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Many eukaryotic organisms have electron transport chains that differ from the much-studied mammalian enzymes described above. For example, plants have alternative NADH oxidases, which oxidize NADH in the cytosol rather than in the mitochondrial matrix, and pass these electrons to the ubiquinone pool. These enzymes do n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide anaesthetic that is similar in structure to bupivacaine, namely the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. A lipophilic aromatic ring is linked to a hydrocarbon chain by an amide bond. The lipophilic components of levobupivacaine allow it to cross cell membraness and exert its local anaesthetic ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
At room temperature and below, hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid reacts with ketones and aldehydes as a nucleophile to the corresponding oxime-O-sulfonic acids or their salts. The oxime-O-sulfonic acids of aldehydes react above room temperature upon elimination of sulfuric acid in high yields to nitriles.
Aliphatic ketones... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Techniques commonly used in the field of phytochemistry are extraction, isolation, and structural elucidation (MS,1D and 2D NMR) of natural products, as well as various chromatography techniques (MPLC, HPLC, and LC-MS). | 1 | Biochemistry |
A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus (or occasionally nonclassically at the C-terminus or internally) of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantage of this method, aside from its relatively straightforward nature, is the fact that with a large enough solid surface, multiple droplets can be deposited in various locations on the sample to determine heterogeneity. The reproducibility of particular values of the contact angle will reflect the heterogenei... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* between any kind of biomolecules including proteins, DNA, RNA, peptides, small molecules, fragments and ions
* for interactions with high molecular weight complexes, large molecule assemblies, even with liposomes, vesicles, nanodiscs, nanoparticles and viruses
* in any buffer, including serum and cell lysate
* in com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical oxidation analysers inject the sample into a chamber with phosphoric acid followed by persulfate. The analysis is separated into two steps. One removes inorganic carbon by acidification and purging. After removal of inorganic carbon persulfate is added and the sample is either heated or bombarded with UV light... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
polySia was discovered in E. coli K-235 by Barry and Goebel in 1957. E. coli is an encapsulated, gram-negative bacteria in which Barry and Goebel studied, pinpointing polySia, which they called colominic acid. Following this discovery, multiple other bacterial capsules abundant in glycans were found to contain polySia.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Taxol resulted from the tail addition of the Ojima lactam to alcohol 51, which is baccatin III (the original target molecule of the Danishefsky synthesis). Alcohol 51 was derived from the allylic oxidation of α-acylketone 49. Compound 49 was ultimately derived from the Heck reaction of enol triflate 38, which was use... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A ρ factor (Rho factor) is a bacterial protein involved in the termination of transcription. Rho factor binds to the transcription terminator pause site, an exposed region of single stranded RNA (a stretch of 72 nucleotides) after the open reading frame at C-rich/G-poor sequences that lack obvious secondary structure.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zuclopenthixol is available in three major preparations:
* As zuclopenthixol decanoate (Clopixol Depot, Cisordinol Depot), it is a long-acting intramuscular injection. Its main use is as a long-acting injection given every two or three weeks to people with schizophrenia who have a poor compliance with medication and su... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The principal mission of iron foundry is the conversion of iron oxides (purified iron ores) to iron metal. This reduction is usually effected using a reducing atmosphere consisting of some mixture of natural gas, hydrogen (H), and carbon monoxide. The byproduct is carbon dioxide. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In recent years many industrial efforts have focused on tuning the color of lights using polyfluorenes. It was found that by doping green or red emitting materials into polyfluorenes one could tune the color emitted by the polymers. Since polyfluorene homopolymers emit higher energy blue light, they can transfer energy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphonates feature tetrahedral phosphorus centers. They are structurally closely related to (and often prepared from) phosphorous acid.
Phosphonate salts are the result of deprotonation of phosphonic acids, which are diprotic acids:
:RPO(OH) + NaOH → HO + RPO(OH)(ONa) (monosodium phosphonate)
:RPO(OH)(ONa) + NaOH → H... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two main types of transmetalation, redox-transmetalation (RT) and redox-transmetalation/ligand-exchange (RTLE). Below, M is usually a 4d or 5d transition metal and M is usually a main group or 3d transition metal. By looking at the electronegativities of the metals and ligands, one can predict whether the RT ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A component is any part of a molecule or molecules that function as a unit in a pericyclic reaction. A component consists of one or more atoms and any of the following types of associated orbitals:
* An isolated p- or sp-orbital (unfilled or filled, symbol ω)
* A conjugated π system (symbol π)
* A σ bond (symbol σ)
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The SK channel family contains 4 members – SK1, SK2, SK3, and SK4. SK4 is often referred to as IK (Intermediate conductance) due to its higher conductance 20 – 80 pS. | 1 | Biochemistry |
δ-Aminolevulinic acid (also dALA, δ-ALA, 5ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants.
5ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For safety and convenience diazomethane is always prepared as needed as a solution in ether and used as such. It converts carboxylic acids to methyl esters and phenols into their methyl ethers. The reaction is thought to proceed via proton transfer from carboxylic acid to diazomethane to give methyldiazonium cation, w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure (pCFC) age or SF partial pressure (pSF) age. The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as:
where [CFC] is the measured CFC concentration (pmol kg) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. The CFC part... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Several lines of evidence suggest that intelectins recognize microbes and may function as an innate immune defense protein. Tunicate intelectin is an opsonin for phagocytosis by hemocyte. Amphioxus intelectin has been shown to agglutinate bacteria. In zebrafish and rainbow trout, intelectin expression is stimulated upo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a type of long-term birth control that releases the progestin into the uterine cavity. Levonorgestrel is released at a constant, gradual rate of 0.02 mg per day by the polydimethylsiloxane membrane of the device, which renders it effective for up to five years. Becaus... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*1847 fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts
*1848 a member of the Glasgow Philosophical Society (now Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow)
*1855 elected Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, the University of Glasgow
*1855 elected member (1857–59 Hon. Sec), the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* MicroMSI is endorsed by the NGA.
* Opticks is an open-source remote sensing application.
* Multispec is freeware multispectral analysis software.
* Gerbil is open source multispectral visualization and analysis software. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A familiar radical reaction is combustion. The oxygen molecule is a stable diradical, best represented by O–O. Because spins of the electrons are parallel, this molecule is stable. While the ground state of oxygen is this unreactive spin-unpaired (triplet) diradical, an extremely reactive spin-paired (singlet) state is... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In mineralogy, epitaxy is the overgrowth of one mineral on another in an orderly way, such that certain crystal directions of the two minerals are aligned. This occurs when some planes in the lattices of the overgrowth and the substrate have similar spacings between atoms.
If the crystals of both minerals are well form... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Conductometric sensing involves measuring the change in conductive properties of the sample solution or a medium. The reaction between the biomolecule and analyte changes the ionic species concentration, leading to a change in the solution electrical conductivity or current flow. Two metal electrodes are separated at a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid and essentially complete. The bioavailability of levetiracetam is close to 100 percent, and the effect of food on absorption is minor. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine. Its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct action on the adrenergic receptor system. The vasoconstriction that pseudoephedrine produces is believed to be principally an α-adrenergic receptor response.
Pseudoephedrine acts on α- and β2-adrenergic receptors, to caus... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics describe a steady-state solution for a 2-state biological system. In this system, the interconversion between these two states is performed by two enzymes with opposing effect. One example would be a protein Z that exists in a phosphorylated form Z and in an unphosphorylated form Z; th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Immunomagnetic separation involves purified antigens biotinylated and bound to streptoavidin-coated paramagnetic particles. The raw sample is mixed with the beads, then a specific magnet is used to hold the target organisms against the vial wall and the non-bound material is poured off. This method can be used to recov... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Operando spectroscopy has become a vital tool for surface chemistry. Nanotechnology, used in materials science, involves active catalytic sites on a reagent surface with at least one dimension in the nano-scale of approximately 1–100 nm. As particle size decreases, surface area increases. This results in a more reactiv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1,3-BPG has a very similar role in the Calvin cycle to its role in the glycolytic pathway. For this reason both reactions are said to be analogous. However the reaction pathway is effectively reversed. The only other major difference between the two reactions is that NADPH is used as an electron donor in the calvin cyc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The strength with which oxygen binds to hemoglobin is affected by several factors. These factors shift or reshape the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A shift to right indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen. This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen (requirin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
cDNA is created from a mature mRNA from a eukaryotic cell with the use of reverse transcriptase. In eukaryotes, a poly-(A) tail (consisting of a long sequence of adenine nucleotides) distinguishes mRNA from tRNA and rRNA and can therefore be used as a primer site for reverse transcription. This has the problem that not... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 17th century, ironworkers in Western Europe had developed the cementation process for carburizing wrought iron. Wrought iron bars and charcoal were packed into stone boxes, then sealed with clay to be held at a red heat continually tended in an oxygen-free state immersed in nearly pure carbon (charcoal) fo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A Euclidean graph in three-dimensional space is a pair (V, E), where V is a set of vertices (sometimes called points or nodes) and E is a set of edges (sometimes called bonds or spacers) where each edge joins two vertices. There is a tendency in the polyhedral and chemical literature to refer to geometric graphs as net... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Homologation reactions like the Kowalski ester homologation provide simple examples of insertion process in organic synthesis. In the Arndt-Eistert reaction, a methylene unit is inserted into the carboxyl-carbon bond of carboxylic acid to form the next acid in the homologous series. Organic Syntheses provides the exa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hellmut Friedrich Fischmeister (14 May 1927 – 6 November 2019) was an Austrian metallurgist who was a pioneer in powder metallurgy. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The concept that individuals might have a "metabolic profile" that could be reflected in the makeup of their biological fluids was introduced by Roger Williams in the late 1940s, who used paper chromatography to suggest characteristic metabolic patterns in urine and saliva were associated with diseases such as schizoph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EGF; LDLR; LRP1; LRP10; LRP1B; LRP2; LRP4; LRP5;
LRP5L; LRP6; LRP8; NID1; NID2; SORL1; VLDLR; | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aquatic carbon occurs in different forms. Firstly, a division is made between organic and inorganic carbon. Organic carbon is a mixture of organic compounds originating from detritus or primary producers. It can be divided into POC (particulate organic carbon; particles > 0.45 μm) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon; par... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Non-metallic inclusions arise because of many physical-chemical effects that occur in molten and consolidated metal during production.
Non-metallic inclusions that arise because of different reactions during metal production are called natural or indigenous. They include oxides, sulfides, nitrides and phosphides.
Apart... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Space stations transmitting solar power have appeared in science-fiction works like Isaac Asimovs "Reason" (1941), that centers around the troubles caused by the robots operating the station. Asimovs short story "The Last Question" also features the use of SBSP to provide limitless energy for use on Earth.
Erc Kotani a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallurgy in China has a long history, with the earliest metal objects in China dating back to around 3,000 BCE. The majority of early metal items found in China come from the North-Western Region (mainly Gansu and Qinghai, 青海). China was the earliest civilization to use the blast furnace and produce cast iron. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The identity operation corresponds to doing nothing to the object. Because every molecule is indistinguishable from itself if nothing is done to it, every object possesses at least the identity operation. The identity operation is denoted by or . In the identity operation, no change can be observed for the molecule. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solenopsins are described as toxic against vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, the compound known as isosolenopsin A has been demonstrated to have strong insecticidal effects which may play a central role in the biology of fire ants.
In addition to its toxicity, solenopsis has a number of other biological activ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Norgestrel (rac-13-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone), the racemic mixture containing levonorgestrel and dextronorgestrel, was discovered by Hughes and colleagues at Wyeth in 1963 via structural modification of norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone). It was the first progestogen to be manufactured via total... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Assimilation can be broadly defined as a process where a mass of magma wholly or partially homogenizes with materials derived from the wall rock of the magma body. Assimilation is a popular mechanism to partly explain the felsification of ultramafic and mafic magmas as they rise through the crust: a hot primitive melt ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An example of an electrophilic substitution using a diazomethyl compound is that of a reaction between an acyl halide and diazomethane, for example the first step in the Arndt-Eistert synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks can be found in eukaryotic cells. MAPK pathways in plants are known to regulate cell growth, cell development, cell death, and cell responses to environmental stimuli. Only a few of the MAPK mechanism components are known and have been studied. The components such as Ara... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isomers are types of molecules that share a chemical formula but have difference geometries, resulting in different properties:
* A pure substance is composed of only one type of isomer of a molecule (all have the same geometrical structure).
* Structural isomers have the same chemical formula but different physical ar... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Underwater archaeology is a subfield of archaeology that focuses on the exploration of submerged archaeological sites in seas, rivers, and other bodies of water. In 1988, the Maryland Maritime Archeology Program (MMAP) was established with the goal to manage and explore the various underwater archaeological sites that ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Phenol extraction is a widely used technique for purifying nucleic acid samples from cell lysates. To obtain nucleic acids, the cell must be lysed, and the nucleic acids separated from other cell components.
Phenol is a polar substance with a higher density than water (1.07 g/cm compared to water's 1.00 g/cm). When su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The specifics for binding of π cyclic systems are much more complex and depend on the electrons, the HOMO, and the LUMO in each individual case of molecules. Cyclic π systems can bind monohapto or polyhapto depending on the individual situation. This means that π bonds can bind individually to the metal or there can be... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Volcanic gases are gases given off by active (or, at times, by dormant) volcanoes. These include gases trapped in cavities (vesicles) in volcanic rocks, dissolved or dissociated gases in magma and lava, or gases emanating from lava, from volcanic craters or vents. Volcanic gases can also be emitted through groundwater ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Solvated electrons are involved in electrode processes, a broad area with many technical applications (electrosynthesis, electroplating, electrowinning).
A specialized use of sodium-ammonia solutions is the Birch reduction. Other reactions where sodium is used as a reducing agent also are assumed to involve solvated e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Originally, the use of laser-induced shock waves on metals to achieve property or functional benefits was referred to as laser shock processing, a broader, more inclusive term. As it happened, laser peening was the first commercial aspect of laser shock processing. However, laser-induced shock waves have found uses in ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Long-term weight management is directly proportional to calories absorbed from feeding; nevertheless, myriad non-caloric factors also play biologically significant roles (not covered here) in estimating energy intake. In counting energy expenditure, the use of a resting measurement (RMR) is the most accurate method for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toll-like receptors bind and become activated by different ligands, which, in turn, are located on different types of organisms or structures. They also have different adapters to respond to activation and are located sometimes at the cell surface and sometimes to internal cell compartments. Furthermore, they are expre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levomilnacipran has a high oral bioavailability of 92% and a low plasma protein binding of 22%. It is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4, thereby making the medication susceptible to grapefruit-drug interactions. The drug has an elimination half-life of approximately 12 hours, allowing for on... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Salts or esters of cyclic polyphosphoric acids are often called "metaphosphates". What are commonly called trimetaphosphates actually have a mixture of ring sizes. A general formula for such cyclic compounds is where x = number of phosphoric units in the molecule.
When metaphosphoric acids lose their hydrogens as , cy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dredging is the removal of sediment, plant species, and debris from an aquatic area. Industry, travel, and recreation throughout wetlands often requires the dredging of canals, especially by oil industry to get out to their offshore drills through coastal wetlands. Canals widen after being dredged because of the increa... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen. Generally found in snake venom. Mitotoxins are responsible for mediating cell death by interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. Some mechanisms by which mitotoxins can interfere with DNA or protein synthesis include the inactivation of ribo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potently bioactive agents of the specialized proresolving mediator class include:
* DHA-derived resolvins (Rvs) of the D series: RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, RvD4, RvD5, RvD6, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-RvD3, AT-RvD4, AT-RvD5, and AT-RvD6.
* n-3 DPA-derived resolvins of the D series (RvD1, RvD2, and RvD5) and the T series (RvT1, RvT2, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clone Manager is a commercial bioinformatics software work suite of Sci-Ed, that supports molecular biologists with data management and allows them to perform certain in silico preanalysis.
This type of bioinformatics software is used for managing, analyzing and visualizing DNA and protein sequence data essential for m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To first order, δCu values in organisms are driven by the δCu values of source materials. The δCu values of various soils from different regions have been found to vary from -0.34 to +0.33‰ depending on the biogeochemical processes taking place in the soil and the ligands with which Cu complexes. Organic-rich soils gen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
*Feedstock
**Microbial oil
***Oleaginous microorganism
**Palm oil
**Soybean oil
**Coconut oil
**Vegetable fats and oils
**Jatropha
**Animal fat
**Waste oil
Common feedstock used in biodiesel production include:
*Yellow grease (recycled vegetable oil)
*Vegetable oil fuel
*Tallow
Lignocellulose generates byproducts that ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasmid DNA may appear in one of five conformations, which (for a given size) run at different speeds in a gel during electrophoresis. The conformations are listed below in order of electrophoretic mobility (speed for a given applied voltage) from slowest to fastest:
* Nicked open-circular DNA has one strand cut.
* Rel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Volcanic gases were directly responsible for approximately 3% of all volcano-related deaths of humans between 1900 and 1986. Some volcanic gases kill by acidic corrosion; others kill by asphyxiation. Some volcanic gases including sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride react with other... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Some chemists have also considered the 2-norbornyl cation to be best represented by the nortricyclonium ion, a C-symmetric protonated nortricyclene. This depiction was first invoked to partially explain results of a C isotope scrambling experiment. The molecular orbital representation of this structure involves an in-p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An early application of TRMS was in the observation of flash photolysis process. It took advantage of a time-of-flight mass analyzer.
TRMS currently finds applications in the monitoring of organic reactions, formation of reactive intermediates, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, convection, protein folding, extraction, and ot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Survivin has been a target of attention in recent years for cancer immunotherapy, as it is an antigen that is expressed mostly in cancer cells and absent in normal cells. This is because survivin is deemed to be a crucial player in tumour survival. There has been much evidence accumulated over the years that shows surv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA sequencing has taken over microarray and SAGE technology in recent years, as noted in 2016, and has become the most efficient way to study transcription and gene expression. This is typically done by next-generation sequencing.
A subset of sequenced RNAs are small RNAs, a class of non-coding RNA molecules that are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ziegler and coworkers reacted an allyl iodide with the azaenolate to generate a chiral hydrocarbon chain. To avoid loss of the enantiomeric purity of the product, the authors used cupric acetate to regenerate the carbonyl group, obtaining only moderate yield for the cleavage of C=N bond but good enantioselectivity (ee ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the US, more copper is recovered and put back into service from recycled material than is derived from newly mined ore. Copper's recycle value is so great that premium-grade scrap normally has at least 95% of the value of primary metal from newly mined ore. In Europe, about 50% of copper demand comes from recycling ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The high error rate (0.01-0.001) of standard NGS platforms introduced during sample preparation or sequencing is a major limitation for the detection of variants present in a small fraction of cells. Due to the duplex tagging system and use of information in both strands of DNA, duplex sequencing has significantly decr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Free download location of SahysMod software from : [http://www.waterlog.info/software.htm] or from : [http://www.waterlog.info/sahysmod.htm] | 9 | Geochemistry |
*ATP2C1 NM_014382
*ATP5A1 NM_004046 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha
*ATP5B NM_001686
*ATP5C1 NM_005174
*ATP5D NM_001687 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta
*ATP5F1 NM_001688
*ATP5G2 NM_005176
*ATP5G3 NM_001689 Homo sapiens A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If quantum effects are negligible, an accelerating charged particle radiates power as described by the Larmor formula and its relativistic generalization. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The visual cycle is consistent within mammals, and is summarized as follows:
#all-trans-retinyl ester + HO → 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid; RPE65 isomerohydrolases;
#11-cis-retinol + NAD → 11-cis-retinal + NADH + H; 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenases;
#11-cis-retinal + aporhodopsin → rhodopsin + HO; forms Schiff base linkage ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early investigations into low bandgap semiconductors focused on germanium (Ge). Ge has a bandgap of 0.66 eV, allowing for conversion of a much higher fraction of incoming radiation. However, poor performance was observed due to the high effective electron mass of Ge. Compared to III-V semiconductors, Ge's high electron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In situ ellipsometry refers to dynamic measurements during the modification process of a sample. This process can be used to study, for instance, the growth of a thin film, including calcium phosphate mineralization at the air-liquid interface, etching or cleaning of a sample. By in situ ellipsometry measurements it is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sieverts' law, in physical metallurgy and in chemistry, is a rule to predict the solubility of gases in metals. It is named after German chemist Adolf Sieverts (1874–1947). The law states that the solubility of a diatomic gas in metal is proportional to the square root of the partial pressure of the gas in thermodynam... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Triparental mating is a form of bacterial conjugation where a conjugative plasmid present in one bacterial strain assists the transfer of a mobilizable plasmid present in a second bacterial strain into a third bacterial strain. Plasmids are introduced into bacteria for such purposes as transformation, cloning, or trans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For patients who have achieved long term remission, it is recommended to discontinue lithium gradually and in a controlled fashion.
Discontinuation symptoms may occur in patients stopping the medication including irritability, restlessness and somatic symptoms like vertigo, dizziness or lightheadedness. Symptoms occur ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. Rickets typically appears between 3 and 18 months of age. Cases continue to be reported in North American and other Western Countries and is primarily seen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microd... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Filtrate is the waste that has been discharge in vacuum ceramic filters through the waste stream. During cake washing, a wash liquid is sprayed on the cake solids to remove impurities or additional filtrate. The filtrate goes into filtrate tank and is drained through a discharge system. However, the filtrate is recycl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
2DPs as two dimensional sheet macromolecules have a crystal lattice, that is they consist of monomer units that repeat in two dimensions. Therefore, a clear diffraction pattern from their crystal lattice should be observed as a proof of crystallinity. The internal periodicity is supported by electron microscopy imaging... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Klein-Seetharaman moved to the University of Pittsburgh as an assistant professor in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. She joined the Warwick Medical School as a professor in medicine in 2013. She returned to the[United States in 2017, first as a professor at the Colorado School of Mines and then as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On the surface of cells, there are many proteins. Some proteins are involved in recognition, attachment, or transportation. The citrate-malate shuttle system consists of citrate shuttle and malate shuttle, which are carrier proteins. Carrier proteins are present on the cell surface. They transport different molecules a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After completing his PhD, he became an assistant and lecturer at Technical University of Munich (1965–1968). From 1968 to 1973, he was Professor and Director at Technical University of Hannover; then, he became a professor at Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1973–1986). During t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process for TLC is similar to paper chromatography but provides faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different stationary phases. Plates can be labelled before or after the chromatography process with a pencil or other implement that will not interfere with the process.
There are four main stages... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Worthy of note is that in 2013, a structural prediction of the Au (SCH) cluster, based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) was confirmed in 2015. This result represents the maturity of this field where calculations are able to guide the experimental work.
The following table features some sizes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Shotgun lipidomics is fast, highly sensitive, and it can identify hundreds of lipids missed by other methods — all with a much smaller tissue sample so that specific cells or minute biopsy samples can be examined. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently, there are two main types of silencers in DNA, which are the classical silencer element and the non-classical negative regulatory element (NRE). In classical silencers, the gene is actively repressed by the silencer element, mostly by interfering with general transcription factor (GTF) assembly. NREs passivel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epitaxial wafers of crystalline silicon can be grown on a monocrystalline silicon "seed" wafer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and then detached as self-supporting wafers of some standard thickness (e.g., 250 µm) that can be manipulated by hand, and directly substituted for wafer cells cut from monocrystalline sili... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis recommends, based on low-quality evidence, that 300 mg of CoQ be offered as a choice for prophylaxis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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