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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion GPCRs) are a class of 33 human protein receptors with a broad distribution in embryonic and larval cells, cells of the reproductive tract, neurons, leukocytes, and a variety of tumours. Adhesion GPCRs are found throughout metazoans and are also found in single-celled colon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Firstly, mRNA template needs to be isolated for the creation of cDNA libraries. Since mRNA only contains exons, the integrity of the isolated mRNA should be considered so that the protein encoded can still be produced. Isolated mRNA should range from 500 bp to 8 kb. Several methods exist for purifying RNA such as triz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/pubs/brochures/ Brochures]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/pubs/Annual-Data-Summaries/ Annual Data Summaries]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/quality-assurance/#QAreports Quality Assurance Reports]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/committees/clad/ CLAD Science Committee Reports]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/co... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
From the perspective of solid state physics, Brillouin scattering is an interaction between an electromagnetic wave and one of the three above-mentioned crystalline lattice waves (e.g. electrostriction and magnetostriction). The scattering is inelastic i.e. the photon may lose energy (Stokes process) and in the process... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Bayley, J. (1990) "The Production of Brass in Antiquity with Particular Reference to Roman Britain" in Craddock, P.T. (ed.) 2000 Years of Zinc and Brass London: British Museum
*Craddock, P.T. and Eckstein, K (2003) "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction" in Craddock, P.T. and Lang, J. (eds) Mining and M... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Silyl enol ethers are generally prepared by reacting an enolizable carbonyl compound with a silyl electrophile and a base, or just reacting an enolate with a silyl electrophile. Since silyl electrophiles are hard and silicon-oxygen bonds are very strong, the oxygen (of the carbonyl compound or enolate) acts as the nucl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Deficiency of glycogenin-1 is detected in the sequence of the glycogenin-1 gene, GYG1, which revealed a non-sense mutation in one allele and a missense mutation, Thr83Met, in the other. The missense mutation resulted in inactivation of the autoglycosylation of glycogenin-1, which is necessary for the priming of glycoge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These groups have a strong electron-withdrawing inductive effect (-I) either by virtue of their positive charge or because of the powerfully electronegativity of the halogens. There is no resonance effect because there are no orbitals or electron pairs which can overlap with those of the ring. The inductive effect acts... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While surface energy is conventionally defined as the work required to build a unit of area of a given surface, when it comes to its measurement by the sessile drop technique, the surface energy is not quite as well defined. The values obtained through the sessile drop technique depend not only on the solid sample in q... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most important benefit of CAM to the plant is the ability to leave most leaf stomata closed during the day. Plants employing CAM are most common in arid environments, where water is scarce. Being able to keep stomata closed during the hottest and driest part of the day reduces the loss of water through evapotranspi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ladles can be "lip pour" design, "teapot spout" design, "lip-axis design" or "bottom pour" design:
*For lip pour design the ladle is tilted and the molten metal pours out of the ladle like water from a pitcher.
*The teapot spout design, like a teapot, takes liquid from the base of the ladle and pours it out via a lip-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Tholins occur on the dwarf planet Pluto and are responsible for red colors as well as the blue tint of the atmosphere of Pluto. The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon, the largest of five moons of Pluto, is thought to be composed of tholins, produced from methane, nitrogen and related gases released from the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Benson group-increment theory (BGIT), group-increment theory, or Benson group additivity uses the experimentally calculated heat of formation for individual groups of atoms to calculate the entire heat of formation for a molecule under investigation. This can be a quick and convenient way to determine theoretical heats... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The myokine oncostatin M has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, IL-6, IL-15, epinephrine and norepinephrine for the recruitment of NK cells and replacement of old neutrophils into new and more functional ones and limit induced inflammation by Macrophages M1 and increase in Macrophages M2 (a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Derived from ribose, a pentose, pentosidine forms fluorescent cross-links between the arginine and lysine residues in collagen. It is formed in a reaction of the amino acids with the Maillard reaction products of ribose.
Although it is present only in trace concentrations among tissue proteins, it is useful for assessi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations. With a pressure increase due to a decrease in volume, the side of the equilibrium with fewer moles is more favorable and with a pressure decrease due to an increase in volume, th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a quantum-mechanical description of matter, the electrons confined to a material (such as those in individual atoms, molecules or crystals) are limited to a discrete set of energy values. The ground state of such a material system is such that the most energetic electron has its minimal energy. In photoluminescence,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aso and Tagami were the first to report the polymerization of o-phthalaldehyde in 1967 using the cationic living polymerization technique. This technique, which was initially thought to require the usage of a strong Brönsted acid to initiate polymerization in addition to a strong nucleophile to depress polymerization a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dimetcote is commonly used for steel corrosion resistance. It is generally reliable under humid or corrosive conditions. Because of this, Dimetcote is widely used in ships, power generation facilities, and marine, oil, and offshore structures. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Natural antisense short interfering RNA (natsiRNA) is a type of siRNA. They are endogenous RNA regulators which are between 21 and 24 nucleotides in length, and are generated from complementary mRNA transcripts which are further processed into siRNA.
natsiRNA has been implicated in several developmental and response me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitinol is exceedingly difficult to make, due to the exceptionally tight compositional control required, and the tremendous reactivity of titanium. Every atom of titanium that combines with oxygen or carbon is an atom that is robbed from the NiTi lattice, thus shifting the composition and making the transformation temp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The chirality of a molecule is based on the molecular symmetry of its conformations. A conformation of a molecule is chiral if and only if it belongs to the C, D, T, O, I point groups (the chiral point groups). However, whether the molecule itself is considered to be chiral depends on whether its chiral conformations a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Canonical bases may have either a carbonyl or an amine group on the carbons surrounding the nitrogen atom furthest away from the glycosidic bond, which allows them to base pair (Watson-Crick base pairing) via hydrogen bonds (amine with ketone, purine with pyrimidine). Adenine and 2-aminoadenine have one/two amine group... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Volcanic gases were collected and analysed as long ago as 1790 by Scipione Breislak in Italy. The composition of volcanic gases is dependent on the movement of magma within the volcano. Therefore, sudden changes in gas composition often presage a change in volcanic activity. Accordingly, a large part of hazard monitor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
For many years, the origin of residual supercoiling in eukaryotic genomes remained unclear. This topological puzzle was referred to by some as the "linking number paradox". However, when experimentally determined structures of the nucleosome displayed an over-twisted left-handed wrap of DNA around the histone octamer, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
piRNAs represent the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells, deriving from a large variety of sources, including repetitive DNA and transposons. However, the biogenesis of piRNAs is also the least well understood. piRNAs appear to act both at the post-transcriptional and chromatin lev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a stepwise reaction (also called an overall reaction, complex reaction, and multistep reaction, among others) is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediates, which by definition involves at least two consecutive elementary reactions.
In a stepwise reaction, not all bonds are broken and for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), usi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transferrins are glycoproteins found in vertebrates which bind and consequently mediate the transport of iron (Fe) through blood plasma. They are produced in the liver and contain binding sites for two Fe ions. Human transferrin is encoded by the TF gene and produced as a 76 kDa glycoprotein.
Transferrin glycoproteins ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before a 2007 report by Alber and coworkers, crotonyl-coA carboxylases and reductases (CCRs) were known for reducing crotonyl-coA to butyryl-coA. A report by Alber and coworkers concluded that a specific CCR homolog was able to reduce crotonyl-coA to (2S)-ethyl malonyl-coA which was a favorable reaction. The specific C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA computing is a form of parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once. For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. Furthermore, particular mathematical computations have... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron, which occur when iron or some alloys that contain iron are exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time. Over time, the oxygen combines with the metal, forming new compounds collectively called rust, in a process called rusting. Rusting... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sea foam also acts as a mode of transport for both organisms and nutrients within the marine environment and, at times, into the intertidal or terrestrial environments. Wave action can deposit foam into intertidal areas where it can remain when the tide recedes, bringing nutrients to the intertidal zone. Additionally, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reisler grew up in Israel. She studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, earning her undergraduate degree in 1964. She moved to the Weizmann Institute of Science for her graduate studies, completing her PhD in physical chemistry 1972. Reisler worked as a postdoctoral fellow with John Doering at Johns Hopkins Unive... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents, convert acyl chlorides to ketones, which in turn are susceptible to the attack by second equivalent to yield the tertiary alcohol. The reaction of acyl halides with certain organocadmium reagents stops at the ketone stage. The reaction with Gilman reagents also afford ket... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas overall, being responsible for 41–67% of the greenhouse effect, but its global concentrations are not directly affected by human activity. While local water vapor concentrations can be affected by developments such as irrigation, it has little impact on the global scale ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Soil texture influences the soil chemistry pertaining to the soil's ability to maintain its structure, the restriction of water flow and the contents of the particles in the soil. Soil texture considers all particle types and a soil texture triangle is a chart that can be used to calculate the percentages of each parti... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand, plastic, shell, plaster, and investment (lost-wax technique) moldings. This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary, non-reusable molds. | 8 | Metallurgy |
-Enzymes are environmentally benign, being completely degraded in the environment.
-Most enzymes typically function under mild or biological conditions, which minimizes problems of undesired side-reactions such as decomposition, isomerization, racemization and rearrangement, which often plague traditional methodology.
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This silicon α-effect was first observed in the late 1960s by researchers at Bayer AG as an increase in reactivity at the silicon atom for hydrolysis and was used for cross-linking of α-silane-terminated prepolymers. For a long time after that, people attributed this reactivity as silicon α-effect. However, the real me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The study of agrominerals is termed agrogeology, and agrogeologists are concerned with issues such as the replenishment of soil fertility in areas where agrominerals have been depleted by unsustainable farming methods. With current farming practice, the system is expected to have high crop production with low soil qual... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the mid 19th century, investigators proposed several possible structures for benzene which were consistent with its empirical formula, CH, which had been determined by combustion analysis. The first, which was proposed by Kekulé in 1865, later proved to be closest to the true structure of benzene. This structure ins... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Electrical steel is one material that uses decarburization in its production. To prevent the atmospheric gases from reacting with the metal itself, electrical steel is annealed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, hydrogen, and water vapor, where oxidation of the iron is specifically prevented by the proportions of hydrogen a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Fineman-Ross method can be biased towards points at low or high monomer concentration, so Kelen and Tüdős introduced an arbitrary constant,
where and are the highest and lowest values of from the Fineman-Ross method. The data can be plotted in a linear form
where and . Plotting against yields a straight line ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Everhardus Ariëns 1963 was honored at the second International Congress of Pharmacology in Prague with the Purkinje Medal. In 1970 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also received the Dr. Saal van Zwanenberg Award (1972), the Medal of the Norwegian Poulsson Pharmacological Societ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Secondary metabolites are compounds made in the stationary phase; penicillin, for instance, prevents the growth of bacteria which could compete with Penicillium molds for resources. Some bacteria, such as Lactobacillus species, are able to produce bacteriocins which prevent the growth of bacterial competitors as well. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In primary aluminium production, aluminium carbides (AlC) originates from the reduction of alumina where carbon anodes and cathodes are in contact with the mix. Later in the process, any carbon tools in contact with the liquid aluminium can react and create carbides. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The diverse genome-wide repeats are derived from transposable elements, which are now understood to "jump" about different genomic locations, without transferring their original copies. Subsequent shuttling of the same sequences over numerous generations ensures their multiplicity throughout the genome. The limited rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B, and, in general, those natural p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methyl cyanoformate is the organic compound with the formula CHOC(O)CN. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis as a source of the methoxycarbonyl group, in which context it is also known as Manders reagent. When a lithium enolate is generated in diethyl ether or methyl t-butyl ether, treatment with Manders reag... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first mention of any research or study of the gold halides dates back to the early-to-mid-19th century, and there are three primary researchers associated with the extensive investigation of this particular area of chemistry: Thomsen, Schottländer, and Krüss. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The electrical double layer (EDL) is the result of the variation of electric potential near a surface, and has a significant influence on the behaviour of colloids and other surfaces in contact with solutions or solid-state fast ion conductors.
The primary difference between a double layer on an electrode and one on an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aziridine is produced industrially from aminoethanol via two related routes. The Nippon Shokubai process requires an oxide catalyst and high temperatures to effect the dehydration. In the Wenker synthesis, the aminoethanol is converted to the sulfate ester, which undergoes base-induced sulfate elimination. Older met... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
George Ellery Hale was the first to notice the Zeeman effect in the solar spectra, indicating the existence of strong magnetic fields in sunspots. Such fields can be quite high, on the order of 0.1 tesla or higher. Today, the Zeeman effect is used to produce magnetograms showing the variation of magnetic field on the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Squalene is biosynthesised by coupling two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. The condensation requires NADPH and the enzyme squalene synthase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of adult male characteristics in young males or females. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens.
Virilization is a medical term commonly used in three medical and biology of sex contexts: prenatal biological sexual differentiation, the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many waters in both the UK and Europe are capable of supporting Type 1 pitting but no problems will be experienced unless a pit is initiated in the wall of the tube. When a copper tube is initially filled with a hard water salts deposit on the wall and the copper slowly reacts with the water producing a thin protective... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In fractional order reactions, the order is a non-integer, which often indicates a chemical chain reaction or other complex reaction mechanism. For example, the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde () into methane and carbon monoxide proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to acetaldehyde: The decomposition of phosgene () to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A tertiary carbocation will maximize the rate of reaction for an SN1 reaction by producing a stable carbocation. This happens because the rate determining step of a SN1 reaction is the formation of the carbocation. The rate of the reaction is therefore reliant on the stability of the carbocation because it means that t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, EPIC-seq analysis results showed a significant correlation between the inspected biological effect and the developed score. For the classification tasks Area Under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) Curve (AUC) scores were over 90% with a sufficient significance interval. Also, for these task... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AFM-IR has been used to study hydrated Nafion membranes used as separators in fuel cells. The measurements revealed the distribution of free and ionically bound water on the Nafion surface. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
M30 Apoptosense® ELISA is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed for the detection of soluble caspase-cleaved keratin 18 (ccK18, K18-Asp396, formerly cytokeratin 18, ccCK18 or CK18-Asp396). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trifluoroiodomethane is a reagent in aromatic coupling reactions. It has also been used with enones, for example with chalcone, a reaction catalysed by diethyl zinc and Wilkinson's catalyst: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Garson won a Royal Society postdoctoral fellowship after her PhD, undertaking research in Rome, Italy from 1977 to 1978. She continued her research at New Hall at Cambridge on a college research fellowship from 1978 to 1981. She worked as a medicinal chemist from 1981 to 1983 at Smith Kline and French Research Ltd in W... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*The Ki Database is a public domain database of published binding affinities (Ki) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes.
*BindingDB is a public domain database of measured binding affinities, focusing chiefly on the interactions of protein considered to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis has been used to measure particle-size objects in situations such as:
* observing distribution of soil texture and sediments such as clay and mud, with an emphasis on silt and the sizes of bigger samples of clay.
* determining in situ measurements of particles in estuaries. Particles in est... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The earliest and most diverse finds of metal artifacts are from West Mexico stretching in a belt along the Pacific coast from Guerrero to Nayarit. This indicates that this region was a regional nucleus of metallurgy, from which elements of technique, form and style could have diffused throughout Mesoamerica. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Purine degradation takes place mainly in the liver of humans and requires an assortment of enzymes to degrade purines to uric acid. First, the nucleotide will lose its phosphate through 5'-nucleotidase. The nucleoside, adenosine, is then deaminated and hydrolyzed to form hypoxanthine via adenosine deaminase and nucleo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing compound whose hydrogen can be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Lie... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallacarboxylic acids mainly arise by the attack of hydroxide on electrophilic metal carbonyl complexes. An illustrative synthesis is the reaction of a cationic iron carbonyl with a stoichiometric amount of base:
:[(CH)(CO)FeCO]BF + NaOH → [(CH)(CO)FeCOH + NaBF
When applied to simple metal carbonyls, this kind of co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, the term "contamination" usually describes a single constituent, but in specialized fields the term can also mean chemical mixtures, even up to the level of cellular materials. All chemicals contain some level of impurity. Contamination may be recognized or not and may become an issue if the impure chemic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is free to become a member of BOGS. To join the mailing list for BOGS, an email is sent to the BOGS webmaster at calewis@plymouth.ac.uk. | 9 | Geochemistry |
"Southwestern blot mapping" is a time-efficient way of identifying DNA-binding proteins and specific sites on the genomic DNA that they interact with.
# First, proteins are prepared with a mixture that exposes them to the denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) agent. This exposure not only converts the proteins from a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Karl Schwarzschild in 1906 considered a system in which convection and radiation both operated but radiation was so much more efficient than convection that convection could be, as an approximation, neglected, and radiation could be considered predominant. This applies when the temperature is very high, as for example ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lateral manipulation means moving an adsorbate on the surface by making a temporary chemical or physical bond between the STM tip and the adsorbate. A typical lateral manipulation sequence begins by positioning the tip close to the adsorbate, bringing the tip close to the surface by increasing the tunneling current set... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electro sinter forging (ESF) is an industrial single electromagnetic pulse sintering technique to rapidly produce a wide range of small components in metals, alloys, intermetallics, semiconductors, and composites. ESF was invented by Alessandro Fais, an Italian metallurgical engineer and scientist.
ESF is obtained by ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or proteins directly or target another (primary) antibody that, in turn, is bound to an antigen or protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) is a NASA-JPL instrument designed to measure carbon dioxide in Earths atmosphere. The instrument is mounted on the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility on board the International Space Station (ISS). OCO-3 was scheduled to be transported to space by a SpaceX Dragon from ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Treatment and management of soils and water in acid sulfate soil landscapes provides an overview of acid sulfate soil management strategies – including a discussion on groundwater management (which is not covered in the Queensland technical manual). | 9 | Geochemistry |
The high pressure pump pushes water through the membrane. Typical pressures for brackish water range from 1.6 to 2.6 MPa (225 to 376 psi). In the case of seawater, they range from 5.5 to 8 MPa (800 to 1,180 psi). This requires substantial energy. Where energy recovery is used, part of the high pressure pump's work is d... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Most biological macromolecules contain few or no halogen atoms. But when molecules do contain halogens, halogen bonds are often essential to understanding molecular conformation. Computational studies suggest that known halogenated nucleobases form halogen bonds with oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in vitro. Interesting... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Hemiaminals form from the reaction of an amine and a ketone or aldehyde. The hemiaminal is sometimes isolable, but often they spontaneously dehydrate to give imines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The lack of drugs and unavailability of experimental treatment in the most affected regions of the West African Ebola virus outbreak spurred some controversy. The fact that the drug was first given to Americans and a European and not to Africans, according to the Los Angeles Times, "provoked outrage, feeding into Afri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pheophorbide or phaeophorbide is a product of chlorophyll breakdown and a derivative of pheophytin where both the central magnesium has been removed and the phytol tail has been hydrolyzed. It is used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy.
Pheophorbide may be generated by digestion of ingested plant matter. Both... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquid, submerged and solid state fermentation are age-old techniques used for the preservation and manufacturing of foods. During the second half of the twentieth century, liquid state fermentation developed on an industrial scale to manufacture vital metabolites such as antibiotics.
Economic changes and growing envir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the range of genes that Pol II transcribes, this is the polymerase that experiences the most regulation by a range of factors at each stage of transcription. It is also one of the most complex in terms of polymerase cofactors involved.
Initiation is regulated by many mechanisms. These can be separated into two m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For typical ionic solids, the cations are smaller than the anions, and each cation is surrounded by coordinated anions which form a polyhedron. The sum of the ionic radii determines the cation-anion distance, while the cation-anion radius ratio (or ) determines the coordination number (C.N.) of the cation, as well as ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many beam HREM images of extremely thin samples are only directly interpretable in terms of a projected crystal structure if they have been recorded under special conditions, i.e. the so-called Scherzer defocus. In that case the positions of the atom columns appear as black blobs in the image (when the spherical aberra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Studies have shown that diversity among nonsynonymous substitutions is significantly lower than among synonymous substitutions. This is due to the fact that nonsynonymous substitutions are subject to much higher selective pressures than synonymous mutations. Motoo Kimura (1968) determined that calculated mutation rates... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As hormones are defined functionally, not structurally, they may have diverse chemical structures. Hormones occur in multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi, brown algae, and red algae). These compounds occur also in unicellular organisms, and may act as signaling molecules however there is no agreement that th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The flux of the entire pathway is regulated by the rate-determining steps. These are the slowest steps in a network of reactions. The rate-limiting step occurs near the beginning of the pathway and is regulated by feedback inhibition, which ultimately controls the overall rate of the pathway. The metabolic pathway in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Anomeric effect
* Carbohydrate
* Carbohydrate conformation
* Disaccharide
* Glycosidic bond
* Monosaccharide
* Polysaccharide | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Molecular recognition events mediated through orbital interactions are critical in a number of biological processes such as enzyme catalysis. Stabilizing interactions between proteins and carbohydrates in glycosylated proteins also exemplify the role of stereoelectronic effects in biomolecules. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DXZ4 is a variable number tandemly repeated DNA sequence. In humans it is composed of 3kb monomers containing a highly conserved CTCF binding site. CTCF is a transcription factor protein and the main insulator responsible for partitioning of chromatin domains in the vertebrate genome.
In addition to being enriched in C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal carbon dioxide complexes are coordination complexes that contain carbon dioxide ligands. Aside from the fundamental interest in the coordination chemistry of simple molecules, studies in this field are motivated by the possibility that transition metals might catalyze useful transformations of CO. This research i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Opioid food peptides include:
* Casomorphin (from milk)
* Gluten exorphin (from gluten)
* Gliadorphin/gluteomorphin (from gluten)
* Rubiscolin (from spinach)
* Soymorphin-5 (from soy)
* Oryzatensin (from rice) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Smolková-Keulemansová suffered from dysentery, jaundice, typhus and tuberculosis after liberation. She could not give an address to anyone she knew in Prague, so the International Red Cross did not allow her to return to her country of origin. To receive medical treatment, she was selected to go to Sweden for a six-mon... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The material was described in NACA-TN-259 of August 1927, as "a new corrosion resistant aluminium product which is markedly superior to the present strong alloys. Its use should result in greatly increased life of a structural part. Alclad is a heat-treated aluminium, copper, manganese, magnesium alloy that has the cor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In general, on the typical laboratory scale, the direct reaction of a haloalkane with sodium hydrosulfide is inefficient owing to the competing formation of sulfides. Instead, alkyl halides are converted to thiols via an S-alkylation of thiourea. This multistep, one-pot process proceeds via the intermediacy of the isot... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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