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Although polyrotaxanes are formed from components, their solubilities are different from the host or guest molecules. For examples, in the cyclodextrin-based polyrotaxanes, due to the hydrophilicity or high polarity of exterior structure of the cyclodextrins, some polyrotaxanes are able to be dissolved in water or othe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Many physicists simply give up on a microscopic approach, and make informed guesses of the expected phases (perhaps based on NJL model results). For each phase, they then write down an effective theory for the low-energy excitations, in terms of a small number of parameters, and use it to make predictions that could al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Trans-regulatory elements (TRE) are DNA sequences encoding upstream regulators (ie. trans-acting factors), which may modify or regulate the expression of distant genes. Trans-acting factors interact with cis-regulatory elements to regulate gene expression. TRE mediates expression profiles of a large number of genes via... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is an amorphous polymer made by several polymer manufacturers. COC is a relatively new class of polymers as compared to commodities such as polypropylene and polyethylene. This newer material is used in a wide variety of applications including packaging films, lenses, vials, displays, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a pseudorotation is a set of intramolecular movements of attached groups (i.e., ligands) on a highly symmetric molecule, leading to a molecule indistinguishable from the initial one. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines a pseudorotation as a "stereoisomerization resulting ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish Instytut Chemii Fizycznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk) is one of numerous institutes belonging to the Polish Academy of Sciences. As its name suggests, the institute's primary research interests are in the field of physical chemistry. The institut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It was first developed and utilized by Roy Britten and his colleagues at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the 1960s. Of particular note, it was through Ct analysis that the redundant (repetitive) nature of eukaryotic genomes was first discovered. However, it wasn't until the breakthrough DNA reassociation ki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After completing his PhD, Philipp Kukura moved to Zürich. There he worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral research assistant under the supervision of Professor Vahid Sandoghdar on nano-optics until 2010. He returned to Oxford in 2010 to work initially as an EPSRC Career Acceleration Fello... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Easson and Stedman (1933) advanced a drug-receptor interaction model to account for the differential pharmacodynamic activity between enantiomeric pairs. In this model the more active enantiomer (the eutomer) take part in a minimum of three simultaneous intermolecular interactions with the receptor surface (good fit),... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the 1950s and 1960s, steroidogenic pathways that included cholesterol conversion to progesterone through a complex pathway involving multiple steps were identified, and, among them, a pathway for cortisol synthesis showing specific enzymatic steps that included hydroxylation reactions at position 21 (21-hydroxylatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dimethylcalcium is obtained by metathesis reaction of calcium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and methyllithium in diethyl ether:
A well known organocalcium compound is (Cp)calcium(I). Bis(allyl)calcium was described in 2009. It forms in a metathesis reaction of allylpotassium and calcium iodide as a stable non-pyrophoric off... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ogston was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Apart from a period as Freedom Research Fellow at the London Hospital, he spent most of his career at Oxford, being appointed Demonstrator (1938) and Reader (1955) in Biochemistry, and Fellow and Tutor in Physical Chemistry at Balliol (1937). In that capa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The RFU measurements are used, for DNA profiling, in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two common methods for detection of products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levonorgestrel stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1). Certain other progestins act similarly in this assay, whereas progesterone acts neutrally. It is uncl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Unruh demonstrated theoretically that the notion of vacuum depends on the path of the observer through spacetime. From the viewpoint of the accelerating observer, the vacuum of the inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles in thermal equilibrium—a warm gas.
The Unruh effect would only appear to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The law itself can be stated as follows:
Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held constant.
Therefore, when the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the vol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. The key discoverers, English biophysicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson, working together at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, hypothesied that information flows from DNA and tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron is used a great deal in biological systems, a fact that is well known due to its role in Hemoglobin. For it, there are many small molecule sensors including:
*Pryrene-TEMPO, in which the binding of iron to TEMPO quenches the fluorescence of pyrene when no Fe(II) is bound. Upon binding however, TEMPO is reduced and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Water vapor and dry air density calculations at 0 °C:
* The molar mass of water is , as calculated from the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
* The average molar mass of air (approx. 78% nitrogen, N; 21% oxygen, O; 1% other gases) is at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
* Obeying Avogadro's Law... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Walsh diagrams in conjunction with molecular orbital theory can also be used as a tool to predict reactivity. By generating a Walsh Diagram and then determining the HOMO/LUMO of that molecule, it can be determined how the molecule is likely to react. In the following example, the Lewis acidity of AH molecules such as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For faster reactions, the time required to mix the reactants and bring them to a specified temperature may be comparable or longer than the half-life of the reaction. Special methods to start fast reactions without slow mixing step include
* Stopped flow methods, which can reduce the mixing time to the order of a milli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PKA is also commonly known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, because it has traditionally been thought to be activated through release of the catalytic subunits when levels of the second messenger called cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, rise in response to a variety of signals. However, recent studies evaluatin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* [https://sosradon.org/devices National radon program services]. Kansas State University. Accessed 17 October 2017. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The unfavourable reduction of Fd from a less reducing electron donor can be coupled simultaneously with the favourable reduction of an oxidising agent through an electron bifurcation reaction. An example of the electron bifurcation reaction is the generation of for nitrogen fixation in certain aerobic diazotrophs. Typ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Hofmann rearrangement is a decarbonylation reaction whereby an amide is converted to an amine by way of an isocyanate intermediate. It is usually carried out under strongly basic conditions.
The reaction can also be carried out under mildly acidic conditions by way of the same intermediate using a hypervalent iodin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For a thermodynamic process, the precise physical properties of the walls and surroundings of the system are important, because they determine the possible processes.
An open system has one or several walls that allow transfer of matter. To account for the internal energy of the open system, this requires energy transf... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
"Clinker" is from Dutch, and was originally used in English to describe clinker bricks. The term was later applied to hard residue, due to its similar appearance. | 8 | Metallurgy |
NANOHISPA and NIMS-MANA were both ranked first, both making about 54 turns and covering 678 nm and 1054 nm, respectively. The first demonstrated a change of lane for overpassing while the latter crossed a trench and go back. StrasNanocar ranked third covering 476 nm and performing 28 turns. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Models predict a seasonal nitrogen cycle on Pluto and observations by New Horizons appear to support this. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Morpholine oleate is used in glazing wax which covers fruit. NMOR can be generated by the nitration of morpholine, causing its presence in waxed fruits.Health Canada, the Canadian governmental department of public health, has stated in 2002 that this does not pose a risk to human health.
Consumption of nitrate-rich die... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Theoretically, IVF could be performed by collecting the contents from the fallopian tubes or uterus after natural ovulation, mixing it with sperm, and reinserting the fertilised ova into the uterus. However, without additional techniques, the chances of pregnancy would be extremely small. The additional techniques that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A typical amount of 32 ng of cfDNA was utilized for library preparation. DNA input was adjusted to mitigate the effects of high molecular-weight DNA contamination. The library preparation process encompassed end repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation, which also incorporated molecular barcodes into each read. These pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cDNA molecules generated by RACE can be sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technologies (also called, RACE-seq). High-throughput sequencing characterization of RACE fragments is highly time-efficient, more sensitive, less costly and technically feasible compared to traditional characterization of RACE fragm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Measured area depends on instrument design. The minimum analysis area ranges from 10 to 200 micrometres. Largest size for a monochromatic beam of X-rays is 1–5 mm. Non-monochromatic beams are 10–50 mm in diameter. Spectroscopic image resolution levels of 200 nm or below has been achieved on latest imaging XPS instrumen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule. The chemical energy released in the formation of non-covalent interactions is ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When using the entropy change of a process to assess spontaneity, it is important to carefully consider the definition of the system and surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics states that a process involving an isolated system will be spontaneous if the entropy of the system increases over time. For open or clo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly carcinogenic chemical compounds, formerly used in industrial and consumer products, whose production was banned in the United States by the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1976 and internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001.
PCBs are ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
PSII is extremely complex, a highly organized transmembrane structure that contains a water splitting complex, chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments, a reaction center (P680), pheophytin (a pigment similar to chlorophyll), and two quinones. It uses the energy of sunlight to transfer electrons from water to a mobile elec... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the late 1840s, the German chemist developed a modification of the puddling process to produce not iron but steel at the Haspe Iron Works in Hagen; it was subsequently commercialized in Germany, France and the UK in the 1850s, and puddled steel was the main raw material for Krupp cast steel even in the 1870s. Befor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The drug should be used with caution in those with liver or kidney failure, due to metabolism in the liver (to the active molecule desmetramadol) and elimination by the kidneys. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
To a first approximation, an example of radiative exchange equilibrium is in the exchange of non-window wavelength thermal radiation between the land-and-sea surface and the lowest atmosphere, when there is a clear sky. As a first approximation (W. C. Swinbank 1963, G. W. Paltridge and C. M. R. Platt 1976, pages 139–14... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Holton Taxol total synthesis, published by Robert A. Holton and his group at Florida State University in 1994, was the first total synthesis of Taxol (generic name: paclitaxel).
The Holton Taxol total synthesis is a good example of a linear synthesis. The synthesis starts from patchoulene oxide, a commercially avai... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Applied Organometallic Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1987 by John Wiley & Sons.
The editor-in-chief is Cornelis J. Elsevier (University of Amsterdam). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A specialized form of cell signaling
*BLOC1S1
*BLOC1S2NM_173809
*BLOC1S3NM_212550
*BLOC1S4NM_018366
*BLOC1S6NM_012388
*AP1G1 NM_001128
*AP1M1 NM_032493
*AP2A1 NM_014203
*AP2A2 NM_012305
*AP2M1
*AP2S1 NM_004069
*AP3B1 NM_003664
*AP3D1 NM_003938
*AP3M1 NM_012095
*AP3S1 NM_001284
*AP3S2 NM_005829
*AP4B1 NM_006594
*AP5M1 N... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A FMN-binding fluorescent protein (FbFP), also known as a LOV-based fluorescent protein, is a small, oxygen-independent fluorescent protein that binds flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a chromophore.
They were developed from blue-light receptors (so called LOV-domains) found in plants and various bacteria. They complement... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the analysis of the molecular formula of organic molecules, the degree of unsaturation (DU) (also known as the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), double bond equivalents (DBE), or unsaturation index) is a calculation that determines the total number of rings and π bonds. A formula is used in organic chemistry to he... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a reactant in the biosynthesis pathway of thiamine (Vitamin B), another substance that cannot be produced by the human body. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Two ways the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may benefit plants are the deterrence of herbivores and the attraction of natural enemies. Synthetic products could replicate the distinct VOC profiles released by different plants; these products could be applied to plants suffering from pests that are targeted... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dissociation constant of water is denoted K:
The concentration of water, [HO], is omitted by convention, which means that the value of K differs from the value of K that would be computed using that concentration.
The value of K varies with temperature, as shown in the table below. This variation must be taken int... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Using a glia-conditioned medium to treat glia-free purified rat retinal ganglion microcultures has been shown to significantly increase the number of autapses per neuron compared to a control. This suggests that glia-derived soluble, proteinase K-sensitive factors induce autapse formation in rat retinal ganglion cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The diphosphine ligands have received considerably more attention than the monophosphines and, perhaps as a consequence, have a much longer list of achievement. This class includes the first ligand to achieve high selectivity (DIOP), the first ligand to be used in industrial asymmetric synthesis (DIPAMP) and what is l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The pure rotation spectrum of water vapor extends into the microwave region.
Liquid water has a broad absorption spectrum in the microwave region, which has been explained in terms of changes in the hydrogen bond network giving rise to a broad, featureless, microwave spectrum. The absorption (equivalent to dielectric l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is used as a pre- or postharvest scald inhibitor for apples applied as an indoor drench treatment. Its anti-scald activity is the result of its antioxidant properties, which protect the apple skin from the oxidation products of α-farnesene during storage. Apple scald is physical injury that manifests in b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One important consideration deriving from Kirkendall's work is the presence of pores formed during diffusion. These voids act as sinks for vacancies, and when enough accumulate they can become substantial and expand in an attempt to restore equilibrium. Porosity occurs due to the difference in diffusion rate of the two... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin, i.e., a tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes, and some cryptomonads. Phycocyanobilin is present only in the phycobiliproteins allophycocyanin and phycocyanin, of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. It is covalen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Succinyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the following reversible reaction:
:Succinyl CoA + Pi + NDP ↔ Succinate + CoA + NTP
where Pi denotes inorganic phosphate, NDP denotes nucleotide diphosphate (either GDP or ADP), and NTP denotes nucleotide triphosphate (either GTP or ATP). As mentioned, the enzyme facilitates couplin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A desmut solution can be applied to the surface of aluminium to remove contaminates. Nitric acid is typically used to remove smut (residue), but is being replaced because of environmental concerns. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high-purity magnetite (FeO). The pulverized iron is oxidized to give magnetite or wüstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. The magnetite (or wüstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The nucleotide sequences of interest are preserved as inserts to a plasmid or the genome of a bacteriophage that has been used to infect bacterial cells.
Vectors are propagated most commonly in bacterial cells, but if using a YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) then yeast cells may be used. Vectors could also be propagat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dimitra Markovitsi is a Greek-French photochemist. She is currently an Emeritus Research Director at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). She pioneered studies on the electronically excited states of liquid crystals and made significant advances to the understanding of processes triggered in DNA u... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fancy and Kodadek's invention of PICUP in 1999 was the first time proteins cross-linking was able to be performed in such a short period of time (1 second) and without modifying the structure of the proteins in question. Additionally, PICUP was able to be performed at physiological pH of 7.4, which opened doors for fur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
STAT4 binds to hundreds of sites in the genome, among others to the promoters of genes for cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF), receptors (IL18R1, IL12rβ2, IL18RAP), and signaling factors (MYD88). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Real-life crime scene investigators and forensic scientists warn that popular television shows do not give a realistic picture of the work, often wildly distorting its nature, and exaggerating the ease, speed, effectiveness, drama, glamour, influence and comfort level of their jobs—which they describe as far more munda... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Numerous schemes have been described as artificial photosynthesis.
*Photocatalytic water splitting, the conversion water into hydrogen and oxygen:
This scheme is the simplest form of artificial photosynthesis conceptually, but has not been demonstrated in any practicable way.
*Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction, t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Commonly studied regulons in bacteria are those involved in response to stress such as heat shock. The heat shock response in E. coli is regulated by the sigma factor
σ32 (RpoH), whose regulon has been characterized as containing at least 89 open reading frames.
Regulons involving virulence factors in pathogenic bacte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LDH undergoes transcriptional regulation by PGC-1α. PGC-1α regulates LDH by decreasing LDH A mRNA transcription and the enzymatic activity of pyruvate to lactate conversion. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Candelabro Trivulzio in the Milan Cathedral, a seven-branch bronze candlestick measuring 5 meters in height, has a base and lower part decorated with intricately designed ornament which is considered by many to be French work of the 13th century; the upper part with the branches was added in the second half of the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Affinity electrophoresis is a general name for many analytical methods used in biochemistry and biotechnology. Both qualitative and quantitative information may be obtained through affinity electrophoresis. Cross electrophoresis, the first affinity electrophoresis method, was created by Nakamura et al. Enzyme-substrate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pressure inside an ideal spherical bubble can be derived from thermodynamic free energy considerations. The above free energy can be written as:
where is the pressure difference between the inside (A) and outside (B) of the bubble, and is the bubble volume. In equilibrium, , and so,
For a spherical bubble, the vo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The binding of the negatively charged nucleic acids to the positively charged iron particles occurs relatively fast. After complex formation, the loaded particles are incubated together with the target cells on a magnetic plate. The magnetic field causes the iron particles to be rapidly drawn towards the surface of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. The total electrolyte concentration in solution will affect important properties such as the dissociation constant or the solubility of different salts. One of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Until the early 19th century, the usual method of producing wrought iron involved a charcoal-fired finery in a finery forge. In the beginning of the 19th century this became an obsolete process and was slowly replaced by the coal-fueled puddling process. However, charcoal continued to be used in some forges after mos... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics (condensed matter physics). The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The quantity or concentration of an enzyme can be expressed in molar amounts, as with any other chemical, or in terms of activity in enzyme units. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The instrumentation needed to perform capillary electrophoresis is relatively simple. A basic schematic of a capillary electrophoresis system is shown in figure 1. The systems main components are a sample vial, source and destination vials, a capillary, electrodes, a high voltage power supply, a detector, and a data... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The CO ligand is often susceptible to attack by nucleophiles. For example, trimethylamine oxide and potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide convert CO ligands to CO and CN, respectively. In the "Hieber base reaction", hydroxide ion attacks the CO ligand to give a metallacarboxylic acid, followed by the release of carbon dio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A linear biochemical pathway is a chain of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps. The figure below shows a three step pathway, with intermediates, and . In order to sustain a steady-state, the boundary species and are fixed.
At steady-state the rate of reaction is the same at each step. This means there is an overall flux... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sustained load cracking, or SLC, is a metallurgical phenomenon that occasionally develops in pressure vessels and structural components under stress for sustained periods of time.
It is particularly noted in aluminium pressure vessels such as diving cylinders.
Sustained load cracking is not a manufacturing defect; it i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyridine is not abundant in nature, except for the leaves and roots of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) and in marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Pyridine derivatives, however, are often part of biomolecules such as alkaloids.
In daily life, trace amounts of pyridine are components of the volatile organic compounds that ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The strength of a carboxylic acid depends on the extent of its ionization constant: the more ionized it is, the stronger it is. As an acid becomes stronger, the numerical value of its acid dissociation constant| drops.
In acids, the electron-releasing inductive effect of the alkyl group increases the electron density o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lupeol is produced by several organisms from squalene epoxide. Dammarane and baccharane skeletons are formed as intermediates. The reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme lupeol synthase. A recent study on the metabolomics of Camellia japonica leaf revealed that lupeol is produced from squalene epoxide where squalene pla... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
T7 RNA polymerase - taq polymerase - TATA box - taurochenodeoxycholate 6α-hydroxylase - taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase - taxane 10beta-hydroxylase - TAZ zinc finger - Tbf5 protein domain - technology transfer - template - termination codon - terminator - tertiary structure - tet resistance - TGF beta Activation - thymine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A batteryless radio is a radio receiver which does not require the use of a battery to provide it with electrical power.
Originally this referred to units which could be used directly by AC mains supply (mains radio); it can also refer to units which do not require a power source at all, except for the power that they ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An assay is an analytic tool often used in a laboratory setting in order to assess or measure some quality of a target entity. In virology, assays can be used to differentiate between transformed and non-transformed cells. Varying the assay used, changes the selective pressure on the cells and therefore can change wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
About 20 million kg per year are produced industrially as both a by-product of and precursor to the manufacture of Teflon. It is produced by reaction of chloroform with HF:
It is also generated biologically in small amounts apparently by decarboxylation of trifluoroacetic acid. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
At its annual meeting, AOAC presents a range of [https://www.aoac.org/membership/awards/ awards] for scientific excellence in standards development and for exceptional service to the association (including fellow). The association's highest honors include:
* The Harvey W. Wiley Award
* The William Horwitz Award | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The formation of a glycosidic linkage results in the formation of a new stereogenic centre and therefore a mixture of products may be expected to result. The linkage formed may either be axial or equatorial (α or β with respect to glucose). To better understand this, the mechanism of a glycosylation reaction must be ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The viral epitranscriptome includes all modifications to viral transcripts, studied by viral epitranscriptomics. Like the more general epitranscriptome, these modifications do not affect the sequence of the transcript, but rather have consequences on subsequent structures and functions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon tetraiodide is a tetrahalomethane with the molecular formula CI. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2.3% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Exxon process, also Kuhlmann- or PCUK – oxo process, is used for the hydroformylation of C6–C12 olefins. The process relies on cobalt catalysts. In order to recover the catalyst, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or sodium carbonate is added to the organic phase. By extraction with olefin and neutralization by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A Morpholino, also known as a Morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression. Its molecular structure contains DNA bases attached to a backbone of methylenemorpholine rings linked thro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
IgE antibodies against plant/insect CCD determinants were shown to have both strict specificity and high affinity, so in principle they might be expected to lead to clinical symptoms just as habitual for anti-peptide IgE. In vitro experiments (histamine-release tests) with polyvalent glyco-allergens corroborated this v... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors (solid electrolytes) and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Whereas Gram-negative bacteria primarily use acylated homoserine lactones, Gram-positive bacteria generally use oligopeptides as autoinducers for quorum sensing. These molecules are often synthesized as larger polypeptides that are cleaved post-translationally to produce “processed” peptides. Unlike AHLs that can fre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As mentioned above, is one of the most common formulations for the thermal pressure coefficient.
Both and are affected by temperature changes, but the value of and of a solid much less sensitive to temperature change above its Debye temperature. Thus, the thermal pressure of a solid due to moderate temperature ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotic genomes are ubiquitously associated into chromatin; however, cells must spatially and temporally regulate specific loci independently of bulk chromatin. In order to achieve the high level of control required to co-ordinate nuclear processes such as DNA replication, repair, and transcription, cells have devel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compared to thiols (R-S-H), persulfides are uncommon. They are thermodynamically unstable with respect to loss of elemental sulfur:
:RSSH → RSH + 1/8 S
Nonetheless, persulfides are often kinetically stable.
The S-H bond is both more acidic and more fragile than in thiols. This can be seen in the bond dissociation ener... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Small quantities of hydrogen present inside certain metallic materials make the latter brittle and susceptible to sub-critical crack growth under stress. Hydrogen embrittlement may occur as a side effect of electroplating processes.
Delayed failure is the fracture of a component under stress after an elapsed time, is a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Insulators have two main functions:
# Enhancer-blocking insulators prevent distal enhancers from acting on the promoter of neighbouring genes
# Barrier insulators prevent silencing of euchromatin by the spread of neighbouring heterochromatin
While enhancer-blocking is classified as an inter-chromosomal interaction, act... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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