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Trail pheromone deposition from an organism is correlated with its environment. In the event where a food source is identified and a trail pheromone is deposited, certain wildlife may flock towards or away from the trail causing temporary or dispersal of the population or individual. With relocation of wildlife, surro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A casting defect is an undesired irregularity in a metal casting process. Some defects can be tolerated while others can be repaired, otherwise they must be eliminated. They are broken down into five main categories: gas porosity, shrinkage defects, mould material defects, pouring metal defects, and metallurgical defec... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ICOS has currently 13 member states and is in operational mode, with stations being certified for the operation according to the strict protocols and quality parameters. By the end of 2020 ICOS had 68 out of the 148 stations certified (labelled as either Class 1,2 or associated station), with greenhouse gas concentrati... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Binary subcomplexes in proteins database (BISC) is a protein–protein interaction database about binary subcomplexes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are univer... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many biologically active molecules are chiral, including the naturally occurring amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars.
The origin of this homochirality in biology is the subject of much debate. Most scientists believe that Earth life's "choice" of chirality was purely random, and that if carbon-base... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Apart from the very bulky substituents, a η-coordination of diphosphene to a metal is also possible to stabilize the P-P double bond. In 1982, K. R. Dixon et al. synthesized platinum and palladium complexes (with M=Pt or Pd and L=(PPh3) or ), which contained side-on coordination. Different from η coordination complex,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It has been observed among natural RuBisCOs that an increased ability to distinguish between CO and O (larger values of S) corresponds with a decreased rate of carboxylation (lower values of V and K). The variation and trade-off between S and K has been observed across all photosynthetic organisms, from photosynthetic ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a neutral atom collides with an ion in a gas or a plasma, the ion can acquire an electron from the neutral atom as both electron shells overlap in the course of the collision. This can be used in various applications. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Side reactions of the alkenes are the isomerization and hydrogenation of the double bond. While the alkanes resulting from hydrogenation of the double bond do not participate further in the reaction, the isomerization of the double bond with subsequent formation of the n-alkyl complexes is a desired reaction. The hydro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1985, MIM commissioned Jameson to undertake a project to improve the sparger design for flotation columns. Instead, he developed the concept of using a jet in a downcomer to create the bubbles and eliminate the need for a sparger in conventional flotation columns.
The concept of the Cell followed when further invest... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or nucleobase) of DNA that is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature. In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team had designed tw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mathematically, the atomic percent is
where N are the number of atoms of interest and N are the total number of atoms, while the atomic ratio is
For example, the atomic percent of hydrogen in water (HO) is , while the atomic ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Long strands of repetitive DNA can be found at each end of a LTR retrotransposon. These are termed long terminal repeats (LTRs) that are each a few hundred base pairs long, hence retrotransposons with LTRs have the name long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon. LTR retrotransposons are over 5 kilobases long. Between ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In photosynthesis, singlet oxygen can be produced from the light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. One of the roles of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems is to prevent damage caused by produced singlet oxygen by either removing excess light energy from chlorophyll molecules or quenching the singlet oxygen molecules ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the bays salinity is ideal for oysters and the oyster fishery was at one time the bays most commercially viable, the population has in the last fifty years been devastated. Maryland once had roughly of oyster reefs. In 2008 there were about . It has been estimated that in pre-colonial times, oysters could filter... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Cymene describes organic compounds with the formula . Three isomers exist: 1,2- 1,3-, and 1,4-. All are colorless liquids, immiscible in water, with similar boiling points. They are classified are aromatic hydrocarbons. The bearing two substituents: an isopropyl () group and a methyl group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A melanotroph (or melanotrope) is a cell in the pituitary gland that generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) from its precursor pro-opiomelanocortin. Chronic stress can induce the secretion of α‐MSH in melanotrophs and lead to their subsequent degeneration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiocarboxylic acids (RC(O)SH) and dithiocarboxylic acids (RC(S)SH) are well known. They are structurally similar to carboxylic acids but more acidic. Thioamides are analogous to amides. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In general, the luminous intensity of a point on a surface varies by direction; for a Lambertian surface, that distribution is defined by the cosine law, with peak luminous intensity in the normal direction. Thus when the Lambertian assumption holds, we can calculate the total luminous flux, , from the peak luminous in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Siddiquis first breakthrough in research came when he successfully isolated an antiarrhythmic agent in 1931 from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina. He named the newly discovered chemical compound as Ajmaline, after his mentor Hakim Ajmal Khan who was one of the illustrious practitioners of Unani system of medicine in S... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Interplanetary contamination occurs when a planetary body is biologically contaminated by a space probe or spacecraft, either deliberately or unintentionally. This can work both on arrival to the foreign planetary body and upon return to Earth. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The first explanation of the attraction between noble gas atoms was given by Fritz London in 1930. He used a quantum-mechanical theory based on second-order perturbation theory. The perturbation is because of the Coulomb interaction between the electrons and nuclei of the two moieties (atoms or molecules). The second-o... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide (also called NaDMSO or dimsyl sodium) is the sodium salt of the conjugate base of dimethyl sulfoxide. This unusual salt has some uses in organic chemistry as a base and nucleophile.
Since the first publication in 1965 by Corey et al., a number of additional uses for this reagent have been... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
All SK channels can be pharmacologically blocked by quaternary ammonium salts of a plant-derived neurotoxin bicuculline. In addition, SK channels (SK1-SK3) but not SK4 (IK) are sensitive to blockade by the bee toxin apamin, and the scorpion venoms tamapin and charybdotoxin (ChTx), all via competitive antagonism for acc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DIC has largely replaced the older oblique illumination (OI) technique, which was available on reflected light microscopes prior to about 1975. In OI, the vertical illuminator is offset from perpendicular, producing shading effects that reveal height differences. This procedure reduces resolution and yields uneven illu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Acetals, imines, and enamines can be converted back into ketones by treatment with excess water under acid-catalyzed conditions: ; ; . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the major potential applications of aluminum-based nanogalvanic alloys is hydrogen production for fuel cells. Due to their high energy efficiency, non-toxic nature, and transportation ease, the alloy powders have also been considered as an alternative energy source for batteries (when coupled with fuel cells) du... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In humans, anandamide is biosynthesized from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). In turn, NAPE arises by transfer of arachidonic acid from lecithin to the free amine of cephalin through an N-acyltransferase enzyme. Anandamide synthesis from NAPE occurs via multiple pathways and includes enzymes such as phos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MVR is thought to affect signal strength in postsynaptic neurons that typically have low receptor occupancy; this number can vary widely throughout the nervous system. This means that for however many receptors are found on a postsynaptic cell in the area of presynaptic cell vesicle release, only a small number of them... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Expression in various retinal cell types can be determined by the promoter sequence. In order to restrict expression to a specific cell type, a tissue-specific or cell-type specific promoter can be used.
For example, in rats the murine rhodopsin gene drive the expression in AAV2, GFP reporter product was found only in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2000, EPA drafted plans to phase out the use of MTBE nationwide over four years.. Some states enacted MTBE prohibitions without waiting for federal restrictions. California banned MTBE as a gasoline additive in 2002. The State of New York banned the use of MTBE as a "fuel additive", effective in 2004. MTBE use is st... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In molecular spectroscopy, the Birge–Sponer method or Birge–Sponer plot is a way to calculate the dissociation energy of a molecule. By observing transitions between as many vibrational energy levels as possible, for example through electronic or infrared spectroscopy, the difference between the energy levels, can be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Gibbs–Thomson equation may be written in a compact form:
where the Gibbs–Thomson coefficient assumes different values for different liquids and different interfacial geometries (spherical/cylindrical/planar).
In more detail:,
where:
* is a geometric constant dependent on the interfacial shape,
* is a constant in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several GC–MS systems have left earth. Two were brought to Mars by the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC–MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini–Huygens mission landed one GC–MS on Saturns largest moon, Titan. The MSL Curiosity rovers Sample analysis at Mars (SAM) ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Radiation is produced owing to the spontaneous transition of an excimer molecule from an excited electronic state to the ground state. Excimer and exciplex molecules are not long-living formations. They rapidly decompose, typically within a few nanoseconds, releasing their excitation energy in the form of a UV photon:
... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ethanol (CHOH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.) a standard serving in the United States is , which at 40%ethanol (80proof) would be 14 grams and . At 50%alcohol, 17.5 g and . Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Methylene blue is a formal derivative of phenothiazine. It is a dark green powder that yields a blue solution in water. The hydrated form has 3 molecules of water per unit of methylene blue. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Common donors in oligosaccharide synthesis are glycosyl halides, glycosyl acetates, thioglycosides, trichloroacetimidates, pentenyl glycosides, and glycals. Of all these donors, glycosyl halides are classic donors, which played a historical role in the development of glycosylation reactions. Thioglycoside and trichloro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly related to the van der Waals radius. It is the volume "occupied" by an individual atom (or molecule).
The van der Waals volume may be calculated if the van der Waals radii (and, for molecules, the inter... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Phage-ligand technology is a technology to detect, bind and remove bacteria and bacterial toxins by using highly specific bacteriophage derived proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Management Committee is responsible for the general management of the IIR in between Executive Committee meetings. It includes:
* the President of the Executive Committee
* three members elected every four years by the Executive Committee
* three members elected every four years by the Science and Technology Counci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A fundamental flaw of transition state theory is that it counts any crossing of the transition state as a reaction from reactants to products or vice versa. In reality, a molecule may cross this "dividing surface" and turn around, or cross multiple times and only truly react once. As such, unadjusted TST is said to pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eoxin D4, also known as 14,15-leukotriene D4, is an eoxin. Cells make eoxins by metabolizing arachidonic acid with a 15-lipoxygenase enzyme to form 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 15(S)-HpETE). This product is then converted serially to eoxin A4 (i.e. EXA4), EXC4, EXD4, and EXE4 by LTC4 synthase, an uniden... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogen bonding is of persistent theoretical interest. According to a modern description integrates both the intermolecular O:H lone pair ":" nonbond and the intramolecular polar-covalent bond associated with repulsive coupling.
Quantum chemical calculations of the relevant interresidue potential constants (complia... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Antifreeze glycoproteins or AFGPs are found in Antarctic notothenioids and northern cod. They are 2.6-3.3 kD. AFGPs evolved separately in notothenioids and northern cod. In notothenioids, the AFGP gene arose from an ancestral trypsinogen-like serine protease gene.
*Type I AFP is found in winter flounder, longhorn sculp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When World War II ended with the use of atomic weapons which had been developed in secret by the Manhattan Project, Hecht was concerned that the American public was uninformed about the development of this new source of energy. He wrote a book Explaining the Atom (1947), to educate the public. He wrote,
:So long as one... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The study of the tumor metabolism, also known as tumor metabolome describes the different characteristic metabolic changes in tumor cells. The characteristic attributes of the tumor metabolome are high glycolytic enzyme activities, the expression of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2, increased channeling of glucose... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various methods have been proposed to achieve the suitable alignment of monomers in the crystal. These methods can be divided into two categories:
An obvious method is to introduce supramolecular interactions to the monomer. Popular choices include π - π stacking interactions, hydrogen/halogen bonding interactions, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is well known that at low temperature many metals become superconductors. A metal can be viewed in part as a Fermi liquid of electrons, and below a critical temperature, an attractive phonon-mediated interaction between the electrons near the Fermi surface causes them to pair up and form a condensate of Cooper pairs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
According to Frankel (1998) who performed a review on pitting corrosion, it develops in three successive steps: (or nucleation) by breakdown of the passive film protecting the metal surface from oxidation, (2) growth of metastable pits (growing up to the micron scale and then repassivating), and (3) the growth of larg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The internal energy is given by the energetic equation of state,
where is an arbitrary constant of integration.
Now in order for to be an exact differential, namely that be continuous with continuous partial derivatives, its second mixed partial derivatives must also be equal, . Then with this condition can be writ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nebulized meropenem (inhaled route) is researched, but is not approved, for prevention of bronchiectasis exacerbation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
siRNAs have been chemically modified to enhance their therapeutic properties, Short interfering RNA (siRNA) must be delivered to the site of action in the cells of target tissues in order for RNAi to fulfill its therapeutic promise. A detailed database of all such chemical modifications is manually curated as [http://c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Firefly luciferin is the luciferin found in many Lampyridae species. It is the substrate of beetle luciferases (EC 1.13.12.7) responsible for the characteristic yellow light emission from fireflies, though can cross-react to produce light with related enzymes from non-luminous species. The chemistry is unusual, as aden... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major source of hydrogen is methane. Steam reforming extracts hydrogen from methane in a high-temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst. Other fossil fuel sources include coal, heavy fuel oil and naphtha.
Green hydrogen is produced without fossil fuels or carbon dioxide emissions from b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liver of sulfur is mainly used in metalworking to form a brown or black patina on copper and silver as well as many (though not all) copper alloys and silver alloys (brass, for example— a copper alloy— does not react with sulfur compounds). It is sold as a yellow brittle solid (a "lump" which must be mixed with water ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In selective ion monitoring (SIM) certain ion fragments are entered into the instrument method and only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) durin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Analysis of RFLP variation in genomes was formerly a vital tool in genome mapping and genetic disease analysis. If researchers were trying to initially determine the chromosomal location of a particular disease gene, they would analyze the DNA of members of a family afflicted by the disease, and look for RFLP alleles t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Concomitant with the displacement of two N-H protons, porphyrins bind metal ions in the N4 "pocket". The metal ion usually has a charge of 2+ or 3+. A schematic equation for these syntheses is shown:
:Hporphyrin + [ML] → M(porphyrinate)L + 4 L + 2 H, where M = metal ion and L = a ligand | 1 | Biochemistry |
Let us assume that a particle supports only electric and magnetic dipole modes with polarizabilities and (here we use the notation of magnetic polarizability in the manner of Bekshaev et al. rather than the notation of Nieto-Vesperinas et al.) expressed through the Mie coefficients as
Then the cross sections are giv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common application of passive daytime radiative cooling currently is on building envelopes, including PDRC cool roofs, which can significantly lower indoor space temperatures within buildings. A PDRC roof application can double the energy savings of a white roof. This makes PDRCs a sustainable and low-cost alt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The phase diagram of quark matter is not well known, either experimentally or theoretically. A commonly conjectured form of the
phase diagram is shown in the figure to the right. It is applicable to matter in a compact star, where the only relevant thermodynamic potentials are quark chemical potential μ and temperature... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chinese researchers have utilized LEAPER to restore functional enzyme activity in cells from patients with Hurler syndrome. They have claimed that LEAPER could have the potential to treat almost half of all known hereditary disorders.
Highly specific editing efficiencies of up to 80% can be achieved when LEAPER editing... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating pyrimidine and purine ribonucleotides, the fundamen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disruption of TAD boundaries can affect the expression of nearby genes, and this can cause disease.
For example, genomic structural variants that disrupt TAD boundaries have been reported to cause developmental disorders such as human limb malformations. Additionally, several studies have provided evidence that the dis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CK1δ and CK1ε have been shown to be relevant in human disease. Recent findings indicate that pharmaceutical inhibition of CK1 may be a promising therapeutic for aberrant circadian rhythm. Mutations and variants of the CK1ε phosphorylation site of PER2 are associated with cases of Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examples of response elements include:
* Nuclear receptor response elements – two 6-meric repeats for dimeric binding
** Type 2 NR response elements: direct repeat RGKTCA motifs, canonically AGGTCA
*** Vitamin D response element (VDRE)
*** Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs)
*** ROR-response element
*** Thyr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, particularly for outpatient anesthesia, across all ages, as well as in veterinary medicine. Together with desflurane, sevoflurane is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesia practice. It is often administered in a mixture of nitrous oxide a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Since the emitted light can be easily detected with a luminometer, aequorin has become a useful tool in molecular biology for the measurement of intracellular Ca levels. The early successful purification of aequorin led to the first experiments involving the injection of the protein into the tissues of living animals t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The chief advantage over direct amperometry is that the magnitude of the measured current is of interest only as an indicator. Thus, factors that are of critical importance to quantitative amperometry, such as the surface area of the working electrode, completely disappear from amperometric titrations.
The chief advan... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2. When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peripheral blood samples were obtained and processed to isolate plasma following standard protocols. Upon centrifugation, plasma specimens were preserved at −80 °C, awaiting the extraction of ctDNA. The extraction of cfDNA from plasma volumes ranging from 2 to 16 ml was carried out using established laboratory procedur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2016, challenges including optimizing sample treatment, optimizing disk surfaces, developing readers that can deploy multiple colors of light delivery and sensing for multiplexing, and for clinical use, obtaining regulatory approvals. The field is similar to lab-on-a-chip platforms.
As of 2010 companies includi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photodynamic therapy utilizes Type II photosensitizers to harvest light to degrade tumors or cancerous masses. This discovery was first observed back in 1907 by Hermann von Tappeiner when he utilized eosin to treat skin tumors. The photodynamic process is predominantly a noninvasive technique wherein the photosensitize... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In molecular biology, STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) is a biological database and web resource of known and predicted protein–protein interactions.
The STRING database contains information from numerous sources, including experimental data, computational prediction methods and publ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bis-nido- is formed by the edge-sharing condensation of a nido- unit and a nido- unit. The m + n + o + p − q count of 16 SEPs are satisfied by ten BH units which provide 10 pairs, two shared boron atoms which provide 3 pairs, and six bridging H atoms which provide 3 pairs. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While aerobic organisms during respiration use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, anaerobic organisms use other electron acceptors. These inorganic compounds release less energy in cellular respiration, which leads to slower growth rates than aerobes. Many facultative anaerobes can use either oxygen or alternative... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discovery of PKM2 began with laboratory observations made by Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German physiologist and Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1931. Warburg's experiments show that the cells exhibit dependence on glucose and are capable of fermentation, even under aerobic conditions. These observations a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc is extracted from the purified zinc sulfate solution by electrowinning, which is a specialized form of electrolysis. The process works by passing an electric current through the solution in a series of cells. This causes the zinc to deposit on the cathodes (aluminium sheets) and oxygen to form at the anodes. Sulfu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diphenylchloroarsine (DA) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula (CH)AsCl. It is highly toxic and was once used in chemical warfare. It is also an intermediate in the preparation of other organoarsenic compounds. The molecule consists of a pyramidal As(III) center attached to two phenyl rings and one chloride. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many azo pigments are non-toxic, although some, such as dinitroaniline orange, ortho-nitroaniline orange, or pigment orange 1, 2, and 5 have been found to be mutagenic. Likewise, several case studies have linked azo pigments with basal cell carcinoma. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:
where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γ is the surf... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Octafluoropropane (CF) is the perfluorocarbon counterpart to the hydrocarbon propane. This non-flammable and non-toxic synthetic substance has applications in semiconductor production and medicine. It is also an extremely potent greenhouse gas. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* The carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines
* The esterification reaction tests for the presence of alcohol and/or carboxylic acids
* The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds
* The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine tests for carbonyl compounds
* The iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One response to added amounts of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is the rapid growth of microscopic algae, creating an algal bloom. In freshwater ecosystems, the formation of floating algal blooms are commonly nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). This outcome is favored when soluble nitrogen becomes limiti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions are concerted reactions where both the nucleophile and substrate are involved in the rate limiting step. Since this reaction is concerted, the reaction occurs in one step, where the bonds are broken, while new bonds are formed. Therefore, to interpret this reaction,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The “shuttling” kinetics of Pd mass transfer (from solid phase to solution phase and back to solid phase) have been verified by three-phase test experiments, while the solution-phase catalytic activity which characterizes most heterogeneous cross-coupling has been verified by TEM, hot filtration, and poisoning experime... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In bacteria and fungi, the sulfur assimilation pathway is similar to that in plants, where inorganic sulfate is reduced to sulfide, and then incorporated into cysteine and other sulfur-containing compounds.
Bacteria and fungi can absorb inorganic sulfate from the environment through a sulfate transporter, which is regu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some major bacterial strains identified as being able to ferment lactose are in the genera Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Klebsiella . All four of these groups fall underneath the family of Enterobacteriaceae. These four genera are able to be separated from each other by using biochemical testing, and simpl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, Hayashi et al. successfully produced an efficient, low cost synthetic route to prepare (-)-oseltamivir (1). Their goal was to design a procedure that would be suitable for large-scale production. Keeping cost, yield, and number of synthetic steps in mind, an enantioselective total synthesis of (1) was accompli... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic acid are chelating agents that sequester the arsenic away from blood proteins and are used in treating acute arsenic poisoning. The most important side effect is hypertension. Dimercaprol is considerably more toxic than succimer. Dimercaptosuccinic acid monoesters, e.g. MiADMSA, are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From the second order susceptibility, it is possible to ascertain information about the orientation of molecules at the surface. describes how the molecules at the interface respond to the input beam. A change in the net orientation of the polar molecules results in a change of sign of . As a rank 3 tensor, the ind... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
By Taylor series expansion, the potential energy, , of any molecule can be expressed as:
: (eq. 1)
where is a column vector of arbitrary and fully determined displacement coordinates, and and are the corresponding gradient (first derivative of ) and Hessian (second derivative of ), respectively. The point of inte... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Solar cells started in 1876 with William Grylls Adams along with an undergraduate student of his. A French scientist, by the name of Edmond Becquerel, first discovered the photovoltaic effect in the summer of 1839. He theorized that certain elements on the periodic table, such as silicon, reacted to the exposure of sun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a highly flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10 °C. Its critical temperature is near 137 °C. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are other omega-3 fish-oil based drugs on the market that have similar uses and mechanisms of action:
* Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (brand names Omacor [renamed Lovaza in the U.S. to avoid confusion with Amicar and Omtryg]), and as of March 2016, four generic versions
* Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova); the Epano... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indoor tanning is prohibited for under-18s in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island; and for under-19s in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Northwest Territories. Health Canada recommends against the use of tanning equipment. | 5 | Photochemistry |
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