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Miura et al. reported the cross coupling of vinyl bromides with an alkenyl carboxylic acid using a palladium catalyst. Some of the conjugated dienes prepared were reported to exhibit solid state fluorescence. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the sulfide content in sample can be determined straight forwardly as described for sulfites, the results are often poor and inaccurate. A better, alternative method with higher accuracy is available, which involves the addition of excess but known volume of standard sodium arsenite solution to the sample, dur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In DNA, regulation of gene expression normally happens at the level of RNA biosynthesis (transcription). It is accomplished through the sequence-specific binding of proteins (transcription factors) that activate or inhibit transcription. Transcription factors may act as activators, repressors, or both. Repressors often... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This scan uses reverse-geometry (BE-type) instruments. These instruments use a front-end magnetic sector that allows for exclusive mass selection of the precursor ion. The fragmentation region is in-between the two analyzers. The electric sector scan gives the product-ion spectrum. MIKES can also be used for direct mea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Destabilization can be accomplished by different methods:
*Removal of the electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation of the particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a suspension to reduce the Debye screening length (the width of the electrical double layer) of the particles. It is also accomp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the most widely used tools for probing glycan-protein interactions is glycan arrays. A glycan array usually is an NHS- or epoxy-activated glass slides on which various glycans were printed using robotic printing. These commercially available arrays may contain up to 600 different glycans, specificity of which ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like other enzymes, the activity of FF ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Georges Friedel (1904) "Étude sur les groupements cristallins", Extrait du Bulletin de la Société de lIndustrie minérale', Quatrième série, Tomes III e IV. Saint-Étienne, Société de l’Imprimerie Théolier J. Thomas et C., 485 pp.
* Georges Friedel (1920) "Contribution à létude géométrique des macles", Bulletin de la S... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
First, a cell lysate is generated by glass beads beating, pressure homogenisation or chemical or physical lysis methods that do not denature the protein(s) of interest. (Optionally for targeted analysis) a protein of interest is purified out of this lysate by affinity methods based on intrinsically disordered tags or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exchange current density depends critically on the nature of the electrode, not only its structure, but also physical parameters such as surface roughness. Of course, factors that change the composition of the electrode, including passivating oxides and adsorbed species on the surface, also influence the electron ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are located on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes. These are generally palindromic sequences (because restriction enzymes usually bind as homodimers), and a particular re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1999, NASA initiated its Space Solar Power Exploratory Research and Technology program (SERT) for the following purposes:
* Perform design studies of selected flight demonstration concepts.
* Evaluate studies of the general feasibility, design, and requirements.
* Create conceptual designs of subsystems that make us... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Frémys salt is a chemical compound with the formula (K[ON(SO)]), sometimes written as (K[NO(SO)]). It is a bright yellowish-brown solid, but its aqueous solutions are bright violet. The related sodium salt, disodium nitrosodisulfonate (NDS, NaON(SO), CAS 29554-37-8) is also referred to as Frémys salt.
Regardless of the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The structure of tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) is highly distorted. The dihedral angle for the two NC ends is 28º although the C=C distance is normal 135 pm. The nearly isostructural tetraisopropylethylene also has a C=C distance of 135 pm, but its C core is planar. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dissimilatory sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process used by many Gram-negative bacteria found within the Thermodesulfobacteriota, Gram-positive organisms relating to Desulfotomaculum or the archaeon Archaeoglobus. Hydrogen sulfide () is produced as a metabolic end product. For sulfate reduction e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The differential cross section may be integrated to find the total cross section.
In the low energy limit there is no energy dependence and we recover the Thomson cross section (~66.5 fm): | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For isotopes occurring at extremely low levels, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can be used. For example, the decay rate of the radioisotope C is widely used to date organic materials, but this approach was once limited to relatively large samples no more than a few thousand years old. AMS extended the range of C... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although the PED technique was initially developed for its improved diffraction applications, the advantageous properties of the technique have been found to enhance many other investigative techniques in the TEM. These include bright field and dark field imaging, electron tomography, and composition-probing techniques... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Consider a particle under a force field that has a velocity parallel to the field direction and a speed proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field (any other non-linearity can be employed):
The effective mobility of the particle (the relationship between small changes in drift velocity with resp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some miRNAs target the messenger RNAs for DNA methyltransferase genes DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, whose gene products are needed for initiating and stabilizing promoter methylations. As summarized in three reviews, miRNAs miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c target DNMT3A and DNMT3B; miR-148a and miR-148b target DNMT3B; and miR... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Urbach tail is an exponential part in the energy spectrum of the absorption coefficient. This tail appears near the optical band edge in amorphous, disordered and crystalline materials. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Most of the reactivity of thioacetic acid arises from the conjugate base, thioacetate. Salts of this anion, e.g. potassium thioacetate, are used to generate thioacetate esters. Thioacetate esters undergo hydrolysis to give thiols. A typical method for preparing a thiol from an alkyl halide using thioacetic acid proceed... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mass spectrometry is a way to quantify RNA modifications. More often than not, modifications cause an increase in mass for a given nucleoside. This gives a characteristic readout for the nucleoside and the modified counterpart. Moreover, mass spectrometry allows the investigation of modification dynamics by labelling R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid catalysis can be applied to hydrolyses. For example, in the conversion of cellulose or starch to glucose. For the case of ester hydrolysis and amides, it can be defined as an acid catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. Carboxylic acids can be produced from acid hydrolysis of esters.
Acids catalyze hydr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As coral reefs decay, their residents will have to adapt or find new habitats on which to rely. Ocean acidification threatens the fundamental chemical balance of our oceans, creating conditions that eat away at essential minerals like calcium carbonate. A lack of aragonite and decreasing pH levels in ocean water makes... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The gas giants have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction. Jupiter, the most massive planet in the Solar System, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to be 36,000... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The standard enthalpy of reaction (denoted ) for a chemical reaction is the difference between total product and total reactant molar enthalpies, calculated for substances in their standard states. The value can be approximately interpreted in terms of the total of the chemical bond energies for bonds broken and bonds ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monosaccharide nomenclature is the naming system of the building blocks of carbohydrates, the monosaccharides, which may be monomers or part of a larger polymer. Monosaccharides are subunits that cannot be further hydrolysed in to simpler units. Depending on the number of carbon atom they are further classified into tr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For binary solutions, the thermodynamic criterion which defines the spinodal curve is that the second derivative of free energy with respect to density or some composition variable is zero. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initial studies on carboxypeptidases focused on pancreatic carboxypeptidases A1, A2, and B in the digestion of food. Most carboxypeptidases are not, however, involved in catabolism. Instead they help to mature proteins, for example Post-translational modification. They also regulate biological processes, such as the b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic alkenes are subject to strain resulting from distortion of the sp-hybridized carbon centers. Illustrative is C where the carbon centres are pyramidalized. This distortion enhances the reactivity of this molecule. Angle strain also is the basis of Bredt's rule which dictates that bridgehead carbon centers are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Passive daytime radiative cooling surfaces can be integrated with solar energy plants, referred to as solar energy–radiative cooling (SE–RC), to improve functionality and performance by preventing solar cells from overheating and thus degrading. Since solar cells have a maximum efficiency of 33.7% (with the average com... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymers such as PMMA and HEMA:MMA are used as matrices in the gain medium of solid-state dye lasers, also known as solid-state dye-doped polymer lasers. These polymers have a high surface quality and are also highly transparent so that the laser properties are dominated by the laser dye used to dope the polymer matrix... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Thomson Medal and Prize is an award which has been made, originally only biennially in even-numbered years, since 2008 by the British Institute of Physics for "distinguished research in atomic (including quantum optics) or molecular physics". It is named after Nobel prizewinner Sir J. J. Thomson, the British physic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On January 21, 2015, Nick Goldman from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), one of the original authors of the 2013 Nature paper, announced the Davos Bitcoin Challenge at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos. During his presentation, DNA tubes were handed out to the audience, with the message that e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heap leaching dates back to the second century BC in China, where iron was combined with copper sulfate. By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, a copper alloy was able to be recovered by leaching.
Leaching can also be traced back to alchemy. Early examples of leaching performed by alchemists resembled mixing iron wi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lake metabolism represents a lake's balance between carbon fixation (gross primary production) and biological carbon oxidation (ecosystem respiration). Whole-lake metabolism includes the carbon fixation and oxidation from all organism within the lake, from bacteria to fishes, and is typically estimated by measuring cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkynes are named using the same system, with the suffix "-yne" indicating a triple bond: ethyne (acetylene), propyne (methylacetylene). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The 5 UTR of prokaryotes consists of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (5-AGGAGGU-3'). This sequence is found 3-10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PELP1 is a proto-oncogene that provides cancer cells with a distinct growth and survival advantage. PELP1 overexpression has been reported in many cancers. PELP1 expression is an independent prognostic predictor of shorter breast cancer–specific survival and disease free interval. Patients whose tumors had high levels... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Hydrogen bond is relevant to drug design. According to Lipinski's rule of five the majority of orally active drugs have no more than five hydrogen bond donors and fewer than ten hydrogen bond acceptors. These interactions exist between nitrogen–hydrogen and oxygen–hydrogen centers. Many drugs do not, however, obey ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Dyneins are microtubule motors capable of a retrograde sliding movement. Dynein complexes are much larger and more complex than kinesin and myosin motors. Dyneins are composed of two or three heavy chains and a large and variable number of associated light chains. Dyneins drive intracellular transport toward the minus ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Quantities of liquids are measured in units of volume. These include the SI unit cubic metre (m) and its divisions, in particular the cubic decimeter, more commonly called the litre (1 dm = 1 L = 0.001 m), and the cubic centimetre, also called millilitre (1 cm = 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10 m).
The volume of a quantity of liqui... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Concentration of in the blood and tissues is so low that they feel weak and are unable to think properly, a condition called hypoxia. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
5-methylcytidine, m5C, is abundantly found in mRNA and ncRNAs, especially tRNA and rRNAs. In tRNAs, this modification stabilizes the secondary structure and influences anticodon stem-loop conformation. In rRNAs, m5C affects translational fidelity.
Two principles have been used to develop m5C sequencing methods. The fir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Eyring equation, another Arrhenius-like expression, appears in the "transition state theory" of chemical reactions, formulated by Eugene Wigner, Henry Eyring, Michael Polanyi and M. G. Evans in the 1930s. The Eyring equation can be written:
where is the Gibbs energy of activation, is the entropy of activation, i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The range of recorded sinking velocities of particles in the oceans spans from negative (particles float toward the surface) to several km per day (as with salp fecal pellets) When considering the sinking velocity of an individual particle, a first approximation can be obtained from Stokes law (originally derived for s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The hydroboration reaction is a useful reaction to functionalize alkenes to alcohols. In the reaction the trimethylsilyl (TMS) group fulfill 2 roles in directing the stereoselectivity of the reaction. First, the bulky size of TMS helped the molecule to preferably adopt a conformation where the TMS is not close to the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Differences in the abundance of stable isotopes among natural materials are usually very small (natural differences in the ratio of rare to common isotope are almost always below 0.1%, and sometimes much smaller). Nevertheless, these very small differences can record meaningful biological and geological processes. To f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
CK is often determined routinely in a medical laboratory. It used to be determined specifically in patients with chest pain, but this test has been replaced by troponin. Normal values at rest are usually between 60 and 400 IU/L, where one unit is enzyme activity, more specifically the amount of enzyme that will catalyz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the name suggests, surge margin provides a measure of how close an operating point is to surge. Unfortunately, there are a number of different definitions of surge margin. A popular one in use is defined as follows:
where:
is the mass flow at the operating point, be it steady state or transient
is the mass flow at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The formulae for rokushō are not published widely or freely, but passed on in the Japanese craft tradition. However, some scholars have analysed samples of the material.
Premixed rokushō can be purchased outside Japan through specialty jewelry suppliers. Additionally, several different formulas have been proposed to r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Partially inelastic collisions are the most common form of collisions in the real world. In this type of collision, the objects involved in the collisions do not stick, but some kinetic energy is still lost. Friction, sound and heat are some ways the kinetic energy can be lost through partial inelastic collisions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotic promoters are diverse and can be difficult to characterize, however, recent studies show that they are divided in more than 10 classes.
Gene promoters are typically located upstream of the gene and can have regulatory elements several kilobases away from the transcriptional start site (enhancers). In eukaryo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals forces, sometimes called the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is a method proposed by Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz in 1954 for treating van der Waals forces between bodies which does not assume pairwise additivity of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The function of the C-terminal domain has been experimentally determined as being important for cytoplasmic localisation. The residues are scattered along the C-terminal domain sequence however once the protein folds, they position themselves closely together. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cell–cell fusogens are glycoproteins that facilitate the fusion of cell to cell membranes. Cell–cell fusion is critical for the merging of gamete genomes and the development of organs in multicellular organisms. Cell-cell fusion occurs when both actin cytoskeleton and fusogenic proteins properly rearrange across the ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is an experimental tool for studying electrically active defects (known as charge carrier traps) in semiconductors. DLTS establishes fundamental defect parameters and measures their concentration in the material. Some of the parameters are considered as defect "finger prints" us... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the rate equation (also known as the rate law or empirical differential rate equation) is an empirical differential mathematical expression for the reaction rate of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of rea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dystrophin-associated protein complex includes dystrophin. Dystrophin binds to actin of the cytoskeleton, and also to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
The dystrophin-associated protein complex also contains dystrophin-associated proteins. This includes a four subunit sarcoglycan complex, which is fixed to dyst... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A significant indentation on the middle section of the pillar, approximately from the current courtyard ground level, has been shown to be the result of a cannonball fired at close range. The impact caused horizontal fissuring of the column in the area diametrically opposite to the indentation site, but the column its... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre (mg/L). A COD test can be used to ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Type R (87%Pt/13%Rh–Pt, by weight) thermocouples are used 0 to 1600 °C. Type R Thermocouples are quite stable and capable of long operating life when used in clean, favorable conditions. When used above 1100 °C ( 2000 °F), these thermocouples must be protected from exposure to metallic and non-metallic vapors. Type R i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The palladacycles could also be classified by the donor atoms. For example, the Herrmann’s catalyst discussed before is a phosphine-derived palladacycle. Other types of palladacycles such as phosphite palladacycle, imine palladacycle, oxime palladacycle, CS-/CO-palladacycles are also effective in catalytic reactions. P... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Avrami equation was applied in cancer biophysics in two aspects. First aspect is connected with tumor growth and cancer cells kinetics, which can be described by the sigmoidal curve. In this context the Avrami function was discussed as an alternative to the widely used Gompertz curve. In the second aspect the Avram... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The coefficient lies always in range values equal to 0 or 1), value 1 indicates ideal equal-spreading of the spots, for example (0.25,0.5,0.75) for three solutes, or (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) for four solutes.
This coefficient was proposed as an alternative to earlier approaches, such as delta-Rf, delta-Rf product or MRF (Mul... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For a general time-dependent wavefunction satisfying the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is not valid.
However, the following identity holds:
For | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
COFs have been studied as non-metallic electrocatalysts for energy-related catalysis, including carbon dioxide electro-reduction and water splitting reaction. However, such researches are still in the very early stage. Most of the efforts have been focusing on solving the key issues, such as conductivity, stability in ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Throughout this sub-section, as in the previous one, the two ends of the polymer are attached to a micro-manipulation device. This time, however, the device does not maintain the two ends of the ideal chain in a fixed position, but rather it maintains a constant pulling force on the ideal chain. In this case the two e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Shape-memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices for osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery, as the actuator in surgical tools; active steerable surgical needles for minimally invasive percutaneous cancer interventions in the surgical procedures such as biopsy and brachytherapy, in dental brac... | 8 | Metallurgy |
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with hydrazine to form p-Dimethylaminobenzalazine azo-dye which has a distinct yellow color. It is therefore used for spectrophotometric determination of hydrazine in aqueous solutions at 457 nm. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several databases exist for restriction sites and enzymes, of which the largest noncommercial database is REBASE. Recently, it has been shown that statistically significant nullomers (i.e. short absent motifs which are highly expected to exist) in virus genomes are restriction sites indicating that viruses have probabl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The glucose fatty acid cycle is also observed in the fed state after a high-fat meal or during exercise. This is when plasma concentrations of fatty acids or ketone bodies are increased. The glucose that is not oxidized is then rerouted to glycogen. This rerouting to glycogen explains the rapid resynthesis of muscle gl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Charlesby A. Atomic Radiation and Polymers. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 198–257 (1960).
* Gall, K; Dunn, M; Liu, Y. Internal stress storage in shape shape-memory polymer nanocomposites. Applied physical letters. 85, (Jul-2004).
* Jeong, Han Mo; Song H, Chi W. Shape-shape-memory effect of poly (methylene-1,3-cyclopent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Giovanni Aldini is claimed to have applied Galvanic principles (application of electricity to biological organisms) in successfully alleviating the symptoms of "several cases of insanity", and with "complete success". Today, electroconvulsive therapy is used as a treatment option for severely depressed pregnant mothers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkene ligands lose much of their unsaturated character upon complexation. Most famously, the alkene ligand undergoes migratory insertion, wherein it is attacked intramolecularly by alkyl and hydride ligands to form new alkyl complexes. Cationic alkene complexes are susceptible to attack by nucleophiles. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methanosarcina acetivorans is a versatile methane producing microbe which is found in such diverse environments as oil wells, trash dumps, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and oxygen-depleted sediments beneath kelp beds. Only M. acetivorans and microbes in the genus Methanosarcina use all three known metabolic pathways fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products. However, there are some differences between standard methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume that nitrogen released from organic compounds i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sensor-based sorting has been introduced by Wotruba and Harbeck as an umbrella term for all applications where particles are singularly detected by a sensor technique and then rejected by an amplified mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic process. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The term methylation in organic chemistry refers to the alkylation process used to describe the delivery of a group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The amg unit for number density can be converted to the SI unit mol/m by the formula
where ≘ indicates correspondence, since the SI unit is of molar concentration and not number density.
The conversion factor (44.615...) is the Loschmidt number divided by the Avogadro constant.
The number density of an ideal gas at pre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When oxygen binds to the iron complex, it causes the iron atom to move back toward the center of the plane of the porphyrin ring (see moving diagram). At the same time, the imidazole side-chain of the histidine residue interacting at the other pole of the iron is pulled toward the porphyrin ring. This interaction force... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mevalonate synthesis begins with the beta-ketothiolase-catalyzed Claisen condensation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce acetoacetyl CoA. The following reaction involves the joining of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, a process catalyzed by HMG-CoA synthase.
In the final step of mevalonate biosynt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2; Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photosensitizers can be placed into 3 generalized domains based on their molecular structure. These three domains are organometallic photosensitizers, organic photosensitizers, and nanomaterial photosensitizers. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The main subprocesses of sensor-based sorting are material conditioning, material presentation, detection, data processing and separation.
* Material conditioning includes all operations which prepare the particles for being detected by the sensor. All optical sensors need clean material to be able to detect optical c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
(a) Cloning: RM systems can be cloned into plasmids and selected because of the resistance provided by the methylation enzyme. Once the plasmid begins to replicate, the methylation enzyme will be produced and methylate the plasmid DNA, protecting it from a specific restriction enzyme.
(b) Restriction fragment length po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mechanical stimulation to spines on the arm can cause Amphiura filiformis to bioluminesce in the blue range. The species has been found to possess a luciferase compound. The luciferase has been isolated to clusters of photocytes that exist at the tip off the arms and around the spines. What are believed to be photocyte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike simple dehydration in plants and animals, lichens may experience a complete loss of body water in dry periods. Lichens are capable of surviving extremely low levels of water content (poikilohydric). They quickly absorb water when it becomes available again, becoming soft and fleshy.
In tests, lichen survived and... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The "inner" bremsstrahlung (also known as "internal bremsstrahlung") arises from the creation of the electron and its loss of energy (due to the strong electric field in the region of the nucleus undergoing decay) as it leaves the nucleus. Such radiation is a feature of beta decay in nuclei, but it is occasionally (les... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting", and occurs regardless of oxygen's presence or absence. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyru... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In commerce, the term "polysulfide" usually refers to a class of polymers with alternating chains of several sulfur atoms and hydrocarbons. They have the formula . In this formula n indicates the number of sulfur atoms (or "rank"). Polysulfide polymers can be synthesized by condensation polymerization reactions between... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In Bertrand's persistent carbenes, the unsaturated carbon is bonded to a phosphorus and a silicon. However, these compounds seem to exhibit some alkynic properties, and when published the exact carbenic nature of these red oils was in debate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Andrée Marquet studied engineering at the École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris, then defended a thesis prepared at the Collège de France under the direction of Jean Jacques (1961), followed by a post-doctoral internship at the ETH in Zurich with Professor Duilio Arigoni. After a career at the CNRS, she was app... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the classification of tumor suppressor genes into these categories is helpful to the scientific community, the potential role of many genes cannot be reliably identified as the functions of many genes are rather ill-defined. In some contexts, genes exhibit discrete caretaker function while in other situations... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The techniques observed in all of them are quite similar. Basically they used the thermic alteration or firesetting (Mohen 1992, Craddock 1995, Eiroa et al. 1996, Timberlake 2003). This consists of applying fire to the rock and then pouring water over it: the rapid changes of temperature will cause cracks within the ro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The light attenuation coefficient – often shortened to “light attenuation” – describes the decrease in solar irradiance with depth. To calculate this coefficient, light energy is measured at a series of depths from the surface to the depth of 1% illumination. Then, the exponential decline in light is calculated using B... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors. In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Quantum yields of reaction (and to a lesser extent, absorption cross sections) are usually temperature and environment-dependent to some extent, and the photostationary state may therefore depend slightly on temperature and solvent as well as on the excitation.
*If thermodynamic interconversion of A and B can take pla... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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