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A quantum jump is the abrupt transition of a quantum system (atom, molecule, atomic nucleus) from one quantum state to another, from one energy level to another. When the system absorbs energy, there is a transition to a higher energy level (excitation); when the system loses energy, there is a transition to a lower en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adenylosuccinate is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP and requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The saprobic system is a tool to measure water quality, and specifically it deals with the capacity of a water body to self-regulate and degrade organic matter. The saprobic system derives from so-called saprobes — organisms that thrive through degradation of organic matter, which is called saprotrophic nutrition.
The ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As alkylating agents, haloalkanes are potential carcinogens. The more reactive members of this large class of compounds generally pose greater risk, e.g. carbon tetrachloride. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay is home to numerous fauna that either migrate to the Bay at some point during the year or live there year-round. There are over 300 species of fish and numerous shellfish and crab species. Some of these include the Atlantic menhaden, striped bass, American eel, eastern oyster, Atlantic horseshoe crab... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The liquid junction potential cannot be measured directly but calculated. The electromotive force (EMF) of a concentration cell with transference includes the liquid junction potential.
The EMF of a concentration cell without transport is:
where and are activities of HCl in the two solutions, is the universal gas c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many systems use ventilation holes or slits kept on the box of equipment to dissipate heat. Heat sinks are often attached to portions of the circuit that produce most heat or are vulnerable to heat. Fans are also often used. Some high-voltage instruments are kept immersed in oil. In some cases, to remove unwanted heat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, xylene or xylol (; IUPAC name: dimethylbenzene) are any of three organic compounds with the formula . They are derived from the substitution of two hydrogen atoms with methyl groups in a benzene ring; which hydrogens are substituted determines which of three structural isomers results. It is a col... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This particular function is considered a scaffold's most basic function. Scaffolds assemble signaling components of a cascade into complexes. This assembly may be able to enhance signaling specificity by preventing unnecessary interactions between signaling proteins, and enhance signaling efficiency by increasing the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The First Asian Conference on Electrochemical Power Sources (ACEPS-1) was held November 15–17, 2006, in Kyoto, Japan, with the aim of strengthening regional research potential and improving infrastructures in the Asian region. ACEPS promotes collaboration and co-operation between Asian scientists in the fields of fuel ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After a conflict with that university, Markovnikov was appointed professor at the University of Odesa in 1871 and, two years later, at the University of Moscow, where he stayed the rest of his career. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1901. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Through her experiences carrying out domestic chores, especially dishwashing, Pockels became interested in the effect of soaps on water and more generally on the effect of impurities on water and soapy water. By age 18, she began conducting experiments in her home to understand the physical properties of water and impu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH. Chemically, this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil. The donor can be an acid, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or carbonic acid. It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate, which reacts in the soil to release ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The M muscarinic receptors are located in the heart and lungs. In the heart, they act to slow the heart rate down below the normal baseline sinus rhythm, by slowing the speed of depolarization. In humans, under resting conditions, vagal activity dominates over sympathetic activity. Hence, inhibition of M receptors (e.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemosphere is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1972 by Elsevier and covering environmental chemistry. Its co-editors-in-chief are Jacob de Boer (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and Shane Snyder (University of Arizona). The journal has a 2020 impact factor of 7.086, and is ranked 30th out of 27... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The method was invented by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Justus von Liebig studied the method while working with
Gay-Lussac between 1822 and 1824 and improved the method in the following years to a level that it could be used as standard procedure for organic analysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Construction is underway for Velocys commercial reference plant incorporating its microchannel Fischer–Tropsch technology; ENVIA Energys Oklahoma City GTL project being built adjacent to Waste Management's East Oak landfill site. The project is being financed by a joint venture between Waste Management, NRG Energy, Ven... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry Harrison-Meldola Award
* 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry Marlow Award
* 2017 EBSA Young Investigator Award and Medal
* 2018 Klung Wilhelmy Science Award (Chemistry)
* 2019 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists UK (Chemistry) Laureate
* 2021 [https://www.rms.org.uk/opportunities/compe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dominant type in Sweden was the German forge, which had a single hearth that was used for all processes. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Retroviruses that cause tumor growth include Rous sarcoma virus and mouse mammary tumor virus. Cancer can be triggered by proto-oncogenes that were mistakenly incorporated into proviral DNA or by the disruption of cellular proto-oncogenes. Rous sarcoma virus contains the src gene that triggers tumor formation. Later it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coenzyme F is a family of coenzymes involved in redox reactions in a number of bacteria and archaea. It is derived from coenzyme F (7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin) and differs by having a oligoglutamyl tail attached via a 2-phospho-L-lactate bridge. F is so named because it is a flavin derivative with an ab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An on-line method of measuring hydrogen in aluminum is then required to characterize and optimize the process, which helps ensure the quality of outgoing products and monitors the performance of these degassing processes. Traditional laboratory methods, such as hot extraction, are too expensive for routine quality assu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
MTBE is manufactured via the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is primarily derived from natural gas, where steam reforming converts the various light hydrocarbons in natural gas (primarily methane) into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gases then further react in the presence of a cata... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It has also been used in septic shock and anaphylaxis.
Methylene blue consistently increases blood pressure in people with vasoplegic syndrome (redistributive shock), but has not been shown to improve delivery of oxygen to tissues or to decrease mortality.
Methylene blue has been used in calcium channel blocker toxicit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Genomic biomarkers analyze DNA by identifying irregular sequences in the genome, typically a single nucleotide polymorphism. Genetic biomarkers are particularly significant in cancer because most cancer cell lines carry somatic mutations. Somatic mutations are distinguishable from hereditary mutations because the mut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Changes in promoter sequences are critical in evolution as indicated by the relatively stable number of genes in many lineages. For instance, most vertebrates have roughly the same number of protein-coding genes (about 20,000) which are often highly conserved in sequence, hence much of evolutionary change must come fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the EPA methods are created by different regulatory departments within the EPA, finding methods on the EPA website itself can be challenging. To make finding methods easier, some organizations have created method search databases that organize all the methods into one place and link to actual test methods. Some a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A phenomenon that is commonly presented as evidence for the existence of zero-point energy in vacuum is the Casimir effect, proposed in 1948 by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who considered the quantized electromagnetic field between a pair of grounded, neutral metal plates. The vacuum energy contains contributions f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The MCD signal ΔA is derived via the absorption of the LCP and RCP light as
This signal is often presented as a function of wavelength λ, temperature T or magnetic field H. MCD spectrometers can simultaneously measure absorbance and ΔA along the same light path. This eliminates error introduced through multiple measure... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metabolic network modelling aims at reproducing cellular metabolism in silico. Metabolite damage and repair create cellular energy costs, and consequently need to be incorporated into genome-scale metabolic models so that these models can more effectively guide metabolic engineering design.
In addition, genes encoding ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nickel has a wide utility of application in manufactured metals because it is both strong and malleable, leading to ubiquitous presence and the potential for consumers to be in contact with it daily. However, for those who have the rash of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) due to a nickel allergy, it can be a challenge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levacetylmethadol (INN), levomethadyl acetate (USAN), OrLAAM (trade name) or levo-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Typically, absorbance of a dissolved substance is measured using absorption spectroscopy. This involves shining a light through a solution and recording how much light and what wavelengths were transmitted onto a detector. Using this information, the wavelengths that were absorbed can be determined. First, measurements... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a collaboration between the CDP (it was the Carbon Disclosure Project), the United Nations Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Since 2015, more than 1,000 companies have joined the initiative to set a science-based clim... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Biosynthesis of coelenterazine in Metridia starts from two molecules of tyrosine and one molecule of phenylalanine, and some researchers believe this comes in the form of a cyclized "Phe-Tyr-Tyr" (FYY) peptide.
Many members of the genus Metridia also produce luciferases that use this compound, some of which are secrete... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Tribology Gold Medal, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (2013)
*ACS National Award in Colloid and Surface Chemistry (2009)
* Named by the AICHE as one of the “One Hundred Chemical Engineers of the Modern Era (2008)
* Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering – University of South Florida (2007)
* Honorary Degree of ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
During the synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes, four mature ribosomal RNAs (the 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 25S) must be synthesized. Three of these rRNAs (5.8S, 18S, and 25S) come from a single pre-rRNA known as the 35S. Although many of the intermediates in this rRNA processing pathway have been identified in the last thirty ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrolysers require high currents produced by very low voltages. A homopolar generator has the ability to do this, so in Bockris and Ghoroghchians original experiment in 1985, they followed Faradays idea. Using a magnetic field of 0.86T produced by permanent magnets, they placed a stainless-steel disc in between. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The visualization of single molecules, single biological cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. Microscopy can be categorized into three different fiel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A typical pressure injection cell holds a micro-tube or a vial in its central chamber. A small magnetic stir bar can be used to keep the particles in suspension. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Methylations are epigenetic modification that, in eukaryotes, regulates processes as cell differentiation, and embryogenesis, while in prokaryotes can have a role in self recognition, protecting the DNA from being cleaved by the restriction endonuclease system, or for gene regulation. The first function is controlled b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When surfactants are present in a liquid, they tend to adsorb in the liquid-air or liquid-liquid interface. Interfacial rheology deals with the response of the adsorbed interfacial layer on the deformation. The response depends on the layer composition, and thus interfacial rheology is relevant in many applications in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) is a compound with formula CHOCHCl. A colorless liquid, it is a chloroalkyl ether. It is used as an alkylating agent. In organic synthesis, it is used for introducing the methoxymethyl ether (MOM) protecting group, and is thus often called MOM-Cl or MOM chloride. It also finds applic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the 16th century, heap leaching became commonly used to extract copper as well as saltpeter, from organic matter. Primarily used in Germany and Spain, pyrite would be brought to the surface and left out in the open. The pyrite would be set outside for months at a time, where rain and air exposure would lead to chemi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the United States and India, some coal-producing states have invested in Fischer–Tropsch plants. In Pennsylvania, Waste Management and Processors, Inc. was funded by the state to implement FT technology licensed from Shell and Sasol to convert so-called waste coal (leftovers from the mining process) into low-sulfur ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Support for this theory has been bolstered by studies linking a lower basal metabolic rate (evident with a lowered heartbeat) to increased life expectancy. This has been proposed by some to be the key to why animals like the giant tortoise can live over 150 years.
However, the ratio of resting metabolic rate to total ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By February 1994, several regional landfills in Campania had become overfilled, and Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi declared a state of emergency and created the Committee for the Waste Emergency in Campania (Commissariato di Governo per lemergenza rifiuti in Campania').
By December 1999, all regional landfills ha... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Theresa M. Reineke (born January 1, 1972) is an American chemist and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota. She designs sustainable, environmentally friendly polymer-based delivery systems for targeted therapeutics. She is the associate editor of ACS Macro Letters. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mutations in the STAT1 molecule can be gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF). Both of them can cause different phenotypes and symptoms. Recurring common infections are frequent in both GOF and LOF mutations. In humans STAT1 has been particularly under strong purifying selection when populations shifted from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression.
During gene expression, an mRNA molecule is transcrib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is likely that most externally fertilizing species (e.g. marine worms, sea urchins) coordinate their sexual behaviour (release of sperm and eggs) using pheromones. This coordination is very important because sperm are diluted easily, and are short-lived. Coordination therefore provides a selective advantage to both ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FAIRE-extracted DNA fragments can be analyzed in a high-throughput way using next-generation sequencing techniques. In general, libraries are made by ligating specific adapters to the DNA fragments that allow them to cluster on a platform and be amplified resulting in the DNA sequences being read/determined, and this i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain composit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All crystal structures belong to one of thirty-two crystal classes based on the number of rotational axes and reflection planes they possess that leave the crystal structure unchanged (point groups). Of the thirty-two crystal classes, twenty-one are non-centrosymmetric (not having a centre of symmetry). Of these twenty... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The amount of useful work which may be extracted from a thermodynamic system is determined by the second law of thermodynamics. Under many practical situations this can be represented by the thermodynamic availability, or Exergy, function. Two important cases are: in thermodynamic systems where the temperature and vo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkaline cleaners are classified as compounds with pH 7-14. Proteins are most effectively removed from surfaces by cleaners with a pH of 11 or higher. An example of a strong alkaline cleaning agent is sodium hydroxide, also called caustic soda. Although sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can cause corrosion on food contact sur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Janus interphase catalyst is a new generation of heterogeneous catalysts, which is capable to do organic reactions on the interface of two phases via the formation of Pickering emulsion. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reverse Krebs cycle is proposed to be a major role in the pathophysiology of melanoma. Melanoma tumors are known to alter normal metabolic pathways in order to utilize waste products. These metabolic adaptations help the tumor adapt to its metabolic needs. The most well known adaptation is the Warburg effect where ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A wide variety of agroindustrial waste products can be fermented to use as food for animals, especially ruminants. Fungi have been employed to break down cellulosic wastes to increase protein content and improve in vitro digestibility. | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was envisaged that Taxol (51) could be accessed through tail addition of the Ojima lactam 48 to alcohol 47. Of the four rings of Taxol, the D ring was formed last, the result of a simple intramolecular S2 reaction of hydroxytosylate 38, which could be synthesized from hydroxyketone 27. Formation of the six-membered ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The CompTox Chemicals Dashboard is a freely accessible online database created and maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The database provides access to multiple types of data including physicochemical properties, environmental fate and transport, exposure, usage, in vivo toxicity, and in vitro ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Baku has the main moorings of all large vessels, such as oil tankers, in Azerbaijan. It is the largest port of the Caspian Sea. The port (and tankers) have access to the oceans along the Caspian Sea–Volga–Don Canal, and the Don–Sea of Azov. A northern alternate is the Volga–Baltic (a sea which has a connection to the N... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The narrowness of the band of colors that a monochromator can generate is related to the focal length of the monochromator collimators. Using a longer focal length optical system also unfortunately decreases the amount of light that can be accepted from the source. Very high resolution monochromators might have a focal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Photo-reflectance measures differential reflectivities as small as one part per million, whereas ellipsometry and/or standard reflectance measure differential reflectivities on the order of one part per thousand.
* Photo-reflectance spectra exhibits sharp derivative-like structures localized at interband transition ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thiosulfate is an acceptable common name (but used almost always); functional replacement IUPAC name is sulfurothioate; the systematic additive IUPAC name is trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−) or trioxido-1κO-disulfate(S—S)(2−). The external sulfur atom has a valence of 2 while the central sulfur atom has a valence of 6. The o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
By introducing an asymmetric field effect along the nanochannel, a field-effect reconfigurable nanofluidic diode is feasible, which features post-fabrication reconfiguration of the diode functions, such as the forward/reverse directions and the rectification degrees. Unlike the nanofluidic field-effect transistor, wher... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water striders (Gerris remigis), most commonly called Jesus bugs, have an extraordinary ability that lets them walk on the water. In a fashion similar to superhydrophobic plants, their legs are highly water repellent due to their hierarchical morphology. They are built up with hydrophobic waxy microhairs, microsetae, a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Viral (as well as some eukaryotic) 5′ UTRs contain internal ribosome entry sites, which is a cap-independent method of translational activation. Instead of building up a complex at the 5′ cap, the IRES allows for direct binding of the ribosomal complexes to the transcript to begin translation. The IRES enables the vira... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fumarylacetoacetic acid (fumarylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is formed through the conversion of maleylacetoacetate into fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme maleylacetoacetate isomerase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The redox potentials of photoredox catalysts must be matched to the reaction's other components. While ground state redox potentials are easily measured by cyclic voltammetry or other electrochemical methods, measuring the redox potential of an electronically excited state cannot be accomplished directly by these metho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Metal spraying equipment uses compressed gases which create noise. Sound levels vary with the type of spraying equipment, the material being sprayed, and the operating parameters. Typical sound pressure levels are measured at 1 meter behind the arc. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Arformoterol, sold under the brand name Brovana among others, is a medication used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
It is a long-acting β adrenoreceptor agonist (LABA) and it is the active (R,R)-(−)-enantiomer of formoterol. It was approved for medical use in the United States in Octob... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Microsegregation is a non-uniform chemical separation and concentration of elements or impurities in alloys after they have solidified. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As powerful nucleophiles, enolates react readily with a variety of electrophiles. These reactions generate new C-C bonds and often new stereocenters. The stereoselectivity and regioselectivity is influenced by additives, solvent, counterions, etc. One important class of electrophiles are alkyl halides, and in this case... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Maxwell Garnett Equation describes optical properties of nanocomposites which consist in a collection of perfectly spherical nanoparticles. All these nanoparticles must have the same size. However, due to confinement effect, the optical properties can be influenced by the nanoparticles size distribution. As shown by Ba... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Foams can form following the degradation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). These are primarily composed of algal species, but can also consist of dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria. Biomass from algae in the bloom is integrated into sea foam in the sea surface microlayer. When the impacted sea foam breaks down, toxins fro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ferromagnetic resonance, or FMR, is coupling between an electromagnetic wave and the magnetization of a medium through which it passes. This coupling induces a significant loss of power of the wave. The power is absorbed by the precessing magnetization (Larmor precession) of the material and lost as heat. For this co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transparent hydrogel fibers can be used as optical fiber, and stimuli-responsive functional groups can be grafted on to create optical sensors. For example, in the research done by Yun et al. the glucose-sensitive phenylboronic acid was grafted onto the polymer network. When the glucose concentration changes, the adsor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, entropy is related to the amount of energy of a system that can be converted into mechanical work in a concrete process. In quantum mechanics, this translates to the ability to measure and manipulate the system based on the information gathered by measurement. An example is the case of Maxwell’s demo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A chlorosome is a photosynthetic antenna complex found in green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and many green non-sulfur bacteria (GNsB), together known as green bacteria. They differ from other antenna complexes by their large size and lack of protein matrix supporting the photosynthetic pigments. Green sulfur bacteria are a g... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1932, organisms were discovered that could convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into acetic acid. The first acetogenic bacterium species, Clostridium aceticum, was discovered in 1936 by Klaas Tammo Wieringa. A second species, Moorella thermoacetica, attracted wide interest because of its ability, reported in 194... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, phosphoric acid .
The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons . Removal of one p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several metal objects similar to those in the Kfar Monash hoard were found in this general area of the Levant. They were subject to metallurgical analysis, and generally dated to the Early Bronze Age. For example, objects from Ashkelon-Afridar, and from Tell esh-Shuna (the Jordan Valley) were seen as similar. Also the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Again, define and to be conjugate pairs, and the to be the natural variables of some potential . We may take the "cross differentials" of the state equations, which obey the following relationship:
From these we get the Maxwell relations. There will be of them for each potential giving a total of equations in al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The simplest approach is to connect two commercial columns in series, which is termed a “tandem column”. Another approach is “biphasic column”, by packing two stationary phases separately in two ends of the same column. The third approach is to homogenize two or more different types of stationary phases in a single col... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many tools and concepts have been developed to exploit the advantages of intramolecular cyclizations. For example, installing large substituents exploits the Thorpe-Ingold effect. High dilution reactions suppress intermolecular processes. One set of tools involves tethering as discussed below. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In other cases, comonomers are used to introduce crosslinking. Divinylbenzene, for example, when copolymerized with styrene, gives a crosslinked polystyrene. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cefuroxime is active against many bacteria including susceptible strains of Staphylococci and Streptococci, as well as a range of gram negative organisms. As with the other cephalosporins, it is susceptible to beta-lactamase, although as a second-generation variety, it is less so. Hence, it may have greater activity ag... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The first pathogenic mutation in mitochondrial DNA was identified in 1988; from that time to 2016, around 275 other disease-causing mutations were identified. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* John Shorter, 2000, "The prehistory of the Hammett equation," Chem. Listy, 94:210-214.
* Frank Westheimer, 1997, "Louis Plack Hammett, 1894—1987: A Biographical Memoir," pp. 136–149, in Biographical Memoirs, Washington, DC, US: National Academies Press, see [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gas chromatography (GC) is ideal to separate volatilized VOCs due to their low molecular weight. VOCs are carried by a gas vector (helium) through a chromatographic column (the solid phase) on which they have different affinities, which allows to separate them.
Liquid chromatography may be used for liquid extractions o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pseudoephedrine may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor any possible performance-enhancing use by athletes, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Some commercial immunoassay screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross-react appreciably with pseudoeph... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Beta carbon nitride - a solid with a formula β-, which is predicted to be harder than diamond.
* Graphitic carbon nitride - g-, with important catalytic and sensor properties.
* - a combined triazole and triazine framework.
* MCN-12 () and MCN-13 (). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It can occur because of a change in environmental conditions: for example, a change in solvent polarity will result in solvatochromism.
A series of structurally-related molecules in a substitution series can also show a bathochromic shift. Bathochromic shift is a phenomenon seen in molecular spectra, not atomic spectra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and in high doses a dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of racemorphan; the levorotatory enantiomer is levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The STRENDA Guidelines propose those minimum information that is needed to comprehensively report kinetic and equilibrium data from investigations of enzyme activities including corresponding experimental conditions.
This minimum information is suggested to be addressed in a scientific publication when enzymology rese... | 1 | Biochemistry |
; Note
* There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed during the combustion of those substances.
* BTU/lb values are calculated from MJ/kg (1 MJ/kg = 430 BTU/lb). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Figure 3 shows an impedance spectrum of a measurement series of a painted steel sample during water uptake (upper part in Figure 3). The symbols in the diagram represent the interpolation points (nodes) of the measurement, while the solid lines represent the theoretical values simulated according to an appropriate mod... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* F: Formylation (optional)
* A: Adenylation (required in a module)
* PCP: Thiolation and peptide carrier protein with attached 4'-phospho-pantetheine (required in a module)
* C: Condensation forming the amide bond (required in a module)
* Cy: Cyclization into thiazoline or oxazolines (optional)
* Ox: Oxidation of thia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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