text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The iso-electric point is one such property. The iso-electric point is the pH value at which the zeta potential is approximately zero. At a pH near the iso-electric point (± 2 pH units), colloids are usually unstable; the particles tend to coagulate or flocculate. Such titrations use acids or bases as titration reagent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Environmental Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It covers all aspects of environmental chemistry, including atmospheric chemistry, (bio)geochemistry, climate change, marine chemistry, water chemistry, polar chemistry, fire chemistry, astrochemistry, earth and geochemistry, s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ligand efficacy refers to the ability of the ligand to produce a biological response upon binding to the target receptor and the quantitative magnitude of this response. This response may be as an agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist, depending on the physiological response produced. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase, is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenase enzymes, the protein has 494 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 55,000. This enzyme is at most 28% homologous to other P-450 enzymes that have been studied.
Structurally, the protein contains an evolutionarily conserved core ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given two signals and , each of which possess power spectral densities and , it is possible to define a cross power spectral density (CPSD) or cross spectral density (CSD). To begin, let us consider the average power of such a combined signal.
Using the same notation and methods as used for the power spectral densit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) provides services to professionals engaged in all facets of the global minerals sector and is based in Carlton, Victoria, Australia. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ketones and aldehydes with electron-withdrawing substituents react more readily with diazoalkanes than those bearing electron-donating substituents (Table 2). In addition to accelerating the reaction, electron-withdrawing substituents typically increase the amount of epoxide produced (Table 2).
The effects of substitu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dispersion of a monochromator is characterized as the width of the band of colors per unit of slit width, 1 nm of spectrum per mm of slit width for instance. This factor is constant for a grating, but varies with wavelength for a prism. If a scanning prism monochromator is used in a constant bandwidth mode, the sli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, 1-propenyl (or simply propenyl) has the formula CH=CHCH and 2-propenyl (isopropenyl) has the formula CH=C-CH. These groups are found in many compounds. Propenyl compounds are isomeric with allyl compounds, which have the formula CH-CH=CH. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Key adaptations are adaptations that allow a group of organisms to diversify. Daphnia lumholtzi is a water flea that is able to form rigid head spines in response to chemicals released when fish are present. These phenotypically plastic traits serve as an induced defense against these predators. A study showed that Dap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Retinyl esters from animal-sourced foods (or synthesized for dietary supplements for humans and domesticated animals) are acted upon by retinyl ester hydrolases in the lumen of the small intestine to release free retinol. Retinol enters intestinal absorptive cells by passive diffusion. Absorption efficiency is in the r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hattori and De Hoog, after considering the debate surrounding the cause of varying oxidation conditions in igneous rocks at shallow crustal levels, documented that highly oxidized conditions of rocks are an intrinsic character of the source magma in the mantle. They emphasized the capability of oxidized magmas to trans... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Of all the radiation-based chemical reactions that have been studied, the most important is the decomposition of water. When exposed to radiation, water undergoes a breakdown sequence into hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen radicals, and assorted oxygen compounds, such as ozone, which when converted back into oxygen releases ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For any 2-dimensional lattice, the unit cells are parallelograms, which in special cases may have orthogonal angles, equal lengths, or both. Four of the five two-dimensional Bravais lattices are represented using conventional primitive cells, as shown below.
The centered rectangular lattice also has a primitive cell ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Physiological ketosis is the non-pathological (normal functioning) elevation of ketone bodies that can result from any state of increased fatty acid oxidation including fasting, prolonged exercise, or very low-carbohydrate diets such as the ketogenic diet. In physiological ketosis, serum ketone levels generally remain ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first version of PCLake (by then called PCLoos) was built in the early 1990s at the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), within the framework of a research and restoration project on Lake Loosdrecht. It has been extended and improved since then. Parallel to PCLake, PCDitch wa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) are microscopic particles approximately 120 nanometers in diameter, smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. They have been used to deliver siRNAs therapeutically to mammals in vivo. In SNALPs, the siRNA is surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing a mixture of cationic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1 g/cm is equivalent to:
: = 1000 g/L (exactly)
: = 1000 kg/m (exactly)
: ≈ (approximately)
: ≈ (approximately)
1 kg/m = 0.001 g/cm(exactly)
1 lb/cu ft ≈ (approximately)
1 oz/US gal ≈ (approximately) | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There is no standardized list of metallurgical failure modes and different metallurgists might use a different name for the same failure mode. The failure mode terms listed below are those accepted by ASTM, ASM, and/or NACE as distinct metallurgical failure mechanisms. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reciprocal lattice to an FCC lattice is the body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice, with a cube side of .
Consider an FCC compound unit cell. Locate a primitive unit cell of the FCC; i.e., a unit cell with one lattice point. Now take one of the vertices of the primitive unit cell as the origin. Give the basis vectors of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Inherent within this model, the following assumptions are valid specifically for the simplest case: the adsorption of a single adsorbate onto a series of equivalent sites onto the surface of the solid.
# The surface containing the adsorbing sites is a perfectly flat plane with no corrugations (assume the surface is hom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A peptide library is a tool for studying proteins. Peptide libraries typically contain a large number of peptides that have a systematic combination of amino acids. Usually, solid phase synthesis, e.g. resin as a flat surface or beads, is used for peptide library generation. Peptide libraries are a popular tool for exp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Capsaicin is not soluble in water, and even large volumes of water will not wash it off, only dilute it. In general, victims are encouraged to blink vigorously in order to encourage tears, which will help flush the irritant from the eyes.
A study of five often-recommended treatments for skin pain (Maalox, 2% lidocaine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Instead of the differential symbol , the symbol is used, a convention which originated in the 19th century work of German mathematician Carl Gottfried Neumann, indicating that (heat) and (work) are path-dependent, while (internal energy) is not. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In dodecaborate(12) anion, twelve boron atoms covalently link to each other to form an icosahedral structure. Various other similar motifs are also well studied, such as boranes, carboranes and metal dicarbollides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Typical genera include:
* Citrobacter are peritrichous facultative anaerobic bacilli between 0.6–6 μm in length. Citrobacter species inhabit intestinal flora without causing harm, but can lead to urinary tract infections, bacteremia, brain abscesses, pneumonia, intra abdominal sepsis, meningitis, and joint infections i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Cystic Fibrosis Transport Regulator (CFTR) works by binding two ATP to the A1 and A2, ATP-binding domain. This opens the CFTR channel and allows chloride ions to flow into the lungs and airway lumen. This influx of negatively charged chloride ions into the airway lumen causes sodium to move into the airway lumen to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A melt inclusion is a small parcel or "blobs" of melt(s) that is entrapped by crystals growing in magma and eventually forming igneous rocks. In many respects it is analogous to a fluid inclusion within magmatic hydrothermal systems. Melt inclusions tend to be microscopic in size and can be analyzed for volatile conten... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Full-field displacement, elastic strain, and the GND density provide quantifiable information about the material's elastic and plastic behaviour at the microscale. Measuring strain at the microscale requires careful consideration of other key details besides the change in length/shape (e.g., local texture, individual g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Precipitation in grasslands is equal to or less than evapotranspiration and causes soil development to operate in relative drought. Leaching and migration of weathering products is therefore decreased. Large amounts of evaporation causes buildup of calcium (Ca) and other large cations flocculate clay minerals and fulvi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although it is a relatively immature area of research, it appears that heterotrimeric G-proteins may also take part in non-GPCR signaling. There is evidence for roles as signal transducers in nearly all other types of receptor-mediated signaling, including integrins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), cytokine receptors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fischer glycosidation (or Fischer glycosylation) refers to the formation of a glycoside by the reaction of an aldose or ketose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction is named after the German chemist, Emil Fischer, winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1902, who developed this method betwee... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Schlögl was born October 5, 1924, in Vienna. Schlögl's first contact with organic chemistry happened during his middle-school education, when his father - the principal and teacher for natural sciences - took young Karl to school after hours to do experiments together.
Schlögl graduated from high-school in 1943 and was... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite the occasional use in pharmaceuticals, the nitro group is associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity and therefore is often regarded as a liability in the drug discovery process. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the 15th century, the finery process, another process which shares the air-blowing principle with the Bessemer process, was developed in Europe. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield. This process had an enormous ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
During the fading, colourant molecules undergo various chemical processes which result in fading.
When a UV-photon reacts with a molecule acting as colourant, the molecule is excited from the ground state to an excited state. The excited molecule is highly reactive and unstable. During the quenching of the molecule fro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the odor of hemp) remains.
Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil produc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mecke reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of selenous acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested.
The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In humans, can be synthesized in the liver via the metabolism of fatty acids (e.g., butyrate), , and ketogenic amino acids through a series of reactions that metabolize these compounds into acetoacetate, which is the first ketone body that is produced in the fasting state. The biosynthesis of from acetoacetate is ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;Disconnection: A retrosynthetic step involving the breaking of a bond to form two (or more) synthons.
;Retron: A minimal molecular substructure that enables certain transformations.
;Retrosynthetic tree: A directed acyclic graph of several (or all) possible retrosyntheses of a single target.
;Synthon: A fragment of a ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Properly designed copper roofs minimize movements due to thermal changes. Coppers low thermal expansion, 40% less than zinc and lead, helps to prevent deterioration and failure. Also, coppers high melting point ensures that it will not creep or stretch as some other metals do.
On small gable roofs, thermal movement is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The non-fluorescent acetomethoxy derivate of calcein (calcein AM, AM = acetoxymethyl) is used in biology as it can be transported through the cellular membrane into live cells, which makes it useful for testing of cell viability and for short-term labeling of cells. Alternatively, Fura-2 , Furaptra , Indo-1 and aequori... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biochemical detection is the science and technology of detecting biochemicals and their concentration where trace analysis is concerned this is usually done by using a quartz crystal microbalance, which measures a mass per unit area by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator. Another method is w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mathematically, the points of the diamond cubic structure can be given coordinates as a subset of a three-dimensional integer lattice by using a cubic unit cell four units across. With these coordinates, the points of the structure have coordinates satisfying the equations
There are eight points (modulo 4) that satisf... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The four-dimensional unit cell is defined by four edge lengths (a, b, c, d) and six interaxial angles (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ). The following conditions for the lattice parameters define 23 crystal families
The names here are given according to Whittaker. They are almost the same as in Brown et al., with exception for names... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As the temperature in the joint increases, polymer begins to melt and a fusion zone is formed. The molten polymer in the fusion zone exerts an outward force on the surrounding solid polymer material, referred to as "cold zones". These cold zones cause a pressure to develop in the molten fusion zone. The pressure in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hydrosphere is 33% oxygen by volume present mainly as a component of water molecules, with dissolved molecules including free oxygen and carbolic acids (HCO). | 5 | Photochemistry |
A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. Two possible forms exist, 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols. Diglycerides are natural components of food fats, though minor in comparison to triglyceride... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The initiation of gene transcription in eukaryotes occurs in specific steps. First, an RNA polymerase along with general transcription factors binds to the promoter region of the gene to form a closed complex called the preinitiation complex. The subsequent transition of the complex from the closed state to the open s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a reaction occurs through these steps:
: A + S ⇌ AS → Products
where A is the reactant and S is an adsorption site on the surface and the respective rate constants for the adsorption, desorption and reaction are k, k and k, then the global reaction rate is:
where:
* r is the rate, mol·m·s
*is the concentration of a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides that participate in O-linked glycosylation are attached to threonine or serine on the hydroxyl group of the side chain. O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgi apparatus, where monosaccharide units are added to a complete polypeptide chain. Cell surface proteins and extracellular proteins are O-glyc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several domains of PCAF can act independently or in unison to enable its functions. PCAF has separate acetyltransferase and E3 ubiquitin ligase domains as well as a bromodomain for interaction with other proteins. PCAF also possesses sites for its own acetylation and ubiquitination. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The word "emulsion" comes from the Latin emulgere "to milk out", from ex "out" + mulgere "to milk", as milk is an emulsion of fat and water, along with other components, including colloidal casein micelles (a type of secreted biomolecular condensate). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Wahrhaftig diagram (named after Austin L. Wahrhaftig) illustrates the relative contributions in unimolecular ion decomposition of direct fragmentation and fragmentation following rearrangement. The x-axis of the diagram represents the internal energy of the ion. The lower part of the diagram shows the logarithm of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Haploid yeast switch mating type by replacing the information present at the MAT locus. For example, an a cell will switch to an α cell by replacing the MATa allele with the MATα allele. This replacement of one allele of MAT for the other is possible because yeast cells carry an additional silenced copy of both the MAT... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the first Ph.D. and full-time professor of biochemistry in Korea, Lee contributed to the establishment of biochemistry as a newly organized field of study in Korea.
He began with a study of glycolysis. In the late 1920s, the role of phosphorylated compounds in glycolysis had not yet been fully explained. Lee's work... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that are biocompatible. Bioceramics are an important subset of biomaterials. Bioceramics range in biocompatibility from the ceramic oxides, which are inert in the body, to the other extreme of resorbable materials, which are eventually replaced by the body after they hav... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many methods have been developed for the restriction of microbial corrosion. The primary challenge has been finding ways to prevent or stop microbial growth without negatively impacting the surrounding environment. The list below provides an overview of some of the tactics that have been used or that are in development... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In genetic epidemiology, endophenotype (or intermediate phenotype) is a term used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection. By seeing the EP notion as a special case of a larger collection of multivariate genetic models, which may be fitted using currently accessible m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 2013, researchers reported their discovery of bacteria living in the rock of the oceanic crust below the thick layers of sediment, and apart from the hydrothermal vents that form along the edges of the tectonic plates. Preliminary findings are that these bacteria subsist on the hydrogen produced by chemical reducti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 1970s, Alexey Olovnikov first recognized that chromosomes cannot completely duplicate their ends during cell division. This is known as the "end replication problem". Olovnikov proposed that every time a cell divides, a part of the DNA sequence is lost, and if this loss reaches a certain level, cell divisi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In carbon capture an effective absorbent is one which demonstrates a high selectivity, meaning that CO will preferentially dissolve in the absorbent compared to other gaseous components. In post-combustion carbon capture the most salient separation is CO from N, whereas in pre-combustion separation CO is primarily sepa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Preliminary research indicates that disease risk in aging may be associated with telomere shortening, senescent cells, or SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physical and analytical chemistry, colorimetry or colourimetry is a technique used to determine the concentration of colored compounds in solution.
A colorimeter is a device used to test the magnitude of a solution by measuring its absorbance of a specific wavelength of light (not to be confused with the tristimulus... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Plants rich in anthocyanins are Vaccinium species, such as blueberry, cranberry, and bilberry; Rubus berries, including black raspberry, red raspberry, and blackberry; blackcurrant, cherry, eggplant (aubergine) peel, black rice, ube, Okinawan sweet potato, Concord grape, muscadine grape, red cabbage, and violet petals.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In aerosol mass spectrometry, one of the ionization techniques consists in firing a laser to individual droplets. These systems are called single particle mass spectrometers (SPMS). The sample may optionally be mixed with a MALDI matrix prior to aerosolization. | 1 | Biochemistry |
While many of the proteins involved in NMD are not conserved between species, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), there are three main factors in NMD: UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3 (UPF3A and UPF3B in humans), that make up the conserved core of the NMD pathway. All three of these factors are trans-acting elements called up-fram... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In healthy persons, the intra-individual variation of TSH and thyroid hormones is considerably smaller than the inter-individual variation. This results from a personal set point of thyroid homeostasis. In hypothyroidism, it is impossible to directly access the set point, but it can be reconstructed with methods of sys... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun. Extremely short or vacuum UV (10–100 nm) is screened out by nitrogen. UV radiation capable of penetrating nitrogen is divided ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Stamp sand is a coarse sand left over from the processing of ore in a stamp mill. In the United States, the most well-known deposits of stamp sand are in the Copper Country of northern Michigan, where it is black or dark gray, and may contain hazardous concentrations of trace metals.
In the 19th and early 20th centurie... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The application of electric fields to ceramics can give rise to plasticity in materials that traditionally exhibit no plastic deformation. High homologous temperatures are, however, typically necessary to achieve significant plastic deformation in ceramic materials. Plastic deformation ceramic oxides was found by Conra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A western blot is a technique by which specific proteins can be detected from a mixture of proteins. Western blots can be used to determine the size of isolated proteins, as well as to quantify their expression. In western blotting, proteins are first separated by size, in a thin gel sandwiched between two glass plates... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATSDR is an agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services concerned with the effects of hazardous substances on human health. ATSDR is charged with assessing the presence and nature of health hazards at specific Superfund sites, as well as helping prevent or reduce further exposure and the illnesses that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ions of opposite charge are naturally attracted to each other by the electrostatic force. This is described by Coulomb's law:
where is the force of attraction, and are the magnitudes of the electrical charges, is the dielectric constant of the medium and is the distance between the ions. For ions in solution this ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Both photosystem I and II are required for oxygenic photosynthesis. Oxygenic photosynthesis can be performed by plants and cyanobacteria; cyanobacteria are believed to be the progenitors of the photosystem-containing chloroplasts of eukaryotes. Photosynthetic bacteria that cannot produce oxygen have only one photosyste... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 2008, Hunter married Rosaleen Theresa McHugh. Together they have three children; two sons and one daughter. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From 1955 until 1977, the Sangamo Weston plant in Pickens, South Carolina, used PCBs to manufacture capacitors, and dumped 400,000 pounds of PCB contaminated wastewater into the Twelve Mile Creek. In 1990, the EPA declared the site of the capacitor plant, its landfills and the polluted watershed, which stretches nearl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As with any functional group, the hazards of halohydrins are difficult to generalize as they may form part of an almost limitless series of compounds, with each structure having different pharmacology. In general, simpler low molecular weight compounds are often toxic and carcinogenic (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-MCPD) by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beginning in about 3000 BC arsenic was mined and added to copper in the alloying of bronze, but the adverse health effects of working with arsenic led to it being abandoned when a viable alternative, tin, was discovered.
In addition to its presence as a poison, for centuries arsenic was used medicinally. It has been us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adjusting for inflation, it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s. Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down more than 99%, to 30¢ per watt in 2018
and as low as 20¢ per watt in 2020.
Swansons law is an observation similar to Moores Law that states that sol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a polyol is an organic compound containing multiple hydroxyl groups (). The term "polyol" can have slightly different meanings depending on whether it is used in food science or polymer chemistry. Polyols containing two, three and four hydroxyl groups are diols, triols, and tetrols, respectively. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DEAD is toxic, shock and light sensitive; it can violently explode when its undiluted form is heated above 100 °C. Shipment by air of pure diethyl azodicarboxylate is prohibited in the United States and is carried out in solution, typically about 40% DEAD in toluene. Alternatively, DEAD is transported and stored on 100... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The C−H bond in general is very strong, so it is relatively unreactive. In several compound classes, collectively called carbon acids, the C−H bond can be sufficiently acidic for proton removal. Unactivated C−H bonds are found in alkanes and are not adjacent to a heteroatom (O, N, Si, etc.). Such bonds usually only par... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Various clinical studies have shown that levamlodipine has more selectivity and better efficacy than (R)-amlodipine. In pooled data, from three comparative studies conducted in 200 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, 2.5 mg of levamlodipine was found to be equivalent in its blood pressure lowering efficacy to ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In this situation RNA polymerase is dependent on (lagging) ribosome activity; if the ribosome pauses due to insufficient charged tRNA then the anti-terminator structure is favoured. The canonical attenuator example of the trp operon uses this mechanism in E. coli. Similar regulatory mechanisms have been found in many a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For almost 50 years molecular biology was based on two dogmas: (i) equating biological function of the protein with a unique three-dimensional structure and (ii) assuming exquisite specificity in protein complexes. Specificity/selectivity is ensured by unambiguous set of interactions formed between the protein and its ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In soldering metals, flux serves a threefold purpose: it removes any oxidized metal from the surfaces to be soldered, seals out air thus preventing further oxidation, and improves the wetting characteristics of the liquid solder. Some fluxes are corrosive, so the parts have to be cleaned with a damp sponge or other abs... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Numerous chemical targets have distinct stereochemical demands. Stereochemical transformations (such as the Claisen rearrangement and Mitsunobu reaction) can remove or transfer the desired chirality thus simplifying the target. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Currently, the stability of most ionic liquids under practical electrochemical conditions is unknown, and the fundamental choice of ionic fluid is still empirical as there is almost no data on metal ion thermodynamics to feed into solubility and speciation models. Also, there are no Pourbaix diagrams available, no stan... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ETS family is present throughout the body and is involved in a wide variety of functions including the regulation of cellular differentiation, cell cycle control, cell migration, cell proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death) and angiogenesis.
Multiple ETS factors have been found to be associated with cance... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Classically radicals form by one-electron reductions. Typically one-electron reduced organic compounds are unstable. Stability is conferred to the radical anion when the charge can be delocalized. Examples include alkali metal naphthenides, anthracenides, and ketyls. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Autapses can be either glutamate-releasing (excitatory) or GABA-releasing (inhibitory), just like their traditional synapse counterparts. Similarly, autapses can be electrical or chemical by nature.
Broadly speaking, negative feedback in autapses tends to inhibit excitable neurons whereas positive feedback can stimulat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the potential for wear protection at high temperatures beyond which conventional lubricants can be used, possible uses have been speculated in applications such as car engines, power generation and even aerospace, where there is an increasing demand for ever higher efficiency and thus operating temperature. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Good flow properties of granules and powders are important in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. The distribution of particles should be uniform in terms of number and weight. Very small particle size causes attraction, which in turn destabilises the suspension by coagulating. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In astronomy, hyperspectral imaging is used to determine a spatially-resolved spectral image. Since a spectrum is an important diagnostic, having a spectrum for each pixel allows more science cases to be addressed. In astronomy, this technique is commonly referred to as integral field spectroscopy, and examples of this... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
β-Carbon elimination (beta-carbon elimination) is a type of reaction in organometallic chemistry wherein an allyl ligand bonded to a metal center is broken into the corresponding metal-bonded alkyl (aryl) ligand and an alkene. It is a subgroup of elimination reactions. Though less common and less understood than β-hydr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Neoglycorandomization is a chemoselective glycodiversification method inspired by the alkoxyamine-based ‘neoglycosylation’ reaction first described Peri and Dumy. This reaction proceeds via an oxy-iminium intermediate to ultimately provide the more thermodynamically-favored closed ring neoglycoside. The neoglycosylatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pulsatile secretion is a biochemical phenomenon observed in a wide variety of cell and tissue types, in which chemical products are secreted in a regular temporal pattern. The most common cellular products observed to be released in this manner are intercellular signaling molecules such as hormones or neurotransmitte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of November 2007, the database contained 59 pathways (comprising 3309 molecular interactions) curated by the NCI-Nature editorial team. New pathways are added each month. The database also contains 254 pathways (comprising 3003 interactions) imported from the June 2004 edition of the BioCarta pathway database.
The N... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.