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All-trans-retinal is also an essential component of microbial opsins such as bacteriorhodopsin, channelrhodopsin, and halorhodopsin, which are important in bacterial and archaeal anoxygenic photosynthesis. In these molecules, light causes the all-trans-retinal to become 13-cis retinal, which then cycles back to all-tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A kodecyte (ko•de•cyte) is a living cell that has been modified (koded) by the incorporation of one or more function-spacer-lipid constructs (FSL constructs) to gain a new or novel biological, chemical or technological function. The cell is modified by the lipid tail of the FSL construct incorporating into the bilipid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnesium is anodized primarily as a primer for paint. A thin (5 μm) film is sufficient for this. Thicker coatings of 25 μm and up can provide mild corrosion resistance when sealed with oil, wax, or sodium silicate. Standards for magnesium anodizing are given in AMS 2466, AMS 2478, AMS 2479, and ASTM B893. | 8 | Metallurgy |
During mitosis, mitotic spindle orientation is essential for determining the site of cleavage furrowing and position of daughter cells for subsequent cell fate determination. This orientation is achieved by polarizing cortical factors and rapid alignment of the spindle with the polarity axis. In fruit flies, three cort... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cystinosis is a condition where cystine precipitates as a solid in various organs. This accumulation interferes with bodily function and can be fatal. This disorder can be resolved by treatment with cysteamine. Cysteamine acts to solubilize the cystine by (1) forming the mixed disulfide cysteine-cysteamine, which is m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a B.Sc. in 1977, and obtained his Ph.D. in biochemistry and cell biology at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1981. He came to New York as a Population Council post-doctoral trainee in 1981, studying in the laboratory of Drs. Wayne Bardin, Neal Musto, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpene with the formula CH. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. Squalene has a role ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supercritical liquid–gas boundaries are lines in the pressure-temperature (pT) diagram that delimit more liquid-like and more gas-like states of a supercritical fluid. They comprise the Fisher–Widom line, the Widom line, and the Frenkel line. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical imaging (as quantitative – chemical mapping) is the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information. Hyperspectral imaging measures contiguous spectral bands, as opposed to multispectral imaging which measures spa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Time to obtain the test result is a key driver for these products. Tests results can be available in as little as a few minutes. Generally there is a trade off between time and sensitivity: more sensitive tests may take longer to develop. The other key advantage of this format of test compared to other immunoassays is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tamejiro Hiyama (born August 24, 1946) is a Japanese organic chemist. He is best known for his work in developing the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction and the Hiyama coupling. He is currently a professor at the Chuo University Research and Development Initiative, and a Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polymers, which are not fully saturated, are vulnerable to attack by ozone. This gas exists naturally in the atmosphere but is also formed by nitrogen oxides released in vehicle exhaust pollution. Many common elastomers (rubbers) are affected, with natural rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber and NBR being m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heat engines have been known since antiquity but were only made into useful devices at the time of the industrial revolution in the 18th century. They continue to be developed today. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sit studied detoxification, namely the process of conjugation by which metabolic by-products are made soluble prior to excretion. She also studied metabolism within cancer cells and found aerobic respiration within mitochondria in cancer cells, which contradicts the Warburg hypothesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enthalpy (H) is the transfer of energy in a reaction (for chemical reactions, it is in the form of heat) and ΔH is the change in enthalpy. ΔH is a state function, meaning that ΔH is independent of processes occurring between initial and final states. In other words, it does not matter which steps are taken to get from ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Generally related to metallurgy or materials science, corrosion engineering also relates to non-metallics including ceramics, cement, composite material, and conductive materials such as carbon and graphite. Corrosion engineers often manage other not-strictly-corrosion processes including (but not restricted to) crack... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Cell wall reinforcement (cellulose, lignin, suberin, callose, cell wall proteins)
* Antimicrobial chemicals, including reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide or peroxynitrite, or more complex phytoalexins such as genistein or camalexin
* Antimicrobial proteins such as defensins, thionins, or PR-1
* Antimic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Particles and small organisms floating through the water column can become trapped within aggregates. Marine snow aggregates are porous, however, and some particles are able to pass through them. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sumner was born near Seattle, Washington, and spent part of her childhood on the Yakama Indian Reservation in the Pacific Northwest. From there, she earned a B.S. with Honors in geology from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for her Ph.D. which she... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Oligonucleotidase (, oligoribonuclease) is an exoribonuclease derived from Flammulina velutipes. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
: 3'-end directed exonucleolytic cleavage of viral RNA-DNA hybrid | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1960, Vogel discovered that 1,2-divinylcyclopropane rearranges to cycloheptan-1,4-diene., After his discovery, a series of intense mechanistic investigations of the reaction followed in the 1960s, as researchers realized it bore resemblance (both structural and mechanistic) to the related rearrangement of vinylcyclo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA-Seq refers to the combination of a high-throughput sequencing methodology with computational methods to capture and quantify transcripts present in an RNA extract. The nucleotide sequences generated are typically around 100 bp in length, but can range from 30 bp to over 10,000 bp depending on the sequencing method ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromosome territories are spheroid with diameters on the order of one to few micrometers.
Nuclear compartments devoid of DNA called interchromatin compartments have been reported to tunnel into chromosome territories to facilitate molecular diffusion into the otherwise tightly packed chromosome-occupied regions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A geminal diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to the same atom. These species arise by hydration of the carbonyl compounds. The hydration is usually unfavorable, but a notable exception is formaldehyde which, in water, exists in equilibrium with methanediol HC(OH). Another example is (FC)C(OH), the hydrated form of hex... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In free radical polymerization, branching occurs when a chain curls back and bonds to an earlier part of the chain. When this curl breaks, it leaves small chains sprouting from the main carbon backbone. Branched carbon chains cannot line up as close to each other as unbranched chains can. This causes less contact betwe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Clarke was born in Harrow in England. His father was Joseph Thacher Clarke, an archeologist. His older sister was the composer and violist Rebecca Clarke. Hans Clarke attended University College London School, and went on to enter the University as a student of chemistry, where he studied under William Ramsay, J. Norma... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A 2006 project at University of California, Berkeley produced a design for inexpensive water disinfection in resource deprived settings. The project was designed to produce an open source design that could be adapted to meet local conditions. In a somewhat similar proposal in 2014, Australian students designed a system... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In biochemistry, paucimannosylation is an enzymatic post-translational modification involving the attachment of relatively simple mannose (Man) and N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing carbohydrates (glycans) to proteins. The paucimannosidic glycans may also be modified with other types of monosaccharides including ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iodic acid is a relatively strong acid with a pK of 0.75. It is strongly oxidizing in acidic solution, less so in basic solution. When iodic acid acts as oxidizer, then the product of the reaction is either iodine, or iodide ion. Under some special conditions (very low pH and high concentration of chloride ions, such a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1850, Clausius, responding to Joule's experimental demonstrations of heat production by friction, rejected the caloric doctrine of conservation of heat, writing:
:::::If we assume that heat, like matter, cannot be lessened in quantity, we must also assume that it cannot be increased; but it is almost impossible to e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The elasticities for a reversible uni-uni enzyme catalyzed reaction was previously given by:
An interesting result can be obtained by evaluating the sum . This can be shown to equal:
Two extremes can be considered. At high saturation (), the right-hand term tends to zero so that:
That is the absolute magnitudes of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Lorentzian line shape function can be represented as
where L signifies a Lorentzian function standardized, for spectroscopic purposes, to a maximum value of 1; is a subsidiary variable defined as
where is the position of the maximum (corresponding to the transition energy E), p is a position, and w is the full widt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Healey and Woodall were not able to analyze any sediments underneath more than one meter (3.3 ft) of water because the particles were too fine for the Ekman dredge sifter that they used. In 2013 Sarah Shenstone-Harris, a University of Toronto undergraduate interning at the schools Centre for Global Climate Science, was... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
TrkB agonists have received extensive interest from the scientific community resulting in the synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of mimetics. Deoxygedunin, with a selective TrkB activity, is able to promote axon regeneration in topical treatments. Furthermore, it shows efficacy in two Parkinsons dise... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Pacific Proving Grounds was the name used to describe a number of sites in the Marshall Islands and a few other sites in the Pacific Ocean, used by the United States to conduct nuclear testing at various times between 1946 and 1962. In July 1947, after the first atomic weapons testing at Bikini Atoll, the United St... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Amylolytic process or amylolysis is the conversion of starch into sugar by the action of acids or enzymes such as amylase.
Starch begins to pile up inside the leaves of plants during times of light when starch is able to be produced by photosynthetic processes. This ability to make starch disappears in the dark due to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Severinghaus electrode is an electrode that measures carbon dioxide (CO). It was developed by Dr. John W. Severinghaus and his technician A. Freeman Bradley in 1958.
It utilizes a CO-sensitive glass electrode in a surrounding film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic carbon dioxide permeable membrane, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
According to a few oral traditions from San Cristóbal Verapaz, the lake would have formed catastrophically by ground collapse during an earthquake in the early 16th Century, soon after the arrival of the Dominican friars (around 1525 CE), engulfing a church and its surrounding Maya settlement. The cataclysm has been ex... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Taken over all species and experiments, high light does not affect the organic nitrogen concentration, but decreases the concentration of chlorophyll and minerals. It increases the concentration of starch and sugars, soluble phenolics, and also the xanthophyll/chlorophyll ratio and the chlorophyll a/b ratio. | 5 | Photochemistry |
A stink bomb that could be launched with arrows was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.
The 1972 U.S. presidential campaign of Edmund Muskie was disrupted at least four times in Florida in 1972 with the use of stink bombs during the Florida presidential primary. Stink bombs were set off at campaign picnics in Miami and Tamp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ScBCSi (x = 0.030, y = 0.36 and z = 0.026) has a cubic crystal structure with space group F3m (No. 216) and lattice constant a = 2.03085(5) nm. This compound was initially identified as ScBC (phase I in the Sc-B-C phase diagram of figure 17). A small amount of Si was added into the floating zone crystal growth and thus... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms. Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in poly... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tilth is a physical condition of soil, especially in relation to its suitability for planting or growing a crop. Factors that determine tilth include the formation and stability of aggregated soil particles, moisture content, degree of aeration, soil biota, rate of water infiltration and drainage. Tilth can change rapi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In natural systems, secondary minerals may form as a byproduct of bacterial metal reduction. Commonly observed secondary minerals produced during experimental bio-reduction by dissimilatory metal reducers include magnetite, siderite, green rust, vivianite, and hydrous Fe(II)-carbonate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
He subsequently joined the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge to pursue post-doctoral research with Jan Löwe using cryo-EM to study proteins within bacterial cells. After his post-doctoral appointment concluded, he was recruited to the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford as a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Shelby Gem Factory was the production facility of ICT Incorporated, a company in Shelby, Michigan, United States, that manufactured artificial gemstones through proprietary processes. ICT began operations in 1970 and closed in December 2019. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Relatively low array size: Although it has the potential to use an increased amount of dyes to generate millions of different array elements, the current generation of commercially available microsphere arrays (from Luminex xMAP technology) only uses two sets of dyes and therefore can only detect ~100 targets per exp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In common as well as medical usage, virilization often refers to the process of normal male puberty. These effects include growth of the penis and the testes, accelerated growth, development of pubic hair, and other androgenic hair of face, torso, and limbs, deepening of the voice, increased musculature, thickening of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ERK1/2 pathway of mammals is probably the best-characterized MAPK system. The most important upstream activators of this pathway are the Raf proteins (A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf), the key mediators of response to growth factors (EGF, FGF, PDGF, etc.); but other MAP3Ks such as c-Mos and Tpl2/Cot can also play the same ro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Addition of a Grignard reagent to a tert-butanesulfinyl aldimine or ketimine results in asymmetric addition to give the branched sulfinamide. The observed stereoselectivity can be rationalized by a six-membered ring transition structure, wherein both oxygen and nitrogen of the sulfinyl imine coordinate magnesium.
<br /... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It has four units in Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Newcastle. It is a member of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists.
* NPIS Birmingham Unit (West Midlands Poisons Unit), City Hospital, Birmingham - Dr Sally Bradberry
* NPIS Cardiff Unit, Llandough Hospital - Dr Laurence Gray
* NP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The surface of photocathodes can be characterized by various surface sensitive techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Here are listed and discussed some of the most common techniques and approaches pursued in attosecond research centers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diacylglycerol has been shown to exert some of its excitatory actions on vesicle release through interactions with the presynaptic priming protein family Munc13. Binding of DAG to the C1 domain of Munc13 increases the fusion competence of synaptic vesicles resulting in potentiated release.
Diacylglycerol can be mimicke... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of -leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the metabolism of -leucine by the enzyme leucine 2,3-aminomutase. In cobalamin (vitamin B) deficient individuals, plasma concentrations of β-leucine are elevated. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An extreme case of intercalation is the complete separation of the layers of the material. This process is called exfoliation. Typically aggressive conditions are required involving highly polar solvents and aggressive reagents. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
After the creation of and successful research surrounding xDNA, more forms of expanded nucleotides were investigated. yDNA is a second, similar system of nucleotides which uses a benzene ring to expand the four natural bases. xxDNA and yyDNA use naphthalene, a polycyclic molecule consisting of two hydrocarbon rings. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of the highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute, causing the water to form a clathrate-like structure around the non-polar molecules. This structure formed is more highly ordered than f... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Permanent gas is a term used for a gas which has a critical temperature below the range of normal human-habitable temperatures and therefore cannot be liquefied by pressure within this range. Historically such gases were thought to be impossible to liquefy and would therefore permanently remain in the gaseous state. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts; its functions are uncertain. Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant in the treatment of mental illness such as bipolar disorder. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scrutiny of the land includes examination of potential soil contamination, groundwater quality, surface water quality, vapor intrusion, and sometimes issues related to hazardous substance uptake by biota. The examination of a site may include: definition of any chemical residues within structures; identification of po... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The first spectrum analyzers, in the 1960s, were swept-tuned instruments.
Following the discovery of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) in 1965, the first FFT-based analyzers were introduced in 1967.
Today, there are three basic types of analyzer: the swept-tuned spectrum analyzer, the vector signal analyzer, and the rea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Factors which influence this include the atmospheric abundance of the two gases, the supply of the gases to the site of fixation (i.e. in land plants: whether the stomata are open or closed), the length of the liquid phase (how far these gases have to diffuse through water in order to reach the reaction site). For exam... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The RFU peak height depends on the amount of DNA being analyzed. When the amount of DNA is very low, then
it can be difficult to separate a true low-level RFU peak from signal noise or other technical artifacts. As a result, many forensic DNA laboratories have set minimum RFU peak-height levels in "scoring" the analysi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flutamide, as a monotherapy, causes gynecomastia in 30 to 79% of men, and also produces breast tenderness. However, more than 90% of cases of gynecomastia with NSAAs including flutamide are mild to moderate. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with predominantly antiestrogenic actions, can counter... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fas ligand has been shown to interact with:
* CASP8,
* EZR,
* FADD,
* FNBP1,
* FYN,
* FAS,
* Grb2,
* PACSIN2, and
* TNFRSF6B. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Armodafinil is currently FDA-approved to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and shift work disorder. It is commonly used off-label to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, and major depressive disorder, and has been repurposed as a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
CDP's funding comes from a combination of government and philanthropic grants (44.4%) and a mixture of membership fees, administrative fees, sponsorships and data licensing. In Europe, CDP is around 30% funded by the LIFE programme of the European Commission. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is constructed quite broadly. For... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This comparison is approximate. The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. For instance, the presence of water creates competing interactions that greatly weaken the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds. We may consider that for static systems, Ionic bonding and covalent bonding w... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Tic20 is an integral protein thought to have four transmembrane α-helices. It is found in the 1 million dalton TIC complex. Because it is similar to bacterial amino acid transporters and the mitochondrial import protein Tim17 (translocase on the inner mitochondrial membrane), it has been proposed to be part of the TIC ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The theory of bimodal AFM operation encompasses several aspects. Among them, the approximations to express the Euler-Bernoulli equation of a continuous cantilever beam in terms of the equations of the excited modes, the type of interaction forces acting on the tip, the theory of demodulation methods or the introduction... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The first polar FOCE (antFOCE) experiment was awarded funding in November 2012, followed by design and concept studies initiated in 2013. Installation and initial science experiments are planned for 2014. antFOCE is a collaborative effort between the University of Tasmania, Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Clim... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Applications of phage display technology include determination of interaction partners of a protein (which would be used as the immobilised phage "bait" with a DNA library consisting of all coding sequences of a cell, tissue or organism) so that the function or the mechanism of the function of that protein may be deter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe). In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water.
Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thus, prefer other neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents. Because water molecules... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Butyrate is produced by several fermentation processes performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria. This fermentation pathway was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1861. Examples of butyrate-producing species of bacteria:
*Clostridium butyricum
*Clostridium kluyveri
*Clostridium pasteurianum
*Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
*Fu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The second generation, the Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, was released in 2010, and the 3rd generation as Qubit 3.0 in 2014. The newest version is the 4th generation Qubit 4, introduced in 2017. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The White catalyst was originally developed for use in a branched allylic acetoxylation reaction. An enantioselective version of this reaction was subsequently reported, using chromium(III) salen fluoride as a chiral cocatalyst. A macrolactonization reaction based on the branched allylic esterification was developed ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If the liquid and vapor are pure, in that they consist of only one molecular component and no impurities, then the equilibrium state between the two phases is described by the following equations:
:; and
where and are the pressures within the liquid and vapor, and are the temperatures within the liquid and vapor, a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Benzoyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:
As with other acyl chlorides, it can be generated from the parent acid and other chlorinating agents phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride.
Representative laboratory routes to aromatic acyl halides are comparable to those for ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:
* ADP + P + 2H ATP + HO + 2H
ATP synthase lies across... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In his 1803 publication about the quantity of gases absorbed by water, William Henry described the results of his experiments:
Charles Coulston Gillispie states that John Dalton "supposed that the separation of gas particles one from another in the vapor phase bears the ratio of a small whole number to their interatomi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MIRO Analytical is a spin-off of Empa, a Swiss research institute of the ETH domain. It has know-how in laser spectroscopy and in particular, in the combination of several quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) into compact laser-based gas analyzers.
The company's first instrument was a nine gas analyzer MGA-9 in 2018. By 2019 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Small GTPases function as monomers and have a molecular weight of about 21 kilodaltons that consists primarily of the GTPase domain. They are also called small or monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins, small or monomeric GTP-binding proteins, or small or monomeric G-proteins, and because they have si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
First a strongly hydrophobic essential oil such as trans-anethole is dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as ethanol, and the ethanol itself forms a solution (a homogenous mixture) with water.
If then the concentration of ethanol is lowered by addition of more water the hydrophobic substance precipitates from t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Warburg diffusion element () is a constant phase element (CPE), with a constant phase of 45° (phase independent of frequency) and with a magnitude inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency by:
where
* is the Warburg coefficient (or Warburg constant);
* is the imaginary unit;
* is the angular freq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), or single-strand chain polymorphism, is defined as a conformational difference of single-stranded nucleotide sequences of identical length as induced by differences in the sequences under certain experimental conditions. This property allows sequences to be distinguished... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first recorded attempt to make copper clad steel wire took place in the early 1860s. Although for over 100 years people had been suggesting various ways of uniting copper and steel, it was not until the period mentioned that Farmer and Milliken tried wrapping a strip of copper about a steel wire. American engineers... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sintering occurs by diffusion of atoms through the microstructure. This diffusion is caused by a gradient of chemical potential – atoms move from an area of higher chemical potential to an area of lower chemical potential. The different paths the atoms take to get from one spot to another are the "sintering mechanisms"... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A complexometric indicator is an ionochromic dye that undergoes a definite color change in presence of specific metal ions. It forms a weak complex with the ions present in the solution, which has a significantly different color from the form existing outside the complex.
Complexometric indicators are also known as pM ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
MTBE is used as a fuel component in fuel for gasoline engines. It is one of a group of chemicals commonly known as oxygenates because they raise the oxygen content of gasoline. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are three classes of SMADs:
# Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD)
# Common-mediator SMAD (Co-SMAD)
# Inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD)
Examples of SMADs in each class:
The TGF-β superfamily activates members of the SMAD family, which function as transcription factors. Specifically, the type I receptor, activated by the type ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A backdraft (North American English) or backdraught (British English) is the abrupt burning of superheated gases in a fire caused when oxygen rapidly enters a hot, oxygen-depleted environment; for example, when a window or door to an enclosed space is opened or broken. Backdrafts are typically seen as a blast of smoke ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two very similar expressions for are in wide use in hydrology. Both have the form ‰ (‰ = permil or parts per thousand) where s and a are the relative abundances of N in respectively the sample and the atmosphere. The difference is whether the relative abundance is with respect to all the nitrogen, i.e. N plus N, or... | 9 | Geochemistry |
PCBs are toxic to bacterial communities above 1000 mg/kg. However, if the concentration is too low (lower than 50 mg/kg), the degradation slows down significantly, for there is not enough material to stimulate the expression of required genes and support the growth of competent microorganisms. PCBs includes various dif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperconjugation is also found in acyclic molecules containing heteroatoms, another form of the anomeric effect. If a molecule has an atom with a lone pair of electrons and the adjacent atom is able to accept electrons into the σ* orbital, hyperconjugation occurs, stabilizing the molecule. This forms a "no bond" resona... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermoplastic polymers (be they virgin or recycled) must be heated until molten to be formed into their final shapes, with processing temperatures anywhere between 150-320 °C (300–600 °F) depending on the polymer. Polymers will oxidise under these conditions, but even in the absence of air, these temperatures are suffi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes are useful in industry. Zinc dithiocarbamates are used to modify the crosslinking of certain polyolefins with sulfur, a process called vulcanization. They are used as ligands for chelating metals.
Some dithiocarbamates, specifically ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (), in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a diamino acid, also called a diamino carboxylic acid, is a molecule including a carboxylic acid and two amine functional groups. Diamino acids belong to the class of amino acids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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