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Protodeboronation is a chemical reaction involving the protonolysis of a boronic acid (or other organoborane compound) in which a carbon-boron bond is broken and replaced with a carbon-hydrogen bond. Protodeboronation is a well-known undesired side reaction, and frequently associated with metal-catalysed coupling react... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A stink bomb, sometimes called a stinkpot, is a device designed to create an unpleasant smell. They range in effectiveness from being used as simple pranks to military grade malodorants or riot control chemical agents. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cohen et al. found that of a pair of co-expressed genes only one promoter has an Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS) associated with that expression pattern. They suggested that UASs can activate genes that are not in immediate adjacency to them. This explanation could explain the co-expression of small clusters, but ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The iron pillar of Delhi is a structure high with a diameter that was constructed by Chandragupta II (reigned c. 375–415 CE), and now stands in the Qutub complex at Mehrauli in Delhi, India. The metals used in its construction have a rust-resistant composition. The pillar weighs more than six tonnes and is thought to... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides. The red colour arises from iron oxides, which can comprise up to 60% of the mass. The mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. In addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual aluminium compounds, and titaniu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The cyanohydrins are a special class of nitriles. Classically they result from the addition of alkali metal cyanides to aldehydes in the cyanohydrin reaction. Because of the polarity of the organic carbonyl, this reaction requires no catalyst, unlike the hydrocyanation of alkenes. O-Silyl cyanohydrins are generated by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Geological samples, such as drill cores, can be rapidly mapped for nearly all minerals of commercial interest with hyperspectral imaging. Fusion of SWIR and LWIR spectral imaging is standard for the detection of minerals in the feldspar, silica, calcite, garnet, and olivine groups, as these minerals have their most dis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Iodine heptafluoride (IF) with 7 bonding groups
* Rhenium heptafluoride (ReF)
* Peroxo chromium(IV) complexes, e.g. [Cr(O)(NH)] where the peroxo groups occupy four of the planar positions.
* and | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Founded as the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME), the institute had a membership at the beginning of 1915 of over 5,000, made up of honorary, elected, and associate members. The annual meeting of the institute was held in February, with other meetings during the year as authorized by the council. The inst... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Strong light causes the reduction of the plastoquinone pool, which leads to protonation and double reduction (and double protonation) of the Q electron acceptor of Photosystem II. The protonated and double-reduced forms of Q do not function in electron transport. Furthermore, charge recombination reactions in inhibited... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A reduced form of phenolphthalein, phenolphthalin, which is colorless, is used in a test to identify substances thought to contain blood, commonly known as the Kastle–Meyer test. A dry sample is collected with a swab or filter paper. A few drops of alcohol, then a few drops of phenolphthalin, and finally a few drops of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The study of TOR originated in the 1960s with an expedition to Easter Island (known by the island inhabitants as Rapa Nui), with the goal of identifying natural products from plants and soil with possible therapeutic potential. In 1972, Suren Sehgal identified a small molecule, from a soil bacterium Streptomyces hygros... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On long timescales, atmospheric concentration is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock weathering, and volcanic degassing. The net effect of slight imbalances in the carbon cycle over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce at... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs, may increase bleed risk with NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid), antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and garlic supplements due to escitaloprams inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation via blocking serotonin transporters on platelets. ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form an ion. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolon is a temporary structural-functional complex formed between sequential enzymes of a metabolic pathway, held together both by non-covalent interactions and by structural elements of the cell, such as integral membrane proteins and proteins of the cytoskeleton.
The formation of metabolons all... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The molybdovanadate reagent is a solution containing both the molybdate and vanadate ions. It is commonly used in the determination of phosphate ion content. The reagent used is ammonium molybdovanadate with the addition of 70% perchloric acid (sulfuric acid is also known to be used). It is used for purposes such as th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When molten, the salt sodium chloride can be electrolyzed to yield metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine. Industrially this process takes place in a special cell named Downs cell. The cell is connected to an electrical power supply, allowing electrons to migrate from the power supply to the electrolytic cell.
Reactions ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cryoneurolysis, also referred to as cryoanalgesia, is a medical procedure that temporarily blocks nerve conduction along peripheral nerve pathways. The procedure, which inserts a small probe to freeze the target nerve, can facilitate complete regeneration of the structure and function of the affected nerve. Cryoneuroly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In electrochemistry, cell notation or cell representation is a shorthand method of expressing a reaction in an electrochemical cell.
In cell notation, the two half-cells are described by writing the formula of each individual chemical species involved in the redox reaction across the cell, with all other common ions a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During extraction of the oil from oil sand, tailings consisting of water, silt, clays and other solvents are also created. This solid will become mature fine tailings by gravity. Foght et al (1985) estimated that there are 10 anaerobic heterotrophs and 10 sulfate-reducing prokaryotes per milliliter in the tailings pond... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines. Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of pesticides and by cultivation practices such as crop rotation, tillage, planting density, disease-free seeds and cleaning of equipment, but plant varieties with inherent (geneti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given that direct reduction is a chemical exchange between gas and solid, the fluidization of ore by reducing gases is an attractive line of research. However, the changing nature of the constituents, combined with the high temperature and the difficulty of controlling the fluidization phenomenon, make its adoption sin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Each article at WikiPathways is dedicated to a particular pathway. Many types of molecular pathways are covered, including metabolic, signaling, regulatory, etc. and the supported species include human, mouse, zebrafish, fruit fly, C. elegans, yeast, rice and arabidopsis, as well as bacteria and plant species. Using a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the substrate scope of PLE is broad, enantioselectivity varies as a function of the structure of the substrate. This section describes substrates that are hydrolyzed by PLE with the highest enantioselectivity, as well as sensitive substrates that may be hydrolyzed to achiral carboxylic acids in high yield with... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The modest acidity of carbons adjacent to the sulfonyl group has made sulfones useful for organic synthesis. Upon removal of the sulfonyl group with desulfonylation or reductive elimination, the net result is the formation of a carbon-carbon bond single or double bond between two unfunctionalized carbons, a ubiquitous ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The surface tension (γ) of a material is directly related to its intramolecular and intermolecular forces. The stronger the force, the greater the surface tension. This can be modeled by an equation:
Where ΔU is the energy of vaporization, N is the Avogadro constant, and a is the surface area per molecule. This equatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the forces that bind A and B together are weak, ie for all r except very small r, . The reaction rate 9 simplifies even further to
This equation is true for a very large proportion of industrially relevant reactions in solution. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A dearomatization reaction is an organic reaction in which the reactants are arenes and the products permanently lose their aromaticity. It is of some importance in synthetic organic chemistry for the organic synthesis of new building blocks and in total synthesis. Types of carbocyclic arene dearomization include hydr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The three-dimensional protein structure of OCP (in the OCP form) was solved in 2003, before its photoprotective role had been defined. The 35 kDa protein contains two structural domains: an all-α-helical N-terminal domain (NTD) consisting of two interleaved 4-helix bundles, and a mixed α/β C-terminal domain (CTD). Th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
With hexagonal and rhombohedral lattice systems, it is possible to use the Bravais–Miller system, which uses four indices (h k i ℓ) that obey the constraint
: h + k + i = 0.
Here h, k and ℓ are identical to the corresponding Miller indices, and i is a redundant index.
This four-index scheme for labeling planes in a hex... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the 1980s, Lehn observed that Co(I) species were produced in solutions containing CoCl, 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), a tertiary amine, and a Ru(bpy)Cl photosensitizer. The high affinity of CO to cobalt centers led both him and Ziessel to study cobalt centers as electrocatalysts for reduction. In 1982, they reported CO and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:
* Abnormal dreams
* Anisocoria
* Anorgasmia
* Anxiety
* Arthralgia (joint pain)
* Constipation
* Decreased or increased appetite
* Diarrhea
* Dilated pupils
* Dizziness
* Dry mouth
* Excessive sweating
* Fatigue
* Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
* Libido changes
* Myalgia (mu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The previous discussion focused on single aerosol particles. In contrast, aerosol dynamics explains the evolution of complete aerosol populations. The concentrations of particles will change over time as a result of many processes. External processes that move particles outside a volume of gas under study include diffu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The body's acid–base balance is tightly regulated. Several buffering agents exist which reversibly bind hydrogen ions and impede any change in pH. Extracellular buffers include bicarbonate and ammonia, while proteins and phosphate act as intracellular buffers. The bicarbonate buffering system is especially key, as carb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone, making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process.
An imp... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNAs are a type of large biological molecules, whose individual building blocks are called nucleotides. The name poly(A) tail (for polyadenylic acid tail) reflects the way RNA nucleotides are abbreviated, with a letter for the base the nucleotide contains (A for adenine, C for cytosine, G for guanine and U for uracil).... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NAPCO began developing composite cow breeds in 1982 when they created the Alexandria composite by breeding Braham Bulls and Shorthorn cow herds. The Alexandria composite is a species of cow that is specific to the NAPCO. The composite was developed at NAPCOs Alexandria station in the Northern Territory. The Alexandria ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An alternative approach for applying the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is to promote a fixed or discrete parameter which appears in a Hamiltonian to be a continuous variable solely for the mathematical purpose of taking a derivative. Possible parameters are physical constants or discrete quantum numbers. As an example, the ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The intracellular life of plant viruses in hosts is still understudied especially the earliest stages of infection. Many membranous structures which viruses induce plant cells to produce are motile, often being used to traffic new virions within the producing cell and into their neighbors. Viruses also induce various c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) gases. This gaseous mixture is used for torches to process refractory materials and was the first
gaseous mixture used for welding. Theoretically, a ratio of 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen is enough to achieve maximum efficiency; in practice a ratio 4:1 or 5:1 is needed to a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carboxylic acids are readily identified as such by infrared spectroscopy. They exhibit a sharp band associated with vibration of the C=O carbonyl bond (ν) between 1680 and 1725 cm. A characteristic ν band appears as a broad peak in the 2500 to 3000 cm region. By H NMR spectrometry, the hydroxyl hydrogen appears in the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The efficiency of conversion of ingested food to unit of body substance (ECI, also termed "growth efficiency") is an index measure of food fuel efficiency in animals. The ECI is a rough scale of how much of the food ingested is converted into growth in the animal's mass. It can be used to compare the growth efficiency ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Over the past two decades faradaic impedance has emerged as the basis for an important technique in a form of spectral analysis applicable to a wide variety of materials. This technique depends on the capacitive component of faradaic impedance. Whereas the resistive component is independent of frequency and can be me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a nitrene or imene () is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom is uncharged and univalent, so it has only 6 electrons in its valence level—two covalent bonded and four non-bonded electrons. It is therefore considered an electrophile due to the unsatisfied octet. A nitrene is a reactive int... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A transcritical cycle is a closed thermodynamic cycle where the working fluid goes through both subcritical and supercritical states. In particular, for power cycles the working fluid is kept in the liquid region during the compression phase and in vapour and/or supercritical conditions during the expansion phase. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TaqMan probe-based assays are widely used in quantitative PCR in research and medical laboratories:
*Gene expression assays
*Pharmacogenomics
*Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genotyping
*Determination of viral load in clinical specimens (HIV, Hepatitis)
*Bacterial Identification assays
*DNA quantification
*SNP genotyping... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The optical absorption spectrum of pyridine in hexane consists of bands at the wavelengths of 195, 251, and 270 nm. With respective extinction coefficients (ε) of 7500, 2000, and 450 L·mol·cm, these bands are assigned to π → π*, π → π*, and n → π* transitions.
The H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum shows sig... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Other challenges of the cyanosulfidic prebiotic synthesis approach is that the reductant, sulfide, has low solubility in water except in alkaline conditions and the main catalyst, copper, has a relatively low abundance in Earth’s crust. To address these problems, an alternative scheme for prebiotic systems chemistry ca... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many compounds exhibit polymorphism. It has been claimed that "every compound has different polymorphic forms, and that, in general, the number of forms known for a given compound is proportional to the time and money spent in research on that compound." | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Considering a quasi-spherical shell subject to thermal undulations according to Langevin dynamics, one can express the time-averaged mean square amplitudes of the fluctuation modes as
where where and index the fluctuation mode corresponding to spherical harmonics <math>Y^m_n(\theta,\phi)
is the reduced membrane tens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2020, the gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was presented as a great EU-funded innovation by the Innovation Radar of the European Commission, for its application on the secondary recovery of platinum group metals. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Also known as heated persulfate, the method utilizes the same free radical formation as UV persulfate oxidation except uses heat to magnify the oxidizing power of persulfate. Chemical oxidation of carbon with a strong oxidizer, such as persulfate, is highly efficient, and unlike UV, is not susceptible to lower recoveri... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Possibly the most common use of affinity chromatography is for the purification of recombinant proteins. Proteins with a known affinity are protein tagged in order to aid their purification. The protein may have been genetically modified so as to allow it to be selected for affinity binding; this is known as a fusion p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Due to differential uptake in plants as well as marine carbonates of C, it is possible to use these isotopic signatures in earth science. Biological processes preferentially take up the lower mass isotope through kinetic fractionation. In aqueous geochemistry, by analyzing the δC value of carbonaceous material found in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Copurification procedures, such as co-immunoprecipitation, are commonly used to analyze interactions between proteins. Copurification is one method used to map the interactome of living organisms. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nighttime wind power is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the load curve for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is ofte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*ERH is adaptable to all soil types and sedimentary bedrock. ERH is also effective in both the vadose and saturated zones. Certain lithologies can limit traditional methods of remediation by preventing a reliable removal/destruction pathway for the contamination of concern. Because electricity can and does travel thr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Various geologic data suggest that Lake Chichoj stretches above of a body of gypsum well exposed on outcrops farther west. There, gypsum dissolution is responsible for repeated mountain flank collapses in the valley of Los Chorros. The lake occupies at least three coalescing dolines likely formed by dissolution of gyps... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The only oceanic anoxic event documented from the Jurassic took place during the early Toarcian (~183 Ma). Since no DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) or ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) cores have recovered black shales of this age—there being little or no Toarcian ocean crust remaining—the samples of black shale primarily ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In imaging spectroscopy (also hyperspectral imaging or spectral imaging) each pixel of an image acquires many bands of light intensity data from the spectrum, instead of just the three bands of the RGB color model. More precisely, it is the simultaneous acquisition of spatially coregistered images in many spectrally co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pH of the extracellular fluid, including the blood plasma, is normally tightly regulated between 7.32 and 7.42 by the chemical buffers, the respiratory system, and the renal system. The normal pH in the fetus differs from that in the adult. In the fetus, the pH in the umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfonic acids can be converted to esters. This class of organic compounds has the general formula R−SO−OR. Sulfonic esters such as methyl triflate are considered good alkylating agents in organic synthesis. Such sulfonate esters are often prepared by alcoholysis of the sulfonyl chlorides:
:RSOCl + R′OH → RSOOR′ + HCl | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several, so-called mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (TPdIs), have been developed and are in early-stage preclinical trials and show promising results. Their development has been benefited from previous studies with PI3K-selective inhibitors. The activity of these small molecules from rapalog activity differs in the way by blo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanocrystalline metals can be produced by rapid solidification from the liquid using a process such as melt spinning. This often produces an amorphous metal, which can be transformed into an nanocrystalline metal by annealing above the crystallization temperature. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The goal of the TB Structural Genomics Consortium is to determine the structures of potential drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. The development of novel drug therapies against tuberculosis are particularly important given the growing problem of multi-drug-resistant tube... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been studies that a type of cerein 8A is very effective in inhibiting the effects of the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica that causes diarrhea, stomach aches, and fever. In clinical research, it was discovered that cerein 8A in combination with combination with sodium lactate killed Salmon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Severyn Marcel Sternhell (30 May 1930 – 18 November 2022) was a Polish-born Australian academic and organic chemist. He was professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. His research focused on the induction of chirality into mesophases, aspects of steric hindran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It has been suggested that the size of an organism's interactome correlates better than genome size with the biological complexity of the organism. Although protein–protein interaction maps containing several thousand binary interactions are now available for several species, none of them is presently complete and the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All the structural genes of an operon are turned ON or OFF together, due to a single promoter and operator upstream to them, but sometimes more control over the gene expression is needed. To achieve this aspect, some bacterial genes are located near together, but there is a specific promoter for each of them; this is c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calcium sulfate (its α- and β-hemihydrates) is a well known biocompatible material that is widely used as a bone graft substitute in dentistry or as its binder. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mole ratio is defined as the amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:
If is much smaller than , the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When forming any sphere-packing lattice, the first fact to notice is that whenever two spheres touch a straight line may be drawn from the center of one sphere to the center of the other intersecting the point of contact. The distance between the centers along the shortest path namely that straight line will therefore ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid such as a very fine suspension (a sol). Also known as Tyndall scattering, it is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ballentine has shown that by measuring noble gas isotopes, he can identify and quantify the processes controlling the origin, migration, and interaction of subsurface water, hydrocarbons, and fluids.
He has applied noble gas tools and principles to understand how natural gas fields form inside Earth, the role of ground... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Optical depth measures the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power in a material. Attenuation can be caused by absorption, but also reflection, scattering, and other physical processes. Optical depth of a material is approximately equal to its attenuation when both the absorbance is much less than 1 and the emitta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time data about source water quality. In the early 21s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While most iron is oxidized as a result of interaction with atmospheric oxygen or oxygenated waters, oxidation by bacteria is an active process in anoxic environments and in oxygenated, low pH (Fe values between 2 and 3‰ were measured. However, a Rayleigh trend with a fractionation factor of α ~ 1.0022 was observed, wh... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Clay minerals are common weathering products (including weathering of feldspar) and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration products. Clay minerals are very common in soils, in fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale, mudstone, and siltstone and in fine-grained metamorphic slate and phyllite.
Given the requirement... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The length of the multiple conjugated double bonds determines their color and photophysics. After absorbing a photon, the carotenoid transfers its excited electron to chlorophyll for use in photosynthesis. Upon absorption of light, carotenoids transfer excitation energy to and from chlorophyll. The singlet-singlet ener... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For several compounds containing both a nitrene group and a free radical group an ESR high-spin quartet has been recorded (matrix, cryogenic temperatures). One of these has an amine oxide radical group incorporated, another system has a carbon radical group.
In this system one of the nitrogen unpaired electrons is delo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enhancers as sites of extragenic transcription were initially discovered in genome-wide studies that identified enhancers as common regions of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) binding and non-coding RNA transcription. The level of RNA pol II–enhancer interaction and RNA transcript formation were found to be highly variab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere (air), biosphere (plants and animals) and the lithosphere (the Earth’s crust). The oxygen cycle demonstrates how free oxygen is made available in each of these regions, as well as how it is used. The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tramadol can have pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacogenetic interactions.
Tramadol is metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes which contribute to the metabolism of approximately 25% of all medications. Any medications with the ability to inhibit or induce these enzymes may interact with tramadol. These include common... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Palladacycles with ring-sizes range from 3 to 10 have been synthesized and characterized, whereas only 5-/6-membered ones are commonly used. Palladacycles of 3-/4-/>6-membered ring-sizes are usually unstable due to their ring strains. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These proteins were originally characterized by their capacity to induce oncogenic transformation in a specific cell culture system, rat kidney fibroblasts. Application of the transforming growth factors to normal rat kidney fibroblasts induces the cultured cells to proliferate and overgrow, no longer subject to the no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cannulation requires installing a flanged rubber cylinder in the side of a cow, behind its 13th rib. The cylinder typically is fitted with a plastic, rubber, or metal cap to keep the rumen anaerobic.
The rubber cannula is surgically implanted while the cow is standing and awake, with local anesthetic. The cow is made t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because of the sensitivity of the electrodes to contaminants, cleanliness of the probes is essential for accuracy and precision. Probes are generally kept moist when not in use with a medium appropriate for the particular probe, which is typically an aqueous solution available from probe manufacturers. Probe manufactur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Spray painting
* High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)
* Plasma spraying
* Thermal spraying
* Kinetic metallization (KM)
* Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying
* The common forms of Powder coating | 8 | Metallurgy |
Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It consists of potassium cations and tetraiodomercurate(II) anions. It is the active agent in Nessler's reagent, used for detection of ammonia. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hypervalent molecules were first formally defined by Jeremy I. Musher in 1969 as molecules having central atoms of group 15–18 in any valence other than the lowest (i.e. 3, 2, 1, 0 for Groups 15, 16, 17, 18 respectively, based on the octet rule).
Several specific classes of hypervalent molecules exist:
* Hypervalent io... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydroperoxides are intermediates or reagents in major commercial processes. In the cumene process, acetone and phenol are produced by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide (Me = methyl): | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amino acid replacement is a change from one amino acid to a different amino acid in a protein due to point mutation in the corresponding DNA sequence. It is caused by nonsynonymous missense mutation which changes the codon sequence to code other amino acid instead of the original. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eigen et al. and Woese proposed that the genomes of early protocells were composed of single-stranded RNA, and that individual genes corresponded to separate RNA segments, rather than being linked end-to-end as in present-day DNA genomes. A protocell that was haploid (one copy of each RNA gene) would be vulnerable to d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For zero-order reactions, the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of a reactant, so that changing its concentration has no effect on the rate of the reaction. Thus, the concentration changes linearly with time. This may occur when there is a bottleneck which limits the number of reactant molecules that ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Prix Michel-Sarrazin is awarded annually in the Canadian province of Quebec by the Club de Recherches Clinique du Québec to a celebrated Québécois scientist who, by their dynamism and productivity, have contributed in an important way to the advancement of research biomedical. It is named in honour of Michel Sarraz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The portmanteau word "pheromone" was coined by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek φέρω phérō (I carry) and ὁρμων hórmōn (stimulating). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones. They were researched earlier by various scientists, including Jean-Henri Fabre, Joseph A. Lintner, A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There have been proposals for automation to make rapid prediction of BOD so it could be used for on-line process monitoring and control. For example, the use of a computerised machine learning method to make rapid inferences about BOD using easy to measure water quality parameters. Ones such as flow rate, chemical oxyg... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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