4S: ABCE1; DPYD; NDUFS8; | 5 | Photochemistry |
Flow injection analysis (FIA) was first described by Ruzicka and Hansen in Denmark and Stewart and coworkers in United States in the middle of 1970. FIA is a popular, simple, rapid, and versatile technique which is a well-established position in modern analytical chemistry, and widespread application in quantitative ch... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In addition to the qualities mentioned for Genetic engineering, a Genetic tool also:-
* Used for analysis of gene expression and protein functioning in signature-tagging mutagenesis.
** This analytical tool allows researchers the ability to determine phenotypic expression of gene sequences. Also, this analytic techniqu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorescent labeling is known for its non-destructive nature and high sensitivity. This has made it one of the most widely used methods for labeling and tracking biomolecules. Several techniques of fluorescent labeling can be utilized depending on the nature of the target. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The salen anion forms complexes with most transition metals. These complexes are usually prepared by the reaction of Hsalen ("proligand") with metal precursors containing built-in bases, such as alkoxides, metal amides, or metal acetate. The proligand may also be treated with a metal halide, with or without an added ba... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Barbas has a Ph.D. from Complutense University of Madrid. From 2005 until 2006 she was a Marie Curie fellow at King's College London. As of 2022 she is a professor of analytical chemistry at the Universidad CEU San Pablo and is the president of the Madrid section of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Friedel's salt discovery is relatively difficult to trace back from the recent literature, simply because it is an ancient finding of a poorly known and non-natural product. It has been synthesised and identified in 1897 by Georges Friedel, mineralogist and crystallographer, son of the famous French chemist Charles Fri... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
John Ulric Nef (Johann Ulrich Nef; June 14, 1862 – August 13, 1915) was a Swiss-born American chemist and the discoverer of the Nef reaction and Nef synthesis. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* The Genesis Account: A theological, historical, and scientific commentary on Genesis 1-11, 2015, Creation Book Publishers
* Christianity for Skeptics, 2012, with Steve Kumar (first author), Creation Book Publishers
* The Greatest Hoax on Earth? Refuting Dawkins on Evolution, 2010, Creation Book Publishers
* By Des... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are dis... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Bromophenol blue is also used as a dye. At neutral pH, the dye absorbs red light most strongly and transmits blue light. (Its peak absorbance is 590 nm at a basic pH of 12.) Solutions of the dye, therefore, are blue. At low pH, the dye absorbs ultraviolet and blue light most strongly and appears yellow in solution.
... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Bethea, R. M. 1978. Air Pollution Control Technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
* National Asphalt Pavement Association. 1978. The Maintenance and Operation of Exhaust Systems in the Hot Mix Batch Plant. 2nd ed. Information Series 52.
* Perry, J. H. (Ed.). 1973. Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. 5th ed. New York: ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 10, 1917. He was the son of Margaret Burns (an immigrant from Scotland who claimed to be a descendant of the poet, Robert Burns) and her husband, Arthur Chester Woodward, himself the son of Roxbury apothecary, Harlow Elliot Woodward.
His father was one of the many v... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrophobic forces are the attractive entropic forces between any two hydrophobic groups in aqueous media, e.g. the forces between two long hydrocarbon chains in aqueous solutions. The magnitude of these forces depends on the hydrophobicity of the interacting groups as well as the distance separating them (they are fou... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
*Tenofovir alafenamide: A pro-drug of the nucleotide analogue tenofovir, critical for HIV treatment.
*AMPA: Aminomethylphosphonic acid, degradation product of glyphosate
*Vinylphosphonic acid: monomer
*Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), one of the simplest phosphonate diesters
*Etidronic acid (HEDP): 1-hydroxyethyliden... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step. Reactive intermediates or other unstable high energy intermediates are not involved. Concerted reaction rates tend not to depend on solvent polarity ruling out large buildup of charge in the tra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carotenoids are produced by all photosynthetic organisms and are primarily used as accessory pigments to chlorophyll in the light-harvesting part of photosynthesis.
They are highly unsaturated with conjugated double bonds, which enables carotenoids to absorb light of various wavelengths. At the same time, the terminal ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The ability of a soapy solution to act as a detergent has been recognized for centuries. However, it was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that the constitution of such solutions was scientifically studied. Pioneering work in this area was carried out by James William McBain at the University of Bristol. A... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and retina. The risk is elevated at high altitudes and people living in high latitude areas where snow covers the ground right into early summer and sun positions even at zenith are low, are partic... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this oc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compounds containing thiol groups on adjacent carbon centers are common. Ethane-1,2-dithiol reacts with aldehydes () and ketones () to give 1,3-dithiolanes:
Some dithiols are used in chelation therapy, i.e. the removal of heavy metal poisons. Examples include dimercaptopropanesulfate (DMPS), dimercaprol ("BAL"), and me... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is possible to express the critical constants T and P as functions of a and b by reversing the following system of 2 equations a(T, P) and b(T, P) with 2 variables T, P:
Because of the definition of compressibility factor at critical condition, it is possible to reverse it to find the critical molar volume V, by kno... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inorganic scintillators are usually crystals grown in high temperature furnaces, for example, alkali metal halides, often with a small amount of activator impurity. The most widely used is (thallium-doped sodium iodide); its scintillation light is blue. Other inorganic alkali halide crystals are: , , Caesium iodide|(p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Different mRNAs within the same cell have distinct lifetimes (stabilities). In bacterial cells, individual mRNAs can survive from seconds to more than an hour. However, the lifetime averages between 1 and 3 minutes, making bacterial mRNA much less stable than eukaryotic mRNA. In mammalian cells, mRNA lifetimes range fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
KhAB-500s were typically filled with yperite (R-5) or phosgene (R-10). It was in diameter and about long. Its loaded weight was about including roughly of chemical agent and a impact-fused burst charge.
Upon detonation, the KhAB-500 R-10 would create a hemispherical cloud of gas with a radius of . In ideal weather... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exchange between bulk and coordinated water is of fundamental interest as a measure of the intrinsic kinetic lability of metal ions. This rate is relevant to toxicity, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and other effects. For octahedral mono- and dicationic aquo complexes, these exchange processes occur via a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vectors and planes in a crystal lattice are described by the three-value Miller index notation. This syntax uses the indices h, k, and ℓ as directional parameters.
By definition, the syntax (hkℓ) denotes a plane that intercepts the three points a/h, a/k, and a/ℓ, or some multiple thereof. That is, the Miller indices ar... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A negative-calorie food is food that supposedly requires more food energy to be digested than the food provides. Its thermic effect or specific dynamic action—the caloric "cost" of digesting the food—would be greater than its food energy content. Despite its recurring popularity in dieting guides, there is no evidence ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common type of implementation of ISCR is the installation of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), but there are instances when the reductant can be directly injected into the subsurface to treat source areas. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by water depends on the state of the water.
The absorption in the gas phase occurs in three regions of the spectrum. Rotational transitions are responsible for absorption in the microwave and far-infrared, vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared. Vibrati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Natural rainwater, snow and other forms of precipitation typically have low concentrations of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. They may have small concentrations of ions such as sodium, chloride and sulfate derived from wind action over the sea. Where precipitation falls in drainage basins formed of hard... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike the other assimilatory pathways, bacteria using the RuBP pathway derive all of their organic carbon from assimilation. This pathway was first elucidated in photosynthetic autotrophs and is better known as the Calvin Cycle. Shortly thereafter, methylotrophic bacteria who could grow on reduced compounds were fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway is a glycolytic pathway that is considered the second pathway used for carbohydrates used by certain microbes. In this process, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized through 6-phosphogluconate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, with the concomitant reduction of NADP. By conventional glyc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Understanding and measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation has a variety of applications.
* In radio propagation, it is represented in non-line-of-sight propagation. For example, see computation of radio wave attenuation in the atmosphere used in satellite link design.
* In meteorology and climatology, glo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ferric chloride test can be used to detect metabolites in urine in case of inborn error of metabolism such as phenylketonuria. Compounds such as phenylpyruvate increase in plasma and are excreted out via urine. Also, it can be used to detect salicylates in urine, quick diagnostic test for aspirin overdose. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Large numbers of samples can be automatically injected onto an HPLC system, by the use of HPLC autosamplers. In addition, HPLC autosamplers have an injection volume and technique which is exactly the same for each injection, consequently they provide a high degree of injection volume precision.
It is possible to enab... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The absorbance of an object quantifies how much of the incident light is absorbed by it (instead of being reflected or refracted). This may be related to other properties of the object through the Beer–Lambert law.
Precise measurements of the absorbance at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Leng grew up in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. She spent her childhood on the cliffs and beaches of the Lower Jurassic. Leng studied geology for GCSE and A Level. At Sixth Form College she took a field trip to Ravenscar and described finding an ammonite which hooked her into geology. She studied for a BSc in Earth Scie... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Persistent triplet state carbenes have been prepared by photochemical decomposition of a diazomethane product via the expulsion of nitrogen gas, at a wavelength of 300 nm in benzene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NPP1 helps scavenge extracellular nucleotides in order to meet the high purine and pyrimidine requirements of dividing cells. In T-cells, it may scavenge NAD from nearby dead cells as a source of adenosine.
The pyrophosphate produced by NPP1 in bone cells is thought to serve as both a phosphate source for calcium phosp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EQCM can be used to ideally modify polymer membranes together with other electrochemical measurements or surface characterization methods. A team has used CV, UV-Vis, IR and EQCM studied irreversible changes of some polythiophenes in the electrochemical reduction process in acetonitrile. Later on they used AFM and EQCM... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology developed over the past decades (1990's and onward). that allows for the noninvasive study of ongoing biological processes Recently, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has become possible and several systems have become commercially available. In 2011, PerkinElmer acquired o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When simultaneous EDS/EBSD collection can be achieved, the capabilities of both techniques can be enhanced. There are applications where sample chemistry or phase cannot be differentiated via EDS alone because of similar composition, and structure cannot be solved with EBSD alone because of ambiguous structure solution... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first crystalline sponges developed by Makoto Fujita is [(Co(NCS))(TPT)], which is an infinitely extensive framework of Co octahedral complex. Each octahedral complex is composed of six Co(NCS) vertexes and four 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) ligands. Besides the basic octahedral cavity (ML), there are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As the functional group of the amino acid cysteine, the thiol group plays a very important role in biology. When the thiol groups of two cysteine residues (as in monomers or constituent units) are brought near each other in the course of protein folding, an oxidation reaction can generate a cystine unit with a disulfid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mined ore is usually crushed into small chunks and heaped on an impermeable plastic or clay lined leach pad where it can be irrigated with a leach solution to dissolve the valuable metals. While sprinklers are occasionally used for irrigation, more often operations use drip irrigation to minimize evaporation, prov... | 8 | Metallurgy |
RATs are immunochromatographic assays which give results that can be seen with the naked eye (with or without special illumination, such as a UV lamp). They are qualitative in nature, although within a certain range it is possible to make rough order of magnitude estimates of viral load from the results. RATs are gener... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ion channels are also classified according to their subcellular localization. The plasma membrane accounts for around 2% of the total membrane in the cell, whereas intracellular organelles contain 98% of the cell's membrane. The major intracellular compartments are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heating, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sensor-based ore sorting is in comparison to other coarse particle separation technologies relatively cheap. While the costs for the equipment itself are relatively high in capital expenditure and operating costs, the absence of extensive infrastructure in a system results in operating costs that are to be compared to ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
FMRFamide (H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus. First identified in Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), it is thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation. Several FMRFamide related pep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Addition of molecular oxygen to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate produces 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) and 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG, or PG). PGA is the normal product of carboxylation, and productively enters the Calvin cycle. Phosphoglycolate, however, inhibits certain enzymes involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation (hence is ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
() 0.5 M HClO | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because the only form of known life is that on Earth, the search for biosignatures is heavily influenced by the products that life produces on Earth. However, life that is different than life on Earth may still produce biosignatures that are detectable by humans, even though nothing is known about their specific biolog... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The gabT gene encodes for GABA transaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GABA and 2-oxoglutarate into succinate semialdehyde and glutamate. Succinate semialdehyde is then oxidized into succinate by succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase which is encoded by the gabP gene, thereby entering the TCA cycle as a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices. The extracellular parts of the receptor can be glycosylated. These extracellular loops also contain two highly conserved cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. Some seven... | 1 | Biochemistry |
E. coli is one of the most widely used expression hosts, and DNA is normally introduced in a plasmid expression vector. The techniques for overexpression in E. coli are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcrip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are causes for deficiency other than low dietary intake of vitamin A as retinol or carotenes. Adequate dietary protein and caloric energy are needed for a normal rate of synthesis of RBP, without which, retinol cannot be mobilized to leave the liver. Systemic infections can cause transient decreases in RBP synth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biofilms are a mixture of microorganisms, layered together and usually adhered to a surface. The advantages of a biofilm include resistance to environmental stresses, antibiotics, and the ability to more easily obtain nutrients. PhoB is used to enhance biofilm formation in environments where Pi is not in sufficient su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The DLVO theory (named after Boris erjaguin and Lev andau, Evert erwey and Theodoor verbeek) explains the aggregation and kinetic stability of aqueous dispersions quantitatively and describes the force between charged surfaces interacting through a liquid medium.
It combines the effects of the van der Waals attraction ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rearrangements of heavy-chains are different from the light chains because DNA undergoes rearrangements of V-D-J gene segments in the heavy chains. These reorganizations of gene segments produce gene sequence from 5 prime to 3 prime ends such as a short leader exon, an intron, a joined VDJ segment, a second intron ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mass ratio is defined as the mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture:
If is much smaller than , the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are many references to ayas in the early Indian texts.
The Atharvaveda and the Shatapatha Brahmana refer to kṛṣṇa-ayas (), which could be iron (but possibly also iron ore and iron items not made of smelted iron). There is also some controversy if the term śyāma-ayas (), refers to iron or not. In later texts the t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is a popular solar cell material owing to its low cost and ease of production. Owing to disordered structure (Urbach tail), its absorption extends to the energies below the band gap resulting in a wide-range spectral response; however, it has a relatively low solar cell efficiency. Protocrystal... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi. The equation follows fr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glyoxalase I (GLO1), glyoxalase II (GLO2), and reduced glutathione (GSH). In bacteria, there is an additional enzyme that functions if there is no GSH, it is called the third glyoxalase protein, glyoxalase 3 (GLO3). GLO3 has not been found in humans yet.
The pathway begins with methylglyoxal (MG), which is produced fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a voltage is applied to an electrolysis cell, immediately following this an Electric Double Layer (EDL), or a diffusion layer, is theoretically formed. This can create a capacitance, or can cause the electrolyser to act as a capacitor. When this is present, excess voltage must be supplied by the direct current to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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