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Alcohols () take the suffix "-ol" with a numerical suffix indicating the bonding position: is propan-1-ol. The suffixes , , , etc., are used for multiple groups: Ethylene glycol is ethane-1,2-diol.
If higher precedence functional groups are present (see order of precedence, below), the prefix "hydroxy" is used with ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bottromycins contain a C-terminal decarboxylated thiazole in addition to a macrocyclic amidine.
There are currently six known bottromycin compounds, which differ in the extent of side chain methylation, an additional characteristic of the bottromycin class. The total synthesis of bottromycin A2 was required to definiti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common 1,4-dithiol is dithiothreitol (DTT), HSCHCH(OH)CH(OH)CHSH, sometimes called Cleland's reagent, for to reduce protein disulfide bonds. Oxidation of DTT results a stable six-membered heterocyclic ring with an internal disulfide bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The punkah (fan) was used in India about 500 BCE. It was a handheld fan made from bamboo strips or other plant fiber, that could be rotated or fanned to move air. During British rule, the word came to be used by Anglo-Indians to mean a large swinging flat fan, fixed to the ceiling and pulled by a servant called the pun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fibrous proteins, such as proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease and prion proteins fulfil the requirements for UV LD in that they are a class of long, thin molecules. In addition, cytoskeletal proteins can also be measured using LD. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical messengers bind to metabotropic receptors to initiate a diversity of effects caused by biochemical signaling cascades. G protein-coupled receptors are all metabotropic receptors. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, or G protein, activates a second messenge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word mos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mycoestrogens and their metabolites are largely excreted in urine in humans and in feces in other animal systems. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first computational model of dendritic solidification was published by Kobayashi, who used a phase-field model to solve two coupled partial differential equations describing the evolution of the phase-field, (with in the liquid phase and in the solid phase), and the temperature field, , for a pure material in tw... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Inverting enzymes utilize two enzymic residues, typically carboxylate residues, that act as acid and base respectively, as shown below for a β-glucosidase.
The product of the reaction has an axial position on C1, but some spontaneous changes of conformation can appear. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hazards posed by titanium tetrachloride generally arise from its reaction with water that releases hydrochloric acid, which is severely corrosive itself and whose vapors are also extremely irritating. is a strong Lewis acid, which exothermically forms adducts with even weak bases such as THF and water. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electro sinter forging is an electric current assisted sintering (ECAS) technology originated from capacitor discharge sintering. It is used for the production of diamond metal matrix composites and is under evaluation for the production of hard metals, nitinol and other metals and intermetallics. It is characterized b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supercritical carbon dioxide is also emerging as a useful high-temperature refrigerant, being used in new, CFC/HFC-free domestic heat pumps making use of the transcritical cycle. These systems are undergoing continuous development with supercritical carbon dioxide heat pumps already being successfully marketed in Asia.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The seasonal harvesting of snow and ice is an ancient practice estimated to have begun earlier than 1000 BC. A Chinese collection of lyrics from this time period known as the Sleaping, describes religious ceremonies for filling and emptying ice cellars. However, little is known about the construction of these ice cella... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other oxygenates are available as additives for gasoline including ethanol and other ethers such as ETBE.
Ethanol has been advertised as a safe alternative by agricultural and other interest groups in the U.S. and Europe. In 2003, California was the first U.S. state to start replacing MTBE with ethanol.
An alternative ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
For a d-dimensional system, the ideal gas pressure is:
where is the volume of the d-dimensional domain in which the gas exists. The dimensions of the pressure changes with dimensionality. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Small impurity interstitial atoms are usually on true interstitial sites between the lattice atoms. Large impurity interstitials can also be in split interstitial configurations together with a lattice atom, similar to those of the self-interstitial atom. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ferrouranium, also called ferro-uranium, is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and uranium, after World War II usually depleted uranium. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cells are the foundation of all organisms and are the fundamental units of life. The growth and development of cells are essential for the maintenance of the host and survival of the organism. For this process, the cell goes through the steps of the cell cycle and development which involves cell growth, DNA replication... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recent research that builds on his work in polymerisation, Gilbert has developed a new way of understanding the biochemistry of the enzymatic processes involved in starch biosynthesis, in collaboration with Dr Melissa Fitzgerald, International Rice Research Institute, Manilla. In this new field, he applied the metho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluorine is the thirteenth most common element in Earth's crust, comprising between 600 and 700 ppm of the crust by mass. Because of its reactivity, it is essentially only found in compounds. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an acoustic sensor built around a disk shaped quartz crystal. It makes use of the converse piezoelectric effect. QCM, and extended versions such as QCM-D, has been widely used for protein adsorption studies, especially, real time monitoring of label-free protein adsorption. In addit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anaplerotic reactions, a term coined by Hans Kornberg and originating from the Greek [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek ἀνά]= up and [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%89 πληρόω]= to fill, are chemical reactions that form intermediates of a metabolic pathway... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1930s, USSR geochemist Alexander Fersman defined the relative abundance of chemical elements in geological objects, denoted in percents, as . This was in honor to the American geochemist Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, who pioneered in estimating the chemical composition of Earths crust, based on Clarke and colleague... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In general, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes do not appear to strongly fractionate Cu isotopes, while δCu values of Cu minerals vary widely. The average Cu isotopic composition of bulk silicate Earth has been measured as 0.06 ± 0.20‰ based on 132 different terrestrial samples. MORBs and oceanic island bas... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Combining the well-known formula for the Gibbs free energy of reaction
where is the entropy of the system, with the Gibbs free energy isotherm equation:
we obtain
Differentiation of this expression with respect to the variable while assuming that both and are independent of yields the Van 't Hoff equation. These as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The specific weight, , of a material is defined as the product of its density, , and the standard gravity, :
The density of the material is defined as mass per unit volume, typically measured in kg/m. The standard gravity is acceleration due to gravity, usually given in m/s, and on Earth usually taken as .
Unlike dens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Edmond–Ogston model is a thermodynamic model proposed by Elizabeth Edmond and Alexander George Ogston in 1968 to describe phase separation of two-component polymer mixtures in a common solvent. At the core of the model is an expression for the Helmholtz free energy
that takes into account terms in the concentratio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anomers are diastereoisomers of glycosides, hemiacetals or related cyclic forms of sugars, or related molecules differing in configuration only at C-1. When the stereochemistry of the first carbon matches the stereochemistry of the last stereogenic center the sugar is the α-anomer when they are opposite the sugar is th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It typically has a strong maximum at the minimal number of photons to ionize the system, with successive peaks (known as ATI peaks) separated by the photon energy and thus corresponding to higher numbers of photons being absorbed.
In the non-perturbative regime the bound states are dressed with the electric field, shif... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Terminal epoxides suffer from the limitation that competitive nucleophilic addition of the base to the unsubstituted epoxide carbon may take place. Non-nucleophilic, sterically hindered bases have been used to isomerize terminal epoxides successfully, however.
Acyclic disubstituted epoxides undergo deprotonation at the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The microscope setup is based on an inverted microscope design. An automated stage is used to record larger areas by mosaicing a series of single adjacent frames. The LED light is focused using a ball lens with a short focal length onto the sample surface in an oblique-angle cis-illumination scheme since standard micro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The properties of ferromanganese vary considerably with the precise type and composition of the alloy. The melting point is generally between and . The density of the alloy depend slightly on the types of impurities present, but is generally around . | 8 | Metallurgy |
The administration of a nucleoside-modified messenger RNA sequence can cause a cell to make a protein, which in turn could directly treat a disease or could function as a vaccine; more indirectly the protein could drive an endogenous stem cell to differentiate in a desired way.
The primary challenges of RNA therapy cen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2022, Malaysia was the third-largest PV module producer, with a production capacity of 10.8 GW, accounting for 2.8% of global production. This placed it behind China, which dominated with 77.8%, and Vietnam, which contributed 6.4%. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Within mathematics, inexact differentials are usually just referred more generally to as differential forms which are often written just as . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lead-Bismuth Eutectic or LBE is a eutectic alloy of lead (44.5 at%) and bismuth (55.5 at%) used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors, and is a proposed coolant for the lead-cooled fast reactor, part of the Generation IV reactor initiative.
It has a melting point of 123.5 °C/254.3 °F (pure lead melts at 327 °C/621 °F, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Matrai is known for her work on marine aerosols, especially those that contain sulfur. She has examined the production of sulfur compounds by coccolithophores, a type of phytoplankton. She has also examined the amount of organic sulfur inside phytoplankton cells and during phytoplankton blooms. Matrai has worked on the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Selegiline, also known as -deprenyl and sold under the brand names Eldepryl, Emsam, Selgin, among other names, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinsons disease and major depressive disorder. It is provided in the form of a capsule or tablet taken by mouth or orally disintegrating tablets taken on th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As required for all separation techniques, ionic liquids exhibit selectivity towards one or more of the phases of a mixture. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF) is a room-temperature ionic liquid that was identified early on as a viable substitute for volatile organic solvents in liquid-liquid sep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Members of the family include blood serotransferrin (or siderophilin, usually simply called transferrin); lactotransferrin (lactoferrin); milk transferrin; egg white ovotransferrin (conalbumin); and membrane-associated melanotransferrin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR-. Many depsipeptides have both peptide and ester linkages. Elimination of the N–H group in a peptide structure results in a decrease of H-bonding capability, which is responsible for seconda... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several plants are allelopathic, producing chemicals which inhibit the growth of other species. For example, rye is useful as a cereal crop, and can be used as a cover crop to suppress weeds in companion plantings, or mown and used as a weed-suppressing mulch. Rye produces two phytotoxic substances, [2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ASBMB gives out an array of annual awards in different categories.
* Lemberg Medal - after 5 years' membership for significant contribution
* Shimadzu Research Medal - within 15 years post-PhD graduation
* Eppendorf Edman ECR Award - within 7 years post-PhD
* SDR Scientific Education Award - education (especially innov... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sample thickness can be estimated using twoBeamGUI from a convergent beam electron diffraction pattern (CBED) in two beam approximation. The procedure is based on an automated extraction of the intensity profile across the diffracted disk in the following steps:
# diffraction disk radius is determined using multi-scale... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Applications of AFM-IR have include the characterisation of protein, polymers composites, bacteria, cells, biominerals, pharmaceutical sciences, photonics/nanoantennas, fuel cells, fibers, skin, hair, metal organic frameworks, microdroplets, self-assembled monolayers, nanocrystals, and semiconductors. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are four major methods used to quantify the metabolome of single cells, they are: fluorescence–based detection, fluorescence biosensors, FRET biosensors, and mass spectroscopy. The first three methods listed use fluorescence microscopy to detect molecules in a cell. Usually these assays use small fluorescent tag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Preparing TNP-ATP is a one-step synthesis that is relatively safe and easy. Adenosine’s ribose moiety can be trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonate (TNBS). The resulting compound assumes a bright orange color and has visible absorption characteristics, as is characteristic of a Meiseinheimer spiro comp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atomic energy-level and Grotrian diagrams by Stanley Bashkin and John O. Stoner, Jr.
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7245253 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus]
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5726087 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus (Addenda)]
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5286863 Volume III]
* [htt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Only a few lists of information will be output from a calculation, in general. For the ions, the position, velocity and net force on each ion are recorded at each step. For electrons, the guess as to the electronic state function may be recorded as well. Finally, the total energy of the system is recorded. From the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydrogen embrittlement can be prevented through several methods, all of which are centered on minimizing contact between the metal and hydrogen, particularly during fabrication and the electrolysis of water. Embrittling procedures such as acid pickling should be avoided, as should increased contact with elements such a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depending on their chemical structures, polymers may be either semi-crystalline or amorphous. Semi-crystalline polymers can undergo crystallization and melting transitions, whereas amorphous polymers do not. In polymers, crystallization and melting do not suggest solid-liquid phase transitions, as in the case of water ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, when the solution is at equilibrium. Due to the many o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) is a computational method that calculates the absolute magnetic shielding at the center of a ring. The values are reported with a reversed sign to make them compatible with the chemical shift conventions of NMR spectroscopy. In this method, negative NICS values indicate aro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide. In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between other amino acid residues. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An early example of this bonding mode was provided by prepared from diazomethane:
Another example of this family of compounds is Tebbe's reagent. It features a methylene bridge joining titanium and aluminum. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These newly cooked strange quarks find their way into a multitude of different final particles that emerge as the hot quark–gluon plasma fireball breaks up, see the scheme of different processes in figure. Given the ready supply of antiquarks in the "fireball", one also finds a multitude of antimatter particles contain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On 6 July 2012, the international reference standard Codex Alimentarius Commission narrowly approved the adoption of a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb) for muscle cuts of beef and pork. Setting any limit was a controversial move. Countries with major meat export markets had been lobbying for th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx) is a group of the major public providers of molecular interaction data to provide a single, non-redundant set of molecular interactions. Data is captured using a detailed curation model and made available in the PSI-MI standard formats. Participating databases incl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Howard E. Zimmerman (July 5, 1926 – February 12, 2012) was a professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 and the recipient of the 1986 American Institute of Chemists Chemical Pioneer Award. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The hydrogen bond can be compared with the closely related dihydrogen bond, which is also an intermolecular bonding interaction involving hydrogen atoms. These structures have been known for some time, and well characterized by crystallography; however, an understanding of their relationship to the conventional hydroge... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Phytobenthos () (from Greek (phyton, meaning "plants") and (benthos, meaning "depths") are autotrophic organisms found attached to bottom surfaces aquatic environments, such as rocks, sediments, or even other organisms. This photosynthetic community includes single-celled or filamentous cyanobacteria, microalgae, and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nipah virus is a causative agent of outbreaks of encephalitis with pneumonia and has a high case fatality rate. The first outbreak occurred in Malaysia-Singapore, related to contact with pigs in slaughterhouses and an outbreak in Philippines related to slaughter of horses, most other outbreaks have affected India and B... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This compound may be prepared by reacting the corresponding sulfonic acid with excess phosphorus oxychloride (POCl) at room temperature. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ- casein and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheesemaking industry. However, there are milk-clotting proteases able to cleave other peptide bonds in the κ-casein chain, such as the e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain temperature range. If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional isotropic liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a conventional... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The six criteria air pollutants were the first set of pollutants recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as needing standards on a national level. The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to set US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the six CAPs. The NAAQS are health based and the EPA ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Commercially available siliconates include potassium methyl siliconate (CAS 31795-24-1, CHKOSi) and sodium methyl siliconate (CAS 16589-43-8, CHNaOSi). These are supplied as a concentrate in water with an active content of between 30 and 40% by weight. This solution is further diluted in water prior to their applicatio... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A dilute solution of a certain polymer has a unique feature: all polymers are considered independent from each other, so that interactions between polymers may be neglected. By illuminating such a solution with a ray of considerable width, a macroscopic number of chain conformations are being sampled simultaneously. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HDAC1 & HDAC2 are in the first class of HDACs are most closely related to one another. By analyzing the overall sequences of both HDACs, their similarity was found to be approximately 82% homologous. These enzymes have been found to be inactive when isolated which led to the conclusion that they must be incorporated wi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Disease gene identification techniques often follow the same overall procedure. DNA is first collected from several patients who are believed to have the same genetic disease. Then, their DNA samples are analyzed and screened to determine probable regions where the mutation could potentially reside. These techniques... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disarming sugars can also be accomplished by adding 1,3-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolane protecting groups onto sugars. These protecting groups “lock” the sugars into a rigid chair conformation. When the sugar forms the necessary oxocarbenium ion, it flattens at the anomeric position. This change in configuration is a high-en... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electrophilic amination reactions can be classified as either additions or substitutions. Although the resulting product is not always an amine, these reactions are unified by the formation of a carbon–nitrogen bond and the use of an electrophilic aminating agent. A wide variety of electrophiles have been used; for sub... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many materials are able to be sprayed as coatings using the D-gun. These materials used for the feedstock are powders of metals, alloys and cermets; as well as their oxides. However, mainly high-tech coatings are used, these include ceramics, and complex composites. Characteristics such as strength, hardness, shrink, c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A loading control is a protein used as a control in a Western blotting experiment. Typically, loading controls are proteins with high and ubiquitous expression, such as beta-actin or GADPH. They are used to make sure that the protein has been loaded equally across all wells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical equations, radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or molecular formula as follows:
Radical reaction mechanisms use single-headed arrows to depict the movement of single electrons:
The homolytic cleavage of the breaking bond is drawn with a "fish-hook" a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Microbial growth in alkaline conditions presents several complications to normal biochemical activity and reproduction, as high pH is detrimental to normal cellular processes. For example, alkalinity can lead to denaturation of DNA, instability of the plasma membrane and inactivation of cytosolic enzymes, as well as ot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enterics that subsequently metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids lower the pH of the medium to 4.2. At this pH, methyl red turns red, a positive test. Enterics that subsequently metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products lower the pH of the medium to only 6.0. At this pH, methyl red is yellow, a negative test. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Like β-hydride elimination, β-carbon elimination requires the metal to have an open coordination site cis to the alkyl group for this reaction to occur. β-carbon elimination is usually less favored than hydride elimination because the metal–hydride bond is stronger than the metal–carbon bond for most metals in catalyti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a class of molecules found on the surface of some eukaryotes, in particular protozoa. Each is made up of two parts, lipid and polysaccharide (also called glycan). They are bonded by a phosphodiester, hence the name lipo-phospho-glycan.
One species with extensive lipophosphoglycan coating is L... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An advanced spatio-spectral scanning system, proposed in June 2014, consists of a dispersive element before a spatial scanning system. (This allows for easy switching between spatial and spatio-spectral scanning). The imaging process is based on spectral analysis of a strip of a dispersed image of the scene. The field ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The system size expansion, also known as van Kampen's expansion or the Ω-expansion, is a technique pioneered by Nico van Kampen used in the analysis of stochastic processes. Specifically, it allows one to find an approximation to the solution of a master equation with nonlinear transition rates. The leading order term ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is equivalent to a particular amount of retinol, so that comparisons can be made of the benefit of different foods. The situation can be confusing because the accepted equivalences have changed over ti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another aspect is the similarity of arsenic effects to the heat shock response. Short-term arsenic exposure has effects on signal transduction inducing heat shock proteins with masses of 27, 60, 70, 72, 90, and 110 kDa as well as metallothionein, ubiquitin, mitogen-activated [MAP] kinases, extracellular regulated kinas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pauline Rudd is a British biochemist and Professor at the Microbiome Institute, University College Cork. She is a founder of Wessex Biochemicals, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and was awarded the James Gregory Medal in 2010. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some other lattice packings are often found in physical systems. These include the cubic lattice with a density of , the hexagonal lattice with a density of and the tetrahedral lattice with a density of . | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eshelby was clear and amusing as a lecturer, and prepared his lectures with great care, but was not keen on doing experimental work. He was well versed in Sanskrit (among other classical languages) and was an avid second-hand book buyer.
Eshelby died on 10 December 1981. | 8 | Metallurgy |
All equilibrium constants vary with temperature according to the Van 't Hoff equation
Alternatively
R is the gas constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Thus, for exothermic reactions, where the standard enthalpy change, ΔH, is negative, K decreases with temperature, but for endothermic reactions, where ΔH is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phillips' research on heme proteins and ligand affinity has provided insights into engineering strategies for physiological functions. He explored the impact of His64 in sperm whale myoglobin on ligand affinity, shedding light on structural changes induced by ligand binding and mechanisms of ligand discrimination in my... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanofuidic triode is a three-terminal double junction nanofluidic device composed of positive-charged alumina and negative-charged silica nanochannels. The device is essentially a three-terminal bipolar junction transistor. By controlling the voltage across emitter and collector terminals, one can regulate the ion curr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. It was discovered in 1990 in the lab of Roger D. Kornberg, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Mediator complexes interact with transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. The main function of mediator com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many protein-coding genes have more than one polyadenylation site, so a gene can code for several mRNAs that differ in their 3′ end. The 3’ region of a transcript contains many polyadenylation signals (PAS). When more proximal (closer towards 5’ end) PAS sites are utilized, this shortens the length of the 3’ untranslat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms may fall within coding sequences of genes, non-coding regions of genes, or in the intergenic regions (regions between genes). SNPs within a coding sequence do not necessarily change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is produced, due to degeneracy of the genetic code.
SNPs in th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200 °C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500–525 °C and pressures ranging from 8–50 atm. Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Bacterial and mammalian SCSs are made up of α and β subunits. In E. coli two αβ heterodimers link together to form an αβ heterotetrameric structure. However, mammalian mitochondrial SCSs are active as αβ dimers and do not form a heterotetramer.
The E. coli SCS heterotetramer has been crystallized and characterized ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trandolapril is a prodrug that is deesterified to trandolaprilat. It is believed to exert its antihypertensive effect through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Trandolapril has a half-life of about six hours, while trandolaprilat has a half life of about ten hours. Trandolaprilat has about eight times the activ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The famous controversy between Pasteur and Liebig over the nature of alcoholic fermentation was uncovered by Eduard Büchner, a German chemist and zymologist. Influenced by his brother Hans, who became the famous bacteriologist, Büchner developed an interest in the fermentation process in which yeast breaks down sugar ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many physical processes over ocean surface can generate sea salt aerosols. One common cause is the bursting of air bubbles, which are entrained by the wind stress during the whitecap formation. Another is tearing of drops from wave tops. Wind speed is the key factor to determine the production rate in both mechanisms.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Falcon Continuous (C) centrifugal concentrator is primarily used for the separation of heavy minerals which occur in ore concentrations above 0.1% by weight, such as cassiterite, tantalum and scheelite. It is also used for coal cleaning and pre-concentration of gold bearing ores. The machine generates forces up to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Copper goes through a natural oxidation process that forms a unique protective patina on the metal. The surface of the metal undergoes a series of color changes: from iridescent/salmon pinks to oranges and reds interspersed with brassy yellows, blues, greens and purples. As the oxide thickens, these colors are replaced... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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