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*Stefan Lovgren, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319053238/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0318_050318_cryonics.html "Corpses Frozen for Future Rebirth by Arizona Company"], March 2005, National Geographic | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is structurally different from normal adult hemoglobin (HbA), giving HbF a higher affinity for oxygen than HbA. HbF is composed of two alpha and two gamma chains whereas HbA is composed of two alpha and two beta chains. The fetal dissociation curve is shifted to the left relative to the curve f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After production in the upper atmosphere, the carbon-14 atoms react rapidly to form mostly (about 93%) (carbon monoxide), which subsequently oxidizes at a slower rate to form , radioactive carbon dioxide. The gas mixes rapidly and becomes evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere (the mixing timescale in the order ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chiral drugs with stereo-labile configuration are likely to undergo interconversion of the enantiomers that may be enzymatic (biological) or non-enzymatic. Enzyme-mediated conversion is the process of chiral inversion that happens in a living organism. Non-enzymatic inversion of drugs is important and relevant in the p... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz voltage equation, sometimes called the Goldman equation, is used in cell membrane physiology to determine the Resting potential across a cell's membrane, taking into account all of the ions that are permeant through that membrane.
The discoverers of this are David E. Goldman of Columbia Univers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Ferrier rearrangement is an organic reaction that involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction combined with an allylic shift in a glycal (a 2,3-unsaturated glycoside). It was discovered by the carbohydrate chemist Robert J. Ferrier. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electroforming is a metal forming process in which parts are fabricated through electrodeposition on a model, known in the industry as a mandrel. Conductive (metallic) mandrels are treated to create a mechanical parting layer, or are chemically passivated to limit electroform adhesion to the mandrel and thereby allow i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Early work examined the dechlorinations with copper. Substrates included DDT, endrin, chloroform, and hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Aluminum and magnesium behave similarly in the laboratory. Ground water treatment most generally focuses on the use of iron. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* The monomer concentration is important for the synthesis of single chain cyclized/knotted polymers, but the kinetic chain length is the key determining factor for synthesis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chemical composition of tall oil varies with the species of trees used in pulping, and in turn with geographical location. For example, the coastal areas of the southeastern United States have a high proportion of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii); inland areas of the same region have a preponderance of Loblolly Pine (P... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Obsidian hydration dating was introduced in 1960 by Irving Friedman and Robert Smith of the U.S. Geological Survey. Their initial work focused on obsidians from archaeological sites in western North America.
The use of Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in the measurement of obsidian hydration dating was introduced... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reactivity ratios indicate preference for propagation. Large indicates a tendency for to add , while small corresponds to a tendency for to add . Values of describe the tendency of to add or . From the definition of reactivity ratios, several special cases can be derived:
* If both reactivity ratios are very hi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The bottom part of ring B was constructed by nucleophilic addition to the aldehyde of 2.1 (scheme 2) with dibenzyl acetal of 2-bromobenzaldehyde 2.2 as its aryllithium. This step is much in common with the B ring synthesis in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis except that the aldehyde group is located at ring A and not... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two-component systems are rare in eukaryotes. They appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are relatively common in plants, but have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals. Two-component systems in eukaryotes likely originate from lateral gene transfer, often from endosymbiotic organell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disabled Iranian veterans, called janbaz (, literally "those who were willing to lose their lives") in Iran, mostly constitute the disabled veterans of the Iran–Iraq war. According to Mohammad Esfandiari, director of communications and public relations of Irans Martyrs and Disabled Veterans Organization, there are 548,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxygen effect is quantified by measuring the radiation sensitivity or Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) of a particular biological effect (e.g., cell death or DNA damage), which is the ratio of doses under pure oxygen and anoxic conditions. Consequently, OER varies from unity in anoxia to a maximum value for 100% oxyg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) modifications were described well before the conception of epitranscriptomics. These modifications are very common in tissues and cells of the nervous system, and malfunctions in this deamination can result in a variety of different human diseases. A-to-I deamination has been shown to caus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical reaction engineering, "yield", "conversion" and "selectivity" are terms used to describe ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted—conversion, how much of a desired product was formed—yield, and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product—selectivity, represented as X, S, and Y... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Observational longitudinal studies have further evaluated REMS T-score performance in the identification of patients at risk for fragility fracture. Specifically, in Adami et al., a group of more than 1.500 patients has undergone both DXA and REMS scans. Afterwards, these patients have been monitored for a period up to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agents that transiently block MPT include the immune suppressant cyclosporin A (CsA); N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A (MeValCsA), a non-immunosuppressant derivative of CsA; another non-immunosuppressive agent, NIM811, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), bongkrekic acid and alisporivir (also known as Debio-025). TRO40303... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is well known that optical interference often is a major problem in laser-based gas spectroscopy. In conventional laser-based gas spectrometers, the optical interference originates from e.g. etalon-type interference effects in (or between) optical components and multi-pass gas cells. Throughout the years, great effo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kinetic capillary electrophoresis or KCE is capillary electrophoresis of molecules that interact during electrophoresis.
KCE was introduced and developed by Professor Sergey Krylov and his research group at York University, Toronto, Canada. It serves as a conceptual platform for development of homogeneous chemical affi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cleanup for urban gasworks, usually smaller Victorian sites, has usually consisted of removing the worst material en masse to a landfill site away from town.
Remediation of larger sites, such as industrial cokeworks, has required a more selective approach as the volumes and site values involved have been too large to j... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As widely accepted as this statement might be, it should not be considered synonymous with a lack of metal objects, as it points out native copper was relatively abundant, particularly in the Great Lakes region. The latest glacial period had resulted in the scouring of copper bearing rocks. Once the ice retreated, thes... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As one would expect, the majority of these images reveal large increases in turbidity in the regions where a hurricane has made landfall. The increases are primarily due to sediments that have been resuspended from the shallow bottom regions. In areas near shore some of the signal may also be due to sediments eroded fr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1970, lithium was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bipolar disorder, which remains its primary use in the United States. It is sometimes used when other treatments are not effective in a number of other conditions, including major depression, schizophrenia, disord... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Khimera incorporates up to date achievements in the development of the wide range of models of elementary physicochemical processes; these models are of particular importance for hi-tech applications in:
*microelectronics
*materials science
*chemical industry
*automobile and aviation industry
*power engineering. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another direction for transparent wood applications is as a high optical transmittance for optoelectronic devices as substrates in photovoltaic solar cells. Li and her colleagues at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology studied the high optical transmittance that makes transparent wood a candidate for substrate in pero... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen bond-assisted supramolecular assembly is the process of assembling small organic molecules to form large supramolecular structures by non-covalent hydrogen bonding interactions. The directionality, reversibility, and strong bonding nature of hydrogen bond make it an attractive and useful approach in supramolec... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
STAT3 has been shown to interact with:
* AR,
* ELP2,
* EP300,
* EGFR,
* HIF1A,
* JAK1,
* JUN
* KHDRBS1,
* mTOR,
* MYOD1,
* NDUFA13,
* NFKB1,
* NR3C1,
* NCOA1,
* PML,
* RAC1,
* RELA,
* RET,
* RPA2,
* STAT1,
* Stathmin,
* Src, and
* TRIP10.
* KPNA4.
Niclosamide seems to inhibit the STAT3 signalling ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The perturbative treatment of the Stark effect has some problems. In the presence of an electric field, states of atoms and molecules that were previously bound (square-integrable), become formally (non-square-integrable) resonances of finite width. These resonances may decay in finite time via field ionization. For lo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Sherwood, L. (2004). Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th Ed (p. 680). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
* Wilmore, J., Costill, D. (2004). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 3rd Ed (p. 164). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,3-Butanediol fermentation is anaerobic fermentation of glucose with 2,3-butanediol as one of the end products. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction is
:2 pyruvate + NADH --> 2CO + 2,3-butanediol.
Butanediol fermentation is typical for the facultative anaerobes Klebsiella and Enterobacter and is tested for using ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An applied example is a synthesis of sunitinib begins by mixing 5-fluoroisatin slowly into hydrazine hydrate. After 4 hours at 110 °C, the indole ring structure has been broken into (2-amino-5-fluoro-phenyl)-acetic acid hydrazide with reduction of the ketone at the 3-position. Subsequent annelation in strong acid creat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, a catalyst is an agent that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed by a reaction. Thermodynamically, a catalyst lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to take place. An electrocatalyst is a catalyst that affects the activation energy of an electrochemical re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isomers with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry are able to interconvert through a process known as Berry pseudorotation. Pseudorotation is similar in concept to the movement of a conformational diastereomer, though no full revolutions are completed. In the process of pseudorotation, two equatorial ligands (both of which ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Monomers undergoing supramolecular polymerization are considered to be in equilibrium with the growing polymers, and thermodynamic factors therefore dominate the system. However, when the constituent monomers are connected via strong and multivalent interactions, a "metastable" kinetic state can dominate the polymeriz... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
An object's deflective efficiency can never equal or surpass 100%, for example:
*a mirror will never reflect exactly the same amount of light cast upon it, though it may concentrate the light which is reflected into a narrower beam.
*on hitting the ground, a ball previously in free-fall (meaning no force other than gra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α3β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, consisting of α3 and β2 subunits.
It occurs alongside the more common α3β4 nicotinic receptor in autonomic ganglia, and as an facilitatory presynaptic autoreceptor at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical phase of matter, analogous to a classical ideal gas. It is composed of bosons, which have an integer value of spin and abide by Bose–Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive particles... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sandy soil has lower capacity to hold water and nutrients. Water is applied more frequently in smaller amounts to avoid it leaching and carrying nutrients below the root zone. Routine application of organic matter increases sandy soil's ability to hold water and nutrients by 10 times or more. | 9 | Geochemistry |
DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a medical laboratory, flocculation is the core principle used in various diagnostic tests, for example the rapid plasma reagin test. | 8 | Metallurgy |
SPIKE was developed by Ron Shamir's computational biology group in cooperation with the group of Yosef Shiloh, an Israel Prize recipient for his research in systems biology, and the group of Karen Avraham, a leading researcher of human deafness, all from Tel Aviv University. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lovastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate.
Mevalonate is a required building block for cholesterol biosynthesis and lovastatin interferes with its production by acting as a reversible competitive in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The synthesis of ring II was accomplished with a Fischer indole synthesis using phenylhydrazine 1 and acetophenone derivative acetoveratrone 2 (catalyst polyphosphoric acid) to give the 2-veratrylindole 3. The veratryl group not only blocks the 2-position for further electrophilic substitution but will also become part... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the early 1950s, divers found the remains of a shipwreck in Cape Gelidonya, off the coast of Turkey. The remains included a substantial amount of copper oxhide ingot material: 34 in full, five in half, 12 corners, and of random fragments. Twenty-four full copper oxhide ingots have stamps on their centers—usually of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Danheiser annulation or Danheiser TMS-cyclopentene annulation is an organic reaction of an α,β-unsaturated ketone and a trialkylsilylallene (e.g., trimethylsilyl- or triisopropylsilyl-) in the presence of a Lewis Acid to give a trialkylsilylcyclopentene in a regiocontrolled annulation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
At this point in the synthesis of Taxol, the material was a racemic mixture. To obtain the desired enantiomer, allylic alcohol 4.9 was acylated with (1S)-(−)-camphanic chloride and dimethylaminopyridine, giving two diastereomers. These were then separated using standard column chromatography. The desired enantiomer was... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reaction allows for alkylation of electron deficient heterocyclic species which is not possible with Friedel-Crafts chemistry. A method for alkylating electron deficient arenes, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, is also unavailable to electron deficient heterocycles as the ionic nucleophilic species used will dep... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cavitand cages are formed by linking bowl-shaped organic molecules called cavitands. The two "bowls" are linked with organometallic complexes.
In order for a cavitand cage to efficiently self-assemble, the following requirements must be met: The cavitand scaffold must be rigid, the incoming metal complex must impose ci... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors. A cell may have several different receptors that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize diff... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signaling Gateway is a web portal dedicated to signaling pathways powered by the San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California, San Diego. It was initiated by a collaboration between the Alliance for Cellular Signaling and Nature. A primary feature is the Molecule Pages database. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dominant use of hexamethylenetetramine is in the production of solid (powder) or liquid phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, in which it is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g., in brake and clutch linings, abrasives, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment found in the brain which is structurally related to melanin. It is a polymer of 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers. Neuromelanin is found in large quantities in catecholaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus, giving a dark color to the structures. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first oral ACE inhibitor found for the treatment of hypertension. It does not cause fatigue as associated wi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Operando spectroscopy is widely applicable to heterogeneous catalysis, which is largely used in industrial chemistry.
An example of operando methodology to monitor heterogeneous catalysis is the dehydrogenation of propane with molybdenum catalysts commonly used in industrial petroleum. Mo/SiO and Mo/AlO were studied w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like OCT, the early implementations of a/LCI relied on physically changing the optical path length (OPL) to control the depth in the sample from which data are acquired. However, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to use a Fourier domain implementation to yield depth resolution in a single data acquisition. A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inorganic ions in animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity. In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids as well as performing a number ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A sperm bank will aim to provide donor sperm which is safe by checking and screening donors and of their semen. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and medical history. Requirements for sperm donors are strictly enforced, as in a study of 24,040 potential sperm donors, only 5620, or 23... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was a development of EST methodology to increase the throughput of the tags generated and allow some quantitation of transcript abundance. cDNA is generated from the RNA but is then digested into 11 bp "tag" fragments using restriction enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequenc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is common to represent polymers backbones, notably proteins, in internal coordinates; that is, a list of consecutive dihedral angles and bond lengths. However, some types of computational chemistry instead use cartesian coordinates. In computational structure optimization, some programs need to flip back and forth b... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. For any reaction that releases energy, the change ΔE in total energy has a negative value and the reaction is called an exothermic process. Electron capture for almost all non-noble gas atoms involves the release of energy and thus is exothermi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
So long as it is symmetric, we can easily think of the system as an iterated function map, a common method of representing a chaotic, dynamical system.
Figure 7 shows one possible representation of the variables, with the first variable,
, representing the angle around the disc at rebound and the second, , representi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eating a variety of foods that contain potassium is the best way to get an adequate amount.
Foods with high sources of potassium include kiwifruit, orange juice, potatoes, coconut, avocados, apricots, parsnips and turnips, although many other fruits, vegetables, legumes, and meats contain potassium.
Common foods very ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Phosphagen System (ATP-PCr) occurs in the cytosol (a gel-like substance) of the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle, and in the myocyte's cytosolic compartment of the cytoplasm of cardiac and smooth muscle.
During muscle contraction:
:HO + ATP → H + ADP + P (Mg assisted, utilization of ATP for Muscle contraction by ATPa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deuterium can be used to reinforce specific oxidation-vulnerable C-H bonds within essential or conditionally essential nutrients, such as certain amino acids, or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), making them more resistant to oxidative damage. Deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, slow down t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most commonly used surface modification protocols are plasma activation, wet chemical treatment, including grafting, and thin-film coating. Surface energy mimicking is a technique that enables merging the device manufacturing and surface modifications, including patterning, into a single processing step using a sin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states. Iron–sulfur clusters are found in a variety of metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, hydrogenases, coenzyme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first widescale use of VCIs can be traced to Shell's patent for dicyclohexylammonium nitrite (DICHAN), which was eventually commercialized as VPI 260. DICHAN was used extensively by the US military to protect a wide variety of metallic components from corrosion via various delivery systems, VCI powder, VCI paper, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Usually, plastocyanin can be found in organisms that contain chlorophyll b and cyanobacteria, as well as algae that contain chlorophyll c. Plastocyanin has also been found in the diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica, which can be found in oceanic environments. It was surprising to find these organisms containing the protein ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The general goal of the technique is similar to the DNA microarray. However, SAGE sampling is based on sequencing mRNA output, not on hybridization of mRNA output to probes, so transcription levels are measured more quantitatively than by microarray. In addition, the mRNA sequences do not need to be known a priori, s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many alloys of industrial significance have some volume fraction of second phase particles, either as a result of impurities or from deliberate alloying additions. Depending on their size and distribution such particles may act to either encourage or retard recrystallization. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Early studies suggested a minimum of two RNAPs: one which synthesized rRNA in the nucleolus, and one which synthesized other RNA in the nucleoplasm, part of the nucleus but outside the nucleolus. In 1969, biochemists Robert G. Roeder and William Rutter discovered there are total three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imidazoline is a class of heterocycles formally derived from imidazoles by the reduction of one of the two double bonds. Three isomers are known, 2-imidazolines, 3-imidazolines, and 4-imidazolines. The 2- and 3-imidazolines contain an imine center, whereas the 4-imidazolines contain an alkene group. The 2-Imidazoline g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The pzc is the same as the isoelectric point (iep) if there is no adsorption of other ions than the potential determining H/OH at the surface. This is often the case for pure ("pristine surface") oxides in water. In the presence of specific adsorption, pzc and isoelectric point generally have different values. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The entropy due to a set of states that can be either occupied with probability or empty with probability can be written as:
where is Boltzmann constant.
For a continuously distributed set of states as a function of energy, such as the eigenstates in an electronic band structure, the above sum can be written as an i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levobupivacaine has become a more favourable alternative for regional anaesthesia than bupivacaine due to its reduced toxicity. A plethora of non-human studies have established levobupivacaine’s lower risk of cardiac and neurotoxic adverse effects. Most animal studies show that the lethal dose (LD) of levobupivacaine i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Boron porphyrins are a variety of porphyrin, a common macrocycle used for photosensitization and metal trapping applications, that incorporate boron. The central four nitrogen atoms in a porphyrin macrocycle form a unique molecular pocket which is known to accommodate transition metals of various sizes and oxidation st... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Downregulation of glycine-N-methyltransferase has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Serving this as a reliable marker for oncogenesis. When compared to patients with deletions in GNMT, patients with no deletions early-stage pancreatic cancer had twice the median months overall survival. | 1 | Biochemistry |
MIKES, as the name implies, is used for kinetic energy spectrometery. This means that certain criteria are needed to accomplish this. One such feature of MIKES is that it has high kinetic energy resolution and good angular resolution. This is due to the fact that MIKES has low accelerating voltage, around 3 kilo-volts.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The effects and influences of RE1/NRSE and REST/NRSF are significant in non-neuronal cells that require the repression or silencing of neuronal genes. These silencer elements also regulate the expression of genes that do not induce neuron-specific proteins and studies have shown the extensive impact these factors have ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the superspots are located at simple fractions of the vectors of the reciprocal lattice of the substructure, e.g., at q=(½,0,0), the resulting broken symmetry is a multiple of the unit cell along that axis. Such a modulation is called a commensurate superstructure. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The equation of state given here (PV = nRT) applies only to an ideal gas, or as an approximation to a real gas that behaves sufficiently like an ideal gas. There are in fact many different forms of the equation of state. Since the ideal gas law neglects both molecular size and intermolecular attractions, it is most acc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For the process of extracting the DNA/RNA, there are a number of essential guidelines. This includes a description of the extraction process done, a statement on what DNA extraction kit was used and any changes made to the directions, details on whether any DNase or RNase treatment was used, a statement on whether any ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Along with other aggregates, a hollow, spherical structure self-assembles from approximately 1,165 Mo wheels. This was termed a vesicle by analogy with lipid vesicles. Unlike lipid vesicles that are stabilised by hydrophobic interactions it is believed that the vesicle is stabilised by an interplay of van der Waals att... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface plasmon resonance can be implemented in analytical instrumentation. SPR instruments consist of a light source, an input scheme, a prism with analyte interface, a detector, and computer. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ste5 is involved in the following biological processes:
*Invasive growth in response to glucose limitation
*Negative regulation of the MAPK cascade
*Pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion
*Positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
*Regulation of RNA-mediated transposit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Emulsified Fuels are emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid, either oil or a fuel. Emulsions are a particular example of a dispersion comprising a continuous and a dispersed phase. The most commonly used emulsion fuel is water-in-diesel emulsion. In the case of emulsions, both phases are the immiscible li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Cassie–Baxter wetting regime also explains the water repellent features of the pennae (feathers) of a bird. The feather consists of a topography network of barbs and barbules and a droplet that is deposited on a these resides in a solid-liquid-air non-wetting composite state, where tiny air pockets are trapped with... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This spectroscopic technique complements another recently developed method of chemical characterisation or fingerprinting, namely micro-thermal analysis (micro-TA). This also uses an “active” SThM probe, which acts as a heater as well as a thermometer, so as to inject evanescent temperature waves into a sample and to a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coordination polymerization is a chain polymerization that involves the preliminary coordination of a monomer molecule with a chain carrier. The monomer is first coordinated with the transition metal active center, and then the activated monomer is inserted into the transition metal-carbon bond for chain growth. In som... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Various neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor have been shown to be modulated by various mood stabilizers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given 3 faces of a polyhedron which meet at a common vertex P and have edges AP, BP and CP, the cosine of the dihedral angle between the faces containing APC and BPC is:
This can be deduced from Spherical law of cosines | 4 | Stereochemistry |
BBE-like enzymes in plant physiology play a role in primary metabolism catalyzed by members of this family. The oxidation of a variety of alcohol groups supplies a first understanding of the origin of the BBE-like enzyme family, present in reactions like oxidation of mono and polysaccharides. It seems that they are pre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The number of adatoms present on a surface is temperature dependent. The relationship between the surface adatom concentration and the temperature at equilibrium is described by equation 4, where n is the total number of surface sites per unit area:
This can be extended to find the equilibrium concentration of other ty... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An organic superconductor is a synthetic organic compound that exhibits superconductivity at low temperatures.
As of 2007 the highest achieved critical temperature for an organic superconductor at standard pressure is , observed in the alkali-doped fullerene RbCsC.
In 1979 Klaus Bechgaard synthesized the first organic ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Colloid vibration current is an electroacoustic phenomenon that arises when ultrasound propagates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emulsion droplets.
The pressure gradient in an ultrasonic wave moves particles relative to the fluid. This motion disturbs the double layer that exists at th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of histamine inactivation in biological species involves its metabolism through the oxidative deamination of its primary amino group. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO). The metabolite produced from this reaction is imidazole-4-acetaldehyde.
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde is then furth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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