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Some thiosemicarbazones have medicinal properties, e.g. the antiviral metisazone and the antibiotic thioacetazone. Thiosemicarbazones are also widely used as ligands in coordination chemistry. The affinity of thiosemicarbazones for metal ions is exploited in controlling iron overload. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two compounds are said to be enantiomers if their molecules are mirror images of each other, that cannot be made to coincide only by rotations or translations – like a left hand and a right hand. The two shapes are said to be chiral.
A classical example is bromochlorofluoromethane (). The two enantiomers can be disting... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ferredoxin (Fd) is a soluble protein that facilitates reduction of to NADPH. Fd moves to carry an electron either to a lone thylakoid or to an enzyme that reduces . Thylakoid membranes have one binding site for each function of Fd. The main function of Fd is to carry an electron from the iron-sulfur complex to the enz... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the last step of duplex sequencing library preparation, Illumina sequencing adapters are added to the tagged double stranded libraries by PCR amplification using primers containing sequencing adapters. During PCR amplification, both complementary strands of DNA are amplified and generate two types of PCR products. P... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the context of solids, amorphous and crystalline are terms used to describe the structure of materials. Amorphous solids are the opposite of crystalline. The atoms or molecules in amorphous substances are arranged randomly without any long-range order. As a result, they do not have a sharp melting point. The phase t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Experimental data on association reactions of H and HO suggest that radiative association involving atomic and diatomic neutral radicals may be considered as an effective mechanism for the production of small neutral molecules in the interstellar clouds. The formation of O occurs in the gas phase via the neutral exchan... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges. The term was first used by Caron et al. in 2001. Characteristics of ridges are:
*Gene dense
*Contain many C and G nucleobases
*Genes have short introns
*High SINE repeat density
*L... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common means of expressing the length of a chain is the degree of polymerization, which quantifies the number of monomers incorporated into the chain. As with other molecules, a polymers size may also be expressed in terms of molecular weight. Since synthetic polymerization techniques typically yield a statistical di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Laves graph has been suggested as an allotrope of carbon, analogous to the more common graphene and graphite carbon structure which also have three bonds per atom at 120° angles. In graphene, adjacent atoms have the same bonding planes as each other, whereas in the Laves graph structure the bonding planes of adjace... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Living organisms produce retinal by irreversible oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
For example:
:beta-carotene + O → 2 retinal,
catalyzed by a beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase or a beta-carotene 15,15-dioxygenase.
Just as carotenoids are the precursors of retinal, retinal is the precursor of the other forms of vitami... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H ions) across a membrane... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CF allows the single/low copy sequences and the repetitive sequences of a genome to be studied independently of each other. It can also be used to fractionate highly repetitive DNA from moderately repetitive sequences or to further fractionate isolated kinetic components. CF is most accurately performed if fractionat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer chemistry, a repeat unit or repeating unit (or mer) is a part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain (except for the end-groups) by linking the repeat units together successively along the chain, like the beads of a necklace.
A repeat unit is sometimes called a mer (or mer uni... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The essence of NSOM/FTIR is that it allows the detection of non-propagating evanescent waves in the near-field (less than one wavelength from the sample), thus yielding high spatial resolution. Depending on the detection modes of these non-propagating evanescent waves, two NSOM/FTIR instrumentations are available: aper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For molecules adsorbed on surfaces there have been various conventions proposed based on hypothetical standard states. For adsorption that occurs on specific sites (Langmuir adsorption isotherm) the most common standard state is a relative coverage of , as this choice results in a cancellation of the configurational en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As in the case of single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, the technique known as single channel recording can be used to obtain specific kinetic information—in this case about ion channel function—that is not available when ensemble recording, such as whole-cell recording, is performed. Specifically, ion channels a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor. IPP is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway) and in the non-mevalonate MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP, and its ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biomarkers can be classified based on different criteria.
Based on their characteristics they can be classified as imaging biomarkers (CT, PET, MRI) or molecular biomarkers with three subtypes: volatile, like breath, body fluid, or biopsy biomarkers.
Molecular biomarkers refer to non-imaging biomarkers that have biophy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lyotropic liquid crystals result when amphiphiles, which are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, dissolve into a solution that behaves both like a liquid and a solid crystal. This liquid crystalline mesophase includes everyday mixtures like soap and water.
To break the word down, "lyo" and "tropic" mean, respectively, "... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code).
* GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila. AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus
* "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In October 2006, Finnish paper and pulp manufacturer UPM announced its plans to produce biodiesel by the Fischer–Tropsch process alongside the manufacturing processes at its European paper and pulp plants, using waste biomass resulting from paper and pulp manufacturing processes as source material. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The photocyte of Arachnocampa luminosa was found to contain a circular nucleus, and large amounts of ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and microtubules. Instead of having photocyte granules, the photocytes of the organism were shown to undergo the luciferase reaction in their cytoplasm. The cells d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three different variations of seipin's amino acid sequence:
* a N → S change in position 88, does not affect protein subcellular location.
* a S → L change in position 90, does not affect the function in lipid storage.
* a A → P change in position 212 that increases localization to nuclear envelope.
All seip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exposure limits for UV, particularly the germicidal UV-C range, have evolved over time due to scientific research and changing technology. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have set exposure limits to safe... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An example of an isozyme is glucokinase, a variant of hexokinase which is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. Its different regulatory features and lower affinity for glucose (compared to other hexokinases), allow it to serve different functions in cells of specific organs, such as control of insulin release by the b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When surface charges present at the wall of a channel of micro-scaled width, counterions are attracted and co-ions are repelled by electrostatic force. The counterions form a shielding area near the wall. This region penetrate into solution to a certain distance called Debye length until the electric potential decays t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gaseous mediators are chemicals that are produced in small amounts by some cells of the mammalian body and have a number of biological signalling functions. There are three so-far-identified gaseous mediator molecules: nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (HS), and carbon monoxide (CO). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dally works as a co-receptor of some secreted signaling molecules as fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and members of the Wnt signaling pathway, TGF-b and Hedgehog families. It is also necessary for the cell division patterning during the post-embryonic development o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to provide a good minigene model, the gene fragment should have all of the necessary elements to ensure it exhibits the same alternative splicing (AS) patterns as the wild type gene, i.e., the length of the fragment must include all upstream and downstream sequences which can affect its splicing. Therefore, mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with Lewis acids, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel–Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride () as the agent and aluminum chloride () as a catalyst to add an acetyl group to benzene:
This reaction is an example of electrophilic aro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
P-Chiral phosphines are organophosphorus compounds of the formula PRR′R″, where R, R′, R″ = H, alkyl, aryl, etc. They are a subset of chiral phosphines, a broader class of compounds where the stereogenic center can reside at sites other than phosphorus. P-chirality exploits the high barrier for inversion of phosphine... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as USP-approved salbutamol, has been phased out by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A different propellant known as hydrofluoroalkane, or HFA, which was not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Deriving the Gibbs–Duhem equation from the fundamental thermodynamic equation is straightforward. The total differential of the extensive Gibbs free energy in terms of its natural variables is
Since the Gibbs free energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy, the derivatives can be replaced by their de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Smooth mirror-like surfaces provide specular reflections, allowing easy detection of the acoustic wave. However, as surfaces become rougher the reflections become more diffuse, making detection of the acoustic wave more challenging for two reasons. Firstly, the reflected beam is spread out in a cone, as this cone incr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The "strain energy" of a molecule is a quantity that is difficult to precisely define, so the meaning of this term can easily vary depending on one's interpretation. Instead, an objective way to view the allylic strain of a molecule is through its conformational equilibrium. Comparing the heats of formation of the invo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The standard state for liquids and solids is simply the state of the pure substance subjected to a total pressure of (or 1 bar). For most elements, the reference point of ΔH = 0 is defined for the most stable allotrope of the element, such as graphite in the case of carbon, and the β-phase (white tin) in the case of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structure of the voltage gated K channel is that of six transmembrane helices along the lipid bilayer. The selectivity of this channel to voltage is mediated by four of these transmembrane domains (S1–S4) – the voltage sensing domain. The other two domains (S5, S6) form the pore by which ions traverse. Activation a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A solution of sulfur tetrafluoride in hydrogen fluoride converts hydroxy-containing amino acids to the fluoro amino acids:
When vicinal diols are combined with SF, difluorination occurs with inversion of configuration at only one of the alcohols. This was demonstrated in the synthesis of meso-difluorosuccinate from (L... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A light-harvesting complex consists of a number of chromophores which are complex subunit proteins that may be part of a larger super complex of a photosystem, the functional unit in photosynthesis. It is used by plants and photosynthetic bacteria to collect more of the incoming light than would be captured by the phot... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Protein adsorption is a process that has a fundamental role in the field of biomaterials. Indeed, biomaterial surfaces in contact with biological media, such as blood or serum, are immediately coated by proteins. Therefore, living cells do not interact directly with the biomaterial surface, but with the adsorbed protei... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Siloxanes are a premier example of an inorganic polymer, even though they have extensive organic substituents. Their backbond is composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, i.e. Si-O-Si-O... The silicon atoms bear two substituents, usually methyl as in the case of polydimethylsiloxane. Some uncommon but illust... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lactones contribute significantly to the flavor of fruit, and of unfermented and fermented dairy products, and are therefore used as flavors and fragrances. Some examples are γ-decalactone (4-decanolide), which has a characteristic peach flavor; δ-decalactone (5-decanolide), which has a creamy coconut/peach flavour; γ-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An air quality control region is an area, designated by the federal government, where communities share a common air pollution problem. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Retinal gene therapy holds a promise in treating different forms of non-inherited and inherited blindness.
In 2008, three independent research groups reported that patients with the rare genetic retinal disease Leber's congenital amaurosis had been successfully treated using gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1997, Sinaÿ and co-workers reported an alternative route to the synthesis (shown below) that did not involve cleavage of the bond at the anomeric position (the glycosidic bond). In this case, the major product formed had maintained its original configuration at the anomeric position.
Sinaÿ proposed this reaction we... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemotherapeutics, by design, induce DNA damage and are targeted towards rapidly dividing cancer cells. However, these drugs can not tell the difference between sick and healthy cells, resulting in the damage of normal cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exothermic refers to a transformation in which a closed system releases energy (heat) to the surroundings, expressed by
When the transformation occurs at constant pressure and without exchange of electrical energy, heat is equal to the enthalpy change, i.e.
while at constant volume, according to the first law of therm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TLC is a useful tool for reaction monitoring. For this, the plate normally contains a spot of starting material, a spot from the reaction mixture, and a co-spot (or cross-spot) containing both. The analysis will show if the starting material disappeared and if any new products appeared. This provides a quick and easy w... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Stochastic thermodynamics can be applied to driven (i.e. open) quantum systems whenever the effects of quantum coherence can be ignored. The dynamics of an open quantum system is then equivalent to a classical stochastic one. However, this is sometimes at the cost of requiring unrealistic measurements at the beginning... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1761, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter describing his experiments on the relationship between color and heat absorption. He found that darker color clothes got hotter when exposed to sunlight than lighter color clothes. One experiment he performed consisted of placing square pieces of cloth of various color out in t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concept of pH was defined in 1909 by S. P. L. Sørensen, and electrodes were used for pH measurement in the 1920s.
In October 1934, Arnold Orville Beckman registered the first patent for a complete chemical instrument for the measurement of pH, U.S. Patent No. 2,058,761, for his "acidimeter", later renamed the pH me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other thermal hydraulic phenomena are subject of interest:
* Critical discharge
* Countercurrent flow limitation
* Condensation
* Flow instability
* Rewetting | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tashiro's indicator is a pH indicator (pH value: 4.4–6.2), mixed indicator composed of a solution of methylene blue (0.1%) and methyl red (0.03%) in ethanol or in methanol.
It can be used e.g. for the titration of ammonia in Kjeldahl analysis. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A cis-regulatory element called the GAIT element is involved in the selective translational silencing of the Ceruloplasmin transcript.
The silencing requires binding of a cytosolic inhibitor complex called IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) to the GAIT element. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another way of storing energy is with the use of hydrazine. This molecule is related to ammonia and has the potential to be equally as useful as ammonia. It can be created from ammonia and hydrogen peroxide or via chlorine based oxidations. This makes it an even denser energy storing fuel. The downside of hydrazine is ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For a given composition, only certain phases are possible at a given temperature and pressure. The number and type of phases that will form is hard to predict and is usually determined by experiment. The results of such experiments can be plotted in phase diagrams.
The phase diagram shown here is for a single component... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances (see the Lennard-Jones potential). In a gas, the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume. This gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an ideal gas at the sam... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A nicking enzyme (or nicking endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts one strand of a double-stranded DNA at a specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as a restriction site. Such enzymes hydrolyse (cut) only one strand of the DNA duplex, to produce DNA molecules that are “nicked”, rather than cleaved.
They can be u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crevice corrosion refers to corrosion occurring in occluded spaces such as interstices in which a stagnant solution is trapped and not renewed. These spaces are generally called crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Samarium(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula SmI. When employed as a solution for organic synthesis, it is known as Kagan's reagent. SmI is a green solid and forms a dark blue solution in THF. It is a strong one-electron reducing agent that is used in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Coelenterazine was simultaneously isolated and characterized by two groups studying the luminescent organisms sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) and the cnidarian Aequorea victoria, respectively. Both groups independently discovered that the same compound was used in both luminescent systems. The molecule was named after t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The extent of adsorption at a liquid interface can be evaluated using the surface tension concentration data and the Gibbs adsorption equation. The microtome blade method is used to determine the weight and molal concentration of an interface. The method involves attaining a one square meter portion of air-liquid in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The majority of optical tweezers make use of conventional TEM Gaussian beams. However a number of other beam types have been used to trap particles, including high order laser beams i.e. Hermite-Gaussian beams (TEM), Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams (TEM) and Bessel beams.
Optical tweezers based on Laguerre-Gaussian beams ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The chiral allylic stannane 1 adds to acrolein to yield the 1,5-syn diastereomer as a single stereoisomer. A subsequent sigmatropic rearrangement increased the distance between the stereocenters even further. This step was carried out en route to (±)-patulolide C.
Repeated use of the allylic stannane addition in an int... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cefamandole (INN, also known as cephamandole) is a second-generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is the formate ester cefamandole nafate, a prodrug which is administered parenterally. Cefamandole is no longer available in the United States.
The chemical structure of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Spectral and spatial is collected by the detection system. The spatial component catches the position of the particles distribution across the width of the sorting machine, which is then used in case the ejection mechanism is activated for a single particle. Spectral data comprises the features that are used for materi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A metabolic network can be broken down into a stoichiometric matrix where the rows represent the compounds of the reactions, while the columns of the matrix correspond to the reactions themselves. Stoichiometry is a quantitative relationship between substrates of a chemical reaction. In order to deduce what the metabol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selectfluor is synthesized by the N-alkylation of [[DABCO|diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)]] with dichloromethane, followed by ion exchange with sodium tetrafluoroborate (replacing the chloride counterion for the tetrafluoroborate). The resulting salt is treated with elemental fluorine and sodium tetrafluoroborate:
Th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The energy efficiency and system capacity of systems designed for R-22 is slightly greater using R-22 than the available substitutes.
R-407A is for use in low- and medium-temp refrigeration. Uses a polyolester (POE) oil.
R-407C is for use in air conditioning. Uses a minimum of 20 percent POE oil.
R-407F and R-407H are ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In a chemical analysis, the internal standard method involves adding the same amount of a chemical substance to each sample and calibration solution. The internal standard responds proportionally to changes in the analyte and provides a similar, but not identical, measurement signal. It must also be absent from the sam... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hans Thacher Clarke (27 December 1887 – 21 October 1972) was a prominent biochemist during the first half of the twentieth century. He was born in England where he received his university training, but also studied in Germany and Ireland. He spent the remainder of his life in the United States. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The redox reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases are vital in all parts of metabolism, but one particularly important area where these reactions occur is in the release of energy from nutrients. Here, reduced compounds such as glucose and fatty acids are oxidized, thereby releasing energy. This energy is transferred to... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Since the 1940s, the DLVO theory has been used to explain phenomena found in colloidal science, adsorption and many other fields. Due to the more recent popularity of nanoparticle research, DLVO theory has become even more popular because it can be used to explain behavior of both material nanoparticles such as fullere... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are at least three stages involve in the operation of a vacuum disc filter:
Stage 1: Cake formation
The discs rotate in a slurry trough, compartmentalized to reduce the volume held in it at any one time, and therefore to reduce the residence time of slurry in the trough. The time available for this stage depends ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In his spare time Kowalski enjoyed horse-breeding and riding, sailing, hiking and backpacking, his Harley-Davidison motorcycle and skiing. According to Chemical & Engineering News, "After his retirement in 1999, Kowalski joined the Fort Lewis Mesa fire department in Durango, Colo., where he specialized in the handling ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle applies to systems in which different products are formed from two substrates in equilibrium with one another. The rapidly interconverting reactants can have any relationship between themselves (stereoisomers, constitutional isomers, conformational isomers, etc.). Product formation must be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Indirect catalysts may also act through surface sensitization of reactants, by which species sorbed to a surface become more susceptible to photodegradation. | 5 | Photochemistry |
As with many other small mammal species, M. pennsylvanicus plays important ecological roles. The eastern meadow vole is an important food source for many predators, and disperses mycorrhizal fungi. It is a major consumer of grass and disperses grass nutrients in its feces. After disruptive site disturbances such as for... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgrade... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a type of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), that separates high molecular weight or colloidal analytes on the basis of size or diameter, typically in organic solvents. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by L... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NADK is highly regulated by the redox state of the cell. Whereas NAD is predominantly found in its oxidized state NAD, the phosphorylated NADP is largely present in its reduced form, as NADPH. Thus, NADK can modulate responses to oxidative stress by controlling NADP synthesis. Bacterial NADK is shown to be inhibited al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An upper limit on of 4 is usually quoted, corresponding to the precision of the measurements, but it also depends on how intense the effect is. Spectra of contributing species should be clearly distinct from each other | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Activation refers to the opening of ion channels, i.e. the conformational change that allows ions to pass. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Roasting consists of thermal gas–solid reactions, which can include oxidation, reduction, chlorination, sulfation, and pyrohydrolysis.
The most common example of roasting is the oxidation of metal sulfide ores. The metal sulfide is heated in the presence of air to a temperature that allows the oxygen in the air to rea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The KhAB-500 is the provisional naming of a series of World War II-era aerial bombs developed by the Soviet Air Force to deliver chemical weapons. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* ASTM B374-06(2011) — Standard Terminology Relating to Electroplating
* ASTM B542-13 — Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Contacts and Their Use
* ASTM B735-16 — Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
* ASTM B765-03(2018) — Standard Guide for Selection of P... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As mentioned before, N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) are the quorum sensing signaling molecules of the gram-negative bacteria. However, these molecules may have different functional groups on their acyl chain, and also a different length of acyl chain. Therefore, there exist many different AHL signaling molecules, for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NeighborNet is an algorithm for constructing phylogenetic networks which is loosely based on the neighbor joining algorithm. Like neighbor joining, the method takes a distance matrix as input, and works by agglomerating clusters. However, the NeighborNet algorithm can lead to collections of clusters which overlap and d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* List of important publications in thermodynamics
* List of textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
* List of thermal conductivities
* List of thermodynamic properties
* Table of thermodynamic equations
* Timeline of thermodynamics
* Thermodynamic equations | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gene targeting is a biotechnological tool used to change the DNA sequence of an organism (hence it is a form of Genome Editing). It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. Gene targeting can be used to make a range of sizes of DNA edits, from l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Kidd Metallurgical Site (or Met Site) is a metallurgical facility in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. It was built in 1980 and owned and operated by Xstrata Copper, following their 2006 takeover of Falconbridge Ltd. The site employs approximately 675 hourly employees.
The plant is southeast of the Kidd Mine, and houses... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The effect is named after James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who discovered it in 1852. It followed upon earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion, in which a gas undergoes free expansion in a vacuum and the temperature is unchanged, if the gas is ideal. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently the possibility of study such compounds using molecular modeling assisted by informatic software has opened new possibilities in the study of the redox reaction of biomimetic compounds. For example, using "Density Functional Theory" (DFT) computer modeling made it possible to propose a catalytic pathway of H b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After injury, neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system can switch from a dormant state with little axonal growth to robust axon regeneration. DNA demethylation in mature mammalian neurons removes barriers to axonal regeneration. This demethylation, in regenerating mouse peripheral neurons, depends upon TET3 to ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kai Simons is the son of a physics professor. His father convinced him to study medicine, though he originally wanted to study physics. While studying at the University of Helsinki, Simons spent a summer internship in the Stockholm laboratory of Bengt Samuelsson There, he studied mechanisms of vitamin B12 absorption. H... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mTORC2 signaling pathway is less defined than the mTORC1 signaling pathway. The functions of the components of the mTORC complexes have been studied using knockdowns and knockouts and were found to produce the following phenotypes:
* NIP7: Knockdown reduced mTORC2 activity that is indicated by decreased phosphoryl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some of the oldest known examples of the lost-wax technique are the objects discovered in the Nahal Mishmar hoard in southern Land of Israel, and which belong to the Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC). Conservative Carbon-14 estimates date the items to around 3700 BC, making them more than 5700 years old. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The studies of crystalline ionic conductors where excess ions were provided by point defect continued through 1950s, and the specific mechanism of conduction was established for each compound depending on its ionic structure. The emergence of glassy and polymeric electrolytes in the late 1970s provided new ionic conduc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The solvents are grouped into nonpolar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents, with each group ordered by increasing polarity. The properties of solvents which exceed those of water are bolded.
The ACS Green Chemistry Institute maintains a tool for the selection of solvents based on a principal component analysis of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Availability of IVF in England is determined by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends up to 3 cycles of treatment for people under 40 years old with minimal success conceiving after 2 years of unprotected sex. Cycles will not be continued for peopl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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