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Bilirubin glucuronide is a water-soluble reaction intermediate over the process of conjugation of indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin glucuronide itself belongs to the category of conjugated bilirubin along with bilirubin di-glucuronide. However, only the latter one is primarily excreted into the bile in the normal setting.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as reaction intermediate. Ketoses may be transformed ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs.
Vortices can be created, for example, by "stirring" the condensate with lasers,
rotating the confining trap,
or by rapid cooling across the phase transition.
The vortex created will be a quantum vortex with core shape determined by the interactions. Fluid circul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The final section of the guidelines involves information on how the analysis of the qPCR data was done. The essential parts of that include the program and program version used for the analysis, the method for how the Cq was determined, figuring out the outlier points in the data and how they are used or excluded and w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catecholaminergic cell groups refers to collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain one of the neurotransmitters dopamine or norepinephrine. Thus, it represents the combination of dopaminergic cell groups and noradrenergic cell groups. Some a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The difference between the current that is actually obtained, at any particular value of the potential of the indicator or working electrode, for the reduction or oxidation of an ionic electroactive substance and the current that would be obtained, at the same potential, if there were no transport of that substance due... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iodic acid is used as a strong acid in analytical chemistry. It may be used to standardize solutions of both weak and strong bases, using methyl red or methyl orange as the indicator. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Monochromators are used in many optical measuring instruments and in other applications where tunable monochromatic light is wanted. Sometimes the monochromatic light is directed at a sample and the reflected or transmitted light is measured. Sometimes white light is directed at a sample and the monochromator is used t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a Van der Waals gas, the coefficient iswith inversion temperature .
For the Dieterici gas, the reduced inversion temperature is , and the relation between reduced pressure and reduced inversion temperature is . This is plotted on the right. The critical point falls inside the region where the gas cools on expansion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyether polyols have numerous uses. As an example, polyurethane foam is a big user of polyether polyols.
Polyester polyols can be used to produce rigid foam. They are available in both aromatic and aliphatic versions. They are also available in mixed aliphatic-aromatic versions often made from recycled raw materials,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is , containing the functional group , where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zone axis, a term sometimes used to refer to "high-symmetry" orientations in a crystal, most generally refers to any direction referenced to the direct lattice (as distinct from the reciprocal lattice) of a crystal in three dimensions. It is therefore indexed with direct lattice indices, instead of with Miller indices.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The INHIBIT logic gate incorporates a Tb ion in a chelate complex. This two-input logic gate is the first of its kind and displays non-commutative behavior with chemical inputs and a phosphorescence output. Whenever dioxygen (input “1”) is present, the system is quenched and no phosphorescence is observed (output “0”).... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Regional Scale Nodes (RSN) is a component of the National Science Foundations (NSFs) Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). The NSF's OOI is managed and coordinated by the OOI Project Office at the [http://www.oceanleadership.org Consortium for Ocean Leadership] (COL) in Washington, D.C. The UW, located in Seattle,... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Worldwide: alcohol (beer, wine), vinegar, olives, yogurt, bread, cheese
* Asia
** East and Southeast Asia: amazake, atchara, belacan, burong mangga, com ruou, doenjang, douchi, fish sauce, lah pet, lambanog, kimchi, kombucha, leppet-so, narezushi, miso, nata de coco, nattō, ngapi, oncom, padaek, pla ra, prahok, ruou ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Even though quark-gluon plasma can only occur under quite extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure, it is being actively studied at particle colliders, such as the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
In these collisions, the plasma ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Validation of analytical procedures is imperative in demonstrating that a drug substance is suitable for a particular purpose. Common validation characteristics include: accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), specificity, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and robustness. In... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The resting potential of photocytes was found to exist in a range between 50 and 65 millivolts. It is generally accepted that the emission of light was found to occur after depolarization of the photocyte membrane although some have argued that the depolarization follows the emission of light. The depolarization of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 1st group of anions consist of CO, HCO, CHCOO, S, SO, Thiosulfate| and NO. The reagent for Group 1 anions is dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or dilute sulfuric acid (HSO).
* Carbonates give a brisk effervescence with dilute HSO due to the release of CO, a colorless gas which turns limewater milky due to formation of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Because of the unique shapes, reactivities, properties, and bioactivities that they engender, cyclic compounds are the largest majority of all molecules involved in the biochemistry, structure, and function of living organisms, and in the man-made molecules (e.g., drugs, herbicides, etc.) through which man attempts to ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Group 2 elements form [[Alkaline earth octacarbonyl complex|[M(CO)]]] (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), characterized in gas phase by mass spectrometry and vibrational spectroscopy.
*Group 3 elements form [Sc(CO)] and [Y(CO)] in gas phase.
*Group 7 elements as monocations resemble neutral group 6 derivative [M(CO)] (M = Mn, Tc, Re).
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A biosignature must be detectable with the current technology to be relevant in scientific investigation. This seems to be an obvious statement, however, there are many scenarios in which life may be present on a planet yet remain undetectable because of human-caused limitations. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Biodistribution is a method of tracking where compounds of interest travel in an experimental animal or human subject. For example, in the development of new compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, a radioactive isotope is chemically joined with a peptide (subunit of a protein). This particular cla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epoxidation of allyl- and vinylsilanes can be easily accomplished with peracids. Silyl epoxides can be converted into ketones, aldehydes, or alkenes after selective epoxide opening and elimination. When allylsilanes are combined with peracids, the intermediate epoxides are usually converted to allylic alcohols before i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a variety of specialized reactions whose use is solely the formation of rings, and these will be discussed below. In addition to those, there are a wide variety of general organic reactions that historically have been crucial in the development, first, of understanding the concepts of ring chemistry, and seco... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Among hindered dialkylboranes is disiamylborane, abbreviated SiaBH. It also is a dimer. Owing to its steric bulk, it selectively hydroborates less hindered, usually terminal alkenes in the presence of more substituted alkenes. Disiamylborane must be freshly prepared as its solutions can only be stored at 0 °C for a fe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sorption is a physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another. Specific cases of sorption are treated in the following articles:
; Absorption: "the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state" (e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A noble metal is ordinarily regarded as a metallic chemical element that is generally resistant to corrosion and is usually found in nature in its raw form. Gold, platinum, and the other platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium) are most often so classified. Silver, copper, and mercury are ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*2011 – Elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada
*2012 – Elected Fellow, Mineralogical Society of America
*2013 – Island Arc Award, the Geological Society of Japan
*2022 – Takeo Kato Gold Medal, the Society of Resource Geology
*2022 – International Exchange Lecturer, Society of Economic Geologists
*2023 – Distinguishe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Parvoviruses are linear, non-segmented single-stranded DNA viruses, with an average genome size of 5000 nucleotides. They are classified as group II viruses in Baltimore classification of viruses. Parvoviruses are among the smallest viruses (hence the name, from Latin parvus meaning small) and are 18–28 nm in diameter.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Harmonized standards for the accuracy and precision of laser diffraction measurements have been defined both by ISO, in standard ISO 13320:2020, and by the United States Pharmacopoeia, in chapter USP <429>. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound's band structure exhibits a double Dirac cone, enabling Dirac fermions. A 30 meV gap separates the cones, which indicates the quantum Hall effect and massive Dirac fermions. Close measurement of the Fermi surface via the de Haas-van Alphen effect suggests that the massive fermions also exhibit Kane-Mele-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In molecular biology, a primosome is a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication.
The primosome consists of seven proteins: DnaG primase, DnaB helicase, DnaC helicase assistant, DnaT, PriA, Pri B, and PriC. At each replication fork, the primosome is utilized onc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) have been used in industries such as paints and coatings where understanding and controlling solvent–polymer interactions was vital. Over the years their use has been extended widely to applications such as:
* Environmental stress cracking of polymers
* Controlled dispers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PCL consists in introducing a somatic adult or senescent cell nucleus or entire cell with enlarged membrane pores in an (activated) oocyte and to withdraw this treated cell before its de-differentiation and first cell division occurs. Thus, the progressive rejuvenation capability of the oocyte is used only temporarily ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Payne rearrangement occurs with inversion of stereochemistry at C-2. Substrates containing multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups may undergo "cascade" epoxide migrations with inversion at each site of nucleophilic attack. In one example, inversion of three contiguous stereocenters results after two epoxide migrations, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The basic ideas behind transition state theory are as follows:
#Rates of reaction can be studied by examining activated complexes near the saddle point of a potential energy surface. The details of how these complexes are formed are not important. The saddle point itself is called the transition state.
#The activated c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) refers to a family of transcription factors.
Types include:
* PBX1
* PBX2
* PBX3
* PBX4 | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Molecular Kink Paradigm envisions a representative network chain as a series of vectors that follow the chain contour within its tube. Each vector represents the equilibrium end-to-end distance of a kink. The actual 3-dimensional path of the chain is not pertinent, since all elastic forces are assumed to operate al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Circe effect is a phenomenon proposed by William Jencks seen in chemistry and biochemistry where in order to speed up a reaction, the ground state of the substrate is destabilized by an enzyme. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, and more recently RNAi have been used to target mRNA molecules involved in asthma. These experiments have suggested that siRNA may be used to combat other respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. COPD is characterized by goble... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anomerization is the process of conversion of one anomer to the other. For reducing sugars, anomerization is referred to as mutarotation and occurs readily in solution and is catalyzed by acid and base. This reversible process typically leads to an anomeric mixture in which eventually an equilibrium is reached between ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Liquid fluorocarbons have a very high capacity for holding gas in solution. They can hold more oxygen or carbon dioxide than blood does. For that reason, they have attracted ongoing interest related to the possibility of artificial blood or of liquid breathing.
Blood substitutes are the subject of research because the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The technical platforms to conduct ChIP-on-chip experiments are DNA microarrays, or "chips". They can be classified and distinguished according to various characteristics:
Probe type: DNA arrays can comprise either mechanically spotted cDNAs or PCR-products, mechanically spotted oligonucleotides, or oligonucleotides th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Propionyl-CoA is also a substrate for post-translational modification of proteins by reacting with lysine residues on proteins, a reaction called protein propionylation. Due to structural similarities of Acetyl-CoA and Propionyl-CoA, propionylation reaction are thought to use many of the same enzymes used for protein a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method produces genome-wide mappings of in vivo nucleosome occupancy to detect the tissue-of-origin of cfDNA molecules. The method uses reads' endpoint position aligned which are expected to be close to nucleosome core particle (NCP) sites. Windowed Protection Score (WPS) is proposed to quantify the cfDNA density c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dextrose equivalent (DE) is a measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product, expressed as a percentage on a dry basis relative to dextrose. The dextrose equivalent gives an indication of the average degree of polymerisation (DP) for starch sugars. As a rule of thumb, DE × DP = 120.
In all glucose ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Peak oil is a term applied to the projection that future petroleum production, whether for individual oil wells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production, will eventually peak and then decline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted. The peak of oil d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If any method is ever successful, a suggestion has been made to introduce the hybrids to a wildlife reserve in Siberia called the Pleistocene Park, but some biologists question the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, not much habitat is left that would be suitable for mammoth–elep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
G. E. Briggs and J. B. S. Haldane undertook an analysis that harmonized the approaches of Michaelis and Menten and of Van Slyke and Cullen, and is taken as the basic approach to enzyme kinetics today. They assumed that the concentration of the intermediate complex does not change on the time scale over which product fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If a magnetic field is oriented along the defect axis it leads to Zeeman splitting separating the m = +1 from the m = -1 states. This technique is used to lift the degeneracy and use only two of the spin states (usually the ground states with m = -1 and m = 0) as a qubit. Population can then be transferred between them... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rayleigh scattering, too, can be considered to be due to fluctuations in the density, composition and orientation of molecules within the transmitting medium, and hence of its refraction index, in small volumes of matter (particularly in gases or liquids). The difference is that Rayleigh scattering involves only the ra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain species of plants are considered indicators of high selenium content of the soil, since they require high levels of selenium to thrive. The main selenium indicator plants are Astragalus species (including some locoweeds), princes plume (Stanleya sp.), woody asters (Xylorhiza sp.), and false goldenweed (Oonopsis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1879 paper the assumption that reaction rate was proportional to the product of concentrations was justified microscopically in terms of the frequency of independent collisions, as had been developed for gas kinetics by Boltzmann in 1872 (Boltzmann equation). It was also proposed that the original theory of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supramolecular chemistry has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using bottom-up synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Type M (82%Ni/18%Mo–99.2%Ni/0.8%Co, by weight) are used in vacuum furnaces for the same reasons as with type C (described below). Upper temperature is limited to 1400 °C. It is less commonly used than other types. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Uptake of Hexose Phosphates (Uhp) is a protein system found in bacteria. It is a type of two-component sensory transduction pathway which helps bacteria react to their environment. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The psychrometric chart depicts the changes of the cycle to the standard air conditioning cycle. First, the end state point 4 for air from the wheel represents a latent ratio increase (moisture removal) to about 45%, as opposed to the 25% of the typical coil shown. Secondly, the air quality delivered by the cycle is mu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermal radiation plays a crucial role in human comfort, influencing perceived temperature sensation. Various technologies have been developed to enhance thermal comfort, including personal heating and cooling devices.
The mean radiant temperature is a metric used to quantify the exchange of radiant heat between a hum... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A glycosyl acceptor is any suitable nucleophile-containing molecule that will react with a glycosyl donor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the acceptor is the member of this pair which did not contain the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. Since the nucleophilic atom of the acceptor is t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another advantage of duplex sequencing is that it can be used in combination with the majority of NGS platforms without making significant changes to the standard protocols. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Culminating in the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had investigated the mechanisms of organic reactions, and had come up with empirical rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was perhaps the first synthetic organic chemist who used these ideas... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Countries in the Caspian region, particularly Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, have high-value natural-resource-based economies, where the oil and gas compose more than 10 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their exports. All the Caspian region economies are highly dependent on this type of mineral wealth. ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Thymolphthalein is a phthalein dye used as an acid–base (pH) indicator. Its transition range is around pH 9.3–10.5. Below this pH, it is colorless; above, it is blue. The molar extinction coefficient for the blue thymolphthalein dianion is 38,000 M cm at 595 nm.
Thymolphthalein is also known to have use as a laxative a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dates indicate publication years in which someone was credited as a lead editor or co-editor of a journal volume. The planning process for a volume begins well before the volume appears, so appointment to the position of lead editor generally occurred prior to the first year shown here. An editor who has retired or die... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) is made of repeating p-phenylene units, which act as the precursor to a conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer family. The synthesis of PPP has proven challenging, but has been accomplished through excess polycondensation with the Suzuki coupling method.
Early efforts typically produced bla... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
G.V. Pigulevsky was born on December 10, 1888 (November 28, old style) in Kovno (nowadays Kaunas, Lithuania) in the family of a lawyer Vasily Ivanovich Pigulevsky. There were two other sons in the family - Boris and Vladimir. In 1906, after graduating from the Vilna Gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Math... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chain propagation (sometimes referred to as propagation) is a process in which a reactive intermediate is continuously regenerated during the course of a chemical chain reaction. For example, in the chlorination of methane, there is a two-step propagation cycle involving as chain carriers a chlorine atom and a methyl r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An alternative to the ensemble-based method described above is the voltage-clamp experiment. In a voltage-clamp experiment, two compartments of electrolyte are divided by an aperture, usually between 5-250 micrometres in diameter. A lipid bilayer is painted across this aperture, thus electrically separating the compa... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When a salt is distributed between two phases, the Galvani potential difference is called the distribution potential and is obtained from the respective Nernst equations for the cation C and the anion A to read
where γ represents the activity coefficient. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In contrast, in Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus stearothermophilus) and eukaryotes the central PDC core contains 60 E2 molecules arranged into an icosahedron. This E2 subunit “core” coordinates to 30 subunits of E1 and 12 copies of E3.
Eukaryotes also contain 12 copies of an additional core protein, E3 binding pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physicists overwhelmingly reject any possibility that the zero-point energy field can be exploited to obtain useful energy (work) or uncompensated momentum; such efforts are seen as tantamount to perpetual motion machines.
Nevertheless, the allure of free energy has motivated such research, usually falling in the categ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laura Frances Robinson, born November 1976, is a British scientist who is Professor of Geochemistry at the University of Bristol. She makes use of geochemistry to study the processes that govern the climate. In particular, Robinson studies radioactive elements, as these can be analysed in geological materials. She was ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Colorless fluorescent dyes that emit blue light under UV are added as optical brighteners to paper and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.
UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary col... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Normal metabolism of nucleotide sugars is very important. Any malfunction in any contributing enzyme will lead to a certain disease for example:
#Inclusion body myopathy: is a congenital disease resulted from altered function of UDP-GlcNAc epimerase .
#Macular corneal dystrophy: is a congenital disease resulted from m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Commonly fluorophores (such as rhodamine or fluorescein) are linked to the ring linked to the sugar (in para) via a flexible arm, presumably extruding from the major groove of the helix. Due to low processivity of the nucleotides linked to bulky adducts such as florophores by [Taq polymerase]s, the sequence is typicall... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Maucha diagram, or Maucha symbol, is a graphical representation of the major cations and anions in a chemical sample. R. Maucha published the symbol in 1932.
It is mainly used by biologists and chemists for quickly recognising samples by their chemical composition. The symbol is similar in concept to the Stiff diagra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Directing a synthesis toward a desirable intermediate can greatly narrow the focus of analysis. This allows bidirectional search techniques. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
On June 20, 2017, the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an imag... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two simple regular lattices that achieve this highest average density. They are called face-centered cubic (FCC) (also called cubic close packed) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP), based on their symmetry. Both are based upon sheets of spheres arranged at the vertices of a triangular tiling; they differ in how... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Human satellite II is an exceptionally high-copy but unexplored sequence of the human genome thought of as junk DNA has a surprising ability to impact master regulators of our genome, and it goes awry in 50 percent of tumors.
Because HSAT-II DNA is normally methylated (a form of gene regulation), it remains dormant in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dye-tuning capabilities cucurbiturils possess have been explored by researchers in recent years. In general, it has been found that the confined, low-polarity environment provided by the cucurbiturils leads to enhanced brightness, increased photostability, increased fluorescence lifetimes, and solvatochromism consi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In some cases where stereogenic centers are formed, the configuration must be specified. Without the presence of a non-covalent interaction, a compound is achiral. Some professionals have proposed a new rule to account for this. This rule states that "non-covalent interactions have a fictitious number between 0 and 1" ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In his presentation at a 2019 chemometrics conference in France, Steven Brown called Kowalski the "father" of the following areas of chemometrics: NAS methods (with K. Booksh), multiway methods (with E. Sanchez), heuristics in chemistry (with C. Bender), multi-algorithms in chemistry for “big data” ( > 16 kb).
Respondi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, phosphorus oxoacid (or phosphorus acid) is a generic name for any acid whose molecule consists of atoms of phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen. There is a potentially infinite number of such compounds. Some of them are unstable and have not been isolated, but the derived anions and organic groups are prese... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Recent progress in the field of microfluidics has led to the development of microdroplets, a new drug-delivery system that uses uniform droplets to deliver drugs to specific locations within the body. These microdroplets allow researchers to load drugs during the polymerization step of their formation and provide varia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When two metals touch each other and water is present, electrolysis occurs. One well known example is the reaction between zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Zinc atoms will lose electrons in preference to the iron as they are more electropositive and therefore zinc is oxidized and corrodes.
Zn(s)→(aq) +2e (oxidation) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coagulation, the formation of a blood clot or thrombus, occurs when the proteins of the coagulation cascade are activated, either by contact with a damaged blood vessel wall and exposure to collagen in the tissue space (intrinsic pathway) or by activation of factor VII by tissue activating factors (extrinsic pathway). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
STAT5 has been found to be constitutively phosphorylated in cancer cells, implying that the protein is always present in its active form. This constant activation is brought about either by mutations or by aberrant expressions of cell signalling, resulting in poor regulation, or complete lack of control, of the activat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typical domestic exposures are of around 100Bq/m indoors, but specifics of construction and ventilation strongly affect levels of accumulation; a further complication for risk assessment is that concentrations in a single location may differ by a factor of two over an hour, and concentrations can vary greatly even betw... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
We will assume that the Hamiltonian may be written as
where is the free Hamiltonian (or more generally, a Hamiltonian with known eigenvectors). For example, in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics may be
Intuitively is the interaction energy of the system. Let there be an eigenstate of :
Now if we add the interaction... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Natural products containing acid anhydrides have been isolated from animals, bacteria and fungi. Examples include cantharidin from species of blister beetle, including the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria, and tautomycin, from the bacterium Streptomyces spiroverticillatus. The maleidride family of fungal secondary metabo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkali metal alkoxides are often oligomeric or polymeric compounds, especially when the R group is small (Me, Et). The alkoxide anion is a good bridging ligand, thus many alkoxides feature or linkages. In solution, the alkali metal derivatives exhibit strong ion-pairing, as expected for the alkali metal derivative ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An attractant is any chemical that attracts an organism, e.g. i) synthetic lures; ii) aggregation and sex pheromones (intraspecific interactions); and iii) synomone (interspecific interactions) | 1 | Biochemistry |
No truly smooth surfaces really exist, and surface imperfections are visible under a microscope. As a result, when two bodies are pressed together, contact is only performed in a finite number of points, separated by relatively large gaps, as can be shown in Fig. 2. Since the actual contact area is reduced, another res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To apply the strategy, a high-molecular-weight DNA strand is sheared into random fragments, size-selected (usually 2, 10, 50, and 150 kb), and cloned into an appropriate vector. The clones are then sequenced from both ends using the chain termination method yielding two short sequences. Each sequence is called an end-r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specifically, an SMB system has two or more identical columns, which are connected to the mobile phase pump, and each other, by a multi-port valve. The plumbing is configured in such a way that:
:a) all columns will be connected in series, forming a single continuous loop;
:b) typically, between each column there will ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
M13 phage - m7G(5')pppN diphosphatase - malformation - maltose-transporting ATPase - manganese-transporting ATPase - mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase - mapping - marker - melanoma - melting - menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) - Johann Mendel - Mendelian inheritance - message - messenger RNA - metaphase - methylphenyl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ultraviolet (UV) LD is typically employed in the analysis of biological molecules, especially large, flexible, long molecules that prove difficult to structurally determine by such methods as NMR and X-ray diffraction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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