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AQC processes are of particular importance in laboratories analysing environmental samples where the concentration of chemical species present may be extremely low and close to the detection limit of the analytical method. In well managed laboratories, AQC processes are built into the routine operations of the laborato... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Rewarming can be done with a number of methods including passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, and active internal rewarming. Passive external rewarming involves the use of a person's own ability to generate heat by providing properly insulated dry clothing and moving to a warm environment. Passive ext... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Dawson structure is a well-known structural motif for heteropoly acids. The Dawson structure can be viewed as the fusion of two defect Keggin structure, fragments with three missing octahedra. As in Keggin structures, the Dawson structure has an oxyanion at its core. Unlike Keggin structures, there are two such an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Stokes Formulas can be used to calculate the ART fractions for any number of layers. Alternatively, they can be calculated by successive application of Benford's equation for "one more layer".
If , , and are known for the representative layer of a sample, and , and are known for a layer composed of representat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The isochore theory purported that the genome of "warm-blooded" vertebrates (mammals and birds) are mosaics of long isochoric regions of alternating GC-poor and GC-rich composition, as opposed to the genome of "cold-blooded" vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) that were supposed to lack GC-rich isochores.
These findin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RiPPs consist of any peptides (i.e. molecular weight below 10 kDa) that are ribosomally-produced and undergo some degree of enzymatic post-translational modification. This combination of peptide translation and modification is referred to as "post-ribosomal peptide synthesis" (PRPS) in analogy with nonribosomal peptide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two main ways of cultivating microalgae are raceway pond systems and photo-bioreactors. Raceway pond systems are constructed by a closed loop oval channel that has a paddle wheel to circulate water and prevent sedimentation. The channel is open to the air and its depth is in the range of . The pond needs to be kept sha... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of a set of EPDs looks like the following chart. Each set of letters stands for a specific measurement with an accuracy reading and percent rank below it. Each EPD is compared to the breed average of a given year. The number given by the EPD is the amount above or below this given average. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry and biochemistry it is customary to use pK values for acid dissociation equilibria.
where log denotes a logarithm to base 10 or common logarithm, and K is a stepwise acid dissociation constant. For bases, the base association constant, pK is used. For any given acid or base the two constants are re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure at the same time.
J.C. Séamus Davis theorised that frozen helium-4 (at 0.2 K and 50 atm) may be a superglass. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Lyman-alpha transition in hydrogen in the presence of the spin–orbit interaction involves the transitions
: and
In the presence of an external magnetic field, the weak-field Zeeman effect splits the 1S and 2P levels into 2 states each () and the 2P level into 4 states (). The Landé g-factors for the three levels ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* J. Ipaktschi, M. R. Saidi: Metal-Mediated Cyclizations of Amines, Science of synthesis 2012, 40.1.1.5.5, p. 351–504. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phytoglycogen is a type of glycogen extracted from plants. It is a highly branched, water-soluble polysaccharide derived from glucose.
Phytoglycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide used to store glucose in a similar way that glycogen is the glucose storage for animals. It is made up of branched, flexible chains on ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mucoadhesive process will differ greatly depending on the surface and properties of the adhesive. However, two general steps of the process have been identified: the contact stage and the consolidation stage. | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA editing through the addition and deletion of uracil has been found in kinetoplasts from the mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei.
Because this may involve a large fraction of the sites in a gene, it is sometimes called "pan-editing" to distinguish it from topical editing of one or a few sites.
Pan-editing starts with... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in native deposits in Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The bitumen is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycerol 2-phosphate is the conjugate base of phosphoric ester of glycerol. It is commonly known as β-glycerophosphate or BGP. Unlike glycerol 1-phosphate and glycerol 3-phosphate, this isomer is not chiral. It is also less common. | 1 | Biochemistry |
BASys (Bacterial Annotation System) is a freely available web server that can be used to perform automated, comprehensive annotation of bacterial genomes. With the advent of next generation DNA sequencing it is now possible to sequence the complete genome of a bacterium (typically ~4 million bases) within a single day.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mechanisms for C-H activations by metal centers can be classified into three general categories:
*(i) Oxidative addition, in which a low-valent metal center inserts into a carbon-hydrogen bond, which cleaves the bond and oxidizes the metal:
:LM + RH → LMR(H)
*(ii) Electrophilic activation in which an electrophilic ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The LaMer model for the kinetics of the formation of hydrosols is widely applicable for production of monodisperse systems, and it was originally hypothesized that the Stöber process followed this monomer addition model. This model includes a rapid burst of nucleation forming all of the particle growth sites, then proc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neuropeptides are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class of signaling molecules. There are 90 known genes that encode human neuropeptide precursors. In invertebrates, there are ~50 known genes encoding neuropeptide precursors. Most neuropeptides bind ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
YEASTRACT (Yeast Search for Transcriptional Regulators And Consensus Tracking) is a curated repository of more than 48000 regulatory associations between transcription factors (TF) and target genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, based on more than 1200 bibliographic references. It also includes the description of about 3... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radical clocks are used in reduction of alkyl halides with sodium naphthalenide, reaction of enones, the Wittig rearrangement, reductive elimination reactions of dialkylmercury compounds, dioxirane dihydroxylations, and electrophilic fluorinations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemical kinetics, the entropy of activation of a reaction is one of the two parameters (along with the enthalpy of activation) which are typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate constant, when these data are analyzed using the Eyring equation of the transition state theory. The standard... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the carbon cycle as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) is volcanic activity, while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of carbon... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Pandoran biosphere is a fictional habitat introduced in James Camerons 2009 science fiction film Avatar. The ecology of the lush exomoon Pandora, which teems with a biodiversity of bioluminescent species ranging from hexapodal animals to other types of exotic fauna and flora, forms a vast neural network spanning t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the gas phase at ultralow pressures, single-molecule experiments have been around for decades, but in the condensed phase only since 1989 with the work by W. E. Moerner and Lothar Kador. One year later, Michel Orrit and Jacky Bernard were able to show also the detection of the absorption of single molecules by their... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. This is o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
F-gases are ozone-friendly, enable energy efficiency, and are relatively safe for use by the public due to their low levels of toxicity and flammability. However, most F-gases have a high global warming potential (GWP), and some are nearly inert to removal by chemical processes. If released, HFCs stay in the atmospher... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There is one assay office at Aradippou.
The Law governing the marking of precious metal articles has been ratified by the House of Representatives in 1991, creating a new semi-Governmental Organisation, the Cyprus Organisation for the Hallmarking of precious metals. The Cyprus Assay Office (CAO) is under the jurisdicti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Because T-RFLP relies on DNA extraction methods and PCR, the biases inherent to both will affect the results of the analysis. Also, the fact that only the terminal fragments are being read means that any two distinct sequences which share a terminal restriction site will result in one peak only on the electropherogram ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Fluorescence microscopy of tissues, cells or subcellular structures is accomplished by labeling an antibody with a fluorophore and allowing the antibody to find its target antigen within the sample. Labeling multiple antibodies with different fluorophores allows visualization of multiple targets within a single image... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Felkin model (1968) named after Hugh Felkin also predicts the stereochemistry of nucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl groups. Felkin argued that the Cram model suffered a major drawback: an eclipsed conformation in the transition state between the carbonyl substituent (the hydrogen atom in aldehydes) and the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It is extremely difficult to generalize at what pressures or temperatures the deviation from the ideal gas becomes important. As a rule of thumb, the ideal gas law is reasonably accurate up to a pressure of about 2 atm, and even higher for small non-associating molecules. For example, methyl chloride, a highly polar m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to gamma ray spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MAP4 was previously not thought to exist in neuronal tissue however the MAP-SP has been found in certain mammalian brain tissue. MAP4 is not confined to just nerve cells, but rather can be found in nearly all types of cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Free Ocean CO Enrichment (FOCE) is a technology facilitating studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and communities by enabling the precise control of CO enrichment within in situ, partially open, experimental enclosures. Current FOCE systems control experimental CO perturbations by rea... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Members of the enediyne family all share a unique enediyne core that is the cause of their potent cytotoxicity. The enediyne cores are derived from linear, probably polyketide, precursors that consist of seven or eight head-to-tail coupled acetate units. Enediyne assembly involves a highly conserved, iterative type I p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay is a main feature for tourists who visit Maryland and Virginia each year. Fishing, crabbing, swimming, boating, kayaking, and sailing are extremely popular activities enjoyed on the waters of the Chesapeake Bay. As a result, tourism has a notable impact on Marylands economy. One report suggested that... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are two important and related classes of reactions in organometallic chemistry. Oxidative addition is a process that increases both the oxidation state and coordination number of a metal centre. Oxidative addition is often a step in catalytic cycles, in conjunction with its ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
is mainly produced as its sulfuric acid salt, hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulfate (), by the hydrogenation of nitric oxide over platinum catalysts in the presence of sulfuric acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This was first called the liquid ordered phase by Ipsen et al. (1987). However, it has also been called the LG subgel phase by Huang et al. (1993) and the β phase by Vist and Davis (1990). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both hypoxic conditions and serum deprivation induced increased expression of SFRP1 in leiomyoma cells. However, the smooth muscle cells cultured from the myometrium showed no significant correlation between SFRP1 expression and oxygen concentration. This suggests that SFRP1 may protect the cells from the damage caus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potentiometric pH meters measure the voltage between two electrodes and display the result converted into the corresponding pH value. They comprise a simple electronic amplifier and a pair of electrodes, or alternatively a combination electrode, and some form of display calibrated in pH units. It usually has a glass el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Schuster was recruited to New York University by Kurt Mislow, who was also interested in photochemistry, and joined the faculty there in late 1961 in what was at the time the University Heights, Bronx campus. He remained at NYU for his entire academic career. Schuster received tenure in 1968 and spent the 1968–69 acade... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Landsupport consortium consists of the following partners:
*University of Naples, Italy
*ARIESPACE, Italy
*Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain
*University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
*Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
*Crops for the Future, Malaysia
*ICARDA, Tunisia
*Institute... | 1 | Biochemistry |
IHC staining for FH is used to detect lack of this protein in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2. The lack of FH in renal carcinoma cells induces pro-survival metabolic adaptations where several cascades are affected. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Measuring contact angles for pendant drops is much more complicated than for sessile drops due to the inherent unstable nature of inverted drops. This complexity is further amplified when one attempts to incline the surface. Experimental apparatus to measure pendant drop contact angles on inclined substrates has been d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MetPetDB is a relational database and repository for global geochemical data on and images collected from metamorphic rocks from the Earth's crust. MetPetDB is designed and built by a global community of metamorphic petrologists in collaboration with computer scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as part o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In order to enhance DNA-RNA affinity, enzyme processivity, and thermostability, five amino acid substitutions were incorporated into the M-MLV reverse transcriptase. The mutant M-MLV RT was then incorporated into PE1 to give rise to (Cas9 (H840A)-M-MLV RT(D200N/L603W/T330P/T306K/W313F)). Efficiency improvement was obse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Caused by different structural modifications in the genome, fusion genes have gained attention because of their relationship with cancer. The ability of RNA-Seq to analyze a sample's whole transcriptome in an unbiased fashion makes it an attractive tool to find these kinds of common events in cancer.
The idea follows f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Pidgeon process is a practical method for smelting magnesium. The most common method involves the raw material, dolomite being fed into an externally heated reduction tank and then thermally reduced to metallic magnesium using 75% ferrosilicon as a reducing agent in a vacuum. Overall the processes in magnesium smel... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The phagemid used to transform E. coli cells may be "rescued" from the selected cells by infecting them with VCS-M13 helper phage. The resulting phage particles that are produced contain the single-stranded phagemids and are used to infect XL-1 Blue cells. The double-stranded phagemids are subsequently collected from t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)
* Fellow of Islamic World Academy of Sciences
* Foreign Fellow of Korean Academy of Sciences
* Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
* Fellow of the Royal Society, London (July 2006)
* Honorary Life Fellow King's College, Cambridge, UK (2007)
* Fellow of Chinese Chemica... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If one assumes infinite shunt resistance, the characteristic equation can be solved for V:
Thus, an increase in I produces a reduction in V proportional to the inverse of the logarithm of the increase. This explains mathematically the reason for the reduction in V that accompanies increases in temperature described abo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite (87.5 wt%) and cementite (12.5 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. During slow cooling of an iron-carbon alloy, pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction as austenite cools below (the eutectoid temperature). Pe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Adenylyl cyclase is regulated by G proteins, which can be found in the monomeric form or the heterotrimeric form, consisting of three subunits. Adenylyl cyclase activity is controlled by heterotrimeric G proteins. The inactive or inhibitory form exists when the complex consists of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, with ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like ammonia, amines are bases. Compared to alkali metal hydroxides, amines are weaker.
The basicity of amines depends on:
# The electronic properties of the substituents (alkyl groups enhance the basicity, aryl groups diminish it).
# The degree of solvation of the protonated amine, which includes steric hindrance by t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Starch is a glucose polymer in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha-linkages. It is made up of a mixture of amylose (15–20%) and amylopectin (80–85%). Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules, and Amylopectin is a branched molecule made of several thousand glucose units (every ch... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Actinic light was first commonly used in early photography to distinguish light that would expose the monochrome films from light that would not. A non-actinic safe-light (e.g., red or amber) could be used in a darkroom without risk of exposing (fogging) light-sensitive films, plates or papers.
Early "non colour-sensit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such as Escheria coli. Two-component system means that it has a sensor molecule and a response regulator. Arc is an abbreviation for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maint... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Convergent synthesis of a dendrimer begins with what will eventually become the surface of the dendrimer and proceeds inward. The convergent synthetic approach makes use of orthogonal protecting groups (two protecting groups whose deprotection conditions will not remove one another); this is an additional consideration... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
One estimate (2006) suggested that 1 million tonnes of PCBs had been produced. 40% of this material was thought to remain in use. Another estimate put the total global production of PCBs on the order of 1.5 million tonnes. The United States was the single largest producer with over 600,000 tonnes produced between 1930 ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Owing to the decreased electron density in the aromatic system, electrophilic substitutions are suppressed in pyridine and its derivatives. Friedel–Crafts alkylation or acylation, usually fail for pyridine because they lead only to the addition at the nitrogen atom. Substitutions usually occur at the 3-position, which ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Huang joined the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955. In 1958, he responded to the demand of Chinese defense industry, stopped his established organic natural product research work and pursued research in the field of organofluorine chemistry. Under his leadership, the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bulk electronic band structure of transition metal oxides consists of overlapping 2p orbitals from oxygen atoms, forming the lower energy, highly populated valence band, while the sparsely populated, higher energy conduction band consists of overlapping d orbitals of the transition metal cation. In contrast to meta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The canonical umpolung reagent is the cyanide ion. The cyanide ion is unusual in that a carbon triply bonded to a nitrogen would be expected to have a (+) polarity due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom. Yet, the negative charge of the cyanide ion is localized on the carbon, giving it a (-) formal cha... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Parker and Williams constructed a NAND logic gate based on turning on strong emission from a terbium complex of phenanthridine. When acid and oxygen (the two inputs) are absent (input “0”), the fluorescence from the terbium center is turned on (output “1”). Hence, the system acts as a molecular NAND gate. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
This is also known as the P test. It uses a 1–5% ethanolic solution of para-phenylenediamine (PD), made by placing a drop of ethanol (70–95%) over a few crystals of the chemical; this yields an unstable, light sensitive solution that lasts for about a day. An alternative form of this solution, called Steiners solution,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While all deactivating groups are inductively withdrawing (–I), most of them are also withdrawing through resonance (–M) as well. Halogen substituents are an exception: they are resonance donors (+M). With the exception of the halides, they are meta directing groups.
Halides are ortho, para directing groups but unlik... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Atropisomers are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about single bonds where the steric strain barrier to rotation is high enough to allow for the isolation of the conformers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight. Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. Humans and other a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Stacking of the nucleotides in a double helix is a major determinant of the helixs stability. With the added surface area and hydrogen available for bonding, stacking potential for the nucleobases increases with the addition of a benzene spacer. By increasing the separation between the nitrogenous bases and either suga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lilleby closed on the same day Norway was attacked by Nazi Germany, but it did not remain closed for long. The Norwegian aluminium industry was of great strategic importance for the German government, which requested that Lilleby resume operation right away. Birger Solberg was placed in charge, because professor Peders... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer used in various applications including non-stick coatings. Teflon is a brand of PTFE, often used as a generic term for PTFE. The metallic substrate is roughened by abrasive blasting, then sometimes electric-arc sprayed with stainless steel. The irregular surfa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first application of the pump–probe technique in biology was in vitro imaging of stimulated emission of a dye-labelled cell. Pump–probe imaging is now widely used for melanin imaging to differentiate between the two main forms of melanin eumelanin (brown/black) and pheomelanin (red/yellow). In melanoma, eumelanin i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body radiation.
Photons are part of a family of particles kn... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron metallurgy in Africa developed within Africa; though initially assumed to be of external origin, this assumption has been rendered untenable; archaeological evidence has increasingly supported an indigenous origin. Some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 BCE and 2500 BCE. A... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chain polymerization products are widely used in many aspects of life, including electronic devices, food packaging, catalyst carriers, medical materials, etc. At present, the world's highest yielding polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), etc. can be obtained by chain polymer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kacser and Burns introduced an additional coefficient that described how a biochemical pathway would respond the external environment. They termed this coefficient the response coefficient and designated it using the symbol R. The response coefficient is an important metric because it can be used to assess how much a n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Buffer solutions resist pH change because of a chemical equilibrium between the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A:
When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, hydrogen ions (H) are added, and the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Chateli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bio-available nitrogen occurs in the ocean in several forms, including simple ionic forms such as nitrate (NO), nitrite (NO) and ammonium (NH), and more complex organic forms such as urea ((NH2)CO). These forms are utilised by autotrophic phytoplankton to synthesise organic molecules such as amino acids (the building b... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Soil biota (soil microflora, soil animals) are sensitive to soil pH, either directly upon contact or after soil ingestion or indirectly through the various soil properties to which pH contributes (e.g. nutrient status, metal toxicity, humus form). According to the various physiological and behavioural adaptations of so... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Recognition of stop codons in bacteria have been associated with the so-called tripeptide anticodon, a highly conserved amino acid motif in RF1 (PxT) and RF2 (SPF). Even though this is supported by structural studies, it was shown that the tripeptide anticodon hypothesis is an oversimplification. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two of the main functions of carbohydrates are energy storage and providing structure. One of the common sugars known as glucose is a carbohydrate, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type of biomolecule; they are used to store energy and genetic information,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pillar was installed as a trophy in building the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutb complex by Sultan Iltutmish in the 13th century. Its original location, whether on the site itself or from elsewhere, is debated.
According to the inscription of king Chandra, the pillar was erected at Vishnupadagiri (Vishnupada). ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For buffers in acid regions, the pH may be adjusted to a desired value by adding a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid to the particular buffering agent. For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A later paper by Edwards and Pearson, following research done by Jencks and Carriuolo in 1960 led to the discovery of an additional factor in nucleophilic reactivity, which Edwards and Pearson called the alpha effect, where nucleophiles with a lone pair of electrons on an atom adjacent to the nucleophilic center have e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The skeletal formula, line-angle formula, or shorthand formula of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry. A skeletal formula shows the skeletal structure or skeleton of a molecule, which i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is estimated to range 20-70% of carbon content of the oceans, being higher near river outlets and lower in the open ocean.
Marine life is largely similar in biochemistry to terrestrial organisms, except that they inhabit a saline environment. One consequence of their adaptation ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles refers to the use of gold to produce ornaments and other prestige items in the British Isles during the Bronze Age, between and in Britain, and up to about 550 BCE in Ireland. In this period, communities in Britain and Ireland first learned how to work metal, leading to th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The R symbol was introduced by 19th-century French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, who advocated its adoption on the grounds that it would be widely recognizable and intelligible given its correspondence in multiple European languages to the initial letter of "root" or "residue": French ("root") and ("residue"), ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) is a scientific instrument which measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and retracted using multiple beam interferometry to monitor surface separation and directly measure contact area and observe any surface deformations occurring in the contact zo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ideality of solutions is analogous to ideality for gases, with the important difference that intermolecular interactions in liquids are strong and cannot simply be neglected as they can for ideal gases. Instead we assume that the mean strength of the interactions are the same between all the molecules of the solution.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of nitrification begins with the first stage of ammonia oxidation, where ammonia (NH) or ammonium (NH) get converted into nitrite (NO). This first stage is sometimes known as nitritation. It is performed by two groups of organisms, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal laser epitaxy (TLE) is a physical vapor deposition technique that utilizes irradiation from continuous-wave lasers to heat sources locally for growing films on a substrate. This technique can be performed under ultra-high vacuum pressure or in the presence of a background atmosphere, such as ozone, to deposit ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The chemistry of the Mg ion, as applied to enzymes, uses the full range of this ions unusual reaction chemistry to fulfill a range of functions. Mg interacts with substrates, enzymes, and occasionally both (Mg may form part of the active site). In general, Mg interacts with substrates through inner sphere coordination,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research and review articles on any aspect of physical chemistry, chemical physics, and biophysical chemistry. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry on behalf of eighteen participating societies. The editor-in-chief ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The position of Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford is one of the permanent chairs of the university, and the first in the field of biochemistry at the university. It is associated with a fellowship at Trinity College, Oxford, and was established with an endowment of £10,000 by Edward Whitley ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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