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Aluminum hydrides (AlH) such as lithium aluminum hydride can reduce diphosphene to give stable diphosphanes: (with Ar=2,4,6-BuCH) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pesticides may exhibit toxic effects on humans and other non-target species, the severity of which depends on the frequency and magnitude of exposure. Toxicity also depends on the rate of absorption, distribution within the body, metabolism, and elimination of compounds from the body. Commonly used pesticides like orga... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
hnRNP C is a key regulator of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In response to ionizing radiation, hnRNP C partially localizes to the site of DNA damage, and when depleted, S-phase progression of the cell is impaired. Additionally, BRCA1 and BRCA2 levels fall when hnRNP C is lost. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are crucial tumor-suppressor ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tellus Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology is a scientific journal that was published by Blackwell Publishing for the International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Sweden until December 2011. From January 2012 the issues are published online by Co-action Publishing as an open access journal. The journal ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The relationship between fractional and Cartesian coordinates can be described by the matrix transformation :
Similarly, the Cartesian coordinates can be converted back to fractional coordinates using the matrix transformation : | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Though often placed at the top of the alkali metal column in the periodic table, hydrogen does not, under ordinary conditions, exhibit the properties of an alkali metal. Instead, it forms diatomic molecules, similar to halogens and some nonmetals in the second period of the periodic table, such as nitrogen and oxygen.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Yields can also be calculated by measuring the amount of product formed (typically in the crude, unpurified reaction mixture) relative to a known amount of an added internal standard, using techniques like Gas chromatography (GC), High-performance liquid chromatography, or Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With the determination of the first structure of the complex between a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and a G-protein trimer (Gαβγ) in 2011 a new chapter of GPCR research was opened for structural investigations of global switches with more than one protein being investigated. The previous breakthroughs involved det... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Jameson Cell has been adopted by Shell Canada and Syncrude for floating bitumen in the oil sands industry (see Bitumen flotation). Syncrude bought an additional eight 500 mm downcomers for its plant in 2012. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Activated carbon is a highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of microcrystallites with a graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a powder. It is non-polar and cheap. One of its main drawbacks is that it reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures (over 300 °C).
Activated carbon can be manufactured fro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depending on the type of substrates to which the phytobenthos is attached, they would be considered as epilithic (growing on rocks and other manmade, artificial substances), epipelic (growing on silt), episammic (growing on sand), epiphytic (growing on other plants), or epizoic (growing on animals). Epizoic phytobentho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Under 0.3 GPa pressure, carbon dioxide is stable at room temperature in the same form as dry ice. Over 0.5 GPa carbon dioxide forms a number of different solid forms containing molecules. At pressures over 40 GPa and high temperatures, carbon dioxide forms a covalent solid that contains CO tetrahedra, and has the same ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cannulas are typically implanted in healthy cows to research cow digestion in a university setting, to analyze the nutritional quality of feed in an agricultural setting, or to improve the microbiome of a cow with digestive disturbance in a veterinary or agricultural setting. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Major families of biopolymers are polysaccharides (carbohydrates), peptides, and polynucleotides. Many variants of each are known. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemi-excitation via oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species or catalysis by enzymes (i.e., peroxidase, lipoxygenase) is a common event in the biomolecular milieu. Such reactions can lead to the formation of triplet excited species, which release photons upon returning to a lower energy level in a process analogous... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steric effects are critical to chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology. In organic chemistry, steric effects are nearly universal and affect the rates and activation energies of most chemical reactions to varying degrees.
In biochemistry, steric effects are often exploited in naturally occurring molecules such as en... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The term agmatine stems from A- (for amino-) + g- (from guanidine) + -ma- (from ptomaine) + -in (German)/-ine (English) suffix with insertion of -t- apparently for euphony. A year after its discovery, it was found that Agmatine could increase blood flow in rabbits; however, the physiological relevance of these findings... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1985, the United States Congress passed legislation requiring the disposal of the stockpile chemical agents and munitions consisting of over 3 million chemical weapons, adding up to 31,000 tons of chemical weapons needing to be disposed of. This was ordered because a timely and safe disposal of chemical weapons is f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ILs can aid the recycling of synthetic goods, plastics, and metals. They offer the specificity required to separate similar compounds from each other, such as separating polymers in plastic waste streams. This has been achieved using lower temperature extraction processes than current approaches and could help avoid i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the success of gene knock-in methods thus far, many clinical applications can be envisioned. Knock-in of sections of the human immunoglobulin gene into mice has already been shown to allow them to produce humanized antibodies that are therapeutically useful. It should be possible to modify stem cells in huma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermodynamic diagrams usually show a net of five different lines:
* isobars = lines of constant pressure
* isotherms = lines of constant temperature
* dry adiabats = lines of constant potential temperature representing the temperature of a rising parcel of dry air
* saturated adiabats or pseudoadiabats = lines represe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For over 150 years, scientists from all around the world have known about the crystallization of protein molecules.
In 1840, Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld accidentally discovered the formation of crystalline material in samples of earthworm blood held under two glass slides and occasionally observed small plate-like crysta... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chronic solvent exposures are often caused by the inhalation of solvent vapors, or the ingestion of diluted solvents, repeated over the course of an extended period.
Some solvents can damage internal organs like the liver, the kidneys, the nervous system, or the brain. The cumulative brain effects of long-term or repea... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Historically, the theory of rotational energy levels was developed to account for observations of vibration-rotation spectra of gases in infrared spectroscopy, which was used before microwave spectroscopy had become practical. To a first approximation, the rotation and vibration can be treated as separable, so the ener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ding was born in March 1966 in Yongcheng, Henan, China. He earned his bachelor's degree from Zhengzhou University in 1985 and his Ph.D. from the Department of Chemistry of Nanjing University in 1990. His doctoral advisor was Wu Yangjie.
Ding became a faculty member of Zhengzhou University in 1990. He conducted postdoct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TOR or TMAO reductase, EC 1.7.2.3) is a microbial enzyme that can reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine (TMA), as part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme has been purified from E. coli and the photosynthetic bacteria Roseobacter denitrificans.
Trimethylamine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiocarbon ages from hyraceum are not subject to reservoir effects or the inclusion of new carbon. This is primarily a function of middens being isolated systems, and that through respiration the hyraceum is brought into equilibrium with atmospheric C at the time of deposition. Published data show that hyrax middens c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide at approximately 330 °C. Below that temperature, the melt would solidify; above that temperature, the molten sodium would start to dissolve in the melt. | 8 | Metallurgy |
CKLF1 is the first member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins to be defined and the most investigated of its four isoforms. Studies conducted in freshly isolated cells, cultured cells, animals, and tissue samples indicate that CKLF1 is a chemokine-like chemotactic factor that act... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The physics and chemistry of mantle largely depend on pressure. As mantle minerals are compressed, they are transformed into other minerals at certain depths. Seismic observations of velocity discontinuities and experimental simulations on phase boundaries both verified the structure transformations within the mantle. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In partnership with Sunfire, Audi produces E-diesel in small scale with two steps, the second one being FT. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical reference range for base ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The alarm photosynthesis process was first evidenced in pigweed Amaranthus hybridus plant in 2016 when A. hybridus leaves were exposed to drought conditions or exogenous application of abscisic acid. The same study showed similar results in Dianthus chinensis, Pelargonium peltatum, and Portulacaria afra plants under d... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Trichloroethyl chloroformate is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the trichloroethyl chloroformate (Troc) protecting group for amines, thiols and alcohols. It readily cleaves vs other carbamates and can be used in an overall protecting group strategy.
The troc group is traditionally removed via Zn inse... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A maltoside is a glycoside with maltose as the glycone (sugar) functional group. Among the most common are alkyl maltosides, which contain hydrophobic alkyl chains as the aglycone. Given their amphiphilic properties, these comprise a class of detergents, where variation in the alkyl chain confers a range of detergent p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial for Friedreichs ataxia, sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreichs Ataxia Research Alliance, was conducted to determine the safety profile and appropriate dosing for consequent trials. Deulinoleate ethyl was promptly absorbed and was found to be safe and tolera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper and copper-based metals continued to be the major metal in use during the first part of the Iron Age (end of 2nd–beginning of 1st millennium BCE). Bronze scrap re-melting continued (mainly v-shaped clay crucibles, slags, clay tuyères) and structures of open campfires full of metal production remains were found i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many reaction exists which make use of an intermediate nitroso compound, such as the Barton reaction and Davis–Beirut reaction, as well as in the synthesis of indoles, for example: Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis, Bartoli indole synthesis. In the Saville reaction, mercury is used to replace a nitrosyl from a thiol gr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phosphoinositide phospholipase C performs its catalytic function at the plasma membrane where the substrate PIP is present. This membrane docking is mediated mostly by lipid-binding domains (e.g. PH domain and C2 domain) that display affinity for different phospholipid components of the plasma membrane. It is important... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chloropentafluoroethane is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) once used as a refrigerant and also known as R-115 and CFC-115. Its production and consumption has been banned since 1 January 1996 under the Montreal Protocol because of its high ozone depletion potential and very long lifetime when released into the environment. ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
m6A-CLIP (crosslinking immunoprecipitation) and miCLIP (m6A individual-nucleotide-resolution crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) are UV-based sequencing techniques. These two methods activate crosslinking at 254 nm, fragments RNA molecules before immunoprecipitation with antibody, and do not depend on the incorporati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, heat engines are often modeled using a standard engineering model such as the Otto cycle. The theoretical model can be refined and augmented with actual data from an operating engine, using tools such as an indicator diagram. Since very few actual implementations of heat engines exactly match their u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levobetaxolol should not be used by people who have sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, or overt cardiac failure. The drug has been associated with bradycardia and hypertension. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
According to empirical calibrations, the difference in δSi (denoted as ΔSi) between sponges and their hosting water is correlated with the Si concentration of the hosting solution. Therefore, it has been suggested that the Si concentrations in bottom waters of ancient oceans can be interpreted from the δSi of coexistin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The main processes that remove DOC from the ocean water column are: (1) Thermal degradation in e.g., submarine hydrothermal systems; (2) bubble coagulation and abiotic flocculation into microparticles or sorption to particles; (3) abiotic degradation via photochemical reactions; and (4) biotic degradation by heterotro... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The compound has two commercial uses.
It is used as an ingredient in Fluosol, artificial blood. This application exploits the high solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the solvent, as well as the low viscosity and toxicity. It is also a component of Fluorinert coolant liquids. CPUs of some computers are immersed ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Fusion of Armstrong's acid in NaOH gives the disodium salt of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, which can be acidified to give the diol. The intermediate in this hydrolysis, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, is also useful. Nitration gives nitrodisulfonic acids, which are precursors to amino derivatives.
The disodium salt... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* A. Marquet, De l’arme chimique à l’agent thérapeutique. L’Actualité Chimique, 2014 ,N°391, XIII-XVIII.
* A. Marquet et Y. Jacquot. Faut-il avoir peur du Bisphenol A ? L’Actualité Chimique, 2013, N°378-379,11-19.
* A. Marquet et B.Sillion, coordinateurs. Chimie et Société : Quel dialogue ? L’Actualité Chimique, 2011... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Compounds containing the tetrathionate anion include sodium tetrathionate, NaSO, potassium tetrathionate, KSO, and barium tetrathionate dihydrate, BaSO·2HO. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The nucleosome core particle is the most basic form of DNA compaction in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of a histone octamer surrounded by 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped in a superhelical manner. In addition to compacting the DNA, the histone octamer plays a key role in the transcription of the DNA surrounding it. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This book is extensively illustrated and describes the tools and machinery associated with mining. Handtools and different sorts of buckets, wheelbarrows and trucks on wooded plankways are described. Packs for horses and sledges are used to carry loads above ground. Agricola then provides details of various kinds of ma... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Corby became a steelmaking centre through the establishment of the Stewarts & Lloyds production site in the 1930s, and by 1960 had grown to become one of the most heavily industrialised areas in the Midlands. In 1981 however the plant had become unprofitable and owners British Steel Corporation closed the site. By then... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Zirconia exists in the monoclinic, tetragonal or cubic crystal system depending on the temperature. The surface acidity and basicity of the oxide depends on the crystal structure and surface orientation. The surfaces of zirconia have hydroxyl groups, which can act as Brønsted acids or bases, and coordination-unsaturate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The CFIIm complex is responsible for transcription termination and triggering the disassembly of the elongation complex. It is composed of only two proteins:
*PCF11
*CLP1 | 1 | Biochemistry |
The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally, the b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amines are often used as epoxy resin curing agents. These include dimethylethylamine, cyclohexylamine, and a variety of diamines such as 4,4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane. Multifunctional amines such as tetraethylenepentamine and triethylenetetramine are also widely used in this capacity. The reaction proceeds by the lone... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Seeding implants with growth factors, such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs), improves the brain-implant interface. NPCs are progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate into neurons or cells found in the brain. By coating the implant with NPCs, it can reduce the foreign body reaction and improve biocompatib... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a type of scanning force microscopy, was developed for mapping three-dimensional topographical variations in atomic surfaces with high resolution (on the order of fraction of nanometers). AFM was developed to overcome the material conduction limitations of electron transmission and scanni... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many phenols of commercial interest are prepared by elaboration of phenol or cresols. They are typically produced by the alkylation of benzene/toluene with propylene to form cumene then is added with to form phenol (Hock process). In addition to the reactions above, many other more specialized reactions produce pheno... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike most epidermal cells, the guard cells of plant stomata contain relatively well-developed chloroplasts. However, exactly what they do is controversial. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nucleotide sugars are the activated forms of monosaccharides. Nucleotide sugars act as glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions. Those reactions are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called glycosyltransferases. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Once a suitable genomic fragment is chosen (Step 1), the exons and introns of the fragment can be inserted and amplified, along with the flanking constitutive exons and introns of the original gene, by PCR. The primers for PCR can be chosen so that they leave "sticky ends" at 3' sense and anti-sense strands (Step 2). T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Charge recombination reactions of PSII cause the production of triplet P and, as a consequence, singlet oxygen. Charge recombination is more probable under dim light than under higher light intensities. | 5 | Photochemistry |
__NOTOC__
A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used in referring to a micronutrient, but is also used to refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock, or other chemical substance.
In nutrition, trace elements are classified into two groups: essential trace eleme... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Interfacial energy affects the mechanisms of grain boundary sliding and dislocation transmission. Higher interfacial energy promotes greater resistance to grain boundary sliding, as the higher energy barriers inhibit the relative movement of adjacent grains. Additionally, dislocations that encounter grain boundaries ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
CMD begins with a high valent, late transition metal like Pd that may or may not be bound to a carboxylate anion. The computed transition state involves concerted partial formation of a carbon–metal bond and partial protonation of the carboxylate. At the same time, any anionic metal–carboxylate bond begins to break, as... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Historically, bacteria were first classified as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, which along with the Schizophyceae (blue-green algae/Cyanobacteria) formed the phylum Schizophyta, then in the phylum Monera in the kingdom Protista by Haeckel in 1866, comprising Protogens, Protamaeba, Vampyrella, Protomonae, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp. This can usually be accomplished with a band pass between 0.2... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Soil bacteria and archaea account for approximately 5% of the natural methane sink. Early research is going into how the activity of these bacteria may be able to be enhanced, either through the use of soil amendments, or introduction of selected or engineered methane-oxidizing bacteria. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Olson's studies DNA as polymers, with atoms and chemical bonds. She studies the interaction between DNA and structural proteins which do not bind to the nuclear bases, but to the phosphorus-sugar backbone, e.g.histones. Also, the energy needed to form circular DNA is investigated Olson aims to clarify the role of loca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and selenium, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The origin of nitrogenase has been of interest to paleobiologists and is an area of active research. Nitrogenase is thought to have evolved sometime between 1.5-2.2 billion years ago (Ga) although some isotopic support showing nitrogenase evolution as early as around 3.2 Ga. Nitrogenase appears to have evolved from mat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Understanding the mechanical properties of Heusler compounds is paramount for temperature-sensitive applications (e.g. thermoelectrics) for which some sub-classes of Heusler compounds are used. However, experimental studies are rarely encountered in literature. In fact, the commercialization of these compounds is limit... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Another application is in radiochemistry, where this may refer to isotopic ratios or isotopic abundances. Mathematically, the isotopic abundance is
where N are the number of atoms of the isotope of interest and N is the total number of atoms, while the atomic ratio is
For example, the isotopic ratio of deuterium (D) to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an conventional CCC experiment the biphasic solvent system is pre-equilibrated before the instrument is filled with the stationary phase and equilibrated with the mobile phase. An ion-exchange mode has been created by modifying both of the phases after pre-equilibration. Generally, an ionic displacer (or eluter) is ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) solders, also called soft solders, are commercially available with tin concentrations between 5% and 70% by weight. The greater the tin concentration, the greater the solder's tensile and shear strengths. Lead mitigates the formation of tin whiskers, though the precise mechanism for this is unknown. To... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, wherein a man stitches together a human body from corpses and brings it to life, was inspired in part by the theory and demonstrations of Galvanism which may have been conducted by James Lind. Although the Creature was described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted toget... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It occurs in tree fern fronds, a specialty called fiddlehead (furled fronds of a young tree fern in the order Cyatheales, harvested for use as a vegetable). These fronds are edible, but can be roasted to remove shikimic acid.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins. The acid is highly solu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since microsphere beads are easily suspended in solution and each microsphere retains its identity when hybridized to the test sample, a typical suspension array experiment can analyze a wide range of biological analysis in a single reaction, called "multiplexing". In general, each type of microsphere used in an array ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neptunes internal heat and convection drives cycles of methane, carbon, and a combination of other volatiles within Tritons lithosphere.
Models predicted the presence of seasonal nitrogen cycles on the moon Triton, however this has not been supported by observations to date. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Born to Instructor Commodore M. G. S. Perera (1 June 1917 – 10 August 1999), Founder and the First Commandant Naval & Maritime Academy Trincomalee, the First and Foremost Director of Naval Training, Royal Ceylon Navy, and former Senior Staff Captain / Nautical Instructor (Training of Deck Officer Cadets) Ceylon Shippin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The problem can be prevented by adding antiozonants to the rubber before vulcanization. Ozone cracks were commonly seen in automobile tire sidewalls, but are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. A common and low cost antiozonant is a wax which bleeds to the surface and forms a protective layer, but oth... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
WeNMR aims at bringing together complementary research teams in the structural biology and life science area into a virtual research community at a worldwide level and provide them with a platform integrating and streamlining the computational approaches necessary for NMR and SAXS data analysis and structural modelling... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ibuprofen is used primarily to treat fever (including postvaccination fever), mild to moderate pain (including pain relief after surgery), painful menstruation, osteoarthritis, dental pain, headaches, and pain from kidney stones. About 60% of people respond to any NSAID; those who do not respond well to a particular on... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although the Pho regulon system is most widely studied in Escherichia coli it is found in other bacterial species such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. In Pseudomonas fluorescens, the transcriptional response regulator (PhoB/PhoR) retain the same function they play in E. coli. Bacillus subtilis also sh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common quantity used to describe the collection efficiency of a froth flotation process is flotation recovery (). This quantity incorporates the probabilities of collision and attachment of particles to gas flotation bubbles.
where:
* , which is the product of the probability of the particle being collected () and th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many coastal mosses were initiated by the process of glaciation, which sheared rock formations to a generally level terrain, while also gouging moderate sized craters that would pond. This description fits the fundamental situation of Portlethen Moss, where sphagnum would have flourished over millennia of evaporation, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Lucas test in alcohols is a test to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. It is based on the difference in reactivity of the three classes of alcohols with hydrogen halides via an S1 reaction:
: tert-BuOH + HCl → tert-BuCl + HO
The differing reactivity reflects the differing ease o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carly Stevens is a professor of plant ecology and soil biogeochemistry at University of Lancaster, UK. Her work focuses on how changes in the atmospheric nitrogen cycle affect plant communities, particularly grasslands. | 9 | Geochemistry |
FAIRE uses the biochemical properties of protein-bound DNA to separate nucleosome-depleted regions in the genome. Cells will be subjected to cross-linking, ensuring that the interaction between the nucleosomes and DNA are fixed. After sonication, the fragmented and fixed DNA is separated using a phenol-chloroform extra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An antideuteron is the antimatter counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an antiproton and an antineutron. The antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the Proton Synchrotron at CERN and the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A complete atom, with a positron orbiting t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There have been very few commercial uses for blue billy, either as a by-product of production or as a means of disposal when unintended deposits are discovered.
It has been offered for sale as an ingredient in sulfuric acid production, although with little commercial acceptance.
In the past, blue billy has been sold as... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The enzyme first catalyzes nucleophilic attack on the α-phosphate of ATP to form pyrophosphate and an acyl chain linked to AMP. The next step is formation of an activated thioester bond between the fatty acyl chain and Coenzyme A.
The balanced equation for the above is:
RCOO + CoASH + ATP → RCO-SCoA + AMP + PP <br />
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An overdose of ouabain can be detected by the presence of the following symptoms: rapid twitching of the neck and chest musculature, respiratory distress, increased and irregular heartbeat, rise in blood pressure, convulsions, wheezing, clicking, and gasping rattling. Death is caused by cardiac arrest. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electron donating groups are typically divided into three levels of activating ability (The "extreme" category can be seen as "strong".) Electron withdrawing groups are assigned to similar groupings. Activating substituents favour electrophilic substitution about the ortho and para positions. Weakly deactivating group... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields. There are several ionization methods: electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Prior to entering politics, Jones was a high pressure liquid chromatographer. She worked at the Washington University School of Medicine and KV Pharmaceutical before becoming a sales director with Mary Kay. In April 2015, Jones was the first African-American elected to the Ferguson City Council, where she represented t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While arsenic was most likely originally mixed with copper as a result of the ores already containing it, its use probably continued for a number of reasons. First, it acts as a deoxidizer, reacting with oxygen in the hot metal to form arsenous oxides which vaporize from the liquid metal. If a great deal of oxygen is d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The process produces a quantity of fluoride waste: perfluorocarbons and hydrogen fluoride as gases, and sodium and aluminium fluorides and unused cryolite as particulates. This can be as small as 0.5 kg per tonne of aluminium in the best plants in 2007, up to 4 kg per tonne of aluminium in older designs in 1974. Unless... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Grignard reactions and reagents were discovered by and are named after the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard (University of Nancy, France), who described them in 1900. He was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
The reaction of an organic halide with magnesium is not a Grignard reacti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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