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The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (also known, in French, as the Institut International du Froid (IIF)), is an independent intergovernmental science and technology-based organization which promotes knowledge of refrigeration and associated technologies and applications on a global scale that improve qu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) are a range of perfluorocarbons used in flow tracers and other tracing applications. They are used by releasing the PFT at a certain point, and determining the concentration of that PFT at another set of points, allowing the flow from the source to the points to be determined. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Tropinone is an alkaloid, famously synthesised in 1917 by Robert Robinson as a synthetic precursor to atropine, a scarce commodity during World War I. Tropinone and the alkaloids cocaine and atropine all share the same tropane core structure. Its corresponding conjugate acid at pH 7.3 major species is known as tropini... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sialic acid is synthesized by glucosamine 6 phosphate and acetyl-CoA through a transferase, resulting in N-acetylglucosamine-6-P. This becomes N-acetylmannosamine-6-P through epimerization, which reacts with phosphoenolpyruvate producing N-acetylneuraminic-9-P (sialic acid). For it to become active to enter in the olig... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During calibration with the no-net-flux-method, the microdialysis probe is perfused with at least four different concentrations of the analyte of interest (C) and steady-state concentrations of the analyte leaving the probe are measured in the dialysate (C). The recovery for this method can be determined by plotting C−... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before being taken to the ingenio (amalgamation refinery), excess material would be broken off of the silver ore. At the refiner, it was ground to a fine sand (harina) by an arrastra or stamp mill, which consisted of a rotating shaft fitted with heavy iron stamps that crushed the ore against a mortar block. The harina ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When energy transfer ceases from a system, this condition is referred to as thermodynamic equilibrium. Usually, this condition implies the system and surroundings are at the same temperature so that heat no longer transfers between them. It also implies that external forces are balanced (volume does not change), and al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
π-effects can be broken down into numerous categories, including π-π interactions, cation-π and anion-π interactions, and polar-π interactions. In general, π-effects are associated with the interactions of molecules with the π-systems of conjugated molecules such as benzene. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Some examples of glow-in-the-dark materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, glow sticks glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. In chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the und... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT) provides electron counting rules useful for predicting the structures of clusters such as borane and carborane clusters. The electron counting rules were originally formulated by Kenneth Wade, and were further developed by others including Michael Mingo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units bonded together by beta-linkages. Humans and many animals lack an enzyme to break the beta-linkages, s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is also used to illuminate pictures painted with fluorescent colors, particularly on black velvet, which intensifies the illusion of self-illumination. The use of such materials, often in the form of tiles viewed in a sensory room under UV light, is common in the United Kingdom for the education of students with pro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Resistance to mefloquine is common around the west border in Cambodia and other parts of Southeast Asia. The mechanism of resistance is by increase in Pfmdr1 copy number. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nervana is an investigational V construct that knocks down the expression of protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) known to be associated with neuropathic pain and morphine tolerance.
Two conserved PKCγ sequences across all key model species and humans have been identified, and both single and double DNA cassettes are designed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In mammals, UPR has mostly been studied using transfection with a truncated, dysfunctional mitochondrial enzyme (OTCΔ) that does not fold correctly after translocation into the mitochondrial matrix. Using this approach, several components of the mammalian UPR have been identified including the mitochondrial chaperone h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) refers to a region of the ocean where there are high concentrations of calcite, a mineral form of calcium carbonate. The belt extends over a large area of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. The calcite in the Great Calcite Belt is formed by tiny marine organisms called coccolithopho... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Surface energy is conventionally defined as the work that is required to build an area of a particular surface. Another way to view the surface energy is to relate it to the work required to cleave a bulk sample, creating two surfaces. If the new surfaces are identical, the surface energy γ of each surface is equal to ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Arner et al. identified 65,423 transcribed enhancers (producing eRNA) among 33 different cell types under different conditions and different timings of stimulation. The transcription of enhancers generally preceded transcription of transcription factors which, in turn, generally preceded messenger RNA(mRNA) transcripti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A photooxygenation is a light-induced oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product(s). Initial research interest in photooxygenation reactions arose from Oscar Raab's observations in 1900 that the combination of light, oxygen and photosensitizers is highly toxic to cells. Early studies ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
is a Japanese chemist. In 1974 he earned his doctorate in chemistry, in the group of Shun’ichi Yamada. He did a post doc with Elias J. Corey at Harvard. He returned to Japan and became a professor in 1977 at Teikyō University and moved to Hokkaidō University 1986. 1983–1986 Shibasaki was a research group leader at the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hérisson and Chauvin first proposed the widely accepted mechanism of transition metal alkene metathesis. The direct [2+2] cycloaddition of two alkenes is formally symmetry forbidden and thus has a high activation energy. The Chauvin mechanism involves the [2+2] cycloaddition of an alkene double bond to a transition met... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* A nuclease frees the nucleotide
** A nucleotidase creates adenosine, then adenosine deaminase creates inosine
** Alternatively, AMP deaminase creates inosinic acid, then a nucleotidase creates inosine
* Purine nucleoside phosphorylase acts upon inosine to create hypoxanthine
* Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the biotransf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and sharing common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit. The benefit to Müllerian mimics is that predators only need one unpleasant encounter with one member of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water's Lewis base character makes it a common ligand in transition metal complexes, examples of which include metal aquo complexes such as to perrhenic acid, which contains two water molecules coordinated to a rhenium center. In solid hydrates, water can be either a ligand or simply lodged in the framework, or both... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA–DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Molecular mass of the crosslinked polymer.
* Molecular weight of the crystallizable polymer.
* Degree of crosslinking.
* Phase separation.
* Moduli of the original polymers and proportion in the copolymer.
* Moisture (in polymers susceptible to moisture degradation).
* Cooling speed. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Casting processes simulation uses numerical methods to calculate cast component quality considering mold filling, solidification and cooling, and provides a quantitative prediction of casting mechanical properties, thermal stresses and distortion. Simulation accurately describes a cast component's quality up-front befo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
11β-hydroxylase has strong catalytic activity during conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, by catalyzing the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bond at 11-beta position. Note the extra "–OH" added at the 11 position (near the center, on ring "C"): | 1 | Biochemistry |
The molecular mechanisms of CB-mediated changes to the membrane voltage have also been studied in detail. Cannabinoids reduce calcium influx by blocking the activity of voltage-dependent N-, P/Q- and L-type calcium channels. In addition to acting on calcium channels, activation of Gi/o and Gs, the two most commonly cou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Morpholinos do not trigger the degradation of their target RNA molecules, unlike many antisense structural types (e.g., phosphorothioates, siRNA). Instead, Morpholinos act by "steric blocking", binding to a target sequence within an RNA, inhibiting molecules that might otherwise interact with the RNA. Morpholino oligos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The output of Saltmod is given for each season of any year during any number of years, as specified with the input data. The output data comprise hydrological and salinity aspects.
The data are filed in the form of tables that can be inspected directly or further analyzed with spreadsheet programs.
As the soil salinity... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (), also known as non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), is energy expenditure during activities that are not part of a structured exercise program. NEAT includes physical activity at the workplace, hobbies, standing instead of sitting, walking around, climbing stairs, doing chores, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans (AMESA) is an automatic system for continuous monitoring of emissions of dioxins and furans from industrial processes which require official approval in compliance with environmental regulations. Applications include refuse incinerators and hazardous material inciner... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NRA can also be used non-resonantly (of course, RBS is non-resonant). For example, deuterium can easily be profiled with a He beam without changing the incident energy by using the
:He + D = α + p + 18.353 MeV
reaction, usually written H(He,p)α. The energy of the fast proton detected depends on the depth of the deut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sub-Doppler cooling is a class of laser cooling techniques that reduce the temperature of atoms and molecules below the Doppler cooling limit. Doppler cooling processes have a cooling limit that is characterized by the momentum recoil from the emission of a photon from the particle.
Some methods of sub-Doppler cooling ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Captive populations are subject to problems such as inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity. It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many cell assays have been developed to assess specific parameters or response of cells (biomarkers, cell physiology). Techniques used to study cells include :
*reporter assays using i.e. Luciferase, calcium signaling assays using Coelenterazine, CFSE or Calcein
*Immunostaining of cells on slides by Microscopy (ImmunoH... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ecologically significant aspect of bacterial organohalide respiration is the reduction of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and Trichloroethene (TCE); anthropogenic pollutants with high neuro and hepatotoxicity. Their presence as environmental pollutants arose from their common industrial use as metal-degreasing agents from t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process was discovered by the German chemist Otto Roelen in 1938 in the course of investigations of the Fischer–Tropsch process. Aldehydes and diethylketone were obtained when ethylene was added to an F-T reactor. Through these studies, Roelen discovered the utility of cobalt catalysts. HCo(CO), which had been isol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hybrid dysgenesis refers to the high rate of mutation in germ line cells of Drosophila strains resulting from a cross of males with autonomous P elements (P Strain/P cytotype) and females that lack P elements (M Strain/M cytotype). The hybrid dysgenesis syndrome is marked by temperature-dependent sterility, elevated mu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of metal hydrides (tin, silicon and mercury hydrides) is common in radical cyclization reactions; the primary limitation of this method is the possibility of reduction of the initially formed radical by H-M. Fragmentation methods avoid this problem by incorporating the chain-transfer reagent into the substrate ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dominant technology used for the production of transgenic plants for transient expression is Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, or "agroinfiltration," and virus expression machinery. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species are well-known plant pathogens that have been engineered to e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) are produced by hematopoiesis.
The erythrocytes have as main function the O delivery to the tissues, and this transfer occurs by diffusion and is determined by the O tension (PO). The erythrocyte is able to feel the tissue need for O and cause a change in vascula... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rasaratna Samuccaya ( Devanagari: रसरत्न समुच्चय) is an Indian Sanskrit treatise on alchemy. The text is dated between 13th to 16th century CE.
The text contains detailed descriptions of various complex metallurgical processes, as well as descriptions of how to set up and equip a laboratory and other topics concerning ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The primary debate concerning the mechanism of the rearrangement centers on whether it is a concerted (sigmatropic) or stepwise (diradical) process. Mechanistic experiments have shown that trans-divinylcyclopropanes epimerize to the corresponding cis isomers and undergo the rearrangement via what is most likely a conce... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A Type V-K system was originally characterized from a cyanobacteria, Scytonema hofmanni, and contains a single Cas effector, Cas12k, that functions with a tracrRNA. This system functions similarly to Tn7 but does not have a TnsA protein which can result in off-targeting and chimera formation during over-expression. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Calorimetry is the measurement of the heat released or absorbed by chemical reactions. These assays are very general, since many reactions involve some change in heat and with use of a microcalorimeter, not much enzyme or substrate is required. These assays can be used to measure reactions that are impossible to assay ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Abouna showed that ammonia was released into the perfusate during 3 day kidney storage, and suggested that this might be toxic to the kidney cells unless removed by frequent replacement of the perfusate. Some support for the use of perfusate exchange during long perfusions was provided by Liu who used perfusate exchang... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In welding, equivalent carbon content (C.E) is used to understand how the different alloying elements affect hardness of the steel being welded. This is then directly related to hydrogen-induced cold cracking, which is the most common weld defect for steel, thus it is most commonly used to determine weldability. Higher... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Another use for affinity chromatography is the purification of specific proteins using a gel matrix that is unique to a specific protein. For example, the purification of E. coli β-galactosidase is accomplished by affinity chromatography using p-aminobenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranosyl agarose as the affinity matrix. p-a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Careful and well informed writers about thermodynamics, in their accounts of thermodynamic equilibrium, often enough make provisos or reservations to their statements. Some writers leave such reservations merely implied or more or less unstated.
For example, one widely cited writer, H. B. Callen writes in this context:... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An evanescent field is a residue optical field that "leaks" during total internal reflection. This "leaking" of light fades off at an exponential rate. The evanescent field has found a number of applications in nanometer resolution imaging (microscopy); optical micromanipulation (optical tweezers) are becoming ever mor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two kinds of complexes of molecules exist: the collisional complexes discussed
above, which are short lived. Besides, bound (i.e. relatively stable) complexes
of two or more molecules exist, the so-called van der Waals molecules. These
exist usually for much longer times than the collisional complexes and, under
car... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tool compounds are an important class of reagent in biology. They are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule—for example a drug target—but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves, and are often starting points in the drug discovery process.
However, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The RNA world hypothesis, if true, has important implications for the definition of life and the origin of life. For most of the time that followed Franklin, Watson and Crick's elucidation of DNA structure in 1953, life was largely defined in terms of DNA and proteins: DNA and proteins seemed the dominant macromolecule... | 9 | Geochemistry |
NaK containing 40% to 90% potassium by mass is liquid at room temperature. The eutectic mixture consists of 77% potassium and 23% sodium by mass (NaK-77), and it is a liquid from , and has a density of 0.866 g/cm at and 0.855 g/cm at , making it less dense than water. It is highly reactive with water and is stored usu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
SMIE is less common that LMIE and much less common that other failure mechanisms such as hydrogen embrittlement, fatigue, and stress-corrosion cracking. Still, embrittlement mechanisms can be introduced during fabrication, coatings, testing or during service of the material components. Susceptibility for SMIE increases... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the sugarcane industry, the organic waste is usually burned in the power cogeneration process. When contaminated by chloride, this waste burns, releasing methyl chloride in the atmosphere. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Italian company Caffaro, located in Brescia, specialized in producing PCBs from 1938 to 1984, following the acquisition of the exclusive rights to use the patent in Italy from Monsanto. The pollution resulting from this factory and the case of Anniston, in the US, are the largest known cases in the world of PCB con... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The grand potential is related to the number of particles at finite temperature in the following way
where the derivative is taken at fixed temperature and volume, and it appears
also known as the Fermi–Dirac distribution.
Similarly, the total internal energy is | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The advantages of the method include:
* uniquely wide field of view (because translation complexes of any type, including scanning small ribosomal subunits, are captured for the first time);
* potentially more natural representation of complex dynamics (because all, and not only selected, translation processes are arre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order for a molecule (or crystal) to exhibit circular birefringence and circular dichroism, it must be distinguishable from its mirror image. An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image is said to be chiral, and optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism are known as chiroptical properties.
Mos... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In cellulose, glycosyl groups link together 1,4-β-D-glucosyl units to form chains of (1,4-β-D-glucosyl).
Other examples include ribityl in 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, and glycosylamines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most-substantiated role for APP is in synaptic formation and repair; its expression is upregulated during neuronal differentiation and after neural injury. Roles in cell signaling, long-term potentiation, and cell adhesion have been proposed and supported by as-yet limited research. In particular, similarities in p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid chlorides are useful for the preparation of amides, esters, anhydrides. These reactions generate chloride, which can be undesirable. Acyl chlorides hydrolyze, yielding the carboxylic acid:
This hydrolysis is usually a nuisance rather than intentional. Acyl chlorides are used to prepare acid anhydrides, amides and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photochromic units have been employed extensively in supramolecular chemistry. Their ability to give a light-controlled reversible shape change means that they can be used to make or break molecular recognition motifs, or to cause a consequent shape change in their surroundings. Thus, photochromic units have been demon... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cannon completed her B.Sc in Biochemistry from London University in 1967. In 1971, she obtained a Ph.D. in Physiology from Stockholm University. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Whole genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000- to 7000-base-pair) genomes was first suggested in 1979. The first genome sequenced by shotgun sequencing was that of cauliflower mosaic virus, published in 1981. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues. It is a test for spongiform encephalopathies like chronic wasting disease (CWD) or bovi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative determination of peroxides. A simple qualitative detection of peroxides is carried out with the iodine-starch reaction. Here peroxides, hydroperoxides or peracids oxidize the added potassium iodide into iodine, which reacts with starch producing a dee... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The database user interface is web-based and can be queried using text or accession numbers/identifiers. Since its integration with the other components of BOND, sequences have been added to interactions, molecular complexes and pathways in the results. Records include information on: BIND ID, description of the inter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unfortunately, the probabilities and cannot be measured directly. Instead, we assay the relative population of folded molecules using various structural probes, e.g., absorbance at 287 nm (which reports on the solvent exposure of tryptophan and tyrosine), far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (180-250 nm, which reports... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some basic conventions, such as (1) that animal/human homolog (ortholog) pairs differ in letter case (title case and all caps, respectively) and (2) that the symbol is italicized when referring to the gene but nonitalic when referring to the protein, are often not followed by contributors to medical journals. Many jour... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An autoluminograph is a photograph produced by placing a light emitting object directly on a piece of film. A famous example is an autoluminograph published in Science magazine in 1986 of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of fireflies placed on Kodak Ektachrome 200 film. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Without loss of generality, we can consider only centered profiles, which peak at zero. The Voigt profile is then
where x is the shift from the line center, is the centered Gaussian profile:
and is the centered Lorentzian profile:
The defining integral can be evaluated as:
where Re[w(z)] is the real part of the Fadd... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Young–Dupré equation (Thomas Young 1805, Lewis Dupré 1855) dictates that neither γ nor γ can be larger than the sum of the other two surface energies. The consequence of this restriction is the prediction of complete wetting when γ > γ + γ and zero wetting when γ > γ + γ. The lack of a solution to the Young–Dupré e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
: MARS include identification and selection of several genomic regions (up to 20 or even more) for complex traits within a single population. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early European bloomeries were relatively small, primarily due to the mechanical limits of human-powered bellows and the amount of force possible to apply with hand-driven sledge hammers. Those known archaeologically from the pre-Roman Iron Age tend to be in the 2 kg range, produced in low shaft furnaces. Roman-era pro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation. However, the cell does not release this... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxidative release of natural glycans technique was developed at the center. This process involves household bleach treatment of tissues to release glycans for glycomics. The eventual aim of this approach is to make glycomics accessible by a larger community of scientists by the development of tools which are easil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inside a magnet the wires are subjected to high Lorentz forces as well as thermal stresses during cooling. Any strain in the niobium tin causes a decrease in the superconducting performance of the material, and can cause the brittle material to fracture. Because of this, the wires need to be as stiff as possible. The Y... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Large-scale industrial/municipal systems recover typically 75% to 80% of the feed water, or as high as 90%, because they can generate the required higher pressure. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
With a pK near 3.4, thioacetic acid is about 15 times more acidic than acetic acid. The conjugate base is thioacetate:
In neutral water, thioacetic acid is fully ionized. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For uniaxial extension in the -direction, the principal stretches are . From incompressibility . Hence .
Therefore,
The left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor can then be expressed as
If the directions of the principal stretches are oriented with the coordinate basis vectors, we have
If , we have
Therefore,
The enginee... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide and anodic oxidation of acetonitrile afford cyanoacetic acid.
* An electrosynthesis employing alternating current prepares phenol at both the cathode and the anode. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:
* no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The consequence of an electron transfer is the rearrangement of charges, and this greatly influences the solvent environment. For the dipolar solvent molecules rearrange in the direction of the field of the charges (this is called orientation polarisation), and also the atoms and electrons in the solvent molecules are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Arruda–Boyce model is based on the statistical mechanics of polymer chains. In this approach, each macromolecule is described as a chain of segments, each of length . If we assume that the initial configuration of a chain can be described by a random walk, then the initial chain length is
If we assume that one e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The binding of proteins to the SELDI surface acts as a solid-phase chromatographic separation step, and as a result, the proteins attached to the surface are easier to analyze. The surface is composed primarily of materials with a variety of physico-chemical characteristics, metal ions, or anion or cation exchangers. C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several commodity chemicals are produced by alkylation. Included are several fundamental benzene-based feedstocks such as ethylbenzene (precursor to styrene), cumene (precursor to phenol and acetone), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (for detergents). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While liquids do not exhibit long-range ordering as in a crystalline lattice, they do possess short-range order, which persists over a few molecular diameters.
In all liquids, excluded volume interactions induce short-range order in molecular positions (center-of-mass coordinates). Classical monatomic liquids like argo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best-studied eukaryotic ATP synthases; and five F, eight F subunits, and seven associated proteins have been identified. Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The execution of the Chen-Kao reaction is simple, needs little practice and limited skills.
Also, the violet color obtained in the reaction is easy to define.
For a correct execution, it is important to note that the typical colors develop relatively slowly, and that a good color intensity requires a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The formation of a complex between a metal ion, M, and a ligand, L, is in fact usually a substitution reaction. For example, In aqueous solutions, metal ions will be present as aquo ions, so the reaction for the formation of the first complex could be written as
:[M(HO)] + L [M(HO)L] + HO
However, since water is in va... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At small (but still positive) values of and , the pulsation decays slowly, and this decay can be described analytically. In the first approximation, the parameters and give additive contributions to the decay; the decay rate, as well as the amplitude and phase of the nonlinear oscillation, can be approximated with e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since alkenes are mainly produced as mixtures with alkanes, the separation of alkanes and alkenes is of commercial interest. Separation technologies often rely on facilitated transport membranes containing Ag or Cu salts that reversibly bind alkenes.
In argentation chromatography, stationary phases that contain silver ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2010, when Craig Venter unveiled the first fully functioning, reproducing cell controlled by synthetic DNA he described how his team used frequent stop codons to create watermarks in RNA and DNA to help confirm the results were indeed synthetic (and not contaminated or otherwise), using it to encode authors' names a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It can be prepared by the reaction of allyl magnesium bromide with anhydrous nickel chloride. It was first prepared similarly by Gunther Wilke et al. The same group reported that the complex react with carbon monoxide to give nickel tetracarbonyl and 1,5-hexadiene. It catalyzes the trimerization of butadiene. With t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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