text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
In mammals, CPSF is a protein complex, consisting of six subunits: CPSF-160 (CPSF1), CPSF-100 (CPSF2), CPSF-73 (CPSF3), and CPSF-30 (CPSF4) kDa subunits, WDR33 and Fip1 (FIP1L1).
The subunits form two components: mammalian polyadenylation specificity factors (mPSF) and mammalian cleavage factor (mCF). The mPSF is made ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme is a main component that provides specificity in protein degradation pathways, including immune signaling pathways. The E3 enzyme components can be grouped by which domains they contain and include several types.
These include the Ring and U-box single subunit, HECT, and CRLs. Plant signa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A presumed blood sample is first collected with a swab. A drop of phenolphthalein reagent is added to the sample, and after a few seconds, a drop of hydrogen peroxide is applied to the swab. If the swab turns pink rapidly, it is said to test presumptive positive for blood. Waiting for periods over 30 seconds will resul... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Melzers reagent is an aqueous solution of chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, and iodine. Depending on the formulation, it consists of approximately 2.50-3.75% potassium iodide and 0.75–1.25% iodine, with the remainder of the solution being 50% water and 50% chloral hydrate. Melzers is toxic to humans if ingested due to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Different configurations can be used to perform Raman-SEC experiments. Raman scattering provides spectra with very weak Raman bands, therefore, a very well aligned optical configuration is required. Laser has to be focused on the electrode surface and an efficient collection of the scattered photons is mandatory. Many ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bhushan is a member of editorial board of
* Biomedical Chromatography, (John Wiley & Sons, UK, since Jan 1996);
* Bioanalysis (Future Science Group, UK, since 2011), and
* Acta Chromatographica (Akademiai Kiado, Hungary, since 2012). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Jean-Claude Bradley was a chemist who actively promoted Open Science in chemistry, including at the White House, for which he was awarded the Blue Obelisk award in 2007. He coined the term "Open Notebook science". He died in May 2014. A memorial symposium was held July 14, 2014 at Cambridge University, UK.
One outcome ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Building on his earlier pioneering research on the surface passivation and thermal oxidation processes, Atalla developed the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) process. Atalla then proposed that a field effect transistor–a concept first envisioned in the 1920s and confirmed experimentally in the 1940s, but not achieved as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The total synthesis of solenopsin has been described by several methods. A proposed method of synthesis(Figure 1) starts with alkylation of 4-chloropyridine with a Grignard reagent derived from 1-bromoundecane, followed by reaction with phenyl chloroformate to form 4-chloro-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-2-n-undecyl-1,2-dihydropy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hartshorn was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch in 1960, and rose to become a professor in 1972. When he retired in 1996 he was made a professor emeritus.
Hartshorn's research centred on reaction mechanisms. He investigated the chemical rearrangement ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a dense, highly volatile, clear, colourless, nonflammable liquid with a chloroform-like sweet odour. It is very slightly soluble in water and miscible with various organic solvents. Halothane can decompose to hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Recent research has suggested a number of roles for the LNGFR, including in development of the eyes and sensory neurons, and in repair of muscle and nerve damage in adults. Two distinct subpopulations of Olfactory ensheathing glia have been identified with high or low cell surface expression of low-affinity nerve growt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sperm and the egg are incubated together at a ratio of about 75,000:1 in a culture media in order for the actual fertilisation to take place. A review in 2013 came to the result that a duration of this co-incubation of about 1 to 4 hours results in significantly higher pregnancy rates than 16 to 24 hours. In most c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting. It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal is then poured directly into the mold, which vaporizes the foam upon contact. | 8 | Metallurgy |
A further subclass of catalytic triad variants are pseudoenzymes, which have triad mutations that make them catalytically inactive, but able to function as binding or structural proteins. For example, the heparin-binding protein Azurocidin is a member of the PA clan, but with a glycine in place of the nucleophile and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A widely used coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system, which consists of orthonormal basis vectors. This means that,
and
However, when describing objects with crystalline or periodic structure a Cartesian coordinate system is often not the most useful as it does not often reflect the symmetry of the latt... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Surfaces of solids can be cleaned from contaminants by using physical sputtering in a vacuum. Sputter cleaning is often used in surface science, vacuum deposition and ion plating. In 1955 Farnsworth, Schlier, George, and Burger reported using sputter cleaning in an ultra-high-vacuum system to prepare ultra-clean surfac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At length-scales larger than the persistence length, the entropic flexibility of DNA is remarkably consistent with standard polymer physics models, such as the Kratky-Porod worm-like chain model. Consistent with the worm-like chain model is the observation that bending DNA is also described by Hooke's law at very small... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the 2008 pilot of the crime drama television series Breaking Bad, Walter White poisons two rival gangsters by adding red phosphorus to boiling water to produce phosphine gas. However, this reaction in reality would require white phosphorus instead, and for the water to contain sodium hydroxide. An episode of Homicid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Until 1951, it was not possible to obtain the absolute configuration of chiral compounds. It was at some time decided that (+)-glyceraldehyde was the -enantiomer. The configuration of other chiral compounds was then related to that of (+)-glyceraldehyde by sequences of chemical reactions. For example, oxidation of (+)-... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In crystallography, polymorphism describes the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure. The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Snf3 is a protein which regulates glucose uptake in yeast. It senses glucose in the environment with high affinity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Shark skin is another example of antifouling, self-cleaning and low adhesion surfaces. This hydrophobic surface allows sharks to maneuvers fast in water. Shark skin is composed of periodically arranged diamond-shape dermal denticles, superimposed with triangular riblets. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid chlorides can be used as a chloride source. Thus acetyl chloride can be distilled from a mixture of benzoyl chloride and acetic acid:
Other methods that do not form HCl include the Appel reaction:
Another is the use of cyanuric chloride: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
On June 28, 2007, a team at the J. Craig Venter Institute published an article in Science Express, saying that they had successfully transplanted the natural DNA from a Mycoplasma mycoides bacterium into a Mycoplasma capricolum cell, creating a bacterium which behaved like a M. mycoides.
On Oct 6, 2007, Craig Venter an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc oxide is used as a weak antiseptic and in paints as a white pigment and mold-growth inhibitor. Zinc chloride is a common ingredient in mouthwashes and deodorants, and zinc pyrithione is an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos. Galvanized (zinc-coated) fittings on roofs impede the growth of algae. Copper- and zinc-t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jacob Nissim Israelachvili, (19 August 1944 – 20 September 2018) was an Israeli physicist who was a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The total synthesis of ouabain was achieved in 2008 by Deslongchamps laboratory in Canada. It was synthesized under the hypothesis that a polyanionic cyclization (double Michael addition followed by aldol condensation) would allow access to a tetracyclic intermediate with the desired functionality. The figure below sho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is the main ingredient in Ehrlich's reagent. It acts as a strong electrophile which reacts with the electron-rich α-carbon (2-position) of indole rings to form a blue-colored adduct. It can be used to detect the presence of indole alkaloids. Not all indole alkaloids give a colored adduct... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. Therefore, DNA inserted into a shuttle vector can be tested or manipulated in two different cell types. The main advantage of these vectors is they can be manipulated in E. coli, then used in a system w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nuclear DNA is injured during cold storage of kidneys. Lazarus showed that single stranded DNA breaks occurred within 16 hours in hypothermically stored mice kidneys, with the injury being inhibited a little by storage in Collins or Sacks solutions. This nuclear injury differed from that seen in warm injury when double... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can originate from food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biological, environmental and agr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the search for a clean, renewable energy source to replace fossil fuels, hydrogen has gained much attention as a possible fuel for the future. One of the challenges that must be overcome if this is to become a reality is an efficient way to produce and consume hydrogen. Currently, we have the technology to generate ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flotation is used for the purification of potassium chloride from sodium chloride and clay minerals. The crushed mineral is suspended in brine in the presence of fatty ammonium salts. Because the ammonium head group and K have very similar ionic radii (ca. 0.135, 0.143 nm respectively), the ammonium centers exchange fo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Reactions used in DCvC must generate thermodynamically stable products to overcome the entropic cost of self-assembly. The reactions must form covalent linkages between building blocks. Finally, all possible intermediates must be reversible, and the reaction ideally proceeds under conditions that are tolerant of functi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, or substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. powder coatings.
Paints and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses, which are protecting the s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A selector gene can be used to distinguish successfully genetically modified cells from unmodified ones. The selector gene is integrated into the plasmid along with the desired target gene, providing the cells with resistance to an antibiotic, such as kanamycin, ampicillin, spectinomycin or tetracycline. The desired ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isomers having distinct biological properties are common; for example, the placement of methyl groups. In substituted xanthines, theobromine, found in chocolate, is a vasodilator with some effects in common with caffeine; but, if one of the two methyl groups is moved to a different position on the two-ring core, the is... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The pack mill process begins with a tin bar, which is a drawn flat bar that was usually purchased from an ironworks or steel works. The tin bar could be wrought iron or mild steel. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this dictates the length and thickness of the final plates. The bar was cut t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A recent technique called non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE) has proven successful in treating many different types of tumors and other unwanted tissue. This procedure is done using small electrodes (about 1mm in diameter), placed either inside or surrounding the target tissue to apply short, repetitive ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early history of thermodynamics, a positive amount of work done by the system on the surroundings leads to energy being lost from the system. This historical sign convention has been used in many physics textbooks and is used in the present article.
According to the first law of thermodynamics for a closed syste... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As mentioned before, scientists Monika Suchanek, Anna Radzikowski, and Christoph Thiele wanted to study protein-protein interaction in their natural environment. Specifically, the membrane proteins (in a complex and are SCAP, Insig-1, and SREBP) that regulate cholesterol homeostasis so they wanted to know what their fu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Professor Paul Karrer FRS FRSE FCS (21 April 1889 – 18 June 1971) was a Swiss organic chemist best known for his research on vitamins. He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Orthodontic items, such as wires and foams for endovascular procedures.
* Microelements for intelligent suturing.
* Intravenous needles that soften in the body and laparoscopy devices
* Drug delivery systems.
* In-body degradable implants for minimally invasive surgeries.
* Inner soles of orthopedic or special needs ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although bitumen typically makes up only 4 to 5 percent (by weight) of the pavement mixture, as the pavement's binder, it is also the most expensive part of the cost of the road-paving material.
During bitumen's early use in modern paving, oil refiners gave it away. However, bitumen is a highly traded commodity today. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
William Martin and Michael Russell suggest that the first cellular life forms may have evolved inside alkaline hydrothermal vents at seafloor spreading zones in the deep sea. These structures consist of microscale caverns that are coated by thin membraneous metal sulfide walls. Therefore, these structures would resolve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Concentrations of VOCs in indoor air may be 2 to 5 times greater than in outdoor air, sometimes far greater. During certain activities, indoor levels of VOCs may reach 1,000 times that of the outside air. Studies have shown that emissions of individual VOC species are not that high in an indoor environment, but the tot... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The key to the two-hybrid screen is that in most eukaryotic transcription factors, the activating and binding domains are modular and can function in proximity to each other without direct binding. This means that even though the transcription factor is split into two fragments, it can still activate transcription when... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The auxiliary can be removed from the desired amine by treatment with hydrochloric acid in protic solvents.
<br /> | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acyl chlorides are reduced by lithium aluminium hydride and diisobutylaluminium hydride to give primary alcohols. Lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminium hydride, a bulky hydride donor, reduces acyl chlorides to aldehydes, as does the Rosenmund reduction using hydrogen gas over a poisoned palladium catalyst. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
may be used in combination with vibrational spectroscopy techniques to understand the origins of vibrations within crystals. The combination of techniques provides detailed information about crystal structures, similar to what can be achieved with x-ray crystallography. In addition to using computational methods for en... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PMCA has been applied to replicate the misfolded protein from diverse species. The newly generated protein exhibits the same biochemical, biological, and structural properties as brain-derived PrP and strikingly it is infectious to wild type animals, producing a disease with similar characteristics as the illness produ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From an operational point of view the Hill coefficient can be calculated as:
where and are the input values needed to produce the 10% and 90% of the maximal response, respectively. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Railway - gearboxes, wheels, transmissions
* Machine tools - lathe gearboxes, mills
* Steel works - roll bearings, roll neck rings
* Power generation - various generator components
Due to the need to insert a core and also that to be effective, the core has to be in relatively close proximity to the bore of the p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Arens–van Dorp synthesis is a name reaction in organic chemistry. It describes the addition of lithiated ethoxyacetylenes to ketones to give propargyl alcohols, which can undergo further reaction to form α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, or esters. There is also a variation of this reaction called the Isler modification, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The European FOCE ([http://efoce.eu eFOCE]) comprises two open-top chambers (control and experimental) as well as a surface buoy housing the electronics and pumps to produce CO-enriched water. The system is powered by solar and wind energy. Data packets are wirelessly sent to the nearby laboratory and can be monitored ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and aryla... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ATP synthase is the simplest known form of ATP synthase, with 8 different subunit types.
Bacterial F-ATPases can occasionally operate in reverse, turning them into an ATPase. Some bacteria have no F-ATPase, using an A/V-type ATPase bidirectionally. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The precursors of ketone bodies include fatty acids from adipose tissue or the diet and ketogenic amino acids. The formation of ketone bodies occurs via ketogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix of liver cells.
Fatty acids can be released from adipose tissue by adipokine signaling of high glucagon and epinephrine levels ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is a Mars telecommunications orbiter and atmospheric gas analyzer mission. It delivered the Schiaparelli EDM lander and then began to settle into its science orbit to map the sources of methane on Mars and other gases, and in doing so, will help select the landing site for the R... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Androstenediol sulfate, also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3β-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a urinary metabolites of androstenediol. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androstenediol by steroid sulfotransferase and can be desulfated back into androstenediol by st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen / nitrogen, there will be a slight electron withdrawing effect through inductive effect (known as the –I effect). However, the other effect called resonance add electron density back to the ring (known as the +M effect) and dominate over that of inductiv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RoXaN (Rotavirus X-associated non-structural protein) also known as ZC3H7B (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 7B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3H7B gene. RoXaN is a protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeat and leucine-aspartate repeat as well as zinc finger domains. This protein also interacts... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For his work in the area of applying laser spectroscopic techniques to study of properties and behavior on the nanoscale, El-Sayed was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980. In 1989 he received the Tolman Award, and in 2002, he won the Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics. He has been the recipient o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The flux control coefficient connectivity theorem is the easiest to understand. Starting with a simple two step pathway:
where and are fixed species so that the pathway can reach a steady-state. and are the reaction rates for the first and second steps.
We can write the flux connectivity theorem for this simple sys... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Data resulting from toxicity studies that is integrated in to the ECOTOX database is subjected to a screening and quality assurance criteria developed by the EPA and the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). In order for study results to be accepted by the EPA and OPP the toxicity study must follow or consist of the foll... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since almost all adsorptive separation processes are dynamic -meaning, that they are running under flow - testing porous materials for those applications for their separation performance has to be tested under flow as well. Since separation processes run with mixtures of different components, measuring several breakthr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soil organic matter is the largest source of nutrients and energy in a soil. Its inputs strongly influence key soil factors such as types of biota, pH, and even soil order. Soil organic matter is often strategically applied by plant growers because of its ability to improve soil structure, supply nutrients, manage pH, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ružička married twice: to Anna Hausmann in 1912, and 1951 to Gertrud Acklin. From 1929, he lived at Freudenbergstrasse 101 until the last years of his life. He died in Mammern, Switzerland, a village on Lake Constance at the age of 89. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Jin-Quan Yu () is a Chinese-born American chemist. He is the Frank and Bertha Hupp Professor of Chemistry at Scripps Research, where he also holds the Bristol Myers Squibb Endowed Chair in Chemistry. He is a 2016 recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Americ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Soil retains a degree of moisture after a rainfall. This residual water moisture affects the soil's infiltration capacity. During the next rainfall event, the infiltration capacity will cause the soil to be saturated at a different rate. The higher the level of antecedent soil moisture, the more quickly the soil become... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Dosage quotient analysis is the usual method of interpreting MLPA data. If a and b are the signals from two amplicons in the patient sample, and A and B are the corresponding amplicons in the experimental control, then the dosage quotient DQ = (a/b) / (A/B). Although dosage quotients may be calculated for any pair of a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Of all commercialized pharmaceutical drugs, twenty percent contain fluorine, including important drugs in many different pharmaceutical classes. Fluorine is often added to drug molecules during drug design, as even a single atom can greatly change the chemical properties of the molecule in desirable ways.
Because of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Detonation spraying produces coatings of very high chemical bond strength and hardness. Coatings are of low porosity, oxygen content and have a low to medium surface roughness. This is achieved due to the extremely high temperatures and velocities produced by the detonation gun during surface coating application. These... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The social, political, and economic stagnation that followed the Roman Empire affected Europe throughout the early medieval period and had a critical impact on technological progress, trade, and social organization. Technological developments that affected the course of metal production were only feasible within a stab... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For intense beams of light (e.g. laser) traveling in a medium or in a waveguide, such as an optical fiber, the variations in the electric field of the beam itself may induce acoustic vibrations in the medium via electrostriction or radiation pressure. The beam may display Brillouin scattering as a result of those vibra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K, for the equilibrium
can be defined as
where {ML} is the activity of the chemical species ML etc. K is dimensionless since activity is dimensionless. Activities of the products are placed in the numerator, activities of the reactants are placed in the denominator. See activity ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The spines of sea urchins are composed of mesocrystals of calcite nano-crystals (92%) in a matrix of non-crystalline calcium carbonate (8%). This structure makes the spines hard but also shock-absorbing, which special property makes them effective defences against predators. Mesocrystals also appear in the shells of so... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A qPlus sensor is used in many ultra-high vacuum nc-AFMs. The sensor was originally made from a quartz tuning fork from a wristwatch. In contrast to a quartz tuning fork sensor that consists of two coupled tines that oscillate opposed to each other, a qPlus sensor has only one tine that oscillates. The tuning fork is g... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
*David R. Bundle, former postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Lemieux, currently professor of chemistry, the Raymond U. Lemieux Chair in Carbohydrate Chemistry, and a distinguished university professor at the University of Alberta, founder and former director of the Alberta Glycomics Centre (formerly known as Alberta Ingenui... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mass-analyzed ion kinetic-energy spectrometry (MIKES) is a mass spectrometry technique by which mass spectra are obtained from a sector instrument that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (the beam first enters the magnetic sector). The accelerating voltage V, and the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The outer thermal protection layer of NASA's LOFTID inflatable heat shield incorporates a woven ceramic made from silicon carbide, with fiber of such small diameter that it can be bundled and spun into a yarn. | 8 | Metallurgy |
As with other members of the penicillin family, the chemical structure of oxacillin features a 6-aminopenicillanic acid nucleus with a substituent attached to the amino group. The 6-aminopenicillanic acid nucleus consists of a thiazolidine ring attached to a β-lactam ring, which is the active moiety responsible for the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Chemical additives are small chemical compounds that are added to the crystallization process to increase the yield of crystals. The role of small molecules in protein crystallization had not been well thought of in the early days since they were thought of as contaminants in most case. Smaller molecules crystallize be... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In non-photosynthetic eukaryotes such as animals, insects, fungi, and protozoa, as well as the α-proteobacteria group of bacteria, the committed step for porphyrin biosynthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, 5-ALA or dALA) by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For the derivation of the Maxwell Garnett equation we start with an array of polarizable particles. By using the Lorentz local field concept, we obtain the Clausius-Mossotti relation:
Where is the number of particles per unit volume. By using elementary electrostatics, we get for a spherical inclusion with dielectric ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Grignard reaction () is an organometallic chemical reaction in which, according to the classical definition, carbon alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl magnesium halides (Grignard reagent) are added to the carbonyl groups of either an aldehyde or ketone under anhydrous conditions. This reaction is important for the format... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main reason to use microspectrophotometry is the ability to measure the optical spectra of samples with a spatial resolution on the micron scale. Optical spectra may be acquired of either microscopic samples or larger samples with a micron-scale spatial resolution. Another reason microspectrophotometry is useful ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane can be a non-flammable, colourless liquid under room-temperature atmospheric conditions. The compound is very volatile with a boiling point of 32°C. Its critical temperature is near 204°C. Its smell has been described as "usually ethereal" (like ether). | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In cell biology and protein biochemistry, heterologous expression means that a protein is experimentally put into a cell that does not normally make (i.e., express) that protein. Heterologous (meaning derived from a different organism) refers to the fact that often the transferred protein was initially cloned from or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levobetaxolol is a drug used to lower the pressure in the eye in treating conditions such as glaucoma. It is marketed as a 0.25 or 0.5% ophthalmic solution of levobetaxolol hydrochloride under the trade name Betaxon. Levobetaxolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor (beta blocker). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)
* Mary Margaret Fonow; Union Women: Forging Feminism in the United Steelworkers of America (University of Minnesota Press, 2003)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180737/http://www.ussteel.com/corp/about.htm#The%20History%20of%20United%20States%20St... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bufothionine is a sulfur-containing compound which is present in the bufotoxins secreted by the parotoid gland of certain toads of the genera Bufo and Chaunus. This specific compound can be found in the skin of certain species of toad such as the Asiatic Toad, Chaunus arunco, Chaunus crucifer, Chaunus spinulosus, and C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phage display was first described by George P. Smith in 1985, when he demonstrated the display of peptides on filamentous phage (long, thin viruses that infect bacteria) by fusing the virus's capsid protein to one peptide out of a collection of peptide sequences. This displayed the different peptides on the outer surfa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The two first partial derivatives of the vdW equation are
The first equation is , while the second is , where , the isothermal compressibility, is a measure of the relative increase of volume from an increase of pressure, at constant temperature, while , the coefficient of thermal expansion, is a measure of the relativ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It was discovered that bioluminescent snails are able to exercise a great deal of control over light emission, but the way in which they exercise control over it is still unknown. Phuphania have even been shown to be able to preserve their ability to produce light even after long periods of hibernation. It is currently... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Werner also described a second achiral hexol (a minor byproduct from the production of Fremy's salt) that he incorrectly identified as a linear tetramer. The second hexol is hexanuclear (contains six cobalt centres in each ion), not tetranuclear. Its point group is C, and its formula is , whereas that of hexol is . | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Chemical imaging has been implemented for mid-infrared, near-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. As with their bulk spectroscopy counterparts, each imaging technique has particular strengths and weaknesses, and are best suited to fulfill different needs. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The electrodes in an electrochemical cell are each classified as either an anode or a cathode. An anode is an electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, while a cathode is an electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either an anode or a cathode d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.