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Many types of tear gas and other riot control agents have been produced with effects ranging from mild tearing of the eyes to immediate vomiting and prostration. CN and CS are the most widely used and known, but around 15 different types of tear gas have been developed worldwide, e.g. adamsite or bromoacetone, CNB, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen. This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly reactive, more so than other ethers. They are produced on a large scale for many applications. In gene... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electroche... | 1 | Biochemistry |
microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in regulating gene expression. Majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs. These primary miRNAs are further processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally into mature miRNAs. The miRNAs in most cases interact with the 3’ UTR region of target to induc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On the basis of experimental and computational studies, the stabilization arising from an agostic interaction is estimated to be 10–15 kcal/mol. Recent calculations using compliance constants point to a weaker stabilisation (<10 kcal/mol). Thus, agostic interactions are stronger than most hydrogen bonds. Agostic bonds ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ASF/SF2, in the presence of elF4E, promotes the initiation of translation of ribosome-bound mRNA by suppressing the activity of 4E-BP and recruiting molecules for further regulation of translation. ASF/SF2 interacts with the nuclear export protein TAP in a regulated manner, controlling the export of mature mRNA from th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), a number of species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Gene symbols are italicised and all letters are in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are different from their gene symbol; they are not italicised, and all letters are in uppercase (SHH). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The non-stoichiometric cycles with a perovskite ABO can be describes with the following reactions:
::Reduction reaction: ABO → ABO + δ/2 O
::Oxidation reaction: ABO + δ HO → ABO + δ H
The reduction thermodynamics of perovskite makes it more favorable during the reduction half-cycle, during which more oxygen is produced... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using high pressure, pressure injection cells are used for two applications: densely packing nanopore capillary columns (micro-columns) with solid-phase particles for use in LC/MS analysis; and precisely infusing microliter samples directly from microcentrifuge tubes into mass spectrometers without additional transfers... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Peter Jonathan Rutledge is a New Zealand chemist and professor at the School of Chemistry, University of Sydney. His research has focused on drug development for tuberculosis, antibiotics, and metal sensing. He has engaged in some research activity on catalysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DNA methyltransferases are inhibited by SAH. Two S-adenosyl--homocysteine cofactor products can bind the active site of DNA methyltransferase 3B and prevent the DNA duplex from binding to the active site, which inhibits DNA methylation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is mRNA transport. Because eukaryotic transcription and translation is compartmentally separated, eukaryotic mRNAs must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm—a process that may be regulated by different signaling pathways. Mature mRNAs are recognized by thei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The primary function of lysosomal lipase is to hydrolyze lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol. These fats are transported and degraded into free fatty acids. Lysosomal lipases function optimally at an acidic pH which are complementary with the environment found in the lysosomal lumen. These enzymes were believe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calixarenes and related formaldehyde-arene condensates are one class of hosts that form inclusion compounds. One famous illustration is the adduct with cyclobutadiene, which otherwise is unstable. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is an organosulfur group with the structure . It consists of a sulfonyl group () connected to an amine group (). Relatively speaking this group is unreactive. Because of the rigidity of the functional group, sulfonamides are typically c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two main advantages to CRDS over other absorption methods:
First, it is not affected by fluctuations in the laser intensity. In most absorption measurements, the light source must be assumed to remain steady between blank (no analyte), standard (known amount of analyte), and sample (unknown amount of analyte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The development, differentiation and growth of cells and tissues require precisely regulated patterns of gene expression. Enhancers work as cis-regulatory elements to mediate both spatial and temporal control of development by turning on transcription in specific cells and/or repressing it in other cells. Thus, the par... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An example of this is the Coulter counter, which measures the momentary changes in the conductivity of a liquid passing through an orifice that take place when individual non-conducting particles pass through. The particle count is obtained by counting pulses. This pulse is proportional to the volume of the sensed part... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Schoell was born in Germany, although the bulk of his career and adult life he has spent in the United States. Since retiring, Schoell resides in California. Aside from his research, Schoell has experience in winemaking. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CFCOH. It is a haloacetic acid, with all three of the acetyl groups hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms. It is a colorless liquid with a vinegar-like odor. TFA is a stronger acid than acetic acid, having an acid ionisation constant... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
William Klyne (March 23, 1913, in Enfield, Middlesex – November 13, 1977) was an organic chemist known for his work in steroids and stereochemistry — a field in which he was a "pioneer", and in which Ernest Eliel and Norman Allinger described him as "one of the world's experts".
In 1946, he gained a PhD from the Unive... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Discodermolide competes with paclitaxel for microtubule binding, but with higher affinity and is also effective in paclitaxel- and in epothilone-resistant cancer cells. Discodermolide also seems to demonstrate a remarkably consistent 3D molecular conformation in the solid-state, in solution and when bound to tubulin; m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science principles and methods to support legal decision-making in matters of criminal and civil law.
During criminal investigation in particular, it is governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. It is a broad fiel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cyanohydrins were first prepared by the addition of HCN and a catalyst (base or enzyme) to the corresponding carbonyl. On a laboratory scale the use of HCN (toxic) is largely not encouraged, for this reason other less dangerous cyanation reagents are sought out. In situ formation of HCN can be sourced using precursors ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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Carotenoid oxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin A. This family includes an enzyme known as RPE65 which is abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium where it catalyzed the formation of 11-cis-retino... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The most direct way of measuring the activity of a volatile species is to measure its equilibrium partial vapor pressure. For water as solvent, the water activity a is the equilibrated relative humidity. For non-volatile components, such as sucrose or sodium chloride, this approach will not work since they do not have ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Schymanski's first research publications were from her undergraduate work when she worked on developing new metal-containing polymers which resulted in three lead author publications.
As a graduate student, Schymanski started using information on the fragmentation pattern of organic compounds as a means to expand the i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Equilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium fractionation is strongest at low temperatures, and (along with kinetic isotope effects) forms the basis of the most widely used isotopic paleothermometers (or climate proxies): D/... | 9 | Geochemistry |
As reagent testing has become more popular, vendors have begun to offer a greater range of tests. This increases the likelihood that a substance might have a unique profile of results, making the tests more useful.
Other reagents are discussed in scientific literature, but limited applications mean they may not be sol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The use of organometallic structures led by π–metal bonding plays an enormous role in the catalysis of organic reactions. The Stille reaction is a widely known and important reaction in organic synthesis. π interactions with the Pd catalyst in this reaction are almost necessary in pushing this reaction to completion (a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Aptamers, single-stranded RNA and DNA sequences, bind to an analyte and change their conformation. They function as nucleic acids selectively binding molecules such as proteins, bacteria cells, metal ions, etc. Aptamers can be developed to have precise specificity to bind to a desired target. Aptamers change conformati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Indoor tanning is most popular with white females, 16–25 years old, with low-to-moderate skin sensitivity, who know other tanners. Studies seeking to link indoor tanning to education level and income have returned inconsistent results. Prevalence was highest in one German study among those with a moderate level of educ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hydrogels are created from crosslinked polymers that are water-insoluble. Polymer hydrogels absorb significant amounts of aqueous solutions, and therefore have a high water content. This high water content makes hydrogel more similar to living body tissues than any other material for tissue regeneration. Additionally, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, S-nitrosothiols, also known as thionitrites, are organic compounds or functional groups containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol. S-Nitrosothiols have the general formula , where R denotes an organic group. Originally suggested by Ignarro to serve as intermediates in the a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) is characterized by the disappearance of sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (MIF) in the sedimentary records at around 2.45 billion years ago (Ga). The MIF of sulfur isotope (ΔS) is defined by the deviation of measured δS value from the δS value inferred from the measured δ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In thermodynamics and thermal physics, the Gouy-Stodola theorem is an important theorem for the quantification of irreversibilities in an open system, and aids in the exergy analysis of thermodynamic processes. It asserts that the rate at which work is lost during a process, or at which exergy is destroyed, is proporti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TA cloning (also known as rapid cloning or T cloning) is a subcloning technique that avoids the use of restriction enzymes and is easier and quicker than traditional subcloning. The technique relies on the ability of adenine (A) and thymine (T) (complementary basepairs) on different DNA fragments to hybridize and, in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The research on transgender reproduction and family planning is limited. A 2020 comparative study of children born to a transgender father and cisgender mother via donor sperm insemination in France showed no significant differences to IVF and naturally conceived children of cisgender parents.
Transgender men can exper... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the term pewter covers a range of tin-based alloys, the term English pewter has come to represent a strictly-controlled alloy, specified by BSEN611-1 and British Standard 5140, consisting mainly of tin (ideally 92%), with the balance made up of antimony and copper. Significantly, it is free of lead and nickel. A... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In sizing, the strength and printability of paper is increased. Sizing also improves the hydrophilic character, liquid spreading, and affinity for ink. Starch is the most common sizing agent. Cationic starch and hydrophilic agents are also applied, including alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and alkyl ketene dimers (AK... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1984 scientists Bouma, Radom and Yates originated the term through extensive experimental research but they were not the first to deal with distonic ions. Experiments date back to the 1970s with Gross and McLafferty who were the first to propose the idea of such a species. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pyridine is used as a polar, basic, low-reactive solvent, for example in Knoevenagel condensations. It is especially suitable for the dehalogenation, where it acts as the base for the elimination reaction. In esterifications and acylations, pyridine activates the carboxylic acid chlorides and anhydrides. Even more acti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Delivery of oral high-dose supplements remains the principal strategy for minimizing deficiency. As of 2017, more than 80 countries worldwide are implementing universal VAS programs targeted to children 6–59 months of age through semi-annual national campaigns. Doses in these programs are one dose of 50,000 or 100,000 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In veterinary medicine, selegiline is sold under the brand name Anipryl (manufactured by Zoetis). It is used in dogs to treat canine cognitive dysfunction and, at higher doses, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Canine cognitive dysfunction is a form of dementia that mimics Alzheimer's disease in humans. G... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Isotopic data from various locations within the Mid-Atlantic Ridge indicates the presence of mafic-to-felsic intrusive igneous rocks, including gabbro, diorite, and plagiogranite. These rocks showed high-grade metamorphism because of the presence of magmatic water, exceeding 600 °C. This deformation depleted host rocks... | 9 | Geochemistry |
It can be shown that the radial distribution function is related to the two-particle potential of mean force by:
In the dilute limit, the potential of mean force is the exact pair potential under which the equilibrium point configuration has a given . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many nuclear-derived transcription factors have played a role in respiratory chain expression. These factors may have also contributed to the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) fuses to respiratory encoding genes proteins, to the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis, and to elemen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is a flavoring ingredient and achieved a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in 1995 by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). 2-Furoic acid has a distinct odor described as sweet, oily, herbaceous, and earthy.
2-Furoic acid helps sterilize and pasteurize many foods. It forms in situ from 2... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glycosidic bonds of the form discussed above are known as O-glycosidic bonds, in reference to the glycosidic oxygen that links the glycoside to the aglycone or reducing end sugar. In analogy, one also considers S-glycosidic bonds (which form thioglycosides), where the oxygen of the glycosidic bond is replaced with a su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of aluminum alloys where solid solution strengthening happens by adding magnesium and manganese into the aluminum matrix. Commercially Mn can be added to the AA3xxx series and Mg can be added to the AA5xxx series. Mn addition to the Aluminum alloys assists in the recrystallization and recovery of the alloy w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many forms of muscular dystrophy are associated with disorders of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.
Muscular dystrophy, the result of mutations in the genes that encode for dystrophin and the associated proteins that binds to it can arise in various forms. The most common form is known as Duchenne muscular dys... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1994 — Tanner Award for Teaching Excellence
*1995 — NSF Special Creativity Award in Organophosphorus Chemistry
*1998 — ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences
*Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Education
*Howard University Outstanding Achievement Award | 4 | Stereochemistry |
MIRO Analytical is a Swiss manufacturer of laser-based gas analyzers and isotope analyzers.
The company is based in Zurich, Switzerland and was founded 2018. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most insight in the problem probably emerges when approaching the effect form Landau Theory. Which is a little bit problematic as the melting of a bulk in general has to be considered as a first order phase transition, meaning the order parameter jumps at . The derivation of Lipowski (basic geometry shown in fig.2) le... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The wetlands that surround the lake spread over an area of 0.63 km, and are enclosed into an ancient shoreline. The origin of this larger open water lake remains unclear. If the lake level has remained stable, then the reduction in lake size is solely due to the conversion of these open waters into wetlands. Alternativ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring in foods, beverag... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
By mass, iron is the most common element on Earth, and it is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Thus, iron is widespread throughout the geosphere, and is also common on other planetary bodies. Natural variations in the iron in the geosphere are relatively small. Currently, the values of δFe measured... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The sulfide ion, S, does not exist in aqueous alkaline solutions of NaS. Instead sulfide converts to hydrosulfide:
:S + HO → SH + OH
Upon treatment with an acid, sulfide salts convert to hydrogen sulfide:
:S + H → SH
:SH + H → HS
Oxidation of sulfide is a complicated process. Depending on the conditions, the o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most radiometers for remote sensing (RS) acquire multispectral images. Dividing the spectrum into many bands, multispectral is the opposite of panchromatic, which records only the total intensity of radiation falling on each pixel. Usually, Earth observation satellites have three or more radiometers. Each acquires one... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the end of Feynmans paper, he states that, "Van der Waals forces can also be interpreted as arising from charge distributions with higher concentration between the nuclei. The Schrödinger perturbation theory for two interacting atoms at a separation , large compared to the radii of the atoms, leads to the result tha... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Traditionally bun ingots were seen as a primary product of smelting, forming at the base of a furnace beneath a layer of less dense slag. However, experimental reconstruction of copper smelting showed that regular plano-convex ingots are difficult to form within the smelting furnace, producing only small ingots or copp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As for technical competence, the following topics are especially important:
* sampling
* traceability of measurement result
* validation of measurement procedure
* measurement uncertainty
* participation in interlaboratory comparisons
* internal quality control.
As it is important to have globally harmonised approach t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Beilstein was founded as German-language standard reference work for organic chemistry was intended to supplement the content of the Chemisches Zentralblatt. In light of the leading role of German chemistry in international science, Beilstein's handbook quickly became renowned as a standard reference throughout the wor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Once excited, atoms will lose their energy fairly quickly. Of the various ways that this energy can be lost, the most important is radiatively, meaning that a photon is released to carry the energy away. In optical atomic spectroscopy, the wavelength of this photon can be used to determine the identity of the atom (tha... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The crystallographic point group or crystal class is the mathematical group comprising the symmetry operations that leave at least one point unmoved and that leave the appearance of the crystal structure unchanged. These symmetry operations include
*Reflection, which reflects the structure across a reflection plane
*Ro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The role of endoglin plays in angiogenesis and the modulation of TGF beta receptor signaling, which mediates cellular localization, cellular migration, cellular morphology, cell proliferation, cluster formation, etc., makes endoglin an important player in tumor growth and metastasis. Being able to target and efficientl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle was found to operate in the aerobic extreme thermoacidophile archaeon Metallosphaera sedula. This pathway is called the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle.
Yet another variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. It was disco... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Plane-wave topography can be made to extract an additional wealth of information from a sample by recording not just one image, but an entire sequence of topographs all along the sample's rocking curve. By following the diffracted intensity in one pixel across the entire sequence of images, local rocking curves from ve... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2021, calcium was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid, gas, and plasma. The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity (as in rigid bodies) and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Desmodium also controls the parasitic weed, Striga, resulting in significant yield increases of about 2 tonnes/hectare (0.9 short tons per acre) per cropping season. In addition to benefits derived from increased nitrogen availability and competition for light, it was found that D. uncinatum strongly suppresses striga ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At one time, stable carbenes were thought to reversibly dimerise through the so-called Wanzlick equilibrium. However, imidazol-2-ylidenes and triazol-5-ylidenes are thermodynamically stable and do not dimerise, and have been stored in solution in the absence of water and air for years. This is presumably due to the aro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gel permeation chromatography is conducted almost exclusively in chromatography systems. The experimental design is not much different from other techniques of High Performance liquid chromatography. Samples are dissolved in an appropriate solvent, in the case of GPC these tend to be organic solvents and after filterin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Attempts to find anesthetics with less metabolism led to halogenated ethers such as enflurane and isoflurane. The incidence of hepatic reactions with these agents is lower. The exact degree of hepatotoxic potential of enflurane is debated, although it is minimally metabolized. Isoflurane is essentially not metabolized ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
By metal vapor synthesis, metal atoms co-condensed with arenes react to give complexes of the type M(arene). Cr(CH) can be produced by this method.
Cr(CO) reacts directly with benzene and other arenes to give the piano stool complexes Cr(CR)(CO). The carbonyls of Mo and W behave comparably. The method works particular... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Corrosion in space has the highest impact on spacecraft with moving parts. Early satellites tended to develop problems with seizing bearings. Now the bearings are coated with a thin layer of gold.
Different materials resist corrosion in space differently. For example, aluminium is slowly eroded by atomic oxygen, while ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Salahuddin was born on 7 July 1937 in Jairajpur, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fazlul Bari, was a teacher at the Shibli National College, Azamgarh where he received his early education, and he later completed his undergraduate and master's degrees in 1955 and 1957 in chemistry from the Aligarh Muslim University.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thomas Shirley Hele, OBE, MD, FRCP (b Carlisle 24 October 1881 – d Cambridge 23 January 1953) was an academic in the 20th century.
Hele was educated at Carlisle Grammar School ; Sedbergh School; Emmanuel College, Cambridge (Fellow, 1911); and Barts. He was University Lecturer in Biochemistry from 1921; Tutor at Emmanue... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is the ratio of energy delivered by an energy technology to the energy invested to set up the technology. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipotoxicity in cardiac tissue is attributed to excess saturated fatty acids. The apoptosis that follows is believed to be caused by unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. Researchers are working on treatments that will increase the oxidation of these fatty acids within the heart in order to prevent th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discipline of heat transfer, typically considered an aspect of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, deals with specific applied methods by which thermal energy in a system is generated, or converted, or transferred to another system. Although the definition of heat implicitly means the transfer of energ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This technique measures a concentration change of proteins in bulk solution before and after adsorption, Δc. Any protein concentration change is attributed to the adsorbed layer, Γ.
Γ = Δc V/A
where:
*V = total volume of protein solution
*A = Total area available for adsorption
This method also requires a high surface ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Durrant was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to photochemistry and solar energy research.
*2018: Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
*2017: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) for his research contributions in photochemistry of new mate... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The relative amount of fading can be measured and studied by using standard test strips. In the workflow of the Blue Wool test, one reference strip set shall be stored protected from any exposure to light. Simultaneously, another equivalent test strip set is exposed under a light source defined in the standard. For exa... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Polymer degradation by galvanic action was first described in the technical literature in 1990 by Michael C. Faudree, an employee at General Dynamics, Fort Worth Division. The phenomenon has been referred to as the "Faudree Effect", and can possibly be used as a sustainable process to degrade non-recyclable thermoset p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Physcomitrella plants were engineered with multiple knockouts to prevent the plant-specific glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification. These knockout mosses are used to produce complex biopharmaceuticals in the field of molecular farming. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Simon–Glatzel equation is an empirical correlation describing the pressure dependence of the melting temperature of a solid. The pressure dependence of the melting temperature is small for small pressure changes because the volume change during fusion or melting is rather small. However, at very high pressures high... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The related sulfinamides (R(S=O)NHR) are amides of sulfinic acids (R(S=O)OH) (see sulfinyl). Chiral sulfinamides such as tert-butanesulfinamide, p-toluenesulfinamide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfinamide are relevant to asymmetric synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The act of recycling plastic degrades its polymer chains, usually as a result of thermal damage similar to that seen during initial processing. In some cases, this is turned into an advantage by intentionally and completely depolymerising the plastic back into its starting monomers, which can then be used to generate f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a typical spectrum analyzer there are options to set the start, stop, and center frequency. The frequency halfway between the stop and start frequencies on a spectrum analyzer display is known as the center frequency. This is the frequency that is in the middle of the display's frequency axis. Span specifies the ran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Relative rates of chemical reactions provide useful insights into the effects of the steric bulk of substituents. Under standard conditions, methyl bromide solvolyzes 10 faster than does neopentyl bromide. The difference reflects the inhibition of attack on the compound with the sterically bulky (CH)C group. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Metal ions are essential to the function of many proteins present in living organisms, such as metalloproteins and enzymes that require metal ions as cofactors. Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans requires magnesium and zinc to f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another way of deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation can be found by taking the extensivity of energy into account. Extensivity implies that
where denotes all extensive variables of the internal energy . The internal energy is thus a first-order homogenous function. Applying Euler's homogeneous function theorem, one finds... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The electron gun is one of the most important piece of equipment in a RHEED system. The gun limits the resolution and testing limits of the system. Tungsten filaments are the primary electron source for the electron gun of most RHEED systems due to the low work function of tungsten. In the typical setup, the tungsten f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*2015 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Award, granted by the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation
*2013 William H. Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award, presented by University of Wisconsin-Madison
*2010 Eli Lilly Grantee Award, conferred by Eli Lilly & Company
*2010 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, granted by the Cami... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
JSS is a peer-reviewed journal covering fundamental and applied areas of solid-state science and technology, including experimental and theoretical aspects of the chemistry and physics of materials and devices. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* 2005 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award
* 2008 Eurosensors Fellow
* 2011 DECHEMA Award of the Max Buchner Research Foundation | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
tert-Butyllithium is produced commercially by treating tert-butyl chloride with lithium metal. Its synthesis was first reported by R. B. Woodward in 1941. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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