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Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes. The most important regulatory hormone in lipolysis is insulin; lipolysis can only occur when i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given n genes and k replicates, let the rank of gene g in the i-th replicate.
Compute the rank product via the geometric mean: | 1 | Biochemistry |
A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is "degenerate", mean... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The good quantum numbers for a diatomic molecule, as well as good approximations of rotational energy levels, can be obtained by modeling the molecule using Hund's cases. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer (left-handed version) of the racemate citalopram, which is responsible for its name: escitalopram. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The structure of some molecules is sometimes described as a resonance between several apparently different structural isomers. The classical example is 1,2-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene), which is often described as a mix of the two apparently distinct structural isomers:
However, neither of these two structures describes ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In biochemistry, the oxygen effect refers to a tendency for increased radiosensitivity of free living cells and organisms in the presence of oxygen than in anoxic or hypoxic conditions, where the oxygen tension is less than 1% of atmospheric pressure (i.e., <1% of 101.3 kPa, 760 mmHg or 760 torr). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first step in determining the configuration index is to assign a priority number to each coordinating ligand according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, (CIP rules). The preferred ligand takes the lowest priority number. For example, of the ligands acetonitrile, chloride ion and pyridine thepriority number ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acid or hydrogen phosphites are called hydrogenphosphonates or acid phosphites. IUPAC recommends the name hydrogenphosphonates). They are anions HP(O)OH. Aypical derivative is the salt [NH][HP(O)OH]. Many related salts are known, e.g., RbHPHO, CsHPHO, TlHPHO. These salts are prepared by treating phosphorous acid wi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The estrogen receptor, as well as the progesterone receptor, have been detected in the skin, including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. At menopause and thereafter, decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy, thinning, and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity, firmness, and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a sulfone is a organosulfur compound containing a sulfonyl () functional group attached to two carbon atoms. The central hexavalent sulfur atom is double-bonded to each of two oxygen atoms and has a single bond to each of two carbon atoms, usually in two separate hydrocarbon substituents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fick's second law is a special case of the convection–diffusion equation in which there is no advective flux and no net volumetric source. It can be derived from the continuity equation:
where is the total flux and is a net volumetric source for . The only source of flux in this situation is assumed to be diffusive f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fundamental interacting force of physisorption is Van der Waals force. Even though the interaction energy is very weak (~10–100 meV), physisorption plays an important role in nature. For instance, the van der Waals attraction between surfaces and foot-hairs of geckos (see Synthetic setae) provides the remark... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On the cost side of pesticide use there can be costs to the environment and costs to human health. Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
René Marcelin (12 June 1885 – 24 September 1914) was a French physical chemist, who died in World War I at a young age. He was a pupil of Jean Baptiste Perrin at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris and performed theoretical studies in the field of chemical kinetics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* monitoring and assessing aquatic species (incl. plants, animals, and bacteria)
* monitoring the behavior of certain aquatic species and assessing any changes in species behavior
* analyzing the biochemical make-up of the waterbody, and its potential influence on the species that depend on it. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Azaborane usually refers a borane cluster where BH vertices are replaced by N or NR (R stands typically for H or organic substituent). Like many of the related boranes, these clusters are polyhedra and can be classified as closo-, nido-, arachno-, etc..
Within the context of Wades rules, NR is a 4-electron vertex, and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of a YES logic gate comprises a benzo-crown-ether connected to a cyano-substituted anthracene unit. An output of 1 (fluorescence) is obtained only when sodium ions are present in the solution (indicating an input of 1). Sodium ions are encapsulated by the crown ether, resulting in a quenching of the PET proc... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are three types of ICP geometries: planar (Fig. 3 (a)), cylindrical (Fig. 3 (b)), and half-toroidal (Fig. 3 (c)).
In planar geometry, the electrode is a length of flat metal wound like a spiral (or coil). In cylindrical geometry, it is like a helical spring. In half-toroidal geometry, it is a toroidal solenoid c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another use of the term occurs in industrial refrigeration, specifically vapor-compression refrigeration. Normally, the economizer concept is applied when a particular design or feature on the refrigeration cycle, allows a reduction either in the amount of energy used from the power grid, in the size of the components ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rate of this kind of reaction does not depend on the substrate concentration, . Thus the concentration decreases linearly.
:The integrated rate law of zero order kinetics is:
In order to find the half-life, we have to replace the concentration value for the initial concentration divided by 2: and isolate the time:T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Optical physics is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation, the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter, especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Laboratory-scale nitric acid syntheses abound. Most take inspiration from the industrial techniques.
A wide variety of nitrate salts metathesize with sulfuric acid () — for example, sodium nitrate:
Distillation at nitric acid's 83 °C boiling point then separates the solid metal salt residue. The resulting ac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
These probes are mostly used to monitor corrosion caused by erosion or wear. Generally, the erosion are occurred in gas pipelines where the speed of fluid cause erosion. Here the erosion is more important than corrosion. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The retinal Schiff base accepts a proton from Asp96. In the N state, both Asp96 and the Schiff base are charged. | 5 | Photochemistry |
If the general water speed or the degree of local turbulence in an installation is high, the protective film that would normally be formed on a copper tube as a result of slight initial corrosion, may be torn off the surface locally, permitting further corrosion to take place at that point. If this process continues it... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1950, a small amount of CoQ was isolated from the lining of a horses gut, a compound initially called substance SA, but later deemed to be quinone found in many animal tissues. In 1957, the same compound was isolated from mitochondrial membranes of beef heart, with research showing that it transported electrons with... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most frequent quantitative definition of noise is the coefficient of variation:
where is the noise in a quantity , is the mean value of and is the standard deviation of . This measure is dimensionless, allowing a relative comparison of the importance of noise, without necessitating knowledge of the absolute mea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Insertion element (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposable element. Insertion sequences have two major characteristics: they are small relative to other transposable elements (generally around 700 to 2500 bp in length) and only cod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although telomeres shorten during the lifetime of an individual, it is telomere shortening-rate rather than telomere length that is associated with the lifespan of a species. Critically short telomeres trigger a DNA damage response and cellular senescence. Mice have much longer telomeres, but a greatly accelerated telo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 5-step process to synthesise levobupivacaine from N-CBZ (S)-lysine, published in 1996, is depicted in Scheme 1. The key steps in this process include oxidative de-animation and stereospecific ring closure to form the pipecolamide core structure. This method is claimed to be efficient, but showed to be dangerous for m... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
After World War II he worked in the laboratory of Prof. UG Bijlsma in the area of adrenergic substances and in 1950 both in the field of chemistry and medical doctorate. In 1951, Everhardus Ariëns moved to Nijmegen after there at the Catholic University of the Faculty of Pharmacology was established. From 1954 until hi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway.
The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurons in the olfactory system are unmyelinated and densely packed and thus the often small effects of ephaptic coupling are more easily seen. A number of studies have shown how inhibition among neurons in the olfactory system work to fine-tune integration of signals in response to odor. This inhibition has been shown... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Testican is a type of proteoglycan. Testican-1 is a highly conserved, multidomain proteoglycan that is most prominently expressed in the thalamus, and is upregulated in activated astroglial cells of the cerebrum. Several functions of this gene product have now been demonstrated in vitro including membrane-type matrix m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, hyperconjugation (σ-conjugation or no-bond resonance) refers to the delocalization of electrons with the participation of bonds of primarily σ-character. Usually, hyperconjugation involves the interaction of the electrons in a sigma (σ) orbital (e.g. C–H or C–C) with an adjacent unpopulated non-b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Fenton reaction has different implications in biology because it involves the formation of free radicals by chemical species naturally present in the cell under in vivo conditions. Transition-metal ions such as iron and copper can donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions and so contribute to the ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
While absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks. Thus carbon dioxide has gr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The development of stable red color in the surface of the medium indicates sufficient acid production to lower the pH to 4.4 and constitute a positive test. Since other organism may produce lesser quantities of acid from the test substrate, an intermediate orange color between yellow and red may develop. This does not ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Townsend avalanche discharges are fundamental to the operation of gaseous ionisation detectors such as the Geiger–Müller tube and the proportional counter in either detecting ionising radiation or measuring its energy. The incident radiation will ionise atoms or molecules in the gaseous medium to produce ion pairs, but... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supercritical adsorption also referred to as the adsorption of supercritical fluids, is the adsorption at above-critical temperatures. There are different tacit understandings of supercritical fluids. For example, “a fluid is considered to be ‘supercritical’ when its temperature and pressure exceed the temperature and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, periodic manner. The degree of crystallinity has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion. In an ideal gas, the relative positions of the atoms or molecules are comp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The filter cloth is washed on both sides with each drum rotation while discharging filter cakes. The products for this mechanism are usually sticky, wet and thin thus, requiring the aid of a discharge roll. Belt discharge is used if slurry with moderate solid concentration is used or if the slurry is easy to filter to ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Quartz fiber filter paper has a high resistance to chemicals, does not absorb NO and SO dioxides, is unaffected by humidity and is easily sterilized. Thus, it is mostly used for air pollution analysis. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Simple alkylcerium reagents are well known. One example is .
Although they are described as RCeCl, their structures are far more complex.. Furthermore, the solvent seems to alter the solution structure of the complex, with differences noted between reagents prepared in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. There is evide... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1962, Edwards and Pearson (the latter of HSAB theory) introduced the phrase alpha effect for this anomaly. He offered the suggestion that the effect was caused by a transition state (TS) stabilization effect: on entering the TS the free electron pair on the nucleophile moves away from the nucleus, causing a partial ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Differences in O solubility and measured concentration (AOU) typically occur when biological activity, ocean circulation, or ocean mixing act to change the ambient concentration of oxygen. For example, primary production liberates oxygen and increases its concentration, while respiration consumes it and decreases its c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Several companies in the United States are now working to commercialize supercritical reactors to destroy hazardous wastes. Widespread commercial application of SCWO technology requires a reactor design capable of resisting fouling and corrosion under supercritical conditions.
In Japan a number of commercial SCWO appl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most tests employ a monoclonal antibody, which is specific to the β-subunit of hCG (β-hCG). This procedure is employed to ensure that tests do not make false positives by confusing hCG with LH and FSH. (The latter two are always present at varying levels in the body, whereas the presence of hCG almost always indicates ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In April 2005, following the confirmation of asbestos fibres found on tree roots, the council asked developers to provide more detailed information relating to their contaminated land surveys, and placed the application on hold. They also announced that they were considering appointing their own environmental consultan... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Strep-tag system is a method which allows the purification and detection of proteins by affinity chromatography. The Strep-tag II is a synthetic peptide consisting of eight amino acids (Trp-Ser-His-Pro-Gln-Phe-Glu-Lys). This peptide sequence exhibits intrinsic affinity towards Strep-Tactin, a specifically engineere... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A polymeric foam is a special foam, in liquid or solidified form, formed from polymers.
Examples include:
* Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, the copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate; also referred to as polyethylene-vinyl acetate (PEVA)
* Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) foam, first grade of polyethylene (PE)
* Ni... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reaction involves the addition of and cyanide () to the substrate. Usually the substrate is an alkene and the product is a nitrile.
The reaction proceeds via the oxidative addition of HCN to a low-valent metal complex to give a hydrido cyanide complex. Subsequent binding of the alkene gives the intermediate , wh... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Blue flower colour was always associated with something unusual and desired. Blue roses especially were assumed to be a dream that cannot be realised. Blue colour in flower petals is caused by anthocyanins, which are members of flavonoid class metabolites. We can diversify three main classes of anthocyanin pigments: cy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are various biphenyl based artificial products that are widely used as a dielectric fluid, industrial coolant, and lubricants in the 1960s and 1970s. There is no evidence its synthesis occurs naturally. They are classified as persistent organic pollutants. PCBs share the basic chemical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In aeronautics and fluid dynamics the "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) is a specification of pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound at each altitude. The International Standard Atmosphere is representative of atmospheric conditions at mid latitudes. In the US this information is specified the U.S. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ionic compounds interact strongly with the solvent medium; therefore, their impact on chemical and biochemical processes involving ions can be significant. Even in the case of simplest ions and solvents, the presence of the former can lead to rearrangement and restructuring of the latter. It is established that ionic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
COC is commonly extruded with cast or blown film equipment in the manufacture of packaging films. Most often, due to cost, COC is used as a modifier in monolayer or multilayer film to provide properties not delivered by base resins such as polyethylene. Grades of COC based on ethylene show a certain amount of compatibi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants have an array of volatile compounds they can release to signal other plants. By unleashing these cues, plants learn more about their environment and sufficiently respond. However, there are still many factors about plant scents scientists are still trying to understand. Scientists have studied how many of the vo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Barium iodate, Ba(IO), has a solubility product K = [Ba][IO] = 1.57 x 10. Its solubility in pure water is 7.32 x 10 M. However in a solution that is 0.0200 M in barium nitrate, Ba(NO), the increase in the common ion barium leads to a decrease in iodate ion concentration. The solubility is therefore reduced to 1.40 x 10... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using the A-values of the hydroxyl and isopropyl subunit, the energetic value of a favorable intramolecular hydrogen bond can be calculated. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pharmacometabolomics may be used in a predictive manner to determine the correct course of action in regards to a patient about to undergo some type of drug treatment. This involves determining the metabolic profile of a patient prior to treatment, and correlating metabolic signatures with the outcome of a pharmaceutic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The metric tensor is sometimes used for calculations involving the unit cell and is defined (in matrix form) as:
In two dimensions,
In three dimensions,
The distance between two points and in the unit cell can be determined from the relation:
The distance from the origin of the unit cell to a point within the unit ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) is a forum where the science of hemp and cannabis analysis can be discussed and cannabis standards and methods developed. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Birchons Dictionary of Metallurgy', London, 1965
* Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics, G. K. White, Oxford University Press, Third Edition | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a simple reaction such as the isomerization:
there are two reactions to consider, the forward reaction in which the species A is converted into B and the backward reaction in which B is converted into A. If both reactions are elementary reactions, then the rate of reaction is given by
where is the rate constant for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Optical depth of a material is also related to its attenuation coefficient by:where
*l is the thickness of that material through which the light travels;
*α(z) is the attenuation coefficient or Napierian attenuation coefficient of that material at z,
and if α(z) is uniform along the path, the attenuation is said to be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, polyvalency (or polyvalence, multivalency) is the property of chemical species (generally atoms or molecules) that exhibit more than one valence by forming multiple chemical bonds (Fig. 1). A bivalent species can form two bonds; a trivalent species can form three bonds; and so on.
The principle of polyva... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term luminescence. The exact term used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.
*Electrical – electroluminescence Galvanoluminescence Sonoluminescence.
*Photons (light) – Photolumine... | 5 | Photochemistry |
mTOR signaling intersects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in several aspects, suggesting its potential role as a contributor to disease progression. In general, findings demonstrate mTOR signaling hyperactivity in AD brains. For example, postmortem studies of human AD brain reveal dysregulation in PTEN, Akt, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Binding affinity carries a huge importance in medicinal chemistry, as drugs need to bind to the protein effectively within a desired range. However, determining enthalpy changes and optimization of thermodynamic parameters are hugely difficult when designing drugs. ITC troubleshoots this issue easily by deducing the bi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Paula Jefferson, head of Beachcroft LLP's Disease Group, said: "Any organisation involved in any activity in the future, where there is the potential for release of harmful substances in to the atmosphere, should ensure that they have taken all necessary steps to identify the potential contamination and to then ensure ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Typically, the open-ring isomers are colorless compounds, whereas the closed-ring isomers have colors dependent on their chemical structure, due to the extended conjugation along the molecular backbone. Therefore, many diarylethenes have photochromic behavior both in solution and in solid state. Moreover, these two iso... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Since SFG is a second-order nonlinear optical phenomenon, one of the main technical concerns in an experimental setup is being able to generate a signal strong enough to detect, with discernible peaks and narrow bandwidths. Picosecond and femtosecond pulse width lasers are often used due to the high peak field intensi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sickle cell disease can be treated in mice. The mice – which have essentially the same defect that causes human cases – used a viral vector to induce production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which normally ceases to be produced shortly after birth. In humans, the use of hydroxyurea to stimulate the production of HbF tempo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycogenin is the initiator of the glycogen biosynthesis. This protein is a glycosyl transferase that have the ability of autoglycosilation using UDP-glucose, which helps in the growth of itself until forming an oligosaccharide made by 8 glucoses. Glycogenin is an oligomer, and it's capable of interacting with several... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tumor M2-PK is a synonym for the dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme within tumor metabolism. Tumor M2-PK can be elevated in many tumor types, rather than being an organ-specific tumor marker such as PSA. Increased stool (fecal) levels are being investigated as a method of screeni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Experimentally it was determined that extent of gas adsorption varies directly with pressure, and then it directly varies with pressure raised to the power until saturation pressure is reached. Beyond that point, the rate of adsorption saturates even after applying higher pressure. Thus, the Freundlich adsorption iso... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Recycle reactors are PFRs with a recycle loop. Consequently, they behave like a hybrid between PFRs and CSTRs.
In all of these equations : is the consumption rate of A, a reactant. This is equal to the rate expression A is involved in. The rate expression is often related to the fractional conversion both through the c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The retardation factor, R, is commonly used in paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography for analyzing and comparing different substances. It can be mathematically described by the following ratio:
An R value will always be in the range 0 to 1; if the substance moves, it can only move in the direction of the s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Agamous (AG) is a homeotic gene and MADS-box transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana. The TAIR AGI number is AT4G18960.
The identity of a floral organ is determined by particular combinations of homeotic genes, these genes derive from a group of undifferentiated cells known as the floral meristem. The presence o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Benzenesulfonyl chloride is an organosulfur compound with the formula CHSOCl. It is a colourless viscous oil that dissolves in organic solvents, but reacts with compounds containing reactive N-H and O-H bonds. It is mainly used to prepare sulfonamides and sulfonate esters by reactions with amines and alcohols, respecti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drinking birds, also known as insatiable birdies, dunking birds, drinky birds, water birds, dipping birds, and “Sippy Chickens” are toy heat engines that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They are sometimes incorrectly considered examples of a perpetual motion device. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code (translation table 25) is used in two groups of (so far) uncultivated bacteria found in marine and fresh-water environments and in the intestines and oral cavities of mammals among others. The difference to the standard and the bacterial code is that UGA represents ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to 2,000 kDa due to the uniform pore size provided by the polyacrylamide gel. Pore size is controlled by modulating the concentrations of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide powder used in creating a gel. Care must be used when c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
myo-Inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) is an inositol phosphate, a pyrophosphate, a drug candidate, and a putative performance-enhancing substance, which exerts its biological effects by increasing tissue oxygenation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a metallofullerene is a molecule composed of a metal atom trapped inside a fullerene cage.
Simple metallofullerenes consist of a fullerene cage, typically , with one or two metal atoms trapped inside. Recently, research has produced metallofullerenes that enclose small clusters of atoms, such as , , and .... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide (5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-HPETE) is an intermediate in the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the ALOX5 enzyme in humans or Alox5 enzyme in other mammals. The intermediate is then further metabolized to: a) leukotriene A4 which is then metabolized to the chemotactic factor f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One recent, successful business endeavor has been the introduction of AFPs into ice cream and yogurt products. This ingredient, labelled ice-structuring protein, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The proteins are isolated from fish and replicated, on a larger scale, in genetically modified yeast.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are emulsions and foams. In most cases, the mixture consists of two main constituents. For an emulsion, these are immiscible fluids such as water and oil. For a foam, these are a solid and a fluid, or a liquid and a gas. On larger scales both constituents are present in any region of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the kinetic energy for a gas at a temperature is
where is the mass of one molecule, is the root-mean-square speed of the molecules, and is the Boltzmann constant. The average molecular speed can be calculated from the Maxwell speed distribution
as (or, equivalently, ). The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The presence of surface active elements such as oxygen and sulfur will have a large impact on the measurements obtained with this technique. Surface active elements will exist in larger concentrations at the surface than in the bulk of the liquid, meaning that the total levels of these elements must be carefully contro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the role of the lactate shuttle in supplying NAD+ substrate for β-oxidation in the peroxisomes, the shuttle also regulates FFA mobilization by controlling plasma lactate levels. Research has demonstrated that lactate functions to inhibit lipolysis in fat cells through activation of an orphan G-protein c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ionic curing processes, an ionic photoinitiator is used to activate the functional group of the oligomers that are going to participate in cross-linking. Typically photopolymerization is a very selective process and it is crucial that the polymerization takes place only where it is desired to do so. In order to sati... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A material's flash point is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it evaporates into the atmosphere. It is defined as the lowest material temperature required for fuel oils in the materials to begin to give off flammable vapors in the quantity high enough to support a flash of fire when igni... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a superconductor is placed in a weak external magnetic field H, and cooled below its transition temperature, the magnetic field is ejected. The Meissner effect does not cause the field to be completely ejected but instead, the field penetrates the superconductor but only to a very small distance, characterized by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alternatively, Simpson uses:
; Uninervous: Central midrib with no lateral veins (microphyllous), seen in the non-seed bearing tracheophytes, such as horsetails
; Dichotomous: Veins successively branching into equally sized veins from a common point, forming a Y junction, fanning out. Amongst temperate woody plants, Gin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
After collection, sperm must be processed for storage. According to the Sperm Bank of California, sperm banks and clinics can use the unwashed or wash method to process sperm samples. The wash method includes removing unwanted particles and adding buffer solutions to preserve viable sperm. However, this approach can co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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