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The E3 subunit, called the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase enzyme, is characterized as a homodimer protein wherein two cysteine residues, engaged in disulfide bonding, and the FAD cofactor in the active site facilitate its main purpose as an oxidizing catalyst. One example of E3 structure, found in Pseudomonas putida, is f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* [http://www.eanet.asia/ Acid Deposition Monitoring Program in East Asia (EANET)]
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/monitoring-networks-data/canadian-air-precipitation.html Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)]
* [https://www.epa.gov/castnet Clean Air S... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Metallurgy only appears in Mesoamerica in 800 CE with the best evidence from West Mexico. Much like in South America, fine metals were seen as a material for the elite. Metal's special qualities of colour and resonance seemed to have appealed most and then led to the particular technological developments seen in the re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The boiling point is an important property because it determines the speed of evaporation. Small amounts of low-boiling-point solvents like diethyl ether, dichloromethane, or acetone will evaporate in seconds at room temperature, while high-boiling-point solvents like water or dimethyl sulfoxide need higher temperature... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The intercalation compounds graphite bisulfate and graphite perchlorate can be prepared by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents in the presence of strong acids. In contrast to the potassium and calcium graphites, the carbon layers are oxidized in this process:
:48 C + 0.25 O + 3 HSO → [C][HSO]·2HSO + 0.5 HO
I... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Many metabolites are chemically reactive and unstable, and thus prone to chemical damage. In general, any reaction that occurs in vitro under physiological conditions can also occur in vivo. Some metabolites are so reactive that their half-life in a cell is measured in minutes. For example, the glycolytic intermediate ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various magnetic particles (magnetic carrier) coated with silica are often used as silica coated beads
Maghemite particle (γ-FeO) and magnetite particle (FeO),
as well as an intermediate iron oxide particle thereof, are most suitable as magnetic carriers.
Generally, the quality of the magnetic beads is characterized b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CeCoIn is a member of a rich family of heavy-fermion compounds. CeIn is heavy-fermion metal with cubic crystal structure that orders antiferromagnetically below 10K. With applying external pressure, antiferromagnetism in CeIn is continuously suppressed, and a superconducting dome emerges in the phase diagram near the a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. One example is Jacobsen's catalyst. The imine nitrogen is basic and exhibits pi-acceptor properties. Several, especially the diiminopyridines are noninnocent ligands. Many Sch... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diazo compounds may be explosive and should be handled with care. Very often, the diazocarbonyl compound is prepared and immediately used via treatment of the corresponding acid chloride with an excess of diazomethane (see Eq. (18) below for an example). Reactions mediated by copper are typically on the order of hours,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first form of crucible steel was wootz, developed in India some time around 300 BCE. In its production the iron was mixed with glass and then slowly heated and then cooled. As the mixture cooled the glass would bond to impurities in the steel and then float to the surface, leaving the steel considerably purer. Carb... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cyanobacteria are challenged by environmental stresses and internally generated reactive oxygen species that cause DNA damage. Cyanobacteria possess numerous E. coli-like DNA repair genes. Several DNA repair genes are highly conserved in cyanobacteria, even in small genomes, suggesting that core DNA repair processes su... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Self-renewal and differentiation abilities are exceptional properties of stem cells. These cells can be classified by their differentiation capacity, which progressively decrease with development, in totipotents, pluripotents, multipotents and unipotents.
Self-renewal process is highly regulated from cell cycle and gen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Today, the process of fermentation is used for a multitude of everyday applications including medication, beverages and food. Currently, companies like Genencor International uses the production of enzymes involved in fermentation to build a revenue of over $400 million a year. Many medications such as antibiotics are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other industrial uses of thiourea include production of flame retardant resins, and vulcanization accelerators.
Thiourea is building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives. Thus, thioureas condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds. The amino group on the thiourea initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because the light energy recorded by the detector array is proportional to the volume of the particles, laser diffraction results are intrinsically volume-weighted. This means that the particle size distribution represents the volume of particle material in the different size classes. This is in contrast to counting-ba... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Uroporphyrinogens are cyclic tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups ("P" groups) and four acetic acid groups ("A" groups).
There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups (in clockwise order):
* In the "I" variety (i.e. uroporphyrinogen I), the order repeats four times: AP-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[http://www.acadsoft.co.uk/scdbase/scdbase.htm IUPAC SC-Database] A comprehensive database of published data on equilibrium constants of metal complexes and ligands
*[https://www.nist.gov/ts/msd/srd/nist46.cfm NIST Standard Reference Database 46] : Critically selected stability constants of metal complexes
*[https://... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Specific characters may be used to create a suitable (ambigraphic) nucleic acid notation for complementary bases (i.e. guanine = b, cytosine = q, adenine = n, and thymine = u), which makes it is possible to complement entire DNA sequences by simply rotating the text "upside down". For instance, with the previous alp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polysaccharides (), or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long-chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. This carbohydrate can react with water (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes as catalyst, which produces constitue... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation).
It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of their pr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hundreds of such cycles have been proposed and investigated. This task has been eased by the availability of computers, allowing a systematic screening of chemical reactions sequences based on thermodynamic databases. Only the main "families" will be described in this article. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Knudsen gas is a gas in a state of such low density that the average distance travelled by the gas molecules between collisions (mean free path) is greater than the diameter of the receptacle that contains it. If the mean free path is much greater than the diameter, the flow regime is dominated by collisions between ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine. Enamines are versatile intermediates.
The word "enamine" is derived from the affix en-, used as the suffix of alkene, and the root amine. This can be compared with enol, which is a functional group contain... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrastine is an isoquinoline alkaloid which was discovered in 1851 by Alfred P. Durand. Hydrolysis of hydrastine yields hydrastinine, which was patented by Bayer as a haemostatic drug during the 1910s. It is present in Hydrastis canadensis (thus the name) and other plants of the family Ranunculaceae. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most notable effects of eutrophication are vegetal blooms, sometimes toxic, loss of biodiversity and anoxia, which can lead to the massive death of aquatic organisms.
Due to the hypoxic conditions present in dead zones, marine life within these areas tends to be scarce. Most fish and motile organisms tend to emigra... | 9 | Geochemistry |
BC200 RNA has been found to be a factor in numerous types of cancer. Although this type of RNA is normally expressed in neurons, it has been detected in cancers of the breast, cervix, esophagus, lungs, ovaries, parotid glands, tongue, and the colon. In certain cancers, expression of BC200 RNA is upregulated. This occur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The plasma used in an ICP-MS is made by partially ionizing argon gas (Ar → Ar + e). The energy required for this reaction is obtained by pulsing an alternating electric current in load coil that surrounds the plasma torch with a flow of argon gas.
After the sample is injected, the plasma's extreme temperature causes t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Specific mutations in different splice sites in various genes that cause inherited disorders, including, for example, Type 1 diabetes (e.g., PTPN22, TCF1 (HCF-1A)), hypertension (e.g., LDL, LDLR, LPL), Marfan syndrome (e.g., FBN1, TGFBR2, FBN2), cardiac diseases (e.g., COL1A2, MYBPC3, ACTC1), eye disorders (e.g., EVC, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A chemical analysis of a sample of methyl acetate provides the following elemental data: 48.64% carbon (C), 8.16% hydrogen (H), and 43.20% oxygen (O). For the purposes of determining empirical formulas, it's assumed that we have 100 grams of the compound. If this is the case, the percentages will be equal to the mass o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many other methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation, ion exchange, laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as activated charcoal. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many experiments have suggested that leaf tissues of living plants emit methane. Other research has indicated that the plants are not actually generating methane; they are just absorbing methane from the soil and then emitting it through their leaf tissues. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1995, Robert Conry demonstrated that intramuscular injection of naked RNA encoding carcinoembryonic antigen elicited antigen-specific antibody responses. Then, it was elaborated by demonstrating that dendritic cells(DCs) exposed to mRNA coding for specific antigens or to total mRNA extracted from tumor cells and inj... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways:
* Transformation, the uptake of exogenous DNA from the surrounding environment.
* Transduction, the virus-mediate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The properties molar internal energy, , and entropy, , defined by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, hence all thermodynamic properties of a simple compressible substance, can be specified, up to a constant of integration, by two measurable functions, a mechanical equation of state, , and a constant volume sp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In synaptic vesicle fusion, the vesicle must be within a few nanometers of the target membrane for the fusion process to begin. This closeness allows the cell membrane and the vesicle to exchange lipids which is mediated by certain proteins which remove water that comes between the forming junction. Once the vesicle ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Five basic modes of alternative splicing are generally recognized.
* Exon skipping or cassette exon: in this case, an exon may be spliced out of the primary transcript or retained. This is the most common mode in mammalian pre-mRNAs.
* Mutually exclusive exons: One of two exons is retained in mRNAs after splicing, but ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In larger urban centres, studies have noted that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+) populations are among the fastest-growing users of fertility care. IVF is increasingly being used to allow lesbian and other LGBT couples to share in the reproductive process through a technique called reciprocal IVF... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) refers to a number of techniques which rely on specific and nonspecific binding interactions to facilitate separation and detection through a formulary approach in accordance with the theory of electromigration. Using the intermolecular interactions between molecules occurring i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Redox gradients are commonly found in the environment as functions of both space and time, particularly in soils and aquatic environments. Gradients are caused by varying physiochemical properties including availability of oxygen, soil hydrology, chemical species present, and microbial processes. Specific environments ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many cancers can raise LDH levels, so LDH may be used as a tumor marker, but at the same time, it is not useful in identifying a specific kind of cancer. Measuring LDH levels can be helpful in monitoring treatment for cancer. Noncancerous conditions that can raise LDH levels include heart failure, hypothyroidism, anemi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal cascade originated by the activation of the G protein Gs by the LHCG-receptor. Activated Gs binds the enzyme adenylate cyclase and this leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclin AMP-dependent protein kinases are present as te... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* NSD1 ()
* PELP-1 (proline, glutamic acid and leucine rich protein 1)
* RIP140 (receptor-interacting protein 140)
* YAP
* WWTR1 (TAZ) | 1 | Biochemistry |
DEPBT (3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one) is a peptide coupling reagent used in peptide synthesis. It shows remarkable resistance to racemization.
Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, a commercially available amino acid building block for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), was proven to undergo rapid lactamization... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A powerful demonstration of stacking is found in the buckycatcher. This molecular tweezer is based on two concave buckybowls with a perfect fit for one convex fullerene molecule. Complexation takes place simply by evaporating a toluene solution containing both compounds. In solution an association constant of 8600 M is... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD to NADH and the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate, ATP, ADP, and AMP. Citrate – the ion that gives its name to the cycle – is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK, provid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another widely used application of the immobilization approach together with enzymes has been the enzymatic reactions on immobilized substrates. This approach facilitates the analysis of enzyme activities and mimics the performance of enzymes on e.g. cell walls. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) was a global survey of the three-dimensional distributions of chemical, isotopic, and radiochemical tracers in the ocean. A key objective was to investigate the deep thermohaline circulation of the ocean, using chemical tracers, including radiotracers, to establish the pat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Glycine encephalopathy, also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is a primary disorder of the glycine cleavage system, resulting from lowered function of the glycine cleavage system causing increased levels of glycine in body fluids. The disease was first clinically linked to the glycine cleavage system in 1969... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number of different classification systems of the patterns of leaf veins (venation or veination) have been described, starting with Ettingshausen (1861), together with many different descriptive terms, and the terminology has been described as "formidable". One of the commonest among these is the Hickey system, origi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some sulfate-reducing bacteria produce hydrogen sulfide, which can cause sulfide stress cracking. Acidithiobacillus bacteria produce sulfuric acid; Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans frequently damages sewer pipes. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans directly oxidizes iron to iron oxides and iron hydroxides; the rusticles forming on... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrochemical reactions in water are better analyzed by using the ion-electron method, where H, OH ion, HO and electrons (to compensate the oxidation changes) are added to the cell's half-reactions for oxidation and reduction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecules interact at close range through intermolecular forces (the "van der Waals
forces"), which cause minute shifts of the electron density distributions (relative
the distributions of electrons when the molecules are not interacting).
Intermolecular forces are repulsive at near range, where electron exchange
f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses, and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Halonium ylides can be prepared from allyl halides and metal carbenoids. After a [2,3]-rearrangement, a homoallylhalide is obtained.
The active form of Tebbe's reagent is often considered a titanium ylide. Like the Wittig reagent, it is able to replace the oxygen atom on carbonyl groups with a methylene group. Compared... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Classical dyes and pigments produce color by the absorption and reflection of light; these are the materials that make a major impact on the color of our daily lives. In 2000, world production of organic dyes was 800,000 tonnes and of organic pigments, 250,000 tonnes and the volume has grown at a steady rate throughou... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Example values of activity coefficients of sodium chloride in aqueous solution are given in the table. In an ideal solution, these values would all be unity. The deviations tend to become larger with increasing molality and temperature, but with some exceptions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several ways to approach the topic of premelting, the most figurative way might be thermodynamically. A more detailed or abstract view on what physics is important for premelting is given by the Lifshitz and the Landau theories.
One always starts with looking at a crystalline solid phase (fig. 1: (1) solid) a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If a beam of particles enters a thin layer of material of thickness , the flux of the beam will decrease by according to
where is the total cross section of all events, including scattering, absorption, or transformation to another species. The volumetric number density of scattering centers is designated by . Solvi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorescent biomaterials are a possible way of using external factors to observe a pathway more visibly. The method involves fluorescently labeling peptide molecules that would alter an organisms natural pathway. When this peptide is inserted into the organisms cell, it can induce a different reaction. This method can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GTPases are a large family of hydrolase enzymes that bind to the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hydrolyze it to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The GTP binding and hydrolysis takes place in the highly conserved P-loop "G domain", a protein domain common to many GTPases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biosurvey protocols have been published for use in different waterbody types and ecoregions. One such publication is the Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for streams and rivers, issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Such protocols provide a structure for developing an IBI, which may include measures suc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ribosome profiling is a method that can reveal pausing sites through sequencing the ribosome protected fragments (RPFs or footprints) to map ribosome occupancy on the mRNA. Ribosome profiling has the ability to reveal the ribosome pause sites in the whole transcriptome. When the kinetics layer is added, it discloses th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ICBM carries out fundamental and applied research in marine and environmental sciences. Interdisciplinary research will provide understanding of the various interactions of marine environmental systems.
The research focuses on marine biogeochemical cycles and energy fluxes, as well as on the functional role of mar... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When carbon dioxide diffuses as a dissolved gas from the tissue capillaries, it binds to the α-amino terminus of the globulin chain, forming Carbaminohemoglobin. Carbaminohemoglobin is able to directly stabilise the T conformation as part of the carbon dioxide Bohr effect. Deoxyhemoglobin in turn subsequently increases... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cellulose, fibre starch that is indigestible to humans, and a filler in some low calorie foods, can be and is made from sawdust, as well as from other plant sources. While there is no documentation for the persistent rumor, based upon Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle', that sawdust was used as a filler in sausage, cell... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique (ion source) that in contrast to vacuum MALDI operates at normal atmospheric environment. The main difference between vacuum MALDI and AP-MALDI is the pressure in which the ions are created. In vacuum MALDI, ions ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Viking missions to Mars in the 1970s conducted the first experiments which were explicitly designed to look for biosignatures on another planet. Each of the two Viking landers carried three life-detection experiments which looked for signs of metabolism; however, the results were declared inconclusive. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
# Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, “Prediction of Food Intake” In Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock; Ruminants (CSIRO Publishing, 1990) 261.
# Bentley, David, Hegarty, Rodger and Alford, Andrew, “Managing Livestock Enterprises in Australia’s Extensive Rangelands for Gre... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The salt spray test (or salt fog test) is a standardized and popular corrosion test method, used to check corrosion resistance of materials and surface coatings. Usually, the materials to be tested are metallic (although stone, ceramics, and polymers may also be tested) and finished with a surface coating which is int... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the physical realm, many irreversible processes are present to which the inability to achieve 100% efficiency in energy transfer can be attributed. The following is a list of spontaneous events which contribute to the irreversibility of processes.
* Ageing (this claim is disputed, as aging has been demonstrated to b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Murexide test is a color test for uric acid and some other purines. The (solid) sample is first treated with small volume of a concentrated acid such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, which is slowly evaporated away; subsequent addition of ammonia (NH) gives a purple color if uric acid was present, due to formation of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The unit of osmotic concentration is the osmole. This is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines the number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution. A milliosmole (mOsm) is 1/1,000 of an osmole. A microosmole (μOsm) (also spelled micro-osmole) is 1/1,000,000 of an osmole. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Born in Feilding on 23 April 1931, Malcolm was educated at Feilding Agricultural High School. He then studied at Canterbury University College, graduating Master of Science with first-class honours in 1954. He was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Memorial Scholarship, and completed doctoral studies at the University of Manch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are five UCP homologs known in mammals. While each of these performs unique functions, certain functions are performed by several of the homologs. The homologs are as follows:
*UCP1, also known as thermogenin or SLC25A7
*UCP2, also known as SLC25A8
*UCP3, also known as SLC25A9
*UCP4, also known as SLC25A27
*UCP5,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dimer fatty acids are produced from different fatty acids by heating. Necessary are a fatty acid with conjugated double bonds or other unsaturated fatty acids. Examples of such fatty acids are conjugated linoleic acids. The reaction is carried out via Diels-Alder addition, whereby a partially unsaturated C6 ring is for... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Analytical Scientist named Barbas to their 2016 Power List in recognition of her contributions to chemistry. In 2017, she was honored by Acta Sanitaria for her chemical research linking diabetes and obesity. In 2018, she received the International Award of the Belgian Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The principle behind fluorescence is that the fluorescent moiety contains electrons which can absorb a photon and briefly enter an excited state before either dispersing the energy non-radiatively or emitting it as a photon, but with a lower energy, i.e., at a longer wavelength (wavelength and energy are inversely prop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prime editing was developed in the lab of David R. Liu at the Broad Institute and disclosed in Anzalone et al. (2019). Since then prime editing and the research that produced it have received widespread scientific acclaim, being called "revolutionary" and an important part of the future of editing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
This could happen in two different ways: ammonia itself might simply diffuse (as NH3) or be transported (as NH4+) across the cell membranes in and out of the extracellular space, or a shuttle system involving carrier molecules (amino acids) might be employed. Certainly, ammonia can diffuse across lipid membranes, and i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbonate ions (CO) are essential in marine calcifying organisms, like plankton and shellfish, as they are required to produce their calcium carbonate () shells and skeletons. As the ocean acidifies, the increased uptake of CO by seawater increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, which lowers the pH of the water. T... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although enzymes are generally specific towards their substrate, enzymatic side activities (enzyme promiscuity) can lead to toxic or useless products. These side reactions proceed at much lower rates than their normal physiological reactions, but build-up of damaged metabolites can still be significant over time. For e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SSCP used to be a way to discover new DNA polymorphisms apart from DNA sequencing but is now being supplanted by sequencing techniques on account of efficiency and accuracy. These days, SSCP is most applicable as a diagnostic tool in molecular biology. It can be used in genotyping to detect homozygous individuals of di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For an elementary step, there is a relationship between stoichiometry and rate law, as determined by the law of mass action. Almost all elementary steps are either unimolecular or bimolecular. For a unimolecular step
the reaction rate is described by , where is a unimolecular rate constant. Since a reaction requires... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fungal cells usually die when they travel through the atmosphere due to the desiccating effects of higher altitudes. However, some particularly resilient fungal bioaerosols have been shown to survive in atmospheric transport despite exposure to severe UV light conditions. Although bioaerosol levels of fungal spores inc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1979 teams at Harvard and Caltech extended the basic idea of making DNA copies of mRNAs in vitro to amplifying a library of such in bacterial plasmids. In 1982–1983, the idea of selecting random or semi-random clones from such a cDNA library for sequencing was explored by Greg Sutcliffe and coworkers. and Putney e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polysaccharides (sugar polymers) can be linear or branched and are typically joined with glycosidic bonds. The exact placement of the linkage can vary, and the orientation of the linking functional groups is also important, resulting in α- and β-glycosidic bonds with numbering definitive of the linking carbons' locatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) index of irrigation water or soil water is used to indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil. The RSC index is used to find the suitability of the water for irrigation in clay soils which have a high cation exchange capacity. When dissolved sodium in comparison with dissolved calcium ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
With the discovery of the dual-membrane nature of mitochondria, the pioneers of mitochondrial ultrastructural research proposed different models for the organization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Three models proposed were:
*Baffle model – According to Palade (1953), the mitochondrial inner membrane is convolute... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When looking at what affects SVA, one of the main things that come up first is the solvent that is used, and what nanostructure is wanted to be obtained. For example, if a hierarchical structure is desired, a solvent that has a vapor that can selectively mobilize the amorphous polymer chains of a semi-crystalline polym... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The more assumptions that are made, the more uncertain estimates of risk related to pathogens will be. However, even with considerable uncertainty, QMRAs are a good way to compare different risk scenarios. In a study comparing estimated health risks from exposures to recreational waters impacted by human and non-huma... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gerard ONeill, noting the problem of high launch costs in the early 1970s, proposed building the SPSs in orbit with materials from the Moon. Launch costs from the Moon are potentially much lower than from Earth because of the lower gravity and lack of atmospheric drag. This 1970s proposal assumed the then-advertised fu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The development of the Ferrier carbocyclization has been useful for the synthesis of numerous natural products that contain the carbocycle group. In 1991, Bender and co-workers reported a synthetic route to pure enantiomers of myo-inositol derivatives using this reaction. It has also been applied to the synthesis of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* If it takes more than five minutes to form 1/8 in. cake thicknesses, continuous filtration should not be attempted.
* For negligible cake build up in clarification, cartridges, pre-coat drums, or sand filters are used for filtration
*When the filtering surface is expected to be more than a few square meters, it is ad... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50 states of the United States. Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the National Conference of State Legislatures website. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common adverse effects of cefalexin, like other oral cephalosporins, are gastrointestinal (stomach area) disturbances and hypersensitivity reactions. Gastrointestinal disturbances include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, the latter being the most common. Hypersensitivity reactions include skin rashes, urticar... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zn isotopes may be useful as a tracer for breast cancer. Relative to non-cancerous patients, breast cancer patients are known to have significantly higher concentrations of Zn in their breast tissue, but lower concentrations in their blood serum and erythrocytes, due to overexpression of Zn transporters in breast cance... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are also reports of antihomoaromatic compounds. Just as aromatic compounds exhibit exceptional stability, antiaromatic compounds, which deviate from Huckel's rule and contain a closed loop of 4n π electrons, are relatively unstable. The bridged bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl cation contains only 4 π electrons, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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