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Geometallurgy relates to the practice of combining geology or geostatistics with metallurgy, or, more specifically, extractive metallurgy, to create a spatially or geologically based predictive model for mineral processing plants. It is used in the hard rock mining industry for risk management and mitigation during ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A polymeric material can be functionalized by the addition of small moieties, oligomers, and even other polymers (grafting copolymers) onto the surface or interface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the same temperature, a column of dry air will be denser or heavier than a column of air containing any water vapor, the molar mass of diatomic nitrogen and diatomic oxygen both being greater than the molar mass of water. Thus, any volume of dry air will sink if placed in a larger volume of moist air. Also, a volume... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* T.F. Fuller, John N. Harb, Electrochemical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
* H. Wright (ed.), Electrochemical Engineering: Emerging Technologies and Applications, Willford Press, 2016.
* D. Stolten, B. Emonts, Fuel Cell Science and Engineering: Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 20... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Time resolved crystallography utilizes X-ray crystallography imaging to visualize reactions in four dimensions (x, y, z and time). This enables the studies of dynamical changes that occur in for example enzymes during their catalysis. The time dimension is incorporated by triggering the reaction of interest in the crys... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A prill is a small aggregate or globule of a material, most often a dry sphere, formed from a melted liquid through spray crystallization. Prilled is a term used in mining and manufacturing to refer to a product that has been pelletized. ANFO explosive typically comprises ammonium nitrate prills mixed with #2 fuel oil.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
fMRS has several advantages over other functional neuroimaging and brain biochemistry detection techniques.
Unlike push-pull cannula, microdialysis and in vivo voltammetry, fMRS is a non-invasive method for studying dynamics of biochemistry in an activated brain. It is done without exposing subjects to ionizing radiati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most popular COF synthesis route is a boron condensation reaction which is a molecular dehydration reaction between boronic acids. In case of COF-1, three boronic acid molecules converge to form a planar six-membered BO (boroxine) ring with the elimination of three water molecules. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
According to Ostwald's rule, usually less stable polymorphs crystallize before the stable form. The concept hinges on the idea that unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged. The founding case of fibrous vs rhombic benzamide illustrates the case. Another exa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Once transferred to the nascent peptide chain, N-linked glycans, in general, undergo extensive processing reactions, whereby the three glucose residues are removed, as well as several mannose residues, depending on the N-linked glycan in question. The removal of the glucose residues is dependent on proper protein foldi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Viral protein interactomes consist of interactions among viral or phage proteins. They were among the first interactome projects as their genomes are small and all proteins can be analyzed with limited resources. Viral interactomes are connected to their host interactomes, forming virus-host interaction networks. Some ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Togni reagent II (1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one) is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis for direct electrophilic trifluoromethylation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Wine, vinegar, cider, perry, brandy, atchara, nata de coco, burong mangga, asinan, pickling, vişinată, chocolate, rakı, aragh sagi, chacha | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mutations in emerin cause X-linked recessive Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, which is characterized by early contractures in the Achilles tendons, elbows and post-cervical muscles; muscle weakness proximal in the upper limbs and distal in lower limbs; along with cardiac conduction defects that range from sinus brady... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DH5-Alpha Cells are E. coli cells engineered by American biologist Douglas Hanahan to maximize transformation efficiency. They are defined by three mutations: recA1, endA1 which help plasmid insertion and lacZΔM15 which enables blue white screening. The cells are competent and often used with calcium chloride transform... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Environmental analysis is the use of examination and statistical methods to study the chemical and biological factors that determine the quality of an environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings. Also, to monitor amounts of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sulfate conjugates are a heterogeneous class of polar, anionic organosulfate compounds containing an ester of sulfuric acid. Sulfate conjugates commonly result from the metabolic conjugation of endogenous and exogenous compounds with sulfate (-OSO).
Biosynthesis of sulfate esters requires an activated sulfate donor, us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Though many people conceptualize images and diffraction patterns separately, they contain principally the same information. In the simplest approximation, the two are simply Fourier transforms of one another. Thus, the effects of beam precession on diffraction patterns also have significant effects on the corresponding... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin were first purified in the 1930s. A serine in each of trypsin and chymotrypsin was identified as the catalytic nucleophile (by diisopropyl fluorophosphate modification) in the 1950s. The structure of chymotrypsin was solved by X-ray crystallography in the 1960s, showing the orientat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silver overlay is an electroplated coating of silver on a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass. Most techniques used to create silver overlay involve the use of special flux which contains silver and turpentine oil. This is then painted on the glass ornament as a design. After the painting is complete, the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carbonyl ylides (RRC=OCRR) can form by ring-opening of epoxides or by reaction of carbonyls with electrophilic carbenes, which are usually prepared from diazo compounds. Oxonium ylides (RR-O-CRR) are formed by the reaction of ethers with electrophilic carbenes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Distinct phases may be described as different states of matter such as gas, liquid, solid, plasma or Bose–Einstein condensate. Useful mesophases between solid and liquid form other states of matter.
Distinct phases may also exist within a given state of matter. As shown in the diagram for iron alloys, several phases ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). There are many methods on extracting the oil from the reservoirs for example; mechanical shaking, water-in-oil emulsion, and specialty chemicals called demulsifiers that separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and often environment... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After initial sporadic work, archaeometallurgy was more widely institutionalised in the 1960s and 70s, with research groups in Britain (The British Museum, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the Institute for Archeo-Metallurgical Studies (iams)), Germany (Deutsches Bergbau Museum) and the US (MIT and Harvard).
Specialis... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The specific conductance of a solution containing one electrolyte depends on the concentration of the electrolyte. Therefore, it is convenient to divide the specific conductance by concentration. This quotient, termed molar conductivity, is denoted by | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stopped-flow method depends on the existence of spectroscopic properties that can be used for following the reaction. When that is not the case quenched flow provides an alternative that uses conventional chemical methods for analysis. Instead of a mechanical stopping system the reaction is stopped by quenching, th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
abietadiene hydroxylase - acrylamide gels - Act 1 adaptor protein - adenine - adenosine deaminase deficiency - adenovirus - adenylyl-(glutamate—ammonia ligase) hydrolase - agarose gel electrophoresis - agarose gel - akaryocyte - Alagille syndrome - alkaline lysis - allele - amino acids - amino terminus - amp resistance... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following list provides information and external links to various programs and databases for inverted repeats:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131113054733/http://nonb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/apps/site/default non-B DB] A Database for Integrated Annotations and Analysis of non-B DNA Forming Motifs. This database is provi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A subgenomic promoter is a promoter added to a virus for a specific heterologous gene, resulting in the formation of mRNA for that gene alone. Many positive-sense RNA viruses produce these subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNA) as one of the common infection techniques used by these viruses and generally transcribe late viral genes.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The etymology of the words valence (plural valences) and valency (plural valencies) traces back to 1425, meaning "extract, preparation", from Latin valentia "strength, capacity", from the earlier valor "worth, value", and the chemical meaning referring to the "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Anions with the general formula are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula . As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases. Due to the stability of sulfonate anions, the cations of sulfonate salts such as scandium triflate have applicatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For black body emitters or imperfect selective emitters, filters reflect non-ideal wavelengths back to the emitter. These filters are imperfect. Any light that is absorbed or scattered and not redirected to the emitter or the converter is lost, generally as heat. Conversely, practical filters often reflect a small perc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Olefin and alkyne metathesis refers to a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction. In the case of olefin metathesis, the bond forms between two sp-hybridized carbon centers. In alkyne metathesis it forms between two sp-hybridized carbon centers. Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) can be used in polymerization and... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In semiconductors, the Shockley diode equation—the relationship between the flow of electric current and the electrostatic potential across a p–n junction—depends on a characteristic voltage called the thermal voltage, denoted by . The thermal voltage depends on absolute temperature as
where is the magnitude of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. They occur especially as proteins, often conjugated. The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919) and is derived from the word "toxic".
Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenolphthalein has been used for over a century as a laxative, but is now being removed from over-the-counter laxatives over concerns of carcinogenicity. Laxative products formerly containing phenolphthalein have often been reformulated with alternative active ingredients: Feen-a-Mint switched to bisacodyl, and Ex-Lax... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (K) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthesis via the capping method relies strongly upon a thermodynamically driven template effect; that is, the "thread" is held within the "macrocycle" by non-covalent interactions, for example rotaxinations with cyclodextrin macrocycles involve exploitation of the hydrophobic effect. This dynamic complex or pseudorota... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
*SNP detection
*Real-time nucleic acid detection
*Real-time PCR quantification
*Allelic discrimination and identification
*Multiplex PCR assays
*Diagnostic clinical assays | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kowalski served as the inaugural director of the Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), established in 1984, at the University of Washington. Initially CPAC was a National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry-University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC). It has since been renamed Center for Process Analysis and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
ortho-Carborane undergoes 2e- reduction when treated with a solution of lithium in ammonia. The result is the nido cluster 7,9-[CBH]. In the dianion, the carbon vertices are not adjacent. The same cluster is produced by reduction of meta-carborane. Oxidation of the resulting 7,9-[CBH] gives ortho-carborane. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Null mutants die at an early gestational age (embryonic day 11.5). By investigating hypomorphic mutants (which can survive 2 days longer), it was found that placental defects were primarily lethal and that there were also defects in cardiac and hepatic development, but many other organs were normal | 1 | Biochemistry |
Survivin has been shown to interact with:
* Aurora B kinase,
* CDCA8,
* Caspase 3,
* Caspase 7,
* Diablo homolog and
* INCENP. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selective ligands have a tendency to bind to very limited kinds of receptor, whereas non-selective ligands bind to several types of receptors. This plays an important role in pharmacology, where drugs that are non-selective tend to have more adverse effects, because they bind to several other receptors in addition to t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levobupivacaine (rINN) is a local anaesthetic drug indicated for minor and major surgical anaesthesia and pain management. It is a long-acting amide-type local anaesthetic that blocks nerve impulses by inhibiting sodium ion influx into the nerve cells. Levobupivacaine is the S-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine and ther... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Leon Francis Phillips (14 July 1935 – 24 September 2023) was a New Zealand physical chemist who specialised in the gas-liquid interface and atmospheric chemistry. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following genes are analogous or homologous between Drosophila melanogaster (in bold) and human TNFR1 signalling:
* Imd: human orthologue = RIP1
* Tak1: human orthologue = Tak1
* TAB2: human orthologue = TAB2
* Dredd: human orthologue = caspase-8
* FADD: human orthologue = FADD
* Key/Ikkγ: human orthologue = NEMO
*... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Gastrin family is a group of peptides evolutionarily similar in structure and function. Commonly synthesized in antroduodenal G-cells. Regulate gastric function along with gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth.
#Gastrin
#<nowiki/>Cholecystokinin (CCK) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfides are sometimes called thioethers, especially in the old literature. The two organic substituents are indicated by the prefixes. (CH)S is called dimethylsulfide. Some sulfides are named by modifying the common name for the corresponding ether. For example, CHSCH is methyl phenyl sulfide, but is more commonly cal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups. This weak acid forms a diester, it undergoes bromination across the double bond, and it is a good dienophile. | 1 | Biochemistry |
DCP incurs several key disadvantages in comparison to ICP. In addition to the lower sensitivity, spectra generated by DCP generally present fewer spectral lines. DCP samples are often incompletely volatilized due to the relatively short amount of time spent in the hottest region of the plasma. Furthermore, DCP require... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Precision fermentation is an approach to manufacturing specific functional products which intends to minimise the production of unwanted by-products through the application of synthetic biology, particularly by generating synthetic "cell factories" with engineered genomes and metabolic pathways optimised to produce the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a cycloalkene or cycloolefin is a type of alkene hydrocarbon which contains a closed ring of carbon atoms and either one or more double bonds, but has no aromatic character. Some cycloalkenes, such as cyclobutene and cyclopentene, can be used as monomers to produce polymer chains. Due to geometric... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ratio between the surface area and volume of cells and organisms has an enormous impact on their biology, including their physiology and behavior. For example, many aquatic microorganisms have increased surface area to increase their drag in the water. This reduces their rate of sink and allows them to remain near... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) are restriction enzymes that can be engineered to cut specific sequences of DNA. They are made by fusing a TAL effector DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain (a nuclease which cuts DNA strands). Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be engineere... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ff phages have been engineered for applications in biological and medical sciences. Many applications build on experiments showing that the DNA sequence determining resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin can be inserted in a functional form into the non-coding intergenic sequence of fd phage DNA. Such modified phage ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Esketamine is used for similar indications as ketamine. Such uses include induction of anesthesia in high-risk patients such as those with circulatory shock, severe bronchospasm, or as a supplement to regional anesthesia with incomplete nerve blocks. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
2-Furoic acid can be synthesized by the oxidation of either furfuryl alcohol or furfural. This can be achieved either chemically or biocatalytically.
The current industrial route involves the Cannizaro reaction of furfural in an aqueous NaOH solution. This is a disproportionation reaction and produces a 1:1 ratio of 2... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ozone in the troposhere is determined by photochemical production and destruction, dry deposition and cross-tropopause transport of ozone from the stratosphere. In the Arctic troposphere, transport and photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a result of human emissions... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Lateral flow assays have played a critical role in COVID-19 testing as they have the benefit of delivering a result in 15–30 minutes. The systematic evaluation of lateral flow assays during the COVID-19 pandemic was initiated at Oxford University as part of a UK collaboration with Public Health England. A study that st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO), w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Plants produce secondary metabolites known as allelochemicals. Rather than participating in basic metabolic processes, they mediate interactions between a plant and its environment, often attracting, repelling, or poisoning insects. They also help produce secondary cell wall components such as those that require amino ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The struc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are a variety of architectures possible for nonlinear copolymers. Beyond grafted and star polymers discussed below, other common types of branched copolymers include brush copolymers and comb copolymers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are commonly used techniques to both qualitatively and quantitatively probe the composition of samples in the TEM. A primary challenge in the quantitative accuracy of both techniques is the phenomenon of channelling. Put simply, in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The advances in bisulfite sequencing have led to the possibility of applying them at a genome-wide scale, where, previously, global measure of DNA methylation was feasible only using other techniques, such as Restriction landmark genomic scanning. The mapping of the human epigenome is seen by many scientists as the log... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperspectral imaging collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of hyperspectral imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifying materials, or detecting processes. There are three general types of spec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soil-borne nematodes have been shown to transmit viruses. They acquire and transmit them by feeding on infected roots. Viruses can be transmitted both non-persistently and persistently, but there is no evidence of viruses being able to replicate in nematodes. The virions attach to the stylet (feeding organ) or to the g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the current methods, the instrumental error in the measured hairpin length is 1-1.5 nm. The length of a basepair, or 2 extended single-stranded nucleotides, is approximately 0.85 nm. Therefore, the resolution of the system is at a few nucleotides. The sources of noise arise from length-dependent Brownian motion... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dispersion is a process by which (in the case of solid dispersing in a liquid) agglomerated particles are separated from each other, and a new interface between the inner surface of the liquid dispersion medium and the surface of the dispersed particles is generated. This process is facilitated by molecular diffusion ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway is responsible for the generation of IP3 through the cleavage of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) found in the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane by phospholipase C in response to either receptor tyrosine kinase or Gq alpha subunit-G protein-coupled receptor si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically, aluminium has been used as conductor in integrated circuits, due to its good adherence to substrate, good conductivity, and ability to form ohmic contacts with silicon. However, pure aluminium is susceptible to electromigration. Research shows that adding 2-4% of copper to aluminium increases resistance t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To meet the NADPH and ATP demands in the mesophyll and bundle sheath, light needs to be harvested and shared between two distinct electron transfer chains. ATP may be produced in the bundle sheath mainly through cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I, or in the M mainly through linear electron flow depending on the ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1831, the East India Company officer William Elliott made a facsimile of the inscription. Based on this facsimile, in 1834, James Prinsep published a lithograph in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. However, this lithograph did not represent every single word of the inscription co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
According to a recent investigation by Wong, Liang, Kwon, Bai, Alper and Gropman, TGGE can be utilized to examine the mitochondrial DNA of an individual. According to these authors, TGGE was utilized to determine two novel mutations in the mitochondrial genome: "A 21-year-old woman who has been suspected of mitochondr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spectral karyotyping is an image of colored chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping involves FISH using multiple forms of many types of probes with the result to see each chromosome labeled through its metaphase stage. This type of karyotyping is used specifically when seeking out chromosome arrangements. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternative mechanism to preserve O delivery in the face of low ambient oxygen is to increase the affinity of the blood. The oxygen content of the blood is related to PaO and is illustrated using an oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC). Fish hemoglobins, with the exception of the agnathans, are tetramers that exhibit coop... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although there are 25 known isotopes of sulfur, only four are stable and of geochemical importance. Of those four, two (S, light and S, heavy) comprise (99.22%) of sulfur on Earth. The vast majority (95.02%) of sulfur occurs as S with only 4.21% in S. The ratio of these two isotopes is fixed in the Solar System and ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For hypervalent compounds in which the ligands are more electronegative than the central, hypervalent atom, resonance structures can be drawn with no more than four covalent electron pair bonds and completed with ionic bonds to obey the octet rule. For example, in phosphorus pentafluoride (PF), 5 resonance structures ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Constructing a THz-TDS experiment using low temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) based antennas requires a laser whose photon energy exceeds the band gap of the material. Ti:sapphire lasers tuned to around 800 nm, matching the energy gap in LT-GaAs, are ideal as they can generate optical pulses as short as 10 fs. These las... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aza Paternò−Büchi reaction involves an ππ* excited state of alkene reacting with a ground state imine. This strategy was developed by the laboratory Sivaguru and co-workers to overcome the shortcomings involving direct excitation of imines. Traditionally addition of excited imines to carbon-carbon double bonds involves... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Traditionally, the Cohn process incorporating cold ethanol fractionation has been used for albumin purification. However, chromatographic methods for separation started being adopted in the early 1980s. Developments were ongoing in the time period between when Cohn fractionation started being used, in 1946, and when ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Strained cyclooctenes and other activated alkenes react with tetrazines in an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder followed by a retro [4+2] cycloaddition (see figure). Like the other reactions of the trans-cyclooctene, ring strain release is a driving force for this reaction. Thus, three-membered and four-membered cyc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After the electrophoresis is complete, the molecules in the gel can be stained to make them visible. DNA may be visualized using ethidium bromide which, when intercalated into DNA, fluoresce under ultraviolet light, while protein may be visualised using silver stain or Coomassie brilliant blue dye. Other methods may al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitroso refers to a functional group in which the nitric oxide () group is attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as C-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; ), S-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; ), N-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, ), and O-nit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Knowledge of herbivory in geological time comes from three sources: fossilized plants, which may preserve evidence of defense (such as spines) or herbivory-related damage; the observation of plant debris in fossilised animal feces; and the structure of herbivore mouthparts.
Long thought to be a Mesozoic phenomenon, evi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Real material systems always incorporate disorder. Examples are structural defects in the lattice or disorder due to variations of the chemical composition. Their treatment is extremely challenging for microscopic theories due to the lack of detailed knowledge about perturbations of the ideal structure. Thus, the i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The family of long non-coding RNAs includes a variety of different kinds of RNA, including, but not limited to, circular RNA (circRNA), nuclear lncRNA, long intergenic non-coding RNA, and enhancer RNA. The development of next-generation sequencing has made the study of lncRNA more accessible (because lncRNA is not very... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The minimum temperature and maximum density of a cloud in a magneto-optical trap is limited by the spontaneously emitted photon in cooling each cycle. While the asymmetry in atom excitation gives cooling and trapping forces, the emission of the spontaneously emitted photon is in a random direction, and therefore contri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound is used as a calibrant in gas chromatography when the analytical technique uses mass spectrometry as a detector to identify and quantify chemical compounds in gases or liquids. When undergoing ionization in the mass spectrometer, the compound decomposes in a repeatable pattern to form fragments of specific... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Real-time PCR is carried out in a thermal cycler with the capacity to illuminate each sample with a beam of light of at least one specified wavelength and detect the fluorescence emitted by the excited fluorophore. The thermal cycler is also able to rapidly heat and chill samples, thereby taking advantage of the physi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The steam digester or bone digester (also known as Papin’s digester) is a high-pressure cooker invented by French physicist Denis Papin in 1679. It is a device for extracting fats from bones in a high-pressure steam environment, which also renders them brittle enough to be easily ground into bone meal. It is the foreru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid. A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The degree of inactivation by ultraviolet radiation is directly related to the UV dose applied to the water. The dosage, a product of UV light intensity and exposure time, is usually measured in microjoules per square centimeter, or equivalently as microwatt seconds per square centimeter (μW·s/cm) = 10 mW·s/m = 0.01 W·... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The evaluation of the performance cannot be considered complete without considering the limit of detection, the range of linear response and the signal reproducibility. EI is known as a low-efficiency ionization technique. Because less than 1/10 000 of the gas-phase sample molecules are ionized, impressive detection li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A refrigeration cycle, also known as heat pump, is a thermodynamic cycle that allows the removal of heat from a low temperature heat source and the rejection of heat into a high temperature heat source, thanks to mechanical power consumption. Traditional refrigeration cycles are subcritical, with the high pressure side... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HIV, the retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans, produces a single primary RNA transcript, which is alternatively spliced in multiple ways to produce over 40 different mRNAs. Equilibrium among differentially spliced transcripts provides multiple mRNAs encoding different products that are required for viral multiplicatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
More recently, slightly elevated serum GGT has also been found to correlate with cardiovascular diseases and is under active investigation as a cardiovascular risk marker. GGT in fact accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a potential role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, and circulates in blood ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term geochemistry was first used by the Swiss-German chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838: "a comparative geochemistry ought to be launched, before geognosy can become geology, and before the mystery of the genesis of our planets and their inorganic matter may be revealed." However, for the rest of the cen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An increasingly popular method of cleaning windows is the "water-fed pole" system. Instead of washing windows with conventional detergent, they are scrubbed with purified water, typically containing less than 10 ppm dissolved solids, using a brush on the end of a pole wielded from ground level. RO is commonly used to p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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