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Disubstituted alkenes react with HCN in the presence of strong acids to give formamides, which can be decarbonylated. This method, the Ritter reaction, is used industrially to produce tertiary amines such as tert-octylamine.
Hydroamination of alkenes is also widely practiced. The reaction is catalyzed by zeolite-base... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Analytical thermal desorption, known within the analytical chemistry community simply as "thermal desorption" (TD), is a technique that concentrates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas streams prior to injection into a gas chromatograph (GC). It can be used to lower the detection limits of GC methods, and can impr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Cyanogen - ()
* Isocyanogen - ()
* Diisocyanogen - ()
* Paracyanogen - a cyanogen polymer,
* Paraisocyanogen - a cyanogen polymer, | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As in other social Hymenoptera, bumblebee queens have also been shown to release characteristic pheromones to signal their presence and stop the workers from reproducing. In Bombus terrestris, for example, two studies have shown that workers resorbed oocytes more often and had fewer developing oocytes in their ovaries ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;X-ray diffraction
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172448/http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html NDB ID: UD0017 Database]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030803010825/http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/index.html X-ray Atlas -database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040105... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Those carbenes that have been isolated to date tend to be colorless solids with low melting points. These carbenes tend to sublime at low temperatures under high vacuum.
One of the more useful physical properties is the diagnostic chemical shift of the carbenic carbon atom in the C-NMR spectrum. Typically this peak is ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The I. I. Rabi Prize in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics is given by the American Physical Society to recognize outstanding work by mid-career researchers in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. The award was endowed in 1989 in honor of the physicist I. I. Rabi and has been awarded biannually sinc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As compared to sodium-based liquid metal coolants such as liquid sodium or NaK, lead-based coolants have significantly higher boiling points, meaning a reactor can be operated without risk of coolant boiling at much higher temperatures. This improves thermal efficiency and could potentially allow hydrogen production th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
HDAC3 has been found to be most closely related to HDAC8. HDAC3 contains a non-conserved region in the C-terminal region that was found to be required for transcriptional repression as well as its deacetylase activity. It also contains two regions, one called a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) as well as a Nuclear Exp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lichens are classified by the fungal component. Lichen species are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus species in the lichen. Lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fung... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Federation of the European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) is an international scientific society promoting activities in biochemistry, molecular biology and related research areas in Europe and neighbouring regions. It was founded in 1964 and includes over 35,000 members across 39 Constituent Societies. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Treatment with RO is limited, resulting in low recoveries on high concentration (measured with electrical conductivity) and membrane fouling. RO applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as CaSO, Si, Fe and Ba. Low organic scaling can use two different technologies: spiral ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The EWOC Conference structure consists of a combination of scientific presentations, workshops, topical networking sessions, career panel and also includes a poster session. Examples of Workshops have included Cultivate Belonging in the Workplace for Yourself and Others; How to Create, Build and Leverage Networks for ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* B40.200-2008: Thermometers, Direct Reading and Remotes Reading.
* PTC 19.3-1974(R2004): Performance test code for temperature measurement. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemical and biological defense, activated carbon is impregnated with DABCO for use in filters for masks, collective protection systems, and the like. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If R and R (note equation at top of page) are different substituents, there is a new stereocenter formed at the alpha position when an enol converts to its keto form. Depending on the nature of the three R groups, the resulting products in this situation would be diastereomers or enantiomers. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main advantage of diffusion dialysis is the low energy consumption of the unit. This membrane technique operates under normal pressure and does not have a state change. Consequently, the energy required is significantly reduced, which reduces the operating cost. There is also the low installation cost, easy operati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method.
VOCs are quantified and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*1990, American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry J. Calvin Giddings Award for Excellence in Teaching
*2002, Electrochemical Society Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching
*2006, W. George Pinnell Award for Outstanding Service, Indiana University Bloomington
*2007, Elected Fellow of the Elect... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Space power generation systems must provide consistent and reliable power without large amounts of fuel. As a result, solar and radioisotope fuels (extremely high power density and long lifetime) are ideal. TPVs have been proposed for each. In the case of solar energy, orbital spacecraft may be better locations for the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
γ-Amylase () (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α--glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1950s, a series of epidemiological studies were done in the US to determine the relationship between water quality of natural waters and the health of bathers. The results indicated that swimmers were more likely to have gastrointestinal symptoms, eye infections, skin complaints, ear, nose, and throat infections... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The fundamental thermodynamic relation and statistical mechanical principles can be derived from one another. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Institution of Metallurgists was a British professional association for metallurgists, largely involved in the iron and steel industry. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The magic angle is a particular value of the collection angle of an electron microscope at which the measured energy-loss spectrum "magically" becomes independent of the tilt angle of the sample with respect to the beam direction. The magic angle is not uniquely defined for isotropic samples, but the definition is uniq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The problem of gene regulation could be represented mathematically as the probability of n molecules — RNAP, activators, repressors and inducers — are bound to a target regions.
To compute the probability of bound, it is needed to sum the Boltzmann weights over all possible states of polymerase molecules
on DNA. H... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a facultative sexual yeast that can undergo mating when nutrients are limiting. Exposure of S. pombe to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating, meiosis, and formation of meiotic spores. This finding suggests that mei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion. Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH), the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH)(OCH). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings.
In 1976, nume... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory of gases. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects. Other authors, however, define thermal physics loos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DCvC has been used to make molecules with complex topological properties. In the case of Borromean rings, DCvC is used to synthesize a three ring interlocking system. Thermodynamic templates are used to stabilize interlocking macrocycle growth. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Veterinary schools, veterinary hospitals, and bovine farming operations in North America often keep a healthy fistulated cow as a microbiota donor. Large animal veterinarians will pull the contents by hand from the healthy cows rumen system to help repopulate the fauna in a sick cows rumen. This process is called trans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Moroidin, a bicyclic octapeptide, has been isolated from Dendrocnide moroides (also called Laportea moroides) and Celosia argentea. The structure of moroidin was confirmed in 2004 by X-ray crystallography. It contains two unusual crosslinks, one between leucine and tryptophan and the other between tryptophan and histid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gas Engine Row has many large stationary gas engines from the early 1900s. On the row is an operational Fairbanks-Morse mine hoist winding engine, a pumphouse powered by a Fairbanks-Morse engine, a horsepower 1922 Fairbanks-Morse type YV engine connected to a large alternator, an enormous 1914 Chicago-Pneumatic hot-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Studies have demonstrated that the oxidative stress generated by arsenic may disrupt the signal transduction pathways of the nuclear transcriptional factors PPARs, AP-1, and NF-κB, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. The interference of oxidative stress with signal transduction pathways may affec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction. The reactants are geminal dihalides with a water molecule or a hydroxide ion. The reaction yields ketones from secondary halides or aldehydes from primary halides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For a free ion, e.g. gaseous Ni or Mo, the energy of the d-orbitals are equal in energy; that is, they are "degenerate". In an octahedral complex, this degeneracy is lifted. The energy of the d−y set, which are aimed directly at the ligands are destabilized. On the other hand, the energy of the d, d, and d orbita... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A number of bacterial mRNAs have no 5'UTR whatsoever, or a very short one. The complete 70S ribosome, with the help of IF2 (recruiting fMet-tRNA), can simply start translating such a "leaderless" mRNA.
A number of factors modify the efficiency of leaderless initiation. A 5 phosphate group attached to the start codon se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With these technologies, cold water circulates through a blanket, or torso wraparound vest and leg wraps. To lower temperature with optimal speed, 70% of a persons surface area should be covered with water blankets. The treatment represents the most well studied means of controlling body temperature. Water blankets low... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A termolecular (or trimolecular) reaction in solutions or gas mixtures involves three reactants simultaneously colliding, with appropriate orientation and sufficient energy. However the term trimolecular is also used to refer to three body association reactions of the type:
Where the M over the arrow denotes that to co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ECOTOX is considered to be more comprehensive in that it holds results from toxicity tests of single chemicals on aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. Data can be found on both freshwater and marine taxa. ECOTOX collects data from previously EPA established databases , TERRATOX, and PHYTOTOX which individually p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydroboration refers to the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to certain double and triple bonds involving carbon (, , , and ). This chemical reaction is useful in the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
Hydroboration produces organoborane compounds that react with a variety of reagents to pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. Biopesticides fall into three major classes:
* Microbial pesticides which consist o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1950 and is sponsored by the Geochemical Society and the Meteoritical Society. The editor-in-chief is Jeffrey Catalano (Washington University in St. Louis). The journal covers topics in Earth geochemistry, planetary geochemistr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
:The symmetry of a crystalline material has profound impacts on its emergent properties, including electronic band structure, electromagnetic behavior, and mechanical properties . Crystal symmetry is described and categorized by the crystal system, lattice, and space group of the material. Determination of these attrib... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mars is fundamentally an igneous planet. Rocks on the surface and in the crust consist predominantly of minerals that crystallize from magma. Most of our current knowledge about the mineral composition of Mars comes from spectroscopic data from orbiting spacecraft, in situ analyses of rocks and soils from six landing s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The first ideas about light being used in photosynthesis were proposed by Colin Flannery in 1779 who recognized it was sunlight falling on plants that was required, although Joseph Priestley had noted the production of oxygen without the association with light in 1772. Cornelis Van Niel proposed in 1931 that photosynth... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ammonium phosphomolybdate, anion, was reported in 1826. The isostructural phosphotungstate anion was characterized by X-ray crystallography 1934. This structure is called the Keggin structure after its discoverer.
The 1970's witnessed the introduction of quaternary ammonium salts of POMs. This innovation enabled syste... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heme biosynthesis is used as biomarker in environmental toxicology studies. While excess production of porphyrins indicate organochlorine exposure, lead inhibits ALA dehydratase enzyme. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A sample (analyte) is injected into a flowing carrier solution stream that is forced by a peristaltic pump. The injection of the sample is done under controlled dispersion in known volumes. The carrier solution and sample then meet at mixing points with reagents and react. The reaction time is controlled by a pump and ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that is used to assay a sample using a fluorescent probe. DNA nucleotides themselves are not good candidates for this technique because they do not readily re-emit light upon light excitation. A fluorescent marker is needed to detect base flipping. 2-Aminopurine is a base tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal radiation is a phenomenon that can burn skin and ignite flammable materials. The time to a damage from exposure to thermal radiation is a function of the rate of delivery of the heat. Radiative heat flux and effects are given as follows: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Octasulfur is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula . It is an odourless and tasteless yellow solid, and is a major industrial chemical. It is the most common allotrope of sulfur and occurs widely in nature. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Jameson Cell is a high-intensity froth flotation cell that was invented by Laureate Professor Graeme Jameson of the University of Newcastle (Australia) and developed in conjunction with Mount Isa Mines Limited ("MIM", a subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited and now part of the Glencore group of companies). | 8 | Metallurgy |
Deamination of guanine results in the formation of xanthine. Xanthine, however, still pairs with cytosine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms, it is not universal. However, the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms, it is presumed, had some form of polyade... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the energy states of valence tautomers affect the IVCT band, the strength of electronic interaction between the sites, known as α (the mixing coefficient), can be determined by analysis of the IVCT band. Depending on the value of α, mixed valence complexes are classified into three groups:
*class I: α ~ 0, the co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It crystallizes as a tetrameric cubane-type cluster. It crystallises from tetrahydrofuran/pentane at −20°C as [tBuOK·tBuOH], which consists of straight chains linked by hydrogen bonding. Sublimation of [tBuOK·tBuOH] affords the tetramer [tBuOK], which adopts a cubane-like structure. Mild Lewis basic solvents such as TH... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The sigma-2 receptor takes part in a number of normal-function roles, including cell proliferation, autophagy, cholesterol homeostasis, and both non-neuronal and neuronal signaling. Much of sigma-2 receptor function relies on signaling cascades. The receptor's interaction with EGFR and PGRMC1 proteins allow for sigma-2... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The trace amount of samples collected from crime scenes can be amplified by MDA to the quantity that is enough for forensic DNA analysis, which is commonly used in identifying victims and suspects. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Slippery sequences can potentially make the reading ribosome "slip" and skip a number of nucleotides (usually only 1) and read a completely different frame thereafter. In programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting, the slippery sequence fits a X_XXY_YYH motif, where XXX is any three identical nucleotides (though some except... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the primary functions of carbaminohemoglobin is to enable the transport of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. When carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular metabolism in tissues, the compound is diffused into the bloodstream and it works to react with hemoglobin.
When the binding of molecules oc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;Aldehydes and ketones
Polymeric hydrosilanes, such as polymethylhydrosiloxane (PHMS), may be employed to facilitate separation of the reduced products from silicon-containing byproducts.
Enantioselective reductions of ketones may be accomplished through the use of catalytic amounts of chiral transition metal complexes... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers (most commonly carbons). This transformation can be accomplished in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reversible photochromics are also found in applications such as toys, cosmetics, clothing and industrial applications. If necessary, they can be made to change between desired colors by combination with a permanent pigment. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Symplekin (SYMPK) is a scaffolding protein that mediates the interaction between CPSF and CstF.
In mammalian CPSF, both cleavage factor I (CFI) and cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) are required for cleavage and polyadenylation whereas cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) is only essential for the cl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Levich constant (B) is often used in order to simplify the Levich equation. Furthermore, B is readily extracted from rotating disk electrode experimental data.
The B can be defined as:
where
* n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the half reaction (number)
* F is the Faraday constant (C/mol)
* A is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The leaving group X in the organic partner is usually a halide, although triflate, tosylate and other pseudohalide have been used. Chloride is an ideal group due to the low cost of organochlorine compounds. Frequently, however, C–Cl bonds are too inert, and bromide or iodide leaving groups are required for acceptable ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Extending the wavelength range for CD experiments had been both considered and instigated as far back as 1970. Three research groups had created their own "in-house" CD machines, with specialist lamps as their light source, to enable measurements in this range. Synchrotron radiation (SR) had been proposed for use as t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of methods of measuring distribution coefficients have been developed, including the shake-flask, separating funnel method, reverse-phase HPLC, and pH-metric techniques. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alarm signals need not be communicated only by auditory means. For example, many animals may use chemosensory alarm signals, communicated by chemicals known as pheromones. Minnows and catfish release alarm pheromones (Schreckstoff) when injured, which cause nearby fish to hide in dense schools near the bottom. At least... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The degree of coordinative unsaturation of a surface cation measures the number of bonds involving the cation that have to be broken to form a surface. As the degree of coordinative unsaturation increases, more bonds are broken and the metal cation becomes destabilized. The destabilization of the cation increases the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the main examples of polynucleotides. They arise by condensation of nucleotides. Their backbones form by the condensation of a hydroxy group on a ribose with the phosphate group on another ribose. This linkage is called a phosphodiester bond. The condensation i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Charles M. Schwab (1862–1939) and Eugene Grace (1876–1960) made Bethlehem Steel the second-largest American steel company by the 1920s. Schwab had been the operating head of Carnegie Steel and US Steel. In 1903 he purchased the small firm Bethlehem Steel, and in 1916 made Grace president. Innovation was the keynote at ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the field of engineering, the hydrophobicity (or dewetting ability) of a flat surface (e.g., a counter top in kitchen or a cooking pan) can be measured by the contact angle of water droplet. A University of Nebraska-Lincoln team recently devised a computational approach that can relate the molecular hydrophobicity s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Synthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chloranil. J. Thiele and F. Günther first reported a 6-step preparation in 1906. The substance did not receive interest until its potential as a dehydrogenation agent was discovered. A single-step chlorination from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone was reported in 1965. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EXPOSE is a multi-user facility mounted outside the International Space Station (ISS) dedicated to astrobiology. EXPOSE was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) for long-term spaceflights and was designed to allow exposure of chemical and biological samples to outer space while recording data during exposure.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each of the three widely used methods for diagnosing HIV infection has been developed using recombinant DNA. The antibody test (ELISA or western blot) uses a recombinant HIV protein to test for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an HIV infection. The DNA test looks for the presence of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the GeneCalling protocol, mRNAs are first isolated from a given sample and processed into fragments for analysis. This usually involves the synthesis and subdivision of double-stranded cDNAs from polyA RNA. Distinct sets of restriction enzymes can then be used to digest sets of the divided cDNAs and resulting frag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earliest rationale for the effects of hypothermia as a neuroprotectant focused on the slowing of cellular metabolism resulting from a drop in body temperature. For every one degree Celsius drop in body temperature, cellular metabolism slows by 5–7%. Accordingly, most early hypotheses suggested that hypothermia redu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds and results in the product being largely free of acidic or bas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Functional groups containing heteroatoms in low oxidation states can be oxidised by trifluoroperacetic acid. Common cases include the oxidation of iodine (for example, the formation of the hypervalent iodine compound from iodobenzene mentioned earlier), nitrogen, sulfur, and selenium.
In the case of nitrogen-containing... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transcriptional noise is a primary cause of the variability (noise) in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations (see also cellular noise) . A proposed source of transcriptional noise is transcriptional bursting although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transparent conducting electrodes are essential components of solar cells. It is either a continuous film of indium tin oxide or a conducting wire network, in which wires are charge collectors while voids between wires are transparent for light. An optimum density of wire network is essential for the maximum solar cell... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Viral RdRps were discovered in the early 1960s from studies on mengovirus and polio virus when it was observed that these viruses were not sensitive to actinomycin D, a drug that inhibits cellular DNA-directed RNA synthesis. This lack of sensitivity suggested that there is a virus-specific enzyme that could copy RNA fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
COC has unique electrical properties that resist dielectric breakdown and have a very low dielectric loss over time. Because of this COC is used in filter media that require a charge retention to work properly. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pentosidine is a biomarker for advanced glycation endproducts, or AGEs. It is a well characterized and easily detected member of this large class of compounds. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Professor Zagal is also a man of many talents: he sings and plays several instruments, including the guitar and the scottish bagpipes. He also writes poetry, paints and draws cartoons. He played Caiphas in the Opera Rock Jesus Christ Superstar in the early 70s. He has been a volunteer firemen with the 14th British and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because many definitions of standard temperature and pressure differ in temperature significantly from standard laboratory temperatures (e.g. 0 °C vs. ~25 °C), reference is often made to "standard laboratory conditions" (a term deliberately chosen to be different from the term "standard conditions for temperature and p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field have important physical consequences. In addition to the Casimir effect, they also lead to a splitting between the two energy levels and (in term symbol notation) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation, according to which these states s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteins can also be cross-linked artificially using small-molecule crosslinkers. This approach has been used to elucidate protein–protein interactions. Crosslinkers bind only surface residues in relatively close proximity in the native state. Common crosslinkers include the imidoester crosslinker dimethyl suberimidat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conditions for hydroformylation catalysis can induce degradation of supporting organophosphorus ligands. Triphenylphosphine is subject to hydrogenolysis, releasing benzene and diphenylphosphine. The insertion of carbon monoxide in an intermediate metal-phenyl bond can lead to the formation of benzaldehyde or by subsequ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of four thermodynamic processes. Any thermodynamic processes may be used. However, when idealized cycles are modeled, often processes where one state variable is kept constant, such as:
* adiabatic (constant heat)
* isothermal (constant temperatu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e)) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to classify bacteria. It is used as a pH indicator, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turnin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is often used in organic electrons and have strong NIR absorption. In 2012, Liu’s group first reported PEGylated PEDOT:PSS polymeric nanoparticle (PEDOT:PSS-PEG) for near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer. PEDOT:PSS-PEG nanoparticles have high ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the United States, the regulation of F-gases falls under the authority of the Environmental Protection Agency's overall attempts to combat greenhouse gases. The United States has put forward a joint proposal with Mexico and the Federated States of Micronesia for a phase-down of HFCs by 2030. The American Innovation ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A sequence contig is a continuous (not contiguous) sequence resulting from the reassembly of the small DNA fragments generated by bottom-up sequencing strategies. This meaning of contig is consistent with the original definition by Rodger Staden (1979). The bottom-up DNA sequencing strategy involves shearing genomic DN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual’s genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individuals genetic information. Analyzing an individua... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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