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A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms.
They have either an aldehyde functional group in position 1 (aldoheptoses) or a ketone functional group in position 2, 3 or 4 (ketoheptoses). Ketoheptoses have 4 chiral centers, whereas aldoheptoses have 5. | 1 | Biochemistry |
NbGe was discovered to be a superconductor in 1973 and for 13 years (until the discovery in 1986 of the cuprate superconductors) it held the record as having the highest critical temperature.
It has not been as widely used for superconductive applications as niobium–tin or niobium–titanium. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The study of deformation is essential for the development of new materials. Deformation in metals depends on temperature, type of stress applied, strain rate, oxidation, and corrosion. Deformation-induced EMR can be divided into three categories: effects in ionic crystal materials, effects in rocks and granites, and ef... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is highly compacted in order to be able to fit it into the nucleus. This is accomplished by winding the DNA around protein octamers called histones, which has consequences for the physical accessibility of parts of the genome at any given time. Significant portions are silenced through histon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, a critical line is the higher-dimensional equivalent of a critical point. It is the
locus of contiguous critical points in a phase diagram. These lines cannot occur for
a single substance due to the phase rule, but they can be observed in systems with more variables, such as mixtures. Two critical l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibility of human cloning has raised contr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In optical physics, transmittance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in transmitting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is transmitted through a sample, in contrast to the transmission coefficient, which is the ratio of the transmitted to incident electric field.
In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The molecular weight of polymers has a large influence on their properties and therefore determines the applications. Among others the flow behavior, the solubility, the mechanical properties but also the lifetime are influenced by the molecular weight. For high duty polymers – polymers that have to fulfill elevated de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Potassium is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells, while having a major role in maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Children and adolescents who use tanning beds are at greater risk because of biological vulnerability to UV radiation. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly in individuals expos... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cryoimmunotherapy, also referred to as cryoimmunology, is an oncological treatment for various cancers that combines cryoablation of tumor with immunotherapy treatment. In-vivo cryoablation of a tumor, alone, can induce an immunostimulatory, systemic anti-tumor response, resulting in a cancer vaccine—the abscopal effec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The half-chair conformation indicates that attack occurs stereoselectively on the diastereomer where the electrophilic carbon can receive the nucleophile and proceed to the favored chair conformation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Volatiles are present in nearly all magma in different concentrations. Examples of volatiles within magma include water, carbon dioxide, and halogen gases. High pressures allow these volatiles to stay relatively stable within solution. However, over time, as the magmatic pressure decreases, volatiles will rise out of s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The DrugWipe is a moist wipe used to detect drug residue on surfaces, or on the forehead, palm, or tongue of an individual. An integrated ampule is broken, which is the medium for transporting the collected analyte to the antigen-binding site. The DrugWipe can be configured to detect cannabis, cocaine, opiates, ampheta... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polymer solutions are solutions containing dissolved polymers. These may be (e.g. in ), or solid solutions (e.g. a substance which has been plasticized).
The introduction into the polymer of small amounts of a solvent (plasticizer) reduces the temperature of glass transition, the yield temperature, and the viscosity o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, TST has provided researchers with a conceptual foundation for understanding how chemical reactions take place. Even though the theory is widely applicable, it does have limitations. For example, when applied to each elementary step of a multi-step reaction, the theory assumes that each intermediate is long-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Radon concentrations found in natural environments are much too low to be detected by chemical means: for example, a 1000 Bq/m (relatively high) concentration corresponds to 0.17 picogram per cubic meter. The average concentration of radon in the atmosphere is about 6 atoms of radon for each molecule in the air, or abo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Solomon is co-author of nine books, including an historical account of the development of plastic banknotes (The Plastic Banknote: From Concept to Reality) and several text books (including The Chemistry of Radical Polymerization). He is also co-author of over 250 journal papers and 45 patents. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This is a derivation to obtain an expression for for an ideal gas.
An ideal gas has the equation of state:
where
:P = pressure
:V = volume
:n = number of moles
:R = universal gas constant
:T = temperature
The ideal gas equation of state can be arranged to give:
: or
The following partial derivatives are obtaine... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Elgiloy (Co-Cr-Ni Alloy) is a "super-alloy" consisting of 39-41% cobalt, 19-21% chromium, 14-16% nickel, 11.3-20.5% iron, 6-8% molybdenum, 1.5-2.5% manganese and 0.15% max. carbon.
It is used to make springs that are corrosion resistant and exhibit high strength, ductility, and good fatigue life. These same properties ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The GYG1 gene is located on the long arm of the chromosome 3, between positions 24 and 25, from base pair 148,709,194 to base pair 148,745,455.
Transcription of human glycogenin-1 is mainly initiated at 80bp and 86bp upstream the translator’s codon beginning. Transcriptions factors have different binding sites for its ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The capping enzyme is part of the covalent nucleotidyl transferases superfamily, which also includes DNA ligases and RNA ligases. The enzymes of this superfamily share the following similarities:
* Conserved regions known as motifs I, II, III, IIIa, IV, V and VI, which are arranged in the same order and similar spacin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
FAST (Fluorescence-Activating and absorption-Shifting Tag) is a small, genetically-encoded, protein tag which allows for fluorescence reporting of proteins of interest. Unlike natural fluorescent proteins and derivates such as GFP or mCherry, FAST is not fluorescent by itself. It can bind selectively a fluorogenic ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl group is also a very bulky group that is often used to stabilize a multiple bond between heavy elements. By dropwise addition of to sodium napthelenide. P, H and C spectra all proved the formulation of this alkyl-group stabilized diphosphene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The B Horizon has dark layer where minerals, organic matter and bases are being illuviated (washed in/accumulated). Below this is a red/orange layer of iron and aluminium sesquioxides deposit. Some bases remain in the soil, though others may be lost by throughflow. In many podsols, Iron Pans are created. This can cause... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin.
It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
is used in the semiconductor industry in plasma etching of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. Known as R-23 or HFC-23, it was also a useful refrigerant, sometimes as a replacement for chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13) and is a byproduct of its manufacture.
When used as a fire suppressant, the fluoroform carries the DuPon... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Consider the force F(h) between two identical spheres of radius R as an illustration. The surfaces of the two respective spheres are thought to be sliced into infinitesimal disks of width dr and radius r as shown in the figure. The force is given by the sum of the corresponding swelling pressures between the two disks ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Originally used with a different meaning, the term took its current definition after Lwoff and collaborators (1946). | 5 | Photochemistry |
The time evolution of a single electronic wave function in an atom, is described by the Schrödinger equation (in atomic units):
where the light-matter interaction Hamiltonian, , can be expressed in the length gauge, within the dipole approximation, as:
where is the Coulomb potential of the atomic species considered; ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Omar M. Yaghi and William A. Goddard III reported COFs as exceptional hydrogen storage materials. They predicted the highest excess H uptakes at 77 K are 10.0 wt % at 80 bar for COF-105, and 10.0 wt % at 100 bar for COF-108, which have higher surface area and free volume, by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulatio... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In chemistry, the capped octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a gyroelongated triangular pyramid. This shape has C symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for heptacoordinate tran... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Fas receptor, also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene. Fas was first identified using a monoclonal antibody generated by immunizing mice... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A partial extraction procedure was developed in 1935 which involved reacting the compound with benzoyl chloride to allow it to be separated from the water-soluble components. The compound was first isolated and purified to crystals by Osamu Shimomura. The structure of the compound was confirmed some years later. Feedin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies tanning beds as "moderate risk" devices (changed in 2014 from "low risk"). It requires that devices carry a black box warning that they should not be used by individuals under the age of 18, but it has not banned their use by minors. , California, Delaware, the District... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hydrodimerization is an organic reaction that couples two alkenes to give a symmetrical hydrocarbon. The reaction is often implemented electrochemically; in that case the reaction is called electrodimerization. The reaction can also be induced with samarium diiodide, a one-electron reductant.
Hydrodimerization is the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Janet Jones was once married to Robert Osteryoung, who was also an award-winning chemist. In April 2010, she married Chris Cobb in Washington, D.C. Together, Jones and Cobb established the Comis Foundation, a family philanthropic foundation to benefit children and youth. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For example, a commonly used reaction to profile hydrogen with an energetic N ion beam is
:N + H → C + α + γ (4.43 MeV)
with a sharp resonance in the reaction cross section at 6.385 MeV of only 1.8 keV. Since the incident N ion loses energy along its trajectory in the material it must have an energy higher than the r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following is an overview of each cycle in the optical sequencing process.
Step 1: DNA barcoding<br />
Cells are lysed to release genomic DNA. These DNA molecules are untangled, placed onto optical mapping surface containing microfluidic channels and the DNA is allowed to flow through the channels. These molecules... | 1 | Biochemistry |
X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for complete structural analysis of complex glycans is a difficult and complex field. However, the structure of the binding site of numerous lectins, enzymes and other carbohydrate-binding proteins has revealed a wide variety of the structural basi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Butyrate has numerous effects on energy homeostasis and related diseases (diabetes and obesity), inflammation, and immune function (e.g., it has pronounced antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic effects) in humans. These effects occur through its metabolism by mitochondria to generate during fatty acid metabolism or throu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ligands of proteins can be characterized also by the number of protein chains they bind. "Monodesmic" ligands (μόνος: single, δεσμός: binding) are ligands that bind a single protein chain, while "polydesmic" ligands (πολοί: many) are frequent in protein complexes, and are ligands that bind more than one protein chain,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system. Potentials are used to measure the energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
WAC protein domain - Western blot - Wfdc15a - WHEP-TRS protein domain - WIF domain - wildtype - wobble position - Wolfram syndrome - WWE protein domain - | 1 | Biochemistry |
The name γ-glutamyltransferase is preferred by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The Expert Panel on Enzymes of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry also used this name. The older name is gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP). | 1 | Biochemistry |
LAAM was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, LAAM was removed from the European market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued Orlaam in the US. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
El-Shall was the first to apply the Resonant Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) technique to selectively generate molecular ions within supersaturated host vapors and study the phenomena of ion-induced nucleation on well-defined ions. He also focused his study on the formation mechanisms of gold–zinc oxide hexagon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers at the Université de Montréal are working with Photon etc. and Optina Diagnostics to test the use of hyperspectral photography in the diagnosis of retinopathy and macular edema before damage to the eye occurs. The metabolic hyperspectral camera will detect a drop in oxygen consumption in the retina, which ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hard solders are used for brazing, and melt at higher temperatures. Alloys of copper with either zinc or silver are the most common.
In silversmithing or jewelry making, special hard solders are used that will pass assay. They contain a high proportion of the metal being soldered and lead is not used in these alloys. T... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A quantum heat engine is a device that generates power from the heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs.
The operation mechanism of the engine can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics.
The first realization of a quantum heat engine was pointed out by Scovil and Schulz-DuBois in 1959, showing the connectio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Upon irradiation with UV light, diazirines form reactive carbene species. The carbene may exist in the singlet form, in which the two free electrons occupy the same orbital, or the triplet form, with two unpaired electrons in different orbitals. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).
Modified amino acids are sometime... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs. The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is ut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The acidity of tellurols can be inferred by the acidity and dissociation constant of hydrogen telluride, , which has a (first) pK of 2.64 corresponding to a dissociation constant of 2.3 × 10. has a lower pK and higher dissociation constant than and . The pKa is 9.3 for vs 10.8 for .
The absence of hydrogen-bonding e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A cDNA library is a collection of expressed DNA genes that are seen as a useful reference tool in gene identification and cloning processes. cDNA libraries are constructed from mRNA using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase (RT), which transcribes an mRNA template into DNA. Therefore, a cDNA library can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dielectric constant is the most important factor in determining the occurrence of ion association. A table of some typical values can be found under dielectric constant.
Water has a relatively high dielectric constant value of 78.7 at 298K (25 °C), so in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures 1:1 electrolytes such a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
First studied in 2010 via this method, a recent investigation used SRCD to examine the differences in structure in solution and when at the oil-water interface, of peptides derived from seaweed, bacteria and potatoes as potential emulsifying agents. Of these studied, the peptide from bacteria proved to be the most eff... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alastair Ian Scott married Elizabeth Wilson Walters at the University of Glasgow Memorial Chapel, on 4 March 1950. They had two children: Anne and William.
Alastair died in Texas on 18 April 2007, following a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, two children and six grandchildren.
Elizabeth died at her home in Gr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tacticity describes the relative stereochemistry of chiral centers in neighboring structural units within a macromolecule. There are three types of tacticity: isotactic (all substituents on the same side), atactic (random placement of substituents), and syndiotactic (alternating placement of substituents). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The selectivity of an ion-exchange membrane is due to Donnan equilibrium and not due to physically blocking or electrostatically excluding specific charged species.
The selectivity to the transport of ions of opposite charges is called its permselectivity. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein degradation may take place intracellularly or extracellularly. In digestion of food, digestive enzymes may be released into the environment for extracellular digestion whereby proteolytic cleavage breaks proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids so that they may be absorbed and used. In animals the food ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in chemical synapses in the brain occurs via a fairly straightforward mechanism. A substantial and rapid rise in calcium ion concentration inside the postsynaptic cell (or more specifically, within the dendritic spine) is most possibly all that is re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the best studied graphite intercalation compounds, , is prepared by melting potassium over graphite powder. The potassium is absorbed into the graphite and the material changes color from black to bronze. The resulting solid is pyrophoric. The composition is explained by assuming that the potassium to potassium ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Phred quality scores are used for assessment of sequence quality, recognition and removal of low-quality sequence (end clipping), and determination of accurate consensus sequences.
Originally, Phred quality scores were primarily used by the sequence assembly program Phrap. Phrap was routinely used in some of the larges... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several components of the signaling cascade that mediates the HMB-induced increase in human skeletal muscle protein synthesis have been identified in vivo. Similar to HMBs metabolic precursor, , HMB has been shown to increase protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle via phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of ra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things. The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building-blocks of proteins. Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dissociation rate in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology is the rate or speed at which a ligand dissociates from a protein, for instance, a receptor. It is an important factor in the binding affinity and intrinsic activity (efficacy) of a ligand at a receptor. The dissociation rate for a particular substrate ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Being a major hotspots of biodiversity, coral reefs are very important to the ecosystem and livelihood of marine and human life. Countries around the world depend on reefs as a source of food and income, especially for civilizations that inhabit small islands. With over a 60% decrease in available fishing around coral ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A growing number of ligands that can be used to activate RASSLs / DREADDs are commercially available.
CNO is the prototypical DREADD activator. CNO activates the excitatory Gq- coupled DREADDs: hM3Dq, hM1Dq and hM5Dq and also the inhibitory hM4Di and hM2Di G-coupled DREADDs. CNO also activates the G-coupled DREADD (GsD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In mathematics, a stereographic projection is a perspective projection of the sphere, through a specific point on the sphere (the pole or center of projection), onto a plane (the projection plane) perpendicular to the diameter through the point. It is a smooth, bijective function from the entire sphere except the cente... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In normal usage, the rate-limiting step or rate-determining step is defined as the slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed (rate) at which the overall reaction proceeds. The flux control coefficients do not measure this kind of rate-limitingness. For example, in a linear chain of reactions at stea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic halides, extractable organic halides (EOX), and total organic halides (TOX) are related content for this topic. EOX provides information on how halides can be extracted using a solvent while TOX provides information about the total organic halide content in the sample. This value can be used to estimate biochem... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Strong bases catalyze hydroamination, an example being the ethylation of piperidine using ethene:
Such base catalyzed reactions proceed well with ethene but higher alkenes are less reactive. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In August 1997, the plant was included in the list of enterprises of strategic importance for the economy and security of Ukraine.
In 1998, for the first time, the plant was certified as a manufacturer of steel and semi-finished products from it (slabs and open-hearth ingots from carbon and carbon-manganese steel grade... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ASTM D5511-12 and ASTM D5526-12 are testing methods that comply with international standards such as the ISO DIS 15985 for the biodegradability of plastic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Samarium–neodymium is an isotope system which can be utilised to provide a date as well as isotopic fingerprints of geological materials, and various other materials including archaeological finds (pots, ceramics).
Sm decays to produce Nd with a half life of 1.06x10 years.
Dating is achieved usually by trying to produc... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most common case is case (a) in which is electrostatically coupled to the internuclear axis, and is coupled to by spin-orbit coupling. Then both and have well-defined axial components, and respectively. As they are written with the same Greek symbol, the spin component should not be confused with states, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A thermogravitational cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle using the gravitational works of weight and buoyancy to respectively compress and expand a working fluid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) is a Cooperative Research Support Program of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (NRSP-3). Housed at the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the NADP is a collaborative effort between many different groups, such as: Fede... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
N-Fluoropyridinium triflate is an organofluorine compound with the formula [CHNF]OSCF. It is a white solid with low solubility in polar organic solvents. The compound is used as an electrophilic fluorinating agent. It is a salt, consisting of the N-fluoropyridinium cation ([CHNF]) and the triflate anion. Related rea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ChemPRO 100 Chemical Detection System is a handheld chemical detector for field detection and classification of Chemical Warfare Agents. If mail arrives with an unidentified substance, this hand held detector can be used to immediately identify the chemical.
Hardened Mobile Trace Explosive Particle tests for a wide ran... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An epitaxial layer can be doped during deposition by adding impurities to the source gas, such as arsine, phosphine, or diborane. Dopants in the source gas, liberated by evaporation or wet etching of the surface, may also diffuse into the epitaxial layer and cause autodoping. The concentration of impurity in the gas ph... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Custom capture panels tailored to specific cancer types or personalized selectors were utilized in EPIC-seq. The capture panels targeted transcription start site regions of genes of interest. Enrichment for EPIC-seq was performed following established laboratory protocols. Subsequently, hybridization captures were pool... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As an architectural metal, copper provides excellent corrosion resistance. Copper surfaces form tough oxide-sulfate patina coatings that protect underlying copper surfaces and resist corrosion for a very long time.
Copper corrodes at negligible rates in unpolluted air, water, de-aerated non-oxidizing acids, and when ex... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sulfilimine bonds stabilize collagen IV strands found in the extracellular matrix and arose at least 500 mya. These bonds covalently connect hydroxylysine and methionine residues of adjacent polypeptide strands to form a larger collagen trimer. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Faradaic loss is only one form of energy loss in an electrochemical system. Another is overpotential, the difference between the theoretical and actual electrode voltages needed to drive the reaction at the desired rate. Even a rechargeable battery with 100% faradaic efficiency requires charging at a higher voltage tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studies have shown that blocking antibodies can bind to and prevent thyrotropin binding, resulting in reduced cAMP levels in human thyroid cells. This interaction has been used primarily as a method of indicating that Graves' disease immunoglobulins are pluritopic, meaning that they have multiple effects, rather than i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melting curve analysis is an assessment of the dissociation characteristics of double-stranded DNA during heating. As the temperature is raised, the double strand begins to dissociate leading to a rise in the absorbance intensity, hyperchromicity. The temperature at which 50% of DNA is denatured is known as the melting... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conceived to work in concert with next-gen sequencing platforms such as Illumina dye sequencing, GUIDE-Seq relies on the integration of a blunt, double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) that has been phosphothioated on two of the phosphate linkages on the 5' end of both strands. The dsODN cassette integrates into a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cast iron farm tools and weapons were widespread in China by the 5th century BC, employing workforces of over 200 men in iron smelters from the 3rd century onward. The earliest known blast furnaces are attributed to the Han dynasty in the 1st century AD. These early furnaces had clay walls and used phosphorus-containin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Taking the natural logarithm of Arrhenius equation yields:
Rearranging yields:
This has the same form as an equation for a straight line:
where x is the reciprocal of T.
So, when a reaction has a rate constant that obeys the Arrhenius equation, a plot of ln k versus T gives a straight line, whose gradient and intercept... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The glycocalyx is located on the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells which line the lumen. When vessels are stained with cationic dyes such as Alcian blue stain, transmission electron microscopy shows a small, irregularly shaped layer extending approximately 50–100 nm into the lumen of a blood vessel. Another... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymers can be fractionated on an analytical scale by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or field flow fractionation (FFF). These methods are used to determine the molecular weight distribution. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The balance of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and denitrification alters the accuracy of f-ratio calculations. The f-ratio is used to quantify the efficiency of the biological pump, which reflects sequestering of carbon from the atmosphere to the deep sea. The f-ratio is calculated using estimates of new p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Eschweiler–Clarke reaction is a method for methylation of amines. This method avoids the risk of quaternization, which occurs when amines are methylated with methyl halides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture), rock, ceramics, crops, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the mater... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CcrM is a type II DNA Methyltransferase, that transfer a methyl group from the methyl donor SAM to the N6 of an adenine in a 5-GANTC-3 recognition sites of hemimethylated DNA. Based on the order of the conserved motifs that form the SAM binding, the active site and the target recognition domain in the sequence of CcrM ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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