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A colloid has a dispersed phase and a continuous phase, whereas in a solution, the solute and solvent constitute only one phase. A solute in a solution are individual molecules or ions, whereas colloidal particles are bigger. For example, in a solution of salt in water, the sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal dissolves, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants have evolved R genes (resistance genes) whose products mediate resistance to specific virus, bacteria, oomycete, fungus, nematode or insect strains. R gene products are proteins that allow recognition of specific pathogen effectors, either through direct binding or by recognition of the effector's alteration of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Marc Julia (23 October 1922 – 29 June 2010) was a French chemist and the winner of the 1990 CNRS Gold Medal in chemistry. He discovered the Julia olefination reaction in 1973. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With the spherical-harmonic addition theorem the equation can be rewritten as
where
* are the spherical harmonics and
* the superscript denotes complex conjugation.
Note that the complex conjugation can be interchanged between the two spherical harmonics due to symmetry. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mg(I) dimers have the potential to be reducing agents that can be utilized in organic and organometallic synthesis. The thermal stability, moderate air and water sensitivity, and wide range of solubility in organic solvents may make the dimer attractive to chemists. An example of this can be shown through low oxidation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Escitalopram, sold under the brand names Lexapro and Cipralex, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Escitalopram is mainly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. It is taken by mouth, available commercially as an oxalate salt e... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms.
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A thermosome is a group II chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea. It is the homolog of eukaryotic CCT. This group II chaperonin is an ATP-dependent chaperonin that is responsible for folding or refolding of incipient or denatured proteins. A thermosome has two rings, each consisting of eight subunits, s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sticking probability is the probability that molecules are trapped on surfaces and adsorb chemically. From Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, molecules cannot adsorb on surfaces when the adsorption sites are already occupied by other molecules, so the sticking probability can be expressed as follows:
where is the ini... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyurethane dispersion, or PUD, is understood to be a polyurethane polymer resin dispersed in water, rather than a solvent, although some cosolvent maybe used. Its manufacture involves the synthesis of polyurethanes having carboxylic acid functionality or nonionic hydrophiles like PEG (polyethylene glycol) incorporate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The liberated catalytic subunits can then catalyze the transfer of ATP terminal phosphates to protein substrates at serine, or threonine residues. This phosphorylation usually results in a change in activity of the substrate. Since PKAs are present in a variety of cells and act on different substrates, PKA regulation a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The p3 protein is anchored to one end of the virion by the C-terminal domain of p3. Infection of host bacteria involves interaction of two different N-terminal regions of p3 with two different sites of the host bacteria. First, the N2 domain of p3 attaches to the outer tip of the F-pilus, and the pilus retracts into th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As awareness about ocean acidification grows, policies geared towards increasing monitoring efforts of ocean acidification have been drafted. Previously in 2015, ocean scientist Jean-Pierre Gattuso had remarked that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations. Our study provides compelling... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to phosphorylated tyrosine-containing peptides on receptors or scaffold proteins with a preference for pY-X-N-X, where X is generally a hydrophobic residue such as valine (see [http://sh2domain.org]).
The N-terminal SH3 domain binds to proline-rich peptides and can bind to the Ras-guanine e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Her publications include;
* Alexander Ryabchun, Federico Lancia, Nathalie Katsonis (2023). "Light‐Responsive Springs from Electropatterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks" Advanced Optical Materials. 11: 2300358. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Halothane, sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a general anaesthetic. It can be used to induce or maintain anaesthesia. One of its benefits is that it does not increase the production of saliva, which can be particularly useful in those who are difficult to intubate. It is given by inhalation.
Side eff... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The average untrained healthy male has a V̇O max of approximately 35–40 mL/(kg·min). The average untrained healthy female has a V̇O max of approximately 27–31 mL/(kg·min). These scores can improve with training and decrease with age, though the degree of trainability also varies widely. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider the interface as a curve for where is a free parameter. The free energy to be minimized is
with the constraints which we can write as and fixed volume .
The modified Lagrangian, taking into account the constraints is therefore
where are Lagrange multipliers. By definition, the momentum and the Hamilt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These advancements have produced five main types of Conia-ene reactions characterized by the operative activation mode: namely, enolate, alkyne, or ene-yne activation, and one- or two-metal dual activation. Note that though the mechanisms of Conia-ene variants differ from the initial ene-like cyclization, they are stil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Escitalopram is among the most effective and well-tolerated antidepressants for the short-term (acute) treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. It is also the safest one to give to children and adolescents.
Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopra... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Some spectroscopic curves can be approximated by the sum of a set of component curves. For example, when Beer's law
applies, the measured intensity, I, at wavelength λ, is a linear combination of the intensity due to the individual components, k, at concentration, c. ε is an extinction coefficient. In such cases the cu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Lamberhurst Foundry is believed to have been the maker in 1710–14 of some of the earliest cast-iron railings produced in England, which they made for St Paul's Cathedral, despite the objections of Christopher Wren, who did not want a fence around the Cathedral at all, and said that if there had to be one it should ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The advantages of the ISASMELT process include:
* High productivity with a small footprint: Glencore's copper smelter in Mount Isa treats over 1 million t/y of copper concentrate through a single furnace 3.75 m in diameter. The small footprint makes the process well suited to retrofitting to existing smelters where the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In acid–base chemistry, homoassociation (an IUPAC term) is an association between a base and its conjugate acid through a hydrogen bond. The alternate term homoconjugation also has wide usage, but is ambiguous because it has another meaning in organic chemistry (see Conjugated system#Mechanism).
Most commonly, homoas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fermentation begins once the growth medium is inoculated with the organism of interest. Growth of the inoculum does not occur immediately. This is the period of adaptation, called the lag phase. Following the lag phase, the rate of growth of the organism steadily increases, for a certain period—this period is the log o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Euglena photoreceptor was identified as a blue-light-activated adenylyl cyclase. Excitation of this receptor protein results in the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger. Chemical signal transduction ultimately triggers changes in flagellar beat patterns and cell movement.
The arc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Axillary steroids are produced by the testes, ovaries, apocrine glands, and adrenal glands. These chemicals are not biologically active until puberty when sex steroids influence their activity. The change in activity during puberty suggest that humans may communicate through odors. Several axillary steroids have been d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There have been two significant periods of study on Frame Lake. One, in the early 1970s, looked at its water. The others, in the mid-2010s, examined the sediments to determine how the lake had reached the point it had by then. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Hydrogen termination removes dangling bonds. All surface Si atoms are tetrahedral. Hydrogen termination confers stability in ambient environments. So again, the surface is both clean (of oxides) and relatively inert. These materials can be handled in air without special care for several minutes.
The Si-H bond in fact ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The alloys did not prove to be commercially successful in the long run. However, during World War I and afterwards, uranium-doped steels were used for tools; large amounts of ferrouranium were produced between 1914 and 1916. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most tests will incorporate a second line which contains a further antibody (one which is not specific to the analyte) that binds some of the remaining colored particles which did not bind to the test line. This confirms that fluid has passed successfully from the sample-application pad, past the test line. By giving c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A whiting event is a phenomenon that occurs when a suspended cloud of fine-grained calcium carbonate precipitates in water bodies, typically during summer months, as a result of photosynthetic microbiological activity or sediment disturbance. The phenomenon gets its name from the white, chalky color it imbues to the wa... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Upon reaction of a CDA with the target analyte, chromatography can be used to separate the resulting products. In general, chromatography can be used to separate chiral compounds to bypass difficult crystallizations and/or to collect all diastereomer pairs in solution. Chromatography also has many variations (e.g. HPLC... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Coccolithophore biomass is controlled by a combination of bottom-up (physical–biogeochemical environment) and top-down factors (predator–prey interactions), but the relative importance of the two has not yet been assessed for coccolithophores in the Southern Ocean. Bottom-up factors directly impact phytoplankton growth... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In crystallography, a Wyckoff position is any point in a set of points whose site symmetry groups (see below) are all conjugate subgroups one of another. Crystallography tables give the Wyckoff positions for different space groups. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mefloquine may cause abnormalities with heart rhythms that are visible on electrocardiograms. Combining mefloquine with other drugs that cause similar effects, such as quinine or quinidine, can increase these effects. Combining mefloquine with halofantrine can cause significant increases in QTc intervals. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dyesol and Tata Steel Europe announced in June the development of the world's largest dye sensitized photovoltaic module, printed onto steel in a continuous line.
Dyesol and CSIRO announced in October a Successful Completion of Second Milestone in Joint Dyesol / CSIRO Project.
Dyesol Director Gordon Thompson said, "The... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Winnowing is a process by which chaff is separated from grain. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation. In its simplest form, it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The cation-exchange capacity of a soil is determined by its constituent materials, which can vary greatly in their individual CEC values. CEC is therefore dependent on parent materials from which the soil developed, and the conditions under which it developed. These factors are also important for determining soil pH, w... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A useful rule in the determination of mechanism is that the concentration factors in the rate law indicate the composition and charge of the activated complex or transition state. For the –CO reaction above, the rate depends on [], so that the activated complex has composition , with 2 entering the reaction before the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When used for detection of genetic and genomic changes, jumping clones require validation by Sanger sequencing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymers blends, composites, multilayer films and fibers AFM-IR has been used to identify and map polymer components in blends, characterize interfaces in composites, and even reverse engineer multilayer films Additionally AFM-IR has been used to study chemical composition in Poly(3][4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This reactivity is similar to the tendency of ethers with alpha hydrogen atoms to form peroxides. Reaction with chlorine produces alpha-chloroethers. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The plasmid is often transformed into a bacterium like E. coli. Ideally when the bacterium divides the plasmid should also be replicated. In the best case scenario, each bacterial cell should have several copies of the plasmid. After a good number of bacterial colonies have grown, they can be miniprepped to harvest t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending on the nature of the Detection system assays can be based on:
#Colony forming or virtual colony count: e.g. by multiplying bacteria or proliferating cells.
#Photometry / spectrophotometry When the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light while passing through a fixed path-length through a cuvette of liqui... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gelation is promoted by gelling agents.
Gelation can occur either by physical linking or by chemical crosslinking. While the physical gels involve physical bonds, chemical gelation involves covalent bonds. The first quantitative theories of chemical gelation were formulated in the 1940s by Flory and Stockmayer. Critica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Maharram Mammadyarov was born in Yayji, Julfa, Nakhichivan ASSR. In 1941, he graduated from Nakhchivan Pedagogical Technical School. He participated in WWII, serving in the Army. Mammadyarov graduated from Azerbaijan State University in 1949, and in 1953 from Leningrad Technical University by obtaining PhD. During 1953... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The operation of the diamond anvil cell relies on a simple principle:
where is the pressure, the applied force, and the area. Typical culet sizes for diamond anvils are 100–250 micrometres (µm), such that a very high pressure is achieved by applying a moderate force on a sample with a small area, rather than applyin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
sAC activation by bicarbonate is necessary for motility and other aspects of capacitation in the spermatozoa of mammals. In human males, mutations in the ADCY10 gene that lead to the inactivation of sAC have been linked to cases of sterility. Due to this essential role in male fertility, sAC has been explored as a pote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metabolic network modelling, also known as metabolic network reconstruction or metabolic pathway analysis, allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism. In particular, these models correlate the genome with molecular physiology. A reconstruction breaks down metabolic pathways (s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adrenodoxin (adrenal ferredoxin; ), putidaredoxin, and terpredoxin make up a family of soluble FeS proteins that act as single electron carriers, mainly found in eukaryotic mitochondria and Pseudomonadota. The human variant of adrenodoxin is referred to as ferredoxin-1 and ferredoxin-2. In mitochondrial monooxygenase s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
LAGP is a solid ionic conductor and features the two fundamental properties to be used as a solid-state electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries, namely a sufficiently high ionic conductivity and a negligible electronic conductivity. Indeed, during battery operations, LAGP should guarantee the easy and fast motion of lithi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and other agents. SNPs are also critical for personalized medicine. Examples include biomedical research, forensics, pharmacogenetics, and disease causation, as outlined below. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two common mathematical descriptions of the work hardening phenomenon. Hollomon's equation is a power law relationship between the stress and the amount of plastic strain:
where σ is the stress, K is the strength index or strength coefficient, ε is the plastic strain and n is the strain hardening exponent. Lu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
James Camerons core idea for the Avatars fictional creatures was for them to be "superslick and aerodynamic, and be like a race car with racing stripes". Neville Page worked on Avatar as the lead creature designer. He, Wayne Barlowe (author, artist, and initial lead creature designer), and Yuri Bartoli (concept designe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to treat ores or concentrates containing copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ge-V can be created during the diamond growth, or by ion implantation and subsequent annealing at 800 °C. The former way results in lower lattice strain, as revealed by the spread in the position and width of the Ge-V ZPL. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The composition of sea foam is generally a mixture of decomposed organic materials, including zooplankton, phytoplankton, algae (including diatoms), bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and vascular plant detritus, though each occurrence of sea foam varies in its specific contents. In some areas, sea foam is found to be made u... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Nevada Test Site (NTS), is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the site was established on 11 January 1951 for the testing of nuclear devices, covering a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In general, the analysis of the capacitance transients in the DLTS measurements assumes that the concentration of investigated traps is much smaller than the material doping concentration. In cases when this assumption is not fulfilled then the constant capacitance DLTS (CCDLTS) method is used for more accurate determi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteins are translated by reading tri-nucleotides on the mRNA strand, also known as codons, from one end of the mRNA to the other (from the 5 to the 3 end) starting with the amino acid methionine as the start (initiation) codon AUG. Each codon is translated into a single amino acid. The code itself is considered dege... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The third line shape that has a theoretical basis is the Voigt function, a convolution of a Gaussian and a Lorentzian,
where σ and γ are half-widths. The computation of a Voigt function and its derivatives are more complicated than a Gaussian or Lorentzian. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Melted micrometeorites (cosmic spherules) were first collected from deep-sea sediments during the 1873 to 1876 expedition of HMS Challenger. In 1891, Murray and Renard found "two groups [of micrometeorites]: first, black magnetic spherules, with or without a metallic nucleus; second, brown-coloured spherules resembling... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Facets () are flat faces on geometric shapes. The organization of naturally occurring facets was key to early developments in crystallography, since they reflect the underlying symmetry of the crystal structure. Gemstones commonly have facets cut into them in order to improve their appearance by allowing them to refle... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While semiconductors have been studied using microwave radiation since the 1950s, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that John Warman at the Delft University of Technology exploited microwaves for time-resolved measurements of photoconductivity. The first reports used electrons then photons to generate cha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluid particle is the smallest unit (atoms or molecules) in the fluid phase (gas, liquid or plasma) without breaking any chemical bond. Energy of fluid particle is divided into potential, electronic, translational, vibrational, and rotational energies. The heat (thermal) energy storage in fluid particle is through the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because most HERVs have no function, are selectively neutral, and are very abundant in primate genomes, they easily serve as phylogenetic markers for linkage analysis. They can be exploited by comparing the integration site polymorphisms or the evolving, proviral, nucleotide sequences of orthologs. To estimate when in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) exist when the relative influence of changing substituents on one reactant is similar to the effect on another reactant, and include linear Hammett plots, Swain–Scott plots, and Brønsted plots. LFERs are not always found to hold, and to see when one can expect them to, we examin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To design a transition state analogue, the pivotal step is the determination of transition state structure of substrate on the specific enzyme of interest with experimental method, for example, kinetic isotope effect. In addition, the transition state structure can also be predicted with computational approaches as a c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cucurbiturils have been used by chemists for various applications, including drug delivery, asymmetric synthesis, molecular switching, and dye tuning. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Since BioCyc Database family comprises a long list of organism specific databases and also data at different systems level in a living system, the usage in research has been in a wide variety of context. Here, two studies are highlighted which show two different varieties of uses, one on a genome scale and other on ide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The magnetic properties of metal clusters are strongly influenced by their size and surface ligands. In general, the magnetic moments in small metal clusters are larger than in the case of a macroscopic bulk metal structure. For example, the average magnetic moment per atom in Ni clusters was found to be 0.7-0.8 μB, as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aside from decorative dentistry which they wore in life and carried the grave with them, ranking datus were often buried with items of gold, either in the form of gold burial goods, or as specifically designed funerary art such as death masks.
Burial goods found in graves from early Philippine history includes various ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide is prepared by heating sodium hydride or sodium amide in DMSO
:CHSOCH + NaH → CHSOCHNa + H
:CHSOCH + NaNH → CHSOCHNa + NH | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Assuming that catalytic activity largely depends on the catalyst's affinity to the transition state, one could synthesize a transition state analog (TSA), a structure that resembles the transition state of the reaction. Then one could link the TSA to a solid-support or identifiable tag and use that TSA to select an opt... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In mineralogy, an inclusion is any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its formation. In gemology, an inclusion is a characteristic enclosed within a gemstone, or reaching its surface from the interior.
According to Hutton's law of inclusions, fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is a potent anesthetic with a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.74%. Its blood/gas partition coefficient of 2.4 makes it an agent with moderate induction and recovery time. It is not a good analgesic and its muscle relaxation effect is moderate. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Heteroepitaxial growth is classified into three primary growth modes-- Volmer–Weber (VW), Frank–van der Merwe (FM) and Stranski–Krastanov (SK).
In the VW growth regime, the epitaxial film grows out of 3D nuclei on the growth surface. In this mode, the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are stronger than adsorbate-surface... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chromatography substances are separated by partition between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The analyte is dissolved in the mobile phase, and passes over the stationary phase. Separation occurs because of differing affinities of the analytes for the stationary phase. A distribution constant, K can be defined... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The etymology of the words "urethane" and "carbamate" are highly similar but not the same. The word "urethane" was first coined in 1833 by French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Dumas states "Urethane. The new ether, brought into contact with liquid and concentrated ammonia, exerts on this substance a reaction so strong t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluorapatite (Ca(PO)F) is mined along with other apatites for its phosphate content and is used mostly for production of fertilizers. Most of the Earth's fluorine is bound in this mineral, but because the percentage within the mineral is low (3.5%), the fluorine is discarded as waste. Only in the United States is there... | 9 | Geochemistry |
British physiologist Archibald Hill introduced the concepts of maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen debt in 1922. Hill and German physician Otto Meyerhof shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their independent work related to muscle energy metabolism. Building on this work, scientists began measuring ox... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One standard increasingly used (e.g. in the United States) is J-STD-004. It is very similar to DIN EN 61190-1-1.
Four characters (two letters, then one letter, and last a number) represent flux composition, flux activity, and whether activators include halides:
* First two letters: Base
** RO: rosin
** RE: resin
** OR:... | 8 | Metallurgy |
GLD-2 primarily stabilizes mRNAs that are translationally repressed as well as it strongly promotes bulk polyadenylation. Surprisingly, those functions seem to have little impact on dynamizing efficient target mRNA translation, as it is an efficient Poly(A) Polymerase which helps developing polyadenylation activity. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur. The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates around 30 new mutation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main impregnation techniques are wet impregnation and dry impregnation. During wet impregnation, the porous particles are dissolved in the extractant and allowed to soak with the respective fluid. In this approach, the particles are either contacted with a precalculated amount of extractant, which completely soaks ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are three main families of transcription factors that contain B3 domain:
* ARF (Auxin Response Factors)
* ABI3 (ABscisic acid Insensitive3)
* RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1)
and are only known NMR solution phase structures of the B3 DNA Binding Domain. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Below are band gap values for some selected materials. For a comprehensive list of band gaps in semiconductors, see List of semiconductor materials. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Different material coatings for neural electrode surfaces are being researched to improve the long-term integration of electrodes in the neural tissue by improving biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and the charge transport between the electrode and the living tissue. The electrode functionality can be increased ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to the essential role of NADPH in lipid and DNA biosynthesis and the hyperproliferative nature of most cancers, NADK is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, NADPH is required for the antioxidant activities of thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin. Thionicotinamide and other nicotinamide analogs ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A proton conductor is an electrolyte, typically a solid electrolyte, in which H are the primary charge carriers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide, like other gases, is soluble in water. However, unlike many other gases (oxygen for instance), it reacts with water and forms a balance of several ionic and non-ionic species (collectively known as dissolved inorganic carbon, or DIC). These are dissolved free carbon dioxide (CO ), carbonic acid (HCO),... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Litmus can be found in different species of lichens. The dyes are extracted from such species as Roccella tinctoria (South American), Roccella fuciformis (Angola and Madagascar), Roccella pygmaea (Algeria), Roccella phycopsis, Lecanora tartarea (Norway, Sweden), Variolaria dealbata, Ochrolechia parella, Parmotrema tinc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The strength of the electronic coupling of the donor and acceptor decides whether the electron transfer reaction is adiabatic or non-adiabatic. In the non-adiabatic case the coupling is weak, i.e. H in Fig. 3 is small compared to the reorganization energy and donor and acceptor retain their identity. The system has a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dragendorff's reagent is prepared by mixing a concentrated solution of potassium iodide with a solution of bismuth subnitrate in a diluted acid (acetic acid or tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is rarely being used) as a low pH is mandatory for this reagent.
The formation is as follows:
The black precip... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The respiratory quotient (RQ or respiratory coefficient) is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body. Such measurements, like measurements... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photo-reflectance is a particularly convenient type of modulation spectroscopy, as it may be performed at room temperature and only requires the sample have a reflecting surface. It is an established tool for non-contact determination of material and electronic properties of semiconductor films. In photo-reflectance, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Confusion between inversion domains and antiphase domains is common, even in the published literature, and particularly in the case of GaAs grown on silicon. (Similar defects form in GaN on silicon, where they are correctly identified as inversion domains). An example is illustrated in the diagram below.
Figure 4. Hi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* The compressive residual stresses imparted by laser peening are precisely controlled both in location and intensity and can be applied to mitigate sharp transitions into tensile regions. Laser peening imparts deep compressive residual stresses on the order of 10 to 20 times deeper than conventional shot peening, maki... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Colloids can be classified as follows:
Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal suspensions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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