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Electronegativity, symbolized as , is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atoms electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The awards were started because of the challenge that editors faced of effectively covering the trade show, which in 2015 hosted 925 exhibitors. New exhibitors at the Morial Convention Center totalled 130 companies. Walking past every booth at an event such as this represents a trek of over .
Accredited media represent... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2008, Ardisson and his co-workers reported a strategy that applies a crotyltitanation reaction repeatedly to yield homoallylic (Z)-O-ene-carbamate alcohols with excellent selectivity. This crotyltitanation reaction not only efficiently produces the syn-anti methyl-hydroxy-methyl triads of (+)-discodermolide, but als... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The high molecular weight of biopolymers make their synthesis inherently laborious. Further challenges can arise from specific spatial arrangement adopted by the natural biopolymer, which may be vital for its properties/activity but not easily reproducible in the synthetic copy. Despite this, chemical approaches to obt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alternating D/L peptide macrocycles are known to self-aggregate into nanotubes, and the resulting nanotubes have been shown to act as ion channels in lipid membranes.
Other architectures use peptide helices as a scaffold to attach other functionalities, such as crown ethers of different sizes. The property of these pe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A laser SBSP could also power a base or vehicles on the surface of the Moon or Mars, saving on mass costs to land the power source. A spacecraft or another satellite could also be powered by the same means. In a 2012 report presented to NASA on space solar power, the author mentions another potential use for the techno... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dispersive soils are more common in older landscapes where leaching and illuviation processes have had more time to work. A source of sodium is also required. Possible sources can include weathering from soil parent materials or wind-blown salt deposition. Sodium ions are highly mobile in the soil solution and so they ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
2D correlation analysis originated from 2D NMR spectroscopy. Isao Noda developed perturbation based 2D spectroscopy in the 1980s. This technique required sinusoidal perturbations to the chemical system under investigation. This specific type of the applied perturbation severely limited its possible applications. Follow... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*X-ray crystallography
Just like other organic molecule study, X-ray crystallography is a very useful tool to know the detail information on the interaction between carbohydrate and protein.
*NMR Study
By using titration, NOESY(Nuclear Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY), CIDNP experiments, the specificity and affinity of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many pesticides achieve their intended use of killing pests by disrupting the nervous system. Due to similarities in brain biochemistry among many different organisms, there is much speculation that these chemicals can have a negative impact on humans as well. Children are especially vulnerable to exposure to pesticide... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The inorganic cycle begins with the production of carbonic acid (HCO) from rainwater and gaseous carbon dioxide. Due to this process, normal rain has a pH of around 5.6. Carbonic acid is a weak acid, but over long timescales, it can dissolve silicate rocks (as well as carbonate rocks). Most of the Earth's crust (and ma... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Washing the polymer plates after they have been exposed to ultra-violet light may result in monomers entering the sewer system, eventually adding to the plastic content of the oceans. Current water purification installations are not able to remove monomer molecules from sewer water. Some monomers, such as styrene, are ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In a horizontal sedimentation tank, some particles may not follow the diagonal line in Fig. 1, while settling faster as they grow. So this says that particles can grow and develop a higher settling velocity if a greater depth with longer retention time. However, the collision chance would be even greater if the same re... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Andreev reflection (AR), named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering which
occurs at interfaces between a superconductor (S) and a normal state material (N). It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S. Each Andreev reflect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* The term corrosion refers to the electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion: it forms as a result of the oxidation of iron metal. Common rust often refers to iron(III) oxide, formed in the ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In thin layer chromatography (TLC) color reactions are frequently used to detect compound spots by dipping the plate into the reagent or by spraying the reagent onto the plates. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the equation, the activation energy can be found through the relation
where A is the pre-exponential factor for the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, T is the ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the two intersecting planes are described in terms of Cartesian coordinates by the two equations
the dihedral angle, between them is given by:
and satisfies It can easily be observed that the angle is independent of and .
Alternatively, if and are normal vector to the planes, one has
where is the dot produc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The second stage is the oxidation of the carbon in the remaining sample in the form of carbon dioxide (CO) and other gases. Modern TOC analyzers perform this oxidation step by several processes:
* High temperature combustion
* High temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO)
* Photo-oxidation alone
* Thermo-chemical oxidati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* [http://www.jove.com/video/3532/synthesis-of-nine-atom-deltahedral-zintl-ions-of-germanium-and-their-functionalization-with-organic-groups Video of preparation of KGe (subscription required)] | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monoclonal antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine like CiteAb. Below are examples of clinically important monoclonal antibodies. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heterofermentative bacteria produce less lactate and less ATP, but produce several other end products:
:Glucose + ADP + P → Lactate + Ethanol + CO + ATP
Examples include Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus bifermentous, and Leuconostoc lactis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The RNA markers consist of RNA transcripts of various incrementing lengths. For example, the Lonza 0.5-9 kbp marker has bands marking 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 kilobase pairs. Markers are dissolved in a storage buffer, such as EDTA, and can have a shelf life of up to 2 years when stored at -80 °C. To use t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Osmond iron (also spelt osmund and also called osborn) was wrought iron made by a particular process. This is associated with the first European production of cast iron in furnaces such as Lapphyttan in Sweden.
Osmonds appear in some of the earliest English Customs accounts, for example in 1325. The kappe is a Swedi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The characteristics of supersaturation have practical applications in terms of pharmaceuticals. By creating a supersaturated solution of a certain drug, it can be ingested in liquid form. The drug can be made driven into a supersaturated state through any normal mechanism and then prevented from precipitating out by ad... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amyl nitrite is administered to treat cyanide poisoning. It works by converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which allows for the binding of cyanide (CN) anions by ferric (Fe) cations and the formation of cyanomethemoglobin. The immediate goal of forming this cyanide adduct is to prevent the binding of free cyanide to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While there are multitudes of molecules in existence which would appear to be antiaromatic on paper, the number of molecules that are antiaromatic in actuality is considerably less. This is compounded by the fact that one cannot typically make derivatives of antiaromatic molecules by adding more antiaromatic hydrocarbo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Any polar chromatographic surface can be used for HILIC separations. Even non-polar bonded silicas have been used with extremely high organic solvent composition, thanks to the exposed patches of silica in between the bonded ligands on the support, which can affect the interactions. With that exception, HILIC phases... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS pronounced as "scissors") is a form of spectroscopy used primarily in chemistry, physics and related fields. It is closely related to Raman spectroscopy and lasing processes. It is very similar to Raman spectroscopy, but involves a lasing process that dramatically improves the s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lisinopril leaves the body completely unchanged in the urine. The half-life of lisinopril is 12 hours, and is increased in people with kidney problems. While the plasma half-life of lisinopril has been estimated between 12 and 13 hours, the elimination half-life is much longer, at around 30 hours. The full duration of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Photosynthesis: Plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
*Human formation of vitamin D by exposure to sunlight.
*Bioluminescence: e.g. In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that produces light.
*Polymerizations started by photoinitiators, which decompos... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transparent wood composites are novel wood materials which have up to 90% transparency. Some have better mechanical properties than wood itself. They were made for the first time in 1992. These materials are significantly more biodegradable than glass and plastics. Transparent wood is also shatterproof, making it suita... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Absorbance of a material is also related to its decadic attenuation coefficient by
where
* is the thickness of that material through which the light travels, and
* is the decadic attenuation coefficient of that material at .
If a(z) is uniform along the path, the attenuation is said to be a linear attenuation, and th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Blood glucose levels are maintained at a steady state concentration by balancing the rate of entry of glucose into the blood stream (i.e. by ingestion or released from cells) and the rate of glucose uptake by body tissues. Changes in the rate of input will be met with a change in consumption, and vice versa, so that bl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Succinic semialdehyde (SSA) is a GABA metabolite. It is formed from GABA by the action of GABA transaminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase) and further oxidised to become succinic acid, which enters TCA cycle. SSA is oxidized into succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which uses NAD as a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The experimental objections to the Thomsen–Berthelot principle include incomplete dissociation, reversibility, and spontaneous endothermic processes. Such cases were dismissed by orthadox thermochemist as outliers not covered by the principle, or the experiments were manipulated to fit it through with somewhat contrive... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Northwestern University researchers announced a solution to a primary problem of DSSCs, that of difficulties in using and containing the liquid electrolyte and the consequent relatively short useful life of the device. This is achieved through the use of nanotechnology and the conversion of the liquid electrolyte to a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The BANA test (referring to the enzymatic breakdown of [N-benzoyl-dL-arginine-2-napthylamide]) is used to determine the proteolytic activity of certain oral anaerobes that contribute to oral malodor. Some bacteria, e.g. Prophyromona gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus (Red complex) produce waste ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The interest in reducing as much as possible the costs of the catalyst for electrochemical processes led to the use of fine catalyst powders since the specific surface area increases as the average particle size decreases. For instance, most common PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers design is based on a polymeric membran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The second type of photocyte granule contains a large crystal surrounded by several small crystals within a matrix with no definite shape or form. T microtubules in the type two granules are associated with the face of the crystal. In addition ferritin has been found to be associated with the crystals. Type II granules... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages.
Bacteria have restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, which cleave double-stranded DNA at specific points into fragm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Under certain conditions the Beer–Lambert law fails to maintain a linear relationship between attenuation and concentration of analyte. These deviations are classified into three categories:
# Real—fundamental deviations due to the limitations of the law itself.
# Chemical—deviations observed due to specific chemical s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are no widely accepted functions for the resulting truncated RNA transcripts. However, a study in 1981 found evidence that there was a relationship between the number of abortive transcripts produced and the time until long RNA strands are successfully produced. When RNA polymerase undergoes abortive transcriptio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1746 in Birmingham, John Roebuck adapted this method to produce sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger, less expensive, and could be made larger than the previously used glass containers. This process allowed the effective industrialization of sulfuric acid production. After several refinements, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* “Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biomolecules and Polymers” V.G. Gregoriou and M. Braiman, Editors, Taylor & Francis Co, New York, NY, (2006).
* “Polymer Spectroscopy” V.G. Gregoriou Editor, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2004).
* “Modern Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications” A.A. Christy, Y. Ozaki, and V.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Signal transduction is a mechanism in which the cell responds to a signal from the environment by activating several proteins and enzymes that will give a response to the signal.
Feedback mechanism might involve negative and positive feedbacks. In the negative feedback, the pathway is inhibited and the result of the tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.
β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A photopolymer or light-activated resin is a polymer that changes its properties when exposed to light, often in the ultraviolet or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These changes are often manifested structurally, for example hardening of the material occurs as a result of cross-linking when exposed to l... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Takahashi Taxol total synthesis published by Takashi Takahashi in 2006 is one of several methods in taxol total synthesis. The method starts from geraniol and differs from the other 6 published methods that it is a formal synthesis (the final product is baccatin III which lacks the amide tail found in taxol itself)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle is used to explain the selectivity ratios for some stereoselective reactions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking mainly affects metals and metallic alloys. A comparable effect also known as environmental stress cracking also affects other materials such as polymers, ceramics and glass. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater. However, they eventually settle (rate determined by Stokes' law) and accumulate as sediment. Some can enter the atmosphere through wave action where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei (C... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 1964 Sekeris accompanied Karlson when he moved to the position of Director of the Institut für Physiologische Chemie of the Philipps University of Marburg. In 1966 he became a Privatdozent at the Medical School where, in 1970, he was promoted to “Wissenschaftlicher Rat und Professor”, and then to a C3 Professor. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iodometry in its many variations is extremely useful in volumetric analysis. Examples include the determination of copper(II), chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, and dissolved oxygen:
Available chlorine refers to chlorine liberated by the action of dilute acids on hypochlorite. Iodometry is commonly employed to determine th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Galvanic phenomena were described in the literature before it was understood that they were of an electrical nature. In 1752, when the Swiss mathematician and physicist Johann Georg Sulzer placed his tongue between a piece of lead and a piece of silver, joined at their edges, he perceived a taste similar to that of iro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2013, Diebold was the sole recipient of Austrias highest research award across all disciplines, the Wittgenstein Award. The award, which comes with substantial unrestricted research funds, is bestowed in support of the notion that scientists should be guaranteed the greatest possible freedom and flexibility in the p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An increase in permeability usually indicates a more open structure in the rammed sand, and if the increase continues, it will lead to penetration-type defects and rough castings. A decrease in permeability indicates tighter packing and could lead to blows and pinholes. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Magma mixing is the process by which two magmas meet, comingle, and form a magma of a composition somewhere between the two end-member magmas.
Magma mixing is a common process in volcanic magma chambers, which are open-system chambers where magmas enter the chamber, undergo some form of assimilation, fractional crystal... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Insulin is a peptide hormone that is critical for managing the body's metabolism. Insulin is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels rise, and it has many effects that broadly promote the absorption and storage of sugars, including lipogenesis.
Insulin stimulates lipogenesis primarily by activating two enzyma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Attempts to establish rates of vancomycin-induced ototoxicity are even more difficult due to the scarcity of quality evidence. The current consensus is that clearly related cases of vancomycin ototoxicity are rare. The association between vancomycin serum levels and ototoxicity is also uncertain. While cases of ototox... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many if not most of the anthraquinone dyes are produced or processed via sulfonation. Sulfonic acids tend to bind tightly to proteins and carbohydrates. Most "washable" dyes are sulfonic acids (or have the functional sulfonyl group in them) for this reason. p-Cresidinesulfonic acid is used to make food dyes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA-Seq has the potential to identify new disease biology, profile biomarkers for clinical indications, infer druggable pathways, and make genetic diagnoses. These results could be further personalized for subgroups or even individual patients, potentially highlighting more effective prevention, diagnostics, and therap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The three related TET genes, TET1, TET2 and TET3 code respectively for three related mammalian proteins TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three proteins possess 5mC oxidase activity, but they differ in terms of domain architecture. TET proteins are large (~180- to 230-kDa) multidomain enzymes. All TET proteins contain a con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In materials science and materials engineering, uranium metallurgy is the study of the physical and chemical behavior of uranium and its alloys.
Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through electrolysis of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When tin is combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (Zintl ions), such as Sn in MgSn or in KSn.
Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for examp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to defining molecule-framework interactions, COFs can be used as chemical sensors in a wide range of environments and applications. Properties of the COF change when their functionalities interact with various analytes enabling the materials to serve as devices in various conditions: as chemiresistive sensors, as w... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike Q-FISH, Flow-FISH utilizes the quantitative properties of telomere specific PNA probe retention to quantify median fluorescence in a population of cells, via the use of a flow cytometer, instead of a fluorescence microscope. The primary advantage of this technique is that it eliminates the time required in Q-FI... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteolysis is also involved in the regulation of many cellular processes by activating or deactivating enzymes, transcription factors, and receptors, for example in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, or the mediation of thrombin signalling through protease-activated receptors.
Some enzymes at important metabolic control... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Analysis of amplicons has been made possible by the development of amplification methods such as PCR, and increasingly by cheaper and more high-throughput technologies for DNA sequencing or next-generation sequencing, such as ion semiconductor sequencing, popularly referred to as the brand of the developer, Ion Torrent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pure algebraic proof is more complex and requires consideration of the system equation:
where is the stoichiometry matrix and the rate vector. In this derivation, we assume there are no conserved moieties in the network, but this doesn't invalidate the proof. Using the chain rule and differentiating with respect ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An anti-graffiti coating is a coating that prevents graffiti paint from bonding to surfaces.
Cleaning graffiti off buildings costs billions of dollars annually . Many cities have started anti-graffiti programs but vandalism is still a problem. Companies across the globe are attempting to develop coatings to prevent van... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In many cases, an initial set of phases are determined, and the electron density map for the diffraction pattern is calculated. Then the map is used to determine portions of the structure, which portions are used to simulate a new set of phases. This new set of phases is known as a refinement. These phases are reappl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The bulk isotope ratio value of stable isotopes for petroleum depict the average isotopic compositions of the oil's components. Carbon stable isotopes are often used in this method. Whether a sample of petroleum originated in a marine environment or a non-marine environment can be seen using this ratio value, as can me... | 9 | Geochemistry |
TLC helps show the purity of a sample. A pure sample should only contain one spot by TLC. TLC is also useful for small-scale purification. Because the separated compounds will be on different areas of the plate, a scientist can scrape off the stationary phase particles containing the desired compound and dissolve them ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
ScBCSi (x = 0.52, y = 1.42, z = 1.17 and w = 0.02) has a hexagonal crystal structure with space group Pm2 (No. 187) and lattice constants a = b = 1.43055(8) and c = 2.37477(13) nm. Single crystals of this compound were obtained as an intergrowth phase in a float-zoned single crystal of ScBCSi. This phase is not describ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
William B. Jensen notes that the earliest example of a continuous extractor is archaeological evidence for a Mesopotamian hot-water extractor for organic matter dating from approximately 3500 BC. The same mechanism is present in the Pythagorean cup. Before Soxhlet, the French chemist Anselme Payen also pioneered with c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diagnostic biomarkers give intervention-independent information on identifying or aid in identifying if there is a presence or absence of the disease or a disease subcategory/subphenotype status. An example is the traumatic brain injury (TBI) blood-based biomarker test consisted of measuring the levels of neuronal Ubiq... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboamination is an efficient method to access nitrogen-containing molecules, especially N-heterocycles. (+)-Preussin, a pyrrolidine alkaloid, can be easily prepared via this methodology.
(–)-Tylophorine is another example, which can be synthesized using carboamination reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The biggest advantage of GFP is that it can be heritable, depending on how it was introduced, allowing for continued study of cells and tissues it is expressed in. Visualizing GFP is noninvasive, requiring only illumination with blue light. GFP alone does not interfere with biological processes, but when fused to prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Of the 32 crystallographic point groups, 10 are polar:
The space groups associated with a polar point group do not have a discrete set of possible origin points that are unambiguously determined by symmetry elements.
When materials having a polar point group crystal structure are heated or cooled, they may temporarily ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the presence of an oxidizing agent, the cyclized intermediate can be oxidized to aromatize the rings. For example, dihydrophenanthrene becomes phenanthrene. Oxygen and iodine are the most commonly employed oxidants. | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Water is essential for organisms within the soil profile, and it partially fills up the macropores in an ideal soil.
* Leaching of the soil occurs as water carries along with it ions deeper into the lower soil horizons, causing the soil to become more oxidized in other soil horizons.
* Water also will go from a highe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The purpose of a mineralizer is to facilitate the transport of insoluble “nutrient” to a seed crystal by means of a reversible chemical reaction. Over time, the seed crystal accumulates the material that was once in the nutrient and grows. Mineralizers are additives that aid the solubilization of the nutrient solid. Wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermosynthesis is a theoretical mechanism proposed by Anthonie Muller for biological use of the free energy in a temperature gradient to drive energetically uphill anabolic reactions. It makes use of this thermal gradient, or the dissipative structure of convection in this gradient, to drive a microscopic heat engine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The atmosphere contains three main gases, namely oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO) and nitrogen. In the atmosphere, oxygen is 20%, nitrogen is 79% and CO is 0.15% to 0.65% by volume. CO increases with the increase in the depth of soil because of decomposition of accumulated organic matter and abundance of plant roots. The pr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
As with conventional manufactured drugs, the main challenge in developing successful offshoots of the RNAi-based drugs is the precise delivery of the RNAi triggers to where they are needed in the body. The reason that the ocular macular degeneration antidote was successful sooner than the antidote with other diseases i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Derived from “the addition of a hydrophilic heterocyclic group to the α-amino group of ampicillin”, the structure consists of a thiazolidine ring conjoined to a β-lactam ring contained within several ring compounds. The addition of this substituent increases the compounds affinity to penicillin-binding protein PBP-3, i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A device that can produce monochromatic light has many uses in science and in optics because many optical characteristics of a material are dependent on wavelength. Although there are a number of useful ways to select a narrow band of wavelengths (which, in the visible range, is perceived as a pure color), there are no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Given the widespread use of pesticides, herbicides and insecticides in modern farming, dendrimers are also being used by companies to help improve the delivery of agrochemicals to enable healthier plant growth and to help fight plant diseases.
Dendrimers are also being investigated for use as blood substitutes. Their s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The ore is comminuted and the cobalt rich oxides are separated by froth flotation. The cobalt-bearing concentrate is then mixed with lime and coal, and then melted in a reducing atmosphere. Iron and lighter impurities float to the surface as solid dross or are expelled from the melt as gas. The remaining liquid is comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Enedithiols, with the exception of aromatic examples, are rare. The parent aromatic example is benzenedithiol. The dithiol of 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate is also known. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The application of transformations to retrosynthetic analysis can lead to powerful reductions in molecular complexity. Unfortunately, powerful transform-based retrons are rarely present in complex molecules, and additional synthetic steps are often needed to establish their presence. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Modafinil was studied for the treatment of stimulant dependence, but the results are mixed and inconclusive. Modafinil is not a controlled substance in some countries, unlike other medications, such as bupropion, which is also used to treat depression and nicotine dependence. The clinical trials that have tested modafi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Commonly reported adverse effects associated with the use of oxacillin include skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hepatotoxicity, acute interstitial nephritis, and fever. High doses of oxacillin have been reported to cause renal, h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dicloxacillin is contraindicated in those with a previous history of allergy (hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reaction) to any penicillins. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are two types of bonds involved in a glycoprotein: bonds between the saccharides residues in the glycan and the linkage between the glycan chain and the protein molecule.
The sugar moieties are linked to one another in the glycan chain via glycosidic bonds. These bonds are typically formed between carbons 1 and 4... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thiolactones are a class of heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. They are analogs of the more common lactones in which an oxygen atom is replaced with a sulfur atom. The sulfur atom is within the ring system and adjacent to a carbonyl group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions, the most important being their reduction to the corresponding amines:
:RNO + 3 H → RNH + 2 HO
Virtually all aromatic amines (e.g. aniline) are derived from nitroaromatics through such catalytic hydrogenation. A variation is formation of a dimethylaminoar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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