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Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multiresponse technique that analyzes the evolution of the absorption spectra in UV-Vis regions during an electrode process. This technique provides information from an electrochemical and spectroscopic point of view. In this way, it enables a b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In September 2011, three NASA investigators claimed that they identified tin whiskers on the accelerator position sensors of sampled Toyota Camry models that could contribute to the "stuck accelerator" crashes affecting certain Toyota models during 2005–2010. This contradicted an earlier 10-month joint investigation by... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In proteomics, the study of the full set of proteins expressed by a genome, identifying diseases biomarkers can involve the usage of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), that provides isotopic labeled forms of amino acid used to estimate protein levels. In protein recombinant, manipulated pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physical organic chemistry, the Grunwald–Winstein equation is a linear free energy relationship between relative rate constants and the ionizing power of various solvent systems, describing the effect of solvent as nucleophile on different substrates. The equation, which was developed by Ernest Grunwald and Saul Win... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When radiation enters the body, it will interact with the atoms and molecules of the cells (mainly made of water) to produce free radicals and molecules that are able to diffuse far enough to reach the critical target in the cell, the DNA, and damage it indirectly through some chemical reaction. This is the main damage... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies and to generate a third photon at frequency . As with any optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where:
the light is interacting with matter, that l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In astronomy, the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Khalil Ahmad Qureshi (Urdu: خليل احمد قريشى; HI, SI), is a Pakistani physical chemist and the professor of physical chemistry at the Punjab University. He has published notable papers in nuclear physical chemistry in international scientific journals as well contributing in the advancement of the scientific application... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Adams decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that involved the decarboxylation of coumarins which have carboxylic acid group in the third position. The decarboxylation is achieved by aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite, heat and a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tsumaki described the first metal–salen complexes in 1938. He found that the cobalt(II) complex Co(salen) reversibly binds O, which led to intensive research on cobalt complexes of salen and related ligands for their capacity for oxygen storage and transport, looking for potential synthetic oxygen carriers. Cobalt sale... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nathalie Helene Katsonis (born 22 February 1978 in Vienna, Austria) is a Professor of Active Molecular Systems at the Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen. In 2016 she was awarded the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society Gold Medal. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is the primary reactant in Yamaguchi esterification. 2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoyl chloride readily reacts with alcohols. This newly formed reagent, when mixed with a stoichiometric amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, cyclizes and forms esters. This reaction creates 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid as a byproduct. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For each amino acid in a gene, the weight of each of its codons represented by a parameter termed relative adaptiveness (), is computed from a reference sequence set, as the ratio between the observed frequency of the codon and the frequency of the most frequent synonymous codon for that amino acid.
The CAI of a gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is possible to perform lateral force measurements using a nc-AFM probe oscillating normal to the surface under study. This method uses a similar method to force spectroscopy except the tip is moved parallel to the surface while the frequency shift is recorded, this is repeated at multiple heights above the surface, ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Shot peening is a cold working process used to finish metal parts. In the process of shot peening, small round shot is blasted against the surface of the part to be finished. This process is used to prolong the product life of the part, prevent stress corrosion failures, and also prevent fatigue. The shot leaves small ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter found in the brain, neuromuscular junctions and the autonomic ganglia.
Muscarinic receptors are used in the following roles: | 1 | Biochemistry |
In response to the arrival of food in the stomach and small intestine, the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreases. This shift in the balance of autonomic tone towards the parasympathetic system results in a subjective state of low energy and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phrase pseudokinase was first coined in 2002. They were subsequently sub-classified into different classes. Several pseudokinase-containing families are found in the human kinome, including the Tribbles pseudokinases, which are at the interface between kinase and ubiquitin E3 ligase signalling.
The human pseudokin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase, also known as NADH dehydrogenase or complex I, is the first protein in the electron transport chain. Complex I is a giant enzyme with the mammalian complex I having 46 subunits and a molecular mass of about 1,000 kilodaltons (kDa). The structure is known in detail only from a bacterium; ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In type I reactions, the photoactivated Sens* interacts with the substrate to yield a radical substrate, usually through the homolytic bond breaking of a hydrogen bond on the substrate. This substrate radical then interacts with O (ground state) to yield a substrate-O radical. Such a radical is generally quenched by... | 5 | Photochemistry |
To work out which wallpaper group corresponds to a given design, one may use the following table.
See also this overview with diagrams. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Calcineurin is a heterodimer of a 61-kD calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit, calcineurin A and a 19-kD Ca-binding regulatory subunit, calcineurin B. There are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit, each encoded by a separate gene (PPP3CA, PPP3CB, and PPP3CC) and two isoforms of the regulatory, also encoded by separ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is produced industrially by electrochemical fluorination (ECF) of methanesulfonic acid:
The resulting CFSOF is hydrolyzed, and the resulting triflate salt is reprotonated. Alternatively, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid arises by oxidation of trifluoromethylsulfenyl chloride:
Triflic acid is ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Using mesophilic bacteria requires the fermentation process to occur below 40 °C, which can cause bacterial contamination due to the low temperature. On the industrial scale, this requires sterilization steps which means a special facility must be built, more employees are needed to run this extra step, and more energy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The quinhydrone electrode may be used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution containing an acidic substance. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1941, in the midst of World War II, Prelog was invited to lecture in Germany by Richard Kuhn. Shortly afterwards, Lavoslav Ružička, whom Prelog asked for help, invited Prelog to visit him on his way to Germany. He and his wife used those invitations to escape to Zürich in Switzerland. With Ružičkas help, he gained s... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Control of an operon is a type of gene regulation that enables organisms to regulate the expression of various genes depending on environmental conditions. Operon regulation can be either negative or positive by induction or repression.
Negative control involves the binding of a repressor to the operator to prevent tra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Columnar structures have also been studied intensively in the context of nanotubes. Their physical or chemical properties can be altered by trapping identical particles inside them. These are usually done by self-assembling fullerenes such as C60, C70, or C78 into carbon nanotubes, but also boron nitride nanotubes
Such... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ferrier was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1977) and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (1972) and awarded a DSc (London, 1968). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
2-methylisocitric acid, an intermediate of the methylcitrate cycle, was first synthesized in 1886 as a mixture of four isomers. The pathway of the methylcitrate cycle was not discovered until 1973 in fungi, though it was not yet fully understood. Originally, the methylcitrate cycle was thought to be present only in fun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfonyl halides have tetrahedral sulfur centres attached to two oxygen atoms, an organic radical, and a halide. In a representative example, methanesulfonyl chloride, the S=O, S−C, and S−Cl bond distances are respectively 142.4, 176.3, and 204.6 pm. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
*Two Orders of Lenin
*Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
*Order of the Red Star
*Order of the October Revolution
*Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
*Medal of Zhukov
* USSR State Prize | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to a color change from blue to red at pH 3.0–5.2, Congo red can be used as a pH indicator. Since this color change is an approximate inverse of that of litmus, it can be used with litmus paper in a simple parlor trick: add a drop or two of Congo red to both an acid solution and a base solution. Dipping red litmus p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The structure of a polymeric material can be described at different length scales, from the sub-nm length scale up to the macroscopic one. There is in fact a hierarchy of structures, in which each stage provides the foundations for the next one.
The starting point for the description of the structure of a polymer is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A receptor modulator, or receptor ligand, is a general term for a substance, endogenous or exogenous, that binds to and regulates the activity of chemical receptors. They are ligands that can act on different parts of receptors and regulate activity in a positive, negative, or neutral direction with varying degrees of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion.
The atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to their role as ozone-depleting chemicals. Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping Earth's atmosphere. CFCs have their strongest absorption bands from C-F... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The salt ammonium carbamate is generated by treatment of ammonia with carbon dioxide:
:2 NH + CO → NH[HNCO] | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ro-vibrational spectra are usually measured at high spectral resolution. In the past, this was achieved by using an echelle grating as the spectral dispersion element in a grating spectrometer. This is a type of diffraction grating optimized to use higher diffraction orders. Today at all resolutions the preferred metho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As with any piece of instrumentation or equipment, there are many aspects of maintenance that need to be encompassed by daily, weekly and annual procedures. The frequency of maintenance is typically determined by the sample volume and cumulative run time that the instrument is subjected to.
One of the first things tha... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The term "half-life" is almost exclusively used for decay processes that are exponential (such as radioactive decay or the other examples above), or approximately exponential (such as biological half-life discussed below). In a decay process that is not even close to exponential, the half-life will change dramatically ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain en... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily is a further PP group that uses Asp as a nucleophile and was recently shown to have dual-specificity. These PPs can target both Ser and Tyr, but are thought to have greater specificity towards Tyr. A subfamily of HADs, the Eyes Absent Family (Eya), are also transcription fact... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The principal source of 5β-coprostanol in the environment is from human wastes. The concentration of 5β-coprostanol in raw, untreated sewage is around 2-6% of the dry solids. This relatively high concentration and its stability allows it to be used in the assessment of the faecal matter in samples, especially sediments... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
The equivalence point on the graph is where all of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In animals, it has been shown that different cell types maintain different concentrations of magnesium. It seems likely that the same is true for plants. This suggests that different cell types may regulate influx and efflux of magnesium in different ways based on their unique metabolic needs. Interstitial and systemic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) that catalyzes nucleosome sliding in order to regulate gene transcription. It contains an ISWI ATPase, making it part of the ISWI family of chromatin remodeling complexes. NURF is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concentration of malonyl-CoA depends on the balance between acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is reported to phosphorylate and inactivate liver ACC. This in turn decreases malonyl-CoA concentrations which stimulates fatty acid oxidation and ketogen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diazomethane is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHN, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow gas; thus, it is almost universally used as a solution in diethyl ether. The ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Copper phosphide, , also copper(I) phosphide, cuprous phosphide, cuprophosphorus and phosphor copper, is a compound of copper and phosphorus, a phosphide of copper. It has the appearance of yellowish-grey very brittle mass of crystalline structure. It does not react with water.
Recent crystallographic investigations ha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As an antibiotic, benzylpenicillin is noted to possess effectiveness mainly against gram-positive organisms. Some gram-negative organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Leptospira weilii are also reported to be susceptible to benzylpenicillin. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
While statins may reduce CoQ in the blood it is unclear if they reduce CoQ in muscle. Evidence does not support that supplementation improves side effects from statins. However, a more recent metanalysis conducted in China, one of the world's largest producers of this supplement, concluded that, "CoQ supplementation am... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CRP binds to the phosphocholine expressed on the surface of bacterial cells such as pneumococcus bacteria. This activates the complement system, promoting phagocytosis by macrophages, which clears necrotic and apoptotic cells and bacteria. With this mechanism, CRP also binds to ischemic/hypoxic cells, which could regen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It once was a popular solvent in organic chemistry, but because of its adverse health effects, it is rarely used today. It is sometimes useful as a solvent for infrared spectroscopy, because there are no significant absorption bands above 1600 cm. Because carbon tetrachloride does not have any hydrogen atoms, it was hi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A metallurgical assay is a compositional analysis of an ore, metal, or alloy, usually performed in order to test for purity or quality.
Some assay methods are suitable for raw materials; others are more appropriate for finished goods. Raw precious metals (bullion) are assayed by an assay office. Silver is assayed by ti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for animals. The term "vitamin A" encompasses a group of chemically related organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal (also known as retinaldehyde), retinoic acid, and several provitamin (precursor) carotenoids, most notably beta-carotene. Vitamin A ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Danheiser benzannulation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry to generate highly substituted phenols in a single step. It is named after Rick L. Danheiser who developed the reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Knudsen effusion cell is used to measure the vapor pressures of a solid with very low vapor pressure. Such a solid forms a vapor at low pressure by sublimation. The vapor slowly effuses through a pinhole, and the loss of mass is proportional to the vapor pressure and can be used to determine this pressure. The heat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FLiNaK is the name of the ternary eutectic alkaline metal fluoride salt mixture LiF-NaF-KF (46.5-11.5-42 mol %). It has a melting point of 462 °C and a boiling point of 1570 °C. It is used as electrolyte for the electroplating of refractory metals and compounds like titanium, tantalum, hafnium, zirconium and their bor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM)
* Awarded Fellowship of the International Society for Science and Religion
* 2010 James Gregory Medal
* 2010 Agilent Thought Leader Award
* 2012 Waters Corporation Center of Innovation Program Honors
* 2014 University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska institute Honorar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is possible to envision three-dimensional (3D) graphs showing three thermodynamic quantities. For example, for a single component, a 3D Cartesian coordinate type graph can show temperature (T) on one axis, pressure (p) on a second axis, and specific volume (v) on a third. Such a 3D graph is sometimes called a p–v–T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first observations of an autoinducer-controlled phenotype in bacteria were reported in 1970, by Kenneth Nealson, Terry Platt, and J. Woodland Hastings, who observed what they described as a conditioning of the medium in which they had grown the bioluminescent marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. These bacteria did... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health. Dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract. Soluble fiber is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a pre... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are many ways to accurately manipulate single molecules. Prominent among these are optical or magnetic tweezers, atomic-force-microscope (AFM) cantilevers and acoustic force spectroscopy. In all of these techniques, a biomolecule, such as protein or DNA, or some other biopolymer has one end bound to a surface or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In practice, the term is usually used more specifically to indicate that non-carbon atoms have replaced carbon in the backbone of the molecular structure. Typical heteroatoms are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I), as well as the metals lithium (Li) and mag... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In geometry, a glide reflection or transflection is a geometric transformation that consists of a reflection across a hyperplane and a translation ("glide") in a direction parallel to that hyperplane, combined into a single transformation. Because the distances between points are not changed under glide reflection, it ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility, owned by MP Materials, is an open-pit mine of rare-earth elements on the south flank of the Clark Mountain Range in California, southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2020 the mine supplied 15.8% of the world's rare-earth production. It is the only rare-earth mini... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lithium has been associated with several forms of kidney injury. It is estimated that impaired urinary concentrating ability is present in at least half of individuals on chronic lithium therapy, a condition called lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Continued use of lithium can lead to more serious kidney... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CooA is a heme-containing transcription factor that responds to the presence of carbon monoxide. This protein forms homodimers and is a homolog of cAMP receptor protein. CooA regulates the expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO. The most well-studied CooA homolo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Noyori has also demonstrated the kinetic resolution of allylic alcohols by asymmetric hydrogenation of the olefin.
Utilizing the Ru[BINAP] complex, selective hydrogenation can give high ees of the unsaturated alcohol in addition to the hydrogenated alcohol, as shown below. Thus, a second hydrogenation of the enantioenr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DDM is based on an algorithm proposed in Croccolo et al. and Alaimo et al., which is conveniently named differential dynamic algorithm (DDA). DDA works by subtracting images acquired at different times and taking advantage that, as the delay between two subtracted images gets large, the energy content of the differenc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The definition of thermodynamic work is in terms of the changes of the system's extensive deformation (and chemical constitutive and certain other) state variables, such as volume, molar chemical constitution, or electric polarisation. Examples of state variables that are not extensive deformation or other such variabl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the plasma and an additional energy source in tumor cells especially when glycolytic energy production is low due to a high amount of the dimeric form of M2-PK.
*Glutamine and its degradation products glutamate and aspartate are precursors for nucleic acid and serine synthe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A paracrystalline lattice, or paracrystal, is a molecular or atomic lattice with significant amounts (e.g., larger than a few percent) of partial disordering of molecular arrangements. Limiting cases of the paracrystal model are nanostructures, such as glasses, liquids, etc., that may possess only local ordering and no... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Big dynorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide of the dynorphin family that is composed of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Big dynorphin has the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr. It has nociceptive and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After rearranging the expression defining K, and putting , one obtains
This is the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, from which the following conclusions can be drawn.
* At half-neutralization the ratio ; since , the pH at half-neutralization is numerically equal to pK. Conversely, when , the concentration of HA is equal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Elizabeth Kujawinski is an American oceanographer who is Senior Scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where she works as Program Director of the Center for Chemical Currencies of a Microbial Planet. Her research considers analytical chemistry, chemical oceanography, microbiology and microbial ecology. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a bipolaron is a molecule or part of a macromolecular chain containing two positive charges in a conjugated system. The charges can be located in the centre of the chain or at its termini. Bipolarons and polarons are encountered in doped conducting polymers such as polythiophene.
It is possible to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats. Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This intuitive picture is not quite right, because is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian and so at different times only differs by a phase. Thus, in particular, the physical state does not evolve and so it cannot become noninteracting. This problem is easily circumvented by assembling and into wavepackets with so... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* The Physics and Chemistry of Wave Packets, with John Yeazell [https://books.google.com/books?id=_sScnHz1kfsC&dq=Turgay+Uzer&pg=PP9 at books.google]
* Lecture Notes on Atomic and Molecular Physics with Şakir Erkoç [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWssMj81fpkC&q=Lecture+Notes+on+Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics at books.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events, Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes. Being in the early ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the 1780s for the French Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier, Laplace, and Seguin investigated and published relationships between direct calorimetry and respiratory gas exchanges from mammalian subjects. 100 years later in the 19th century for the Connecticut-based Wesleyan University, Professors Atwater and Rosa provid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Estimating dissolved organic carbon concentration
* Specific ultraviolet absorbance for metric of aromaticity
* Bial's test for concentration of pentoses | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inspired by enzymes with deep active site pocket, List and coworkers designed and constructed a set of confined Bronsted acids with an extremely sterically demanding chiral pocket based on a C-symmetric bis(binapthyl) imidodiphosphoric acid. Within the chiral microenvironment, the catalysts has a geometrically fixed bi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The SFA has more recently been extended to perform dynamic measurements, thereby determining viscous and viscoelastic properties of fluids, frictional and tribological properties of surfaces, and the time-dependent interaction between biological structures. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The synthesis of ring C also required hydroxygeranyl acetate 2. Subsequent steps were allylic oxidation (SeO, tBuOH, salicylic acid) to aldehyde 13, then carbonyl reduction (NaBH) to alcohol 14, then epoxidation (VO(acac), tBuOH) to 15, then alcohol protection (MPM trichloroacetimidate) to MPM ether 16, then radical cy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In order to reap the benefits of working in this small-angle regime, one must take into consideration:
* The characteristic length scale of the polymer, e.g.
* The wavelength of the scattered particles
The ratio will determine the available angular spectrum of this regime. To see this one may consider the case of ela... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The enduring contributions of Zervas were made together with Bergmann and involved the first successful synthesis of substantial length oligopeptides. They achieved this using the carboxybenzyl amine protecting group for the masking of the N-terminus of the growing oligopeptide chain to which amino acid residues are ad... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GUIDE-Seq has been shown to miss some off-targets, when compared to the genome-wide sequencing DIGENOME-Seq method, due to the nature of its targeting. Another caveat is that GUIDE-Seq has been observed to generate slightly different off-target sites depending on the cell line. This could be due to cell lines having di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/paleo-biogeochem/HallmannLab_%40_MPI-BGC_Jena/Home.html Organic Paleobiogeochemistry] (Christian Hallmann)
*[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/index.php/BTM/Home?jahr=&id=&gruppe=KLEI&limit=limit Biospheric Theory and Modelling] (Axel Kleidon)
*[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgp/index.php/Emeritus... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are two types of bronze smelting techniques in early China, namely the section mold process and the lost-wax process. The earliest bronze ware found in China is the bronze knife (F20: 18) unearthed at the Majiayao in Linjia, Dongxiang, Gansu, and dated to about 3000 BC. This bronze knife uses the section mold pro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Moroidin is one of several biologically active compounds isolated from the venom of Dendrocnide moroides, a member of the stinging nettle family. The plant stores its venom in silica hairs that break off when touched, delivering the toxins through the skin and inducing extreme pain. Moroidin also produces a similar pai... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A fractional synthetic rate (FSR) is the rate at which a precursor compound is incorporated into a product per unit of product mass. The metric has been used to estimate the rate at which proteins, lipids, and lipoproteins are synthesized within humans and other animals. The formula used to calculate the FSR from a sta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Internal conversion is a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom. It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted. It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state for int... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This allows insects to walk on water. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, the Klyne–Prelog system (named for William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog) for describing conformations about a single bond offers a more systematic means to unambiguously name complex structures, where the torsional or dihedral angles are not found to occur in 60° increments. Klyne notation views the pl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Van der Waals strain is strain resulting from Van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii.
Van der Waals strain is also called Van der Waals repulsion and is related to steric hindrance. One of the most common forms of t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Basic aluminium (or basic aluminum) is the name of more than one functional group consisting of aluminium with one or two hydroxy groups attached.
Dihydroxyaluminium, Al(OH), also known as dibasic aluminium, is monovalent, and known in these compounds:
*Dihydroxyaluminium acetate, (HO)AlCHCO, also known as aluminium mo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The coordination numbers are well defined for atoms in the interior of a crystal lattice: one counts the nearest neighbors in all directions. The number of neighbors of an interior atom is termed the bulk coordination number. For surfaces, the number of neighbors is more limited, so the surface coordination number is s... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Recombinant DNA vectors function as carriers of the foreign DNA. Plasmids are small, closed-circular DNA molecules that exist from the chromosomes of their host. Their replication is to be under stringent control (low copy number) or relaxed (high copy number). The restriction sites, called the multiple cloning site or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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