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Site-specific pollution induced degradation is measured through the combination of the three portions of the sediment quality triad. The sediment chemistry, sediment toxicity, and the field effects to benthic organisms are compared quantitatively. Data is most useful when it has been normalized to reference site values... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The thermocouple's behaviour is captured by a characteristic function , which needs only to be consulted at two arguments:
In terms of the Seebeck coefficients, the characteristic function is defined by
The constant of integration in this indefinite integral has no significance, but is conventionally chosen such that .... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The conductivity of a solution is highly temperature dependent, so it is important either to use a temperature compensated instrument, or to calibrate the instrument at the same temperature as the solution being measured. Unlike metals, the conductivity of common electrolytes typically increases with increasing tempera... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation. | 8 | Metallurgy |
MLPA facilitates the amplification and detection of multiple targets with a single primer pair. In a standard multiplex PCR reaction, each fragment needs a unique amplifying primer pair. These primers being present in a large quantity result in various problems such as dimerization and false priming. With MLPA, amplifi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most enzymes cannot tolerate extremely high salt concentrations. The ions interfere with the weak ionic bonds of proteins. Typical enzymes are active in salt concentrations of 1-500 mM. As usual there are exceptions such as the halophilic algae and bacteria. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tungsten plays a large and indispensable role in modern high-tech industry. Up to 500,000 tons of raw tungsten ore are mined each year by Wolfram Bergbau und Hütten AG (WHB)in Felbertal, Austria, which is the largest scheelite deposit in Europe. 25% of the run-of-mine ore are separated as waste before entering the mill... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In view of its performance, the process seemed a suitable basis for the development of more efficient variants. Around 1940, the Japanese built several small reduction furnaces operating at lower temperatures: one at Tsukiji (1.8 m × 60 m), two at Hachinohe (2 furnaces of 2.8 m × 50 m), and three at Takasago (2 furnace... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diseases which can be transmitted from one organism to another are known as infectious diseases, and the causative biological agent involved is known as a pathogen. The process by which the pathogen is introduced into the body is known as inoculation, and the organism it affects is known as a biological host. When the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Snail shell is an aragonite-protein composite, with a hierarchical groove structure. The regular roughness of the structure creates a hydrophilic structure, a thin layer of water trapped on the surface, that doesn’t allow oil to attach to the snail shell, thereby keeping the shell clean. These surface properties of sna... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, with symptoms emerging during an individuals mid-adulthood. The most noticeable symptoms of this progressive disease are cognitive and motor impairments, as well as behavioral alterations. These impairments can develop into dementia, chorea, and even... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kazzinc selected the copper ISASMELT process for its Ust-Kamenogorsk metallurgical complex. It is designed to treat 290,000 t/y of copper concentrate and was commissioned in 2011. A projected capital cost for the smelter and refinery in 2006 was US$178 million. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Level M vectors are similar to level 2 vectors, but have a BsaI site located upstream of the two inverted BpiI sites. When one or several genes are cloned in a level M vector, a second BsaI is added at the end of the construct via a Level M end-linker (ref). This allows a fragment containing all assembled genes to be e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HITRAN (an acronym for High Resolution Transmission) molecular spectroscopic database is a compilation of spectroscopic parameters used to simulate and analyze the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media, with an emphasis on planetary atmospheres. The knowledge of spectroscopic parameters for transitions be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aminoallyl NTPs are used for indirect DNA labeling in PCR, nick translation, primer extensions and cDNA synthesis. These labeled NTPs are helpful because of their application in molecular biology labs where they do not have the capacity to handle radioactive material. For example, 5-(3-Aminoallyl)-Uridine(AA-UTPs) are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some elements can form several kinds of anions, and compounds may exist with more than one. Examples include the iodate periodates, sulfite sulfates, selenate selenites, tellurite tellurates, nitrate nitrites, phosphate phosphites, and arsenate arsenites.
These kinds also include different oligomeric forms such as phos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The typical framework building blocks are polyhedral units, with 6-coordinate metal centres. Usually, these units share edges and/or vertices. The coordination number of the oxide ligands varies according to their location in the cage. Surface oxides tend to be terminal or doubly bridging oxo ligands. Interior oxides a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most other cells cannot divide indefinitely as after a few cycles of cell division the cells stop expressing an enzyme telomerase. The genetic material, in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), continues to shorten with each cell division, and cells eventually stop dividing when they sense that their DNA is critical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunogold labeling can be used to visualize more than one target simultaneously. This can be achieved in electron microscopy by using two different-sized gold particles. An extension of this method used three different sized gold particles to track the localisation of regulatory peptides. A more complex method of mult... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The understanding of CHF phenomenon and an accurate prediction of the CHF condition are important for safe and economic design of many heat transfer units including nuclear reactors, fossil fuel boilers, fusion reactors, electronic chips, etc. Therefore, the phenomenon has been investigated extensively over the world s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of the leaves and into the water, as an example of a solid-liquid extraction.
Decaffeination of tea and coffee is also an example of an extraction, where the caffeine molecules are removed from the tea leaves or coffee beans, often utilisin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Anaerobic corrosion (also known as hydrogen corrosion) is a form of metal corrosion occurring in anoxic water. Typically following aerobic corrosion, anaerobic corrosion involves a redox reaction that reduces hydrogen ions and oxidizes a solid metal. This process can occur in either abiotic conditions through a thermod... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Generally, levosalbutamol is well tolerated. Common mild side-effects include an elevated heart rate, muscle cramps, and gastric upset (including heartburn and diarrhea).
Symptoms of overdose in particular include: collapse into a seizure; chest pain (possible precursor of a heart attack); fast, pounding heartbeat, whi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
If the rate constants for the following reaction are and ; , then the rate equation is:
:For reactant A:
:For reactant B:
:For product C:
With the individual concentrations scaled by the total population of reactants to become probabilities, linear systems of differential equations such as these can be formulated a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These are stoichiometric compounds of hydrogen. Ionic or saline hydrides are composed of hydride bound to an electropositive metal, generally an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. The divalent lanthanides such as europium and ytterbium form compounds similar to those of heavier alkaline earth metals. In these materi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The geologic component of the carbon cycle operates slowly in comparison to the other parts of the global carbon cycle. It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.
As the biological pump plays an important role in the Earths carbon cycle, sign... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Gibbs–Duhem equation is useful because it relates individual chemical potentials. For example, in a binary mixture, at constant temperature and pressure, the chemical potentials of the two participants A and B are related by
where is the number of moles of A and is the number of moles of B. Every instance of phas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nucleotide excision repair is one of the main mechanisms used to remove bulky adducts from DNA lesions caused by chemotherapy drugs, environmental mutagens, and most importantly UV radiation. This mechanism functions by releasing a short damage containing oligonucleotide from the DNA site, and then that gap is filled ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
David Dye is a Professor of Metallurgy at Imperial College London. Dye specialises in fatigue and micromechanics of aerospace and nuclear materials, mainly Ni/Co superalloys, titanium, TWIP steel, and Zirconium alloys. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Nomenclature generally follows the conventions of human nomenclature. Gene symbols generally are italicised, with all letters in uppercase (e.g., NLGN1, for neuroligin1). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; all letters are in uppercase (NLGN1). mRNAs and cDNAs use the same form... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The number of Unleashed Registrants has increased 10 fold since the integration of BIND. As of December 2006 registration fell just short of 10,000. Subscribers to the commercial versions of BOND fall into six general categories; agriculture and food, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, informatics, materials and other. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lactams form by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes and nitrones in the Kinugasa reaction | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is not always possible to unequivocally determine the direction of intensity change, such as is for example the case for highly overlapping signals next to each other and of which the intensity changes in the opposite direction. This is where the off diagonal peaks in the synchronous 2D spectrum are used for:
#if th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Portlethen Moss is considered a raised bog, because its general situation is on higher ground, at the edge of the Mounth, a coastal mountain spur of the Grampian Mountains overlooking the North Sea. There are rock outcrops and strewn boulders relict from the glacial age at this site. Elevations within the Portlethen Mo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A method of producing oleum sulphuris per campanam, or "oil of sulfur by the bell", was known by the 16th century: it involved burning sulfur under a glass bell in moist weather (or, later, under a moistened bell). However, it was very inefficient (according to Gesner, of sulfur converted into less than of acid), and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mechanical bond can reduce the kinetic reactivity of the products, this is ascribed to the increased steric hindrance. Because of this effect hydrogenation of an alkene on the thread of a rotaxane is significantly slower as compared to the equivalent non interlocked thread. This effect has allowed for the isolation... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The resorcinarenes are typically prepared by condensation of resorcinol and an aldehyde in acid solution. This reaction was first described by Adolf von Baeyer who described the condensation of resorcinol and benzaldehyde but was unable to elucidate the nature of the product(s). The methods have since been refined. Re... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The need to use two compressors in a booster set-up tends to increase the cost of a refrigeration system. A two staged system also needs synchronization, pressure control and lubrication. To reduce these costs, specialized equipment has been developed.
Economizer screw compressors are built by several manufacturers lik... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compared to redox flow batteries that are inorganic, such as vanadium redox flow batteries and Zn-Br2 batteries, which have been developed for decades, organic redox flow batteries emerged in 2009. The primary appeal of organic redox flow batteries lies in the tunable redox properties of the active components. As of 20... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nickel can be titrated thermometrically using di-sodium dimethylglyoximate as titrant. The chemistry is analogous to the classic gravimetric procedure, but the time taken for a determination can be reduced from many hours to a few minutes. Potential interferences need to be considered. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Normally the y-axis is pressure ratio (P/P), where P is stagnation (or total head) pressure.
ΔT/T (or similar), where T is stagnation (or total head) temperature, is also used. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (; also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction. In layman's terms, the total amount o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2-dimensional semiconductors such as Molybdenum disulfide| are actively researched as potential photocatalysts. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The President of the United States is authorized to declare each May "Steelmark Month" to recognize the contribution made by the steel industry to the United States. | 8 | Metallurgy |
A widely studied class are photochromic compounds which are able to switch between electronic configurations when irradiated by light of a specific wavelength. Each state has a specific absorption maximum which can then be read out by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Members of this class include azobenzenes, diarylethenes, dithie... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO) released or oxygen (O) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Voigt profile is normalized:
since it is a convolution of normalized profiles. The Lorentzian profile has no moments (other than the zeroth), and so the moment-generating function for the Cauchy distribution is not defined. It follows that the Voigt profile will not have a moment-generating function either, but the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lower pH and lower applied redox potential facilitate the evolution and the enrichment of hydrogen during the process of SCC, thus increasing the SCC intensity.
* Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides. This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for con... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Typically in MRS a single spectrum is acquired by averaging enough spectra over a long acquisition time. Averaging is necessary because of the complex spectral structures and relatively low concentrations of many brain metabolites, which result in a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in MRS of a living brain.
fMRS differs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Herbert C. Brown did not believe that it was necessary to invoke a new type of bonding in stable intermediates to explain the interesting reactivity of the 2-norbornyl cation. Criticizing many chemists for disregarding past explanations of reactivity, Brown argued that all of the aforementioned information about the 2-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Exampl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Within a long region of genomic sequence, genes are often characterised by having a higher GC-content in contrast to the background GC-content for the entire genome. There is evidence that the length of the coding region of a gene is directly proportional to higher G+C content. This has been pointed to the fact that th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conjugation in Mycobacteria smegmatis, like conjugation in E. coli, requires stable and extended contact between a donor and a recipient strain, is DNase resistant, and the transferred DNA is incorporated into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination. However, unlike E. coli Hfr conjugation, mycobacterial c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur has long been known to contribute to damage. This is true for many materials such as metal corrosion, or concrete degradation. In King Lear, Shakespeare says: | 8 | Metallurgy |
C-myc mRNA is a type of mRNA that serves as a template for the MYC protein which is implicated in the rapid growth of cancer cells. This mRNA is a topic of ongoing research to investigate the viability of preventing cancer growth by cleaving or degrading the c-myc mRNA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In planning the synthesis of phenylacetic acid, two synthons are identified: a nucleophilic "COOH" group, and an electrophilic "PhCH" group. Of course, both synthons do not exist by themselves; synthetic equivalents corresponding to the synthons are reacted to produce the desired reactant. In this case, the cyanide ani... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is known that ribosomes pause at distinct sites, but the reasons for these pauses are mostly unknown. Also, the ribosome pauses if the pseudoknot is disrupted. 10% of the ribosome pauses at the pseudoknot and 4% of the ribosomes are terminated. Before the ribosome is obstructed it passes the pseudoknot. An assay was... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The antenna-shaped light harvesting complex of cyanobacteria, glaucocystophyta, and red algae is known as the phycobilisome which is composed of linear tetrapyrrole pigments. Pigment-protein complexes referred to as R-phycoerythrin are rod-like in shape and make up the rods and core of the phycobilisome. Little light r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
mEosFP is another monomeric Eos variant that folds effectively at 37 degrees Celsius. Where tdEos (tandem dimer) cannot fuse to targets such as histones, tubulin, intermediate filaments and gap junctions, and mEos (monomeric) which can only be used successfully at 30 degrees Celsius, mEos2 is an engineered variant that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is however poorly soluble in solvents other than ammonia. Its use has been superseded by the related reagents sodium hydride, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS), and lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sintering is part of the firing process used in the manufacture of pottery and other ceramic objects. Sintering and vitrification (which requires higher temperatures) are the two main mechanisms behind the strength and stability of ceramics. Sintered ceramic objects are made from substances such as glass, alumina, zirc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reti... | 5 | Photochemistry |
These plots were first introduced in a 1970 paper by R. A. More O’Ferrall to discuss mechanisms of β-eliminations and later adopted by W. P. Jencks in an attempt to clarify the finer details involved in the general acid-base catalysis of reversible addition reactions to carbon electrophiles such as the hydration of car... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://www.arabianbusiness.com/mohammad-baloola-interview-beating-bulge-446743.html Mohammad Baloola interview: Beating the bulge – Arabian Business Magazine]
*[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/education/diabetes-invention-inches-closer-to-development-1.942614 Diabetes invention inches closer to development – Gulf N... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ferrophosphorus is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and phosphorus. It contains high proportion of iron phosphides, FeP and FeP. Its CAS number is 8049-19-2. The usual grades contain either 18 or 25% of phosphorus. It is a gray solid material with melting point between 1050-1100 °C. It may liberate phosphine in contact w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Winifred Burks-Houck (August 20, 1950 – May 6, 2004) was an environmental organic chemist and the first female president of National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE), serving from 1993 – 2001. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The original agromineral is potash, it is how chemical fertilizers get it potassium and phosphorus nutrients in the present day. Due to such a high demand, the ore is running in low supply which has increased its market value. The biggest limiting factor is potassium, despite being the fourth most abundant element in t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
While phases of matter are traditionally defined for systems in thermal equilibrium, work on quantum many-body localized (MBL) systems has provided a framework for defining phases out of equilibrium. MBL phases never reach thermal equilibrium, and can allow for new forms of order disallowed in equilibrium via a phenome... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first paper describing TILLING used HPLC to identify mutations (McCallum et al., 2000a). The method was made more high throughput by using the restriction enzyme Cel-I combined with the LICOR gel based system to identify mutations (Colbert et al.,2001). Advantages to using this system are that mutation sites can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ions in crystal lattices of purely ionic compounds are spherical; however, if the positive ion is small and/or highly charged, it will distort the electron cloud of the negative ion, an effect summarised in Fajans' rules. This polarization of the negative ion leads to a build-up of extra charge density between the two ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Oral drug delivery: Emulsions may provide an efficient means of administering drugs that are poorly soluble or have low bioavailability or dissolution rates, increasing both dissolution rates and absorption to increase bioavailability and improve bioavailability. By increasing surface area provided by an emulsion, di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supramolecular assembly requires non-covalent interactions directing the formation of 2D polymers by relying on electrostatic interactions such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. To design artificial assemblies capable of high selectivity requires correct manipulation of energetic and stereochemical features... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The phosphatome includes proteins that are structurally closely related to phosphatases but lack catalytic activity. These retain biological function, and may regulate pathways that involve active phosphatases, or bind to phosphorylated substrates without cleaving them. Examples include [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of SAMs is also dependent on the curvature of the substrate. SAMs on nanoparticles, including colloids and nanocrystals, "stabilize the reactive surface of the particle and present organic functional groups at the particle-solvent interface". These organic functional groups are useful for applications, su... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. The technique is mostly u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organic matter is common throughout the ecosystem and is cycled through decomposition processes by soil microbial communities that are crucial for nutrient availability. After degrading and reacting, it can move into soil and mainstream water via waterflow. Organic matter provides nutrition to living organisms. Organic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The visual cycle is a circular enzymatic pathway, which is the front-end of phototransduction. It regenerates 11-cis-retinal. For example, the visual cycle of mammalian rod cells is as follows:
#all-trans-retinyl ester + HO → 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid; RPE65 isomerohydrolases;
#11-cis-retinol + NAD → 11-cis-retinal +... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively long non-coding RNA molecules (50-2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer regions. They were first detected in 2010 through the use of genome-wide techniques such as RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. eRNAs can be subdivided into two main classes: 1D eRNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bacterial flagellar motor has been proposed to follow a dissipative allosteric model, where ultrasensitivity comes as a combination of protein binding affinity and energy contributions from the proton motive force (see Flagellar motors and chemotaxis below). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melainabacteria have been found to potentially play a role in digesting fiber in the human gut, and are more commonly in herbivorous mammals and those with plant-rich diets. Because plant diets require more fiber break-down, Melainabacteria may aid in this digestive function. However, scientists are unsure of why these... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Composite materials contain two or more macroscopic phases, one of which is often ceramic. For example, a continuous matrix, and a dispersed phase of ceramic particles or fibers.
Applications of composite materials range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles that ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Let q = (q, q, q) and p = (p, p, p) denote the position vector and momentum vector of a particle of an ideal gas, respectively. Let F denote the net force on that particle. Then (two times) the time-averaged kinetic energy of the particle is:
where the first equality is Newtons second law, and the second line uses Hami... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the motion is slow (in biology, for example, diffusion in a membrane), getting adequate statistics from a single-point FCS experiment may take a prohibitively long time. More data can be obtained by performing the experiment in multiple spatial points in parallel, using a laser scanning confocal microscope. This a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The original ICE protocol involved an RT-PCR amplification step and therefore required primers and knowledge of the location or regions to be investigated, alongside a maximum cDNA length of 300–500bp.
The ICE-seq method is complicated, along with being labour-, reagent- and time-intensive. One protocol from 2015 took ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Actinic lights are also common in the reef aquarium industry. They are used to promote coral and invertebrate growth. They are also used to accentuate the fluorescence of fluorescent fish.
Actinic lighting is also used to limit algae growth in the aquarium. Since algae (like many other plants), flourish in shallower wa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like enzymes) form a subgroup of the superfamily of FAD-linked oxidases (SCOPe d.58.32), structurally characterized by a typical fold observed initially for vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO). This proteins are part of a multigene family (PF08031) that can be found in plants, fungi and bac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calculation of reactivity ratios generally involves carrying out several polymerizations at varying monomer ratios. The copolymer composition can be analysed with methods such as Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The polymerizations are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After the insertion of Okazaki fragments, the RNA primers are removed (the mechanism of removal differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and replaced with new deoxyribonucleotides that fill the gaps where the RNA primer was present. DNA ligase then joins the fragmented strands together, completing the synthesis of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rotary kilns maximum temperature ranges between 1,230 and 1,260 °C, which significantly exceeds the 1,000 to 1,050 °C threshold for iron oxide reduction. The main objective is to achieve a paste-like consistency of the ore gangue. The reduced iron agglomerates into 3 to 8 mm metal nodules called . If the infusibili... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A crystalline solid has been traditionally viewed as a static entity where the movements of its atomic components are limited to its vibrational equilibrium. As seen by the transformation of graphite to diamond, solid to solid transformation can occur under physical or chemical pressure. It has been proposed that the t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The main light harvesting complex in Green bacteria is known as the chlorosome. The chlorosome is equipped with rod-like BChl c aggregates with protein embedded lipids surrounding it. Chlorosomes are found outside of the membrane which covers the reaction centre. Green sulphur bacteria and some Chloroflexia use ellipso... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the purification of drinking water as well as in sewage treatment, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial wastewater streams. Typical treatment processes consist of grates, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, granular filtration and disinfection. As... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When the process needed is more dehumidification or drying, the Cromer cycle can be enhanced by using the free heat available from the condensing side of the reverse Carnot refrigeration cycle. This heat, sometimes called "hot gas bypass" can be added before the desiccant wheel to enhance the drying of the wheel at loc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Copper does not require cleaning or maintenance. It is particularly suited for areas that are difficult or dangerous to access after installation. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diamines form a wide range of coordination complexes. They typically form 5- and 6-membered chelate rings. Examples of the former include ethylenediamine and 2,2′-bipyridine. Six-membered chelate rings are formed by 1,3-diaminopropane. The bite angle in such complexes is usually near 90°. Longer chain diamines, which a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plants with CAM must control storage of and its reduction to branched carbohydrates in space and time.
At low temperatures (frequently at night), plants using CAM open their stomata, molecules diffuse into the spongy mesophylls intracellular spaces and then into the cytoplasm. Here, they can meet phosphoenolpyruvate ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This method use DNA recombinant technology and it gives an actual measurement of protein stability. In his detailed site-directed mutagenesis studies, Utani and his coworkers substituted 19 amino acids at Trp49 of the tryptophan synthase and he measured the free energy of unfolding. They found that the increased stabil... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
This family includes TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and TGF-β5. They are involved in positively and negatively regulation of cell division, the formation of the extracellular matrix between cells, apoptosis, and embryogenesis. They bind to TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBRII).
TGF-β1 stimulates the synthesis of collagen and fibro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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