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SNPs have historically been used to match a forensic DNA sample to a suspect but has been made obsolete due to advancing STR-based DNA fingerprinting techniques. However, the development of next-generation-sequencing (NGS) technology may allow for more opportunities for the use of SNPs in phenotypic clues such as ethni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CRISPR gene editing based on Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas9 is an enzyme that uses the gene sequences to help control, cleave, and separate specific DNA sequences that are complementary to a CRISPR sequence. These sequences and enzymes were originally derived from bacteriophag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immobilized enzymes have important application uses as they reduce costs and improve the outcome of the reaction they catalyze. Advantages include:
;Convenience: Minuscule amounts of protein dissolve in the reaction, so workup can be much easier. Upon completion, reaction mixtures typically contain only solvent and re... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Supercritical fluids generally have properties between those of a gas and a liquid. In Table 1, the critical properties are shown for some substances that are commonly used as supercritical fluids.
Table 2 shows density, diffusivity and viscosity for typical liquids, gases and supercritical fluids.
Also, there is no su... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a diradical is a molecular species with two electrons occupying molecular orbitals (MOs) which are degenerate. The term "diradical" is mainly used to describe organic compounds, where most diradicals are extremely reactive and in fact rarely isolated. Diradicals are even-electron molecules but have one f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The model and its variants have a number of simplifying assumptions. Three of them are listing below.
#The organisms are modeled as gene regulatory networks. The models assume that gene expression is regulated exclusively at the transcriptional level;
#The product of a gene can regulate the expression of (be a regula... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The effects of enrichment can be most simply attained in a greenhouse (see for its agricultural use). However, for experimentation, the results obtained in a greenhouse would be doubted due to it introducing too many confounding variables. Open-air chambers have been similarly doubted, with some critiques attributing... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The internal states of each ion can be treated as a two level system, with eigenstates denoted and . One of the ion's normal modes is chosen to be the transfer mode used for state mapping. This motional mode must be shared by both ions, which requires both ions be similar in mass. The normal mode has harmonic oscillat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The three types of photooxygenation reactions are distinguished by the mechanisms that they proceed through, as they are capable of yielding different or similar products depending on environmental conditions. Type I and II reactions proceed through neutral intermediates, while type III reactions proceed through charge... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Klyne met Barbara Clayton in 1947 while both were employed at the Medical Research Council; they married in 1949. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
These reagents were discovered by Henry Gilman and coworkers. Lithium dimethylcopper (CH)CuLi can be prepared by adding copper(I) iodide to methyllithium in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. In the reaction depicted below, the Gilman reagent is a methylating reagent reacting with an alkyne in a conjugate addition, and the neg... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The genomic distribution of SNPs is not homogenous; SNPs occur in non-coding regions more frequently than in coding regions or, in general, where natural selection is acting and "fixing" the allele (eliminating other variants) of the SNP that constitutes the most favorable genetic adaptation. Other factors, like geneti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TMTTF as well as BEDT-TTF are based on the molecule TTF (tetrathiafulvalene). Using tetrathiapentalene (TTP) as basic molecules one receives a variety of new organic molecules serving as cations in organic crystals. Some of them are superconducting. This class of superconductors was only reported recently and investiga... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Exome sequencing is only able to identify those variants found in the coding region of genes which affect protein function. It is not able to identify the structural and non-coding variants associated with the disease, which can be found using other methods such as whole genome sequencing. There remains 99% of the hum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As real measurement signals contain a certain level of noise, the derived 2D spectra are influenced and degraded with substantial higher amounts of noise. Hence, interpretation begins with studying the autocorrelation spectrum on the main diagonal of the 2D synchronous spectrum. In the 2D synchronous main diagonal sign... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hammond's postulate (or alternatively the Hammond–Leffler postulate), is a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction. First proposed by George Hammond in 1955, the postulate states that:
Therefore, the geometric structure of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Emanuel Gil-Av was born 1916 in Pensa of Tzarist Russia. After the death of his father, a physician, the family moved first to Central Europe and in 1928 to Tel-Aviv, Israel, where Gil-Av attended High School. Gil-Av studied petroleum chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. In 1940 he escaped the German occupation t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction
or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular fo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In E. coli, TMAO reductase is encoded by the torCAD operon. The torC gene encodes a pentahemic c-type cytochrome (TorC). TorC is likely to transfer electrons directly to the periplasmic TorA terminal enzyme encoded by the torA gene. The anaerobic expression of the torCAD operon is strictly controlled by the presence of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AMGs play a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. In extreme environments, AMGs can encode for alternate energy pathways such as subunits of dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The ability of viruses to confer new metabolic traits to their hosts enhances the resilience of microbial communities fac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several properties may make Glycoazodyes an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic dyes. The increased hydrophilicity of Glycoazodyes allows for the elimination of surfactants, mordants, and salts, during the dyeing process and permits the aqueous dying of a variety of textiles at moderate temper... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radioactive water baths have been applied since 1906 in Jáchymov, Czech Republic, but even before radon discovery they were used in Bad Gastein, Austria. Radium-rich springs are also used in traditional Japanese onsen in Misasa, Tottori Prefecture. Drinking therapy is applied in Bad Brambach, Germany. Inhalation therap... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Copperas works are manufactories where copperas (iron(II) sulfate) is produced from pyrite, often obtained as a byproduct during coal mining, and iron. The history of producing green vitriol, as it was known, goes back hundreds of years in Scotland. In 1814 the wool-producing city of Steubenville, Ohio had seven copper... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallacrown nomenclature has been developed to mimic the nomenclature of crown ethers, which are named by the total number of atoms in the ring, followed by "C" for "crown," and the number of oxygen atoms in the ring. For example, 12-crown-4 or 12-C-4 describes Figure 2a. When naming metallacrowns, a similar format ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Imd pathway bears a number of similarities to mammalian TNFR signalling, though many of the intracellular regulatory proteins of Imd signalling also bear homology to different signalling cascades of human Toll-like receptors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lichen identification uses growth form, microscopy and reactions to chemical tests.
The outcome of the "Pd test" is called "Pd", which is also used as an abbreviation for the chemical used in the test, para-phenylenediamine. If putting a drop on a lichen turns an area bright yellow to orange, this helps identify it as ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Amperometric titration refers to a class of titrations in which the equivalence point is determined through measurement of the electric current produced by the titration reaction. It is a form of quantitative analysis. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
More generally, stereographic projection may be applied to the unit -sphere in ()-dimensional Euclidean space . If is a point of and a hyperplane in , then the stereographic projection of a point is the point of intersection of the line with . In Cartesian coordinates (, from 0 to ) on and (, from 1 to n) on... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mitochondrial disease can manifest in many different ways whether in children or adults. Examples of mitochondrial diseases include:
* Mitochondrial myopathy
* Maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness (MIDD)
** While diabetes mellitus and deafness can be found together for other reasons, at an early age thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The property of photoconversion in Kaede is contributed by the tripeptide, His-Tyr-Gly, that acts as a green chromophore that can be converted to red. Once Kaede is synthesized, a chromophore, 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone, derived from the tripeptide mediates green fluorescence in Kaede. When exposed to UV,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes. Because sulfate is energetically stable, before it can be metabolized it must first be activated by adenylation to form APS (adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate) thereby consuming ATP. The APS is then reduced by the enzyme APS reductase to form sulfite () and AMP. In orga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The material used is said to be an organic and non-toxic blend of baking powder, yeast, and other ingredients. Deriving its name from the animal of the same name which is known for its ability to spray a foul-smelling fluid, "Skunk" is dispersed as a form of yellow mist, fired from a water cannon, which leaves a powerf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modulating the pyrimidine metabolism pharmacologically has therapeutical uses, and could implement in cancer treatment.
Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors are used in active moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, as well as in multiple sclerosis. Examples include Leflunomide and Teriflunomide (th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A well-studied class of solid-state compounds related to the chalcohalides are molybdenum clusters of the type AMoX with X sulfur or selenium and A an interstitial atom such as Pb. These materials, called Chevrel phases or Chevrel clusters, have been actively studied because they are type II superconductors with relat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Blueprint Initiative started as a research program in the lab of Dr. Christopher Hogue at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. On December 14, 2005, Unleashed Informatics Limited acquired the commercial rights to The Blueprint Initiative intellectual property. This included ri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Full spectral imaging, along with empirical reflectance retrieval and autonomous remote sensing are the components of the new systems for remote sensing and the successor to the Landsat series of satellites of the Landsat program. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Moisture is an important property of coal, as all coals are mined wet. Groundwater and other extraneous moisture is known as adventitious moisture and is readily evaporated. Moisture held within the coal itself is known as inherent moisture and is analysed quantitatively. Moisture may occur in four possible forms withi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The resonance assisted hydrogen bond (commonly abbreviated as RAHB) is a strong type of hydrogen bond. It is characterized by the π-delocalization that involves the hydrogen and cannot be properly described by the electrostatic model alone. This description of the hydrogen bond has been proposed to describe unusually s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Born in Thames on 14 July 1935, Phillips was educated at Westport Technical College and Christchurch Boys' High School. He studied at Canterbury University College, from where he graduated with an MSc with first-class honours in 1958. After a PhD at the University of Cambridge and post-doctoral research at McGill Unive... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carotenoderma, also referred to as carotenemia, is a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary carotenoids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. It is associated with a high blood β-carotene value. This can occur after a month or two of consumption of beta-carotene rich f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a crystal of a binary oxide is cleaved to generate two new surfaces, each solid's charge remains neutral. However, the structure of the two newly created surfaces may or may not be the same. If the structures are identical, the surface will be dipoleless and is considered a nonpolar surface. If the structures are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An approach published in 2007 like Corey's starts by an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction this time with starting materials pyridine and acrolein.
Pyridine (1) is reduced with sodium borohydride in presence of benzyl chloroformate to the Cbz protected dihydropyridine 2. The asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction with acrolein 3... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The modern optical mapping platform works as follows:
#Genomic DNA is obtained from lysed cells, and randomly sheared to produce a "library" of large genomic molecules for optical mapping.
#A single molecule of DNA is stretched (or elongated) and held in place on a slide under a fluorescent microscope due to charge int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disease gene identification is a process by which scientists identify the mutant genotypes responsible for an inherited genetic disorder. Mutations in these genes can include single nucleotide substitutions, single nucleotide additions/deletions, deletion of the entire gene, and other genetic abnormalities. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Jameson Cell can be used for the reverse flotation of silica from iron ore, where flotation columns have traditionally been used. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mutations in super-enhancers have been noted in various diseases, including cancers, type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, Graves disease, vitiligo, and atrial fibrillation. A similar enrichment in diseas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) designates the spectral range (wave band) of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis. This spectral region corresponds more or less with the range of light visible to the human eye. Photons at sho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
All chromatographic purifications and separations which are executed via solvent gradient batch chromatography can be performed using MCSGP. Typical examples are reversed phase purification of peptides, hydrophobic interaction chromatography for fatty acids or for example ion exchange chromatography of proteins or anti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This piece is the larger part of the fragment broken during Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902–03) measured its length as . Klaus Roessler (1995) found it to be long. It has a square cross-section. Roessler estimated its weight at .
In 1598, the Mughal emperor Akbars visit to Dhar was recorded on the pillar in ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Anodizing is one of the more environmentally friendly metal finishing processes. Except for organic (aka integral colour) anodizing, the by-products contain only small amounts of heavy metals, halogens, or volatile organic compounds. Integral color anodizing produces no VOCs, heavy metals, or halogens as all of the byp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Persephin is a neurotrophic factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. Persephin shares around a 40% similarity in amino acid sequence compared to GDNF and neurturin, two members of the GDNF family. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The effectiveness of a dispersant may be analyzed with the following equations. The Area refers to the area under the absorbance/wavelength curve, which is determined using the trapezoidal rule. The absorbances are measured at 340, 370, and 400 nm.
Area = 30(Abs + Abs)/2 + 30(Abs + Abs)/2 (1)
The dispersant e... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Retroviruses are established pathogens of veterinary importance. They are generally a cause of cancer or immune deficiency. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The copper-bronze metallurgy in the Harappan civilization was widespread and had a high variety and quality. The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting. While there is to date no proven evidence for smelted iron in the Indus Valley civilization, iron ore and iron items have been unear... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The thermal decomposition of nitrate esters mainly yields the gases molecular nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide. The considerable chemical energy of the detonation is due to the high strength of the bond in molecular nitrogen. This stoichiometry is illustrated by the equation for the detonation of nitroglycerin.
Illustr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Over the course of Earth's geologic history concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyan... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He is considered by many to be the preeminent synthetic organic chemist of the twentieth century, having made many key contributions to the subject, especially in the synthesis of complex natural products and the determination of th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Once inside the mitochondria, each cycle of β-oxidation, liberating a two carbon unit (acetyl-CoA), occurs in a sequence of four reactions:
This process continues until the entire chain is cleaved into acetyl CoA units. The final cycle produces two separate acetyl CoAs, instead of one acyl CoA and one acetyl CoA. For ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subcooling may also be produced by superheating the gas leaving the evaporator and heading to the gas compressor. These systems withdraw heat from the liquid line and heat up the gas compressor's suction line. This is a very common solution to insure that gas reaches the compressor and liquid reaches the valve. It also... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first commercial production of MSA, developed in the 1940s by Standard Oil of Indiana, was based on oxidation of dimethylsulfide by from air. Although inexpensive, this process suffered from a poor product quality and explosion hazards.
In 1967, the Pennwalt Corporation (USA) developed a different process for dim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One class of example is the iodine clock reactions, in which an iodine species is mixed with redox reagents in the presence of starch. After a delay, a dark blue color suddenly appears due to the formation of a triiodide-starch complex.
Additional reagents can be added to some chemical clocks to build a chemical osci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*DNA extraction
*Phenol–chloroform extraction
*Minicolumn purification
*RNA extraction
*Boom method
*Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (SCODA) DNA purification | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most metal ores contain metals of interest (e.g. gold, copper, nickel) in some oxidized states and thus the goal of most metallurgical operations is to chemically reduce them to their pure metallic form. The question is how to convert highly impure metal ores into purified bulk metals. A vast array of operations have b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator. This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes, whose genomes are often organized in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Shannon entropy,
is the number of bits which would have to be transmitted to identify from equally likely possibilities, less the relative entropy of the uniform distribution on the random variates of , , from the true distribution — i.e. less the expected number of bits saved, which would have had to be sent if... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Durrant has proposed an alternative definition of hypervalency, based on the analysis of atomic charge maps obtained from atoms in molecules theory. This approach defines a parameter called the valence electron equivalent, γ, as “the formal shared electron count at a given atom, obtained by any combination of valid io... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Single Chain Cyclized/Knotted Polymers are a new class of polymer architecture with a general structure consisting of multiple intramolecular cyclization units within a single polymer chain. Such a structure was synthesized via the controlled polymerization of multivinyl monomers, which was first reported in Dr. Wenxin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rac is a subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases, small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins (more specifically a GTPase). Just as other G proteins, Rac acts as a molecular switch, remaining inactive while bound to GDP and activated once GEFs remove GDP, permitting GTP to bind. When bound to GTP, Rac is activated. In its acti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to legend, Puerto Mosquito is named after the Mosquito, the name of one of pirate Roberto Cofresí's ships. The bio bay was proclaimed a National Natural Landmark in 1980. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The δS (pronounced delta 34 S) value is a standardized method for reporting measurements of the ratio of two stable isotopes of sulfur, S:S, in a sample against the equivalent ratio in a known reference standard. Presently, the most commonly used standard is Vienna-Canyon Diablo Troilite (VCDT). Results are reported as... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For materials that are difficult to sinter, a process called liquid phase sintering is commonly used. Materials for which liquid phase sintering is common are SiN, WC, SiC, and more. Liquid phase sintering is the process of adding an additive to the powder which will melt before the matrix phase. The process of liquid ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*CuMnAl, CuMnIn, CuMnSn
*NiMnAl, NiMnIn, NiMnSn, NiMnSb, NiMnGa
*CoMnAl, CoMnSi, CoMnGa, CoMnGe, CoNiGa, CoMnSn
*PdMnAl, PdMnIn, PdMnSn, PdMnSb
*CoFeSi, CoFeAl
*FeVAl
*MnVGa, CoFeGe
*CoCrFeX(X=Al, Si)
* YbBiPt | 8 | Metallurgy |
In pattern comparison the general shapes of electropherograms of different samples are compared for changes such as presence-absence of peaks between treatments, their relative size, etc. | 1 | Biochemistry |
DEAD is an orange-red liquid which weakens its color to yellow or colorless upon dilution or chemical reaction. This color change is conventionally used for visual monitoring of the synthesis. DEAD dissolves in most common organic solvents, such as toluene, chloroform, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane but h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A regular solution can also be described by Raoult's law modified with a Margules function with only one parameter :
where the Margules function is
Notice that the Margules function for each component contains the mole fraction of the other component. It can also be shown using the Gibbs-Duhem relation that if the firs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA sequences of HBsAg were obtained from 180 patients, in which 51 were chronic HBV carrier and 129 newly diagnosed patients, and compared with consensus sequences built with 168 HBV sequences imported from GenBank. Literature review and BLOSUM scores were used to define potentially altered antigenicity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Again, define and to be conjugate pairs, and the to be the natural variables of the internal energy.
Since all of the natural variables of the internal energy are extensive quantities
it follows from Euler's homogeneous function theorem that the internal energy can be written as:
From the equations of state, we the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is apparent that both the reactor geometry and the method by which the plasma is generated strongly influence the performance of the system. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG), or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Classical variables that do not change upon time reversal include:
:, position of a particle in three-space
:, acceleration of the particle
:, force on the particle
:, energy of the particle
:, electric potential (voltage)
:, electric field
:, electric displacement
:, density of electric charge
:, electric polarization... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are numerous mosses or bog habitats in Scotland, many of them situated also in Aberdeenshire, including the Cookney Moss, Leuchar Moss and Red Moss of Netherley nearby. There are also many other shires within Scotland that contain mosses such as Fife, Angus, Morayshire and Lanarkshire. Some of these are lowland b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
These sweet glycosides found in the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni have 40–300 times the sweetness of sucrose. The two primary glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, are used as natural sweeteners in many countries. These glycosides have steviol as the aglycone part. Glucose or rhamnose-glucose combinations... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because radon is generally associated with diseases that are not detected until many years after elevated exposure, the public may not consider the amount of radon that children are currently being exposed to. Aside from the exposure in the home, one of the major contributors to radon exposure in children are the schoo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a supramolecular assembly is a complex of molecules held together by noncovalent bonds. While a supramolecular assembly can be simply composed of two molecules (e.g., a DNA double helix or an inclusion compound), or a defined number of stoichiometrically interacting molecules within a quaternary complex, ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The sodium fusion test, or Lassaigne's test, is used in elemental analysis for the qualitative determination of the presence of foreign elements, namely halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur, in an organic compound. It was developed by J. L. Lassaigne.
The test involves heating the sample with sodium metal, "fusing" it with t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although the chemical composition of the primitive mantle cannot be directly measured at its source, researchers have been able to estimate primitive mantle characteristics using a few methods. One methodology involves the analysis of chondritic meteorites that represent early Earth chemical composition and creating mo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The book was first published by Profile Books in 2015. The British edition was subtitled with the question of the title, "Why is Life the Way it is?", whereas the American edition was subtitled with the explanation "Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life". A paperback edition came out in 2016. The book has ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crop rotation can help restore tilth in compacted soils. Two processes contribute to this gain. First, accelerated organic matter decomposition from tillage ends under the sod crop. Another way to achieve this is via no-till farming. Second, grass and legume sods develop extensive root systems that continually grow and... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Differences in plant disease resistance are often incremental or quantitative rather than qualitative. The term quantitative resistance (QR) refers to plant disease resistance that is controlled by multiple genes and multiple molecular mechanisms that each have small or minor effects on the overall resistance trait. QR... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the case of an idealized two-level atom the detailed balance for the emission and absorption which preserves the Planck formula for the black-body radiation leads to equality of cross-section of absorption and emission. In the solid-state lasers the splitting of each of laser levels leads to the broadening which gre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Planck (1914, page 40) refers to a condition of thermodynamic equilibrium, in which "any two bodies or elements of bodies selected at random exchange by radiation equal amounts of heat with each other."
The term radiative exchange equilibrium can also be used to refer to two specified regions of space that exchange equ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cold-adapted arctic frogs, such as wood frogs, and some other ectotherms in polar and subpolar regions naturally produce glucose, but southern brown tree frogs and Arctic salamanders create glycerol in their livers to reduce ice formation.
When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, often abbreviated Fura-2AM, is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by fluorescence. When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AMOC is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. The major possible mechanism causing the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly is based on the fact that freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. Observed freshwater increase originates probably fro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This is a classical use of thermal mass. Examples include adobe, rammed earth, or limestone block houses. Its function is highly dependent on marked diurnal temperature variations. The wall predominantly acts to retard heat transfer from the exterior to the interior during the day. The high volumetric heat capacity and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular oxygen is a good terminal electron acceptor because it is a strong oxidizing agent. The reduction of oxygen does involve potentially harmful intermediates. Although the transfer of four electrons and four protons reduces oxygen to water, which is harmless, transfer of one or two electrons produces superoxide ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
His father was a military physician. He was a student of Academician . In 1940, he defended his Candidate's Dissertation at the N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry. In 1949, he defended his doctoral dissertation. From 1950 to 1992, Perekalin headed the Department of Organic Chemistry at the Herzen University. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dichloromethane, . There is a rotation axis which passes through the carbon atom and the midpoints between the two hydrogen atoms and the two chlorine atoms. Define the z axis as co-linear with the axis, the plane as containing and the plane as containing . A rotation operation permutes the two hydrogen atoms ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hattori argued that the prevailing view for volcano formation in arcs ic arc formation, that water is released rapidly from subducting slabs when they are metamorphosed to eclogite facies, is inconsistent with geological evidence. Instead, she proposed an alternative mechanism, suggesting that water is continuously rel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
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