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A pseudoknot is a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem. Pseudoknots fold into knot-shaped three-dimensional conformations but are not true topological knots. The base pairing in pseudoknots is not... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Creaming, in the laboratory sense, is the migration of the dispersed phase of an emulsion under the influence of buoyancy. The particles float upwards or sink depending on how large they are and density compared to the continuous phase as well as how viscous or how thixotropic the continuous phase might be. For as long... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A potentiometric sensor is a type of chemical sensor that may be used to determine the analytical concentration of some components of the analyte gas or solution. These sensors measure the electrical potential of an electrode when no current is present. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adiabatic accessibility denotes a certain relation between two equilibrium states of a thermodynamic system (or of different such systems). The concept was coined by Constantin Carathéodory in 1909 ("adiabatische Erreichbarkeit") and taken up 90 years later by Elliott Lieb and J. Yngvason in their axiomatic approach t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* [http://www.aps.org/units/damop/ American Physical Society - Division of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090927053332/http://ampd.epsdivisions.org/ European Physical Society - Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics Division]
* [https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=13622 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dioxirane is highly unstable and the majority of studies of it have been computational; it has been detected during the low temperature (–196 °C) reaction of ethylene and ozone, although even at these temperatures such a mixture can be explosive. Its formation is thought to be radical in nature, preceding via a Criegee... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reads from the last step are realigned to the reference genome. In this method, SSCS family pairs that have complementary tags will be grouped (family αβ and βα in Figure 2). These reads originate from two complementary strands of DNA. High confidence sequences are selected based on the perfectly matched base calls... | 1 | Biochemistry |
pH partition is the tendency for acids to accumulate in basic fluid compartments, and bases to accumulate in acidic compartments. The reason for this phenomenon is that acids become negatively electric charged in basic fluids, since they donate a proton. On the other hand, bases become positively electric charged in ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
N-linked glycosylation is a very prevalent form of glycosylation and is important for the folding of many eukaryotic glycoproteins and for cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix attachment. The N-linked glycosylation process occurs in eukaryotes in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and widely in archa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Iron salt aerosols are one proposed method of enhanced atmospheric methane oxidation which involves lofting iron-based particles into the atmosphere (e.g. from planes or ships) to enhance atmospheric chlorine radicals, a natural methane sink.
Winds over the Sahara raise dust into the troposphere and disperse it over th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A post column oxidation-reduction reactor is a chemical reactor that performs derivatization to improve the measurement of organic molecules. It is used in gas chromatography (GC), after the column, and before a flame ionization detector (FID), to make the detector response uniform for all organic molecules.
The reacto... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In Runyon et al. 2006, the researchers demonstrate how the parasitic plant, Cuscuta pentagona (field dodder), uses VOCs to interact with various hosts and determine locations. Dodder seedlings show direct growth toward tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) and, specifically, tomato plant volatile organic compounds. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been proposed that oxidative stress may play a major role in determining cardiac complications in COVID-19. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Falconbridge Limited in mid-1981 commissioned a copper smelter and refinery near Timmins, Ontario, to treat concentrate from its Kidd Mine. However, at the outset, the quality of the cathode copper produced in the Kidd refinery suffered from the presence of higher than usual concentrations of lead and selenium in the c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a given solution by the application of the Beer–Lambert law, which states that the concentration of a solute is pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For classical silencers, the signaling pathway is relatively simple. Since repression is active, silencer elements target the assembly of GTFs, necessary for transcription of the gene. These silencer elements are mostly located upstream of the gene and can vary between short and long distances. For long-range silencers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Vital Question is a book by the English biochemist Nick Lane about the way the evolution and origin of life on Earth was constrained by the provision of energy.
The book was well received by critics; The New York Times, for example, found it "seductive and often convincing" though the reviewer considered much of it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Much of the Martian surface is deeply covered by dust as fine as talcum powder. The global predominance of dust obscures the underlying bedrock, making spectroscopic identification of primary minerals impossible from orbit over many areas of the planet. The red/orange appearance of the dust is caused by iron(III) oxide... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Since the invention of agriculture, humans have directly and gradually influenced the carbon cycle over century-long timescales by modifying the mixture of vegetation in the terrestrial biosphere. Over the past several centuries, direct and indirect human-caused land use and land cover change (LUCC) has led to the loss... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In August 2005 a second report commissioned by the developers, from Encia Environmental, revealed levels of asbestos fibres in two soil samples from the site at 1.3% and 2.3%, 13 and 23 times above the limit at which waste is deemed "hazardous". A level of 3% is categorised as "toxic". Regarding the developers earlier... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Various methods are used to prevent and protect against corrosion, such as cathodic protection, selection and injection of chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors or other ways to prevent corrosion. However, in order to see the results of these methods and how effective these measures are, corrosion monitoring should b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Smolková-Keulemansová was born on 27 April 1927, in Prague, the Czech Republic (then Czechoslovakia) to a Jewish family. She had a normal childhood in Czechoslovakia as an only child to her parents Alice and Oskar. She finished primary school and had started grammar school but was taken out of school by her father afte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PSII, PSI, and cytochrome bf are found in chloroplasts. All plants and all photosynthetic algae contain chloroplasts, which produce NADPH and ATP by the mechanisms described above. In essence, the same transmembrane structures are also found in cyanobacteria.
Unlike plants and algae, cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. They... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cory was educated at Case Western Reserve University, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1981 and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1987. He carried out postdoctoral research at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and at Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. He was a Professor of Nuclear Engineering at Massa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measurements of organic matter generally measure only organic compounds or carbon, and so are only an approximation of the level of once-living or decomposed matter. Some definitions of organic matter likewise only consider "organic matter" to refer to only the carbon content, or organic compounds, and do not consider ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Environment-sensitive dyes change their properties (intensity, half-life, and excitation and emission spectra) depending on the polarity (hydrophobicity and charge) of their environments. Examples include: Indole, Cascade Yellow, prodan, Dansyl, Dapoxyl, NBD, PyMPO, Pyrene and diethylaminocumarin.<br />
This change is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MLST databases contain the reference allele sequences and sequence types for each organism, and also isolate epidemiological data. The websites contain interrogation and analysis software which allow users to query their allele sequences and sequence types. MLST is widely used as a tool for researchers and public heal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 20th century, chemists observed that various aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen could absorb wavelength specific light to generate a peroxide species. This discovery of oxygen's reduction by a photosensitizer led to chemists studying photosensitizers as photoredox catalysts for their roles in ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organic chemistry, episulfides are a class of organic compounds that contain a saturated, heterocyclic ring consisting of two carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. It is the sulfur analogue of an epoxide or aziridine. They are also known as thiiranes, olefin sulfides, thioalkylene oxides, and thiacyclopropanes. Episulfi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A simple and widely used model for molecular interactions is the Hill equation, which provides a way to quantify cooperative binding by describing the fraction of saturated ligand binding sites as a function of the ligand concentration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salts comprising these cations are typically prepared by alkylation of thiourea:
:SC(NH) + RX → [RSC(NH)]X | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The nitrogen cycle is as important in the ocean as it is on land. While the overall cycle is similar in both cases, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the ocean through precipitation, runoff, or as N from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplank... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Poisons derived from Acokanthera plants are known to have been used in Africa as far back as the 3rd century BC when Theophrastus reported a toxic substance that the Ethiopians would smear on their arrows. The poisons derived from this genus of plants were used throughout eastern Africa, typically as arrow poisons for ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
3α-Etiocholanediol, or simply etiocholanediol, also known as 3α,5β-androstanediol or as etiocholane-3α,17β-diol, is a naturally occurring etiocholane (5β-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of testosterone. It is formed from 5β-dihydrotestosterone (after 5β-reduction of testosterone) and is further transfo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
COLACRO (Congreso Latinoamericano de Cromatografia) Merit Medal; Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award; Eastern Analytical Symposium Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry; Tracy M. Sonneborn Award for Outstanding Research and Teaching, Indiana University; Dal Nogare Award in Chromatog... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("sodic soils"), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including:
* lar... | 9 | Geochemistry |
That is, the change in the internal energy of the substance within a volume is the negative of the amount carried out of the volume by the flow of material across the boundary plus the work done compressing the material on the boundary minus the flow of heat out through the boundary. More generally, it is possible to i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Simple cations formed by adding a hydron to a hydride of a halogen, chalcogen or pnictogen are named by adding the suffix "-onium" to the element's root: is ammonium, is oxonium, and H2F+ is fluoronium. Ammonium was adopted instead of nitronium, which commonly refers to .
If the cationic center of the hydride is not ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.
It is found in cytochrome c oxidase, a protein necessary for the electron transport chain in mitochondria. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) assemble in a tightly orchestrated and regulated process that involves both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase consists of 491 amino acids, which on folding forms 23 alpha helices and 26 beta sheets. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The majority of observed photogeochemical reactions involve a mineral catalyst. Many naturally occurring minerals are semiconductors that absorb some portion of solar radiation. These semiconducting minerals are frequently transition metal oxides and sulfides and include abundant, well-known minerals such as hematite (... | 5 | Photochemistry |
miCLIP (Methylation induced crosslinking immunoprecipitation) was used to detect NSUN2 targets, which were found to be mostly non-coding RNAs such as tRNA. An induced mutation of C271A in NSUN2 inhibits release of enzyme from RNA target. This mutation was over-expressed in the cells of interest, and the mutated NSUN2 w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Locascio was born November 21, 1961, in Cumberland, Maryland. Her father was a physicist at the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory. He fostered her interest in science. She attended Bishop Walsh High School. In 1977, she was awarded an educational development certificate. Locascio had an early interest in biology and won h... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Prepainted metal is used in a variety of products. It can be formed for many different applications, including those with T bends, without loss of coating quality. Major industries use prepainted metal in products such as building panels, metal roofs wall panels, garage doors, office furniture (desks, cubicle divider... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Liquid metals have several properties that are useful in sensing and actuation, particularly their electrical conductivity and ability to transmit forces (incompressibility). As freely flowing substances, liquid metals retain these bulk properties even under extreme deformation. For this reason, they have been proposed... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The difficulty of predicting stable crystal structures based on the knowledge of only the chemical composition has long been a stumbling block on the way to fully computational materials design. Now, with more powerful algorithms and high-performance computing, structures of medium complexity can be predicted using suc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A given substrate-liquid-vapor combination yields a continuous range of contact angle values in practice. The maximum contact angle is referred to as the advancing contact angle and the minimum contact angle is referred to as the receding contact angle. The advancing and receding contact angles are measured from dynami... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The MTBE controversy concerns Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive that replaced tetraethyllead. MTBE is an oxygenate and raises gasoline's octane number. Its use declined in the United States in response to environmental and health concerns. It has polluted groundwater due to MTBE-containing gasoline b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A number of organisms, instead of using inorganic compounds as terminal electron acceptors, are able to use organic compounds to accept electrons from respiration. Examples include:
* Fumarate reduction to succinate
* Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reduction to trimethylamine (TMA)
* Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reduction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A recently developed technique, acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS), allows the force manipulation of hundreds of single-molecules and single-cells in parallel, providing high experimental throughput. In this technique, a piezo element resonantly excites planar acoustic waves over a microfluidic chip. The generated acous... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroanalytical methods measure the electric potential in volts and/or the electric current in amps in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. These methods can be categorized according to which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are potentiometry (the differe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Doppler cooling limit for electric dipole transitions is typically in the hundreds of microkelvins. In the 1980s this limit was seen as the lowest achievable temperature. It was a surprise then when sodium atoms were cooled to 43 microkelvin when their Doppler cooling limit is 240 microkelvin, the new low was expla... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A rotaxane () is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule which is threaded through a macrocycle (see graphical representation). The two components of a rotaxane are kinetically trapped since the ends of the dumbbell (often called stoppers) are larger than the internal ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Chlorine has been widely used for bleaching, as a disinfectant, and for biofouling prevention in water cooling systems. Remaining concentrations of oxidizing hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions may be measured as chlorine residual to estimate effectiveness of disinfection or to demonstrate safety for discharge to a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In theoretical thermodynamics, respected authors vary in their approaches to the definition of quantity of heat transferred. There are two main streams of thinking. One is from a primarily empirical viewpoint (which will here be referred to as the thermodynamic stream), to define heat transfer as occurring only by spec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In prokaryotes, the term corepressor is used to denote the activating ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the E. coli tryptophan repressor (TrpR) is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the trp operon when its corepressor tryptophan is bound to it. TrpR in the absence of tryptophan is known a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photocatalytic water splitting separates water into hydrogen and oxygen:
The most prevalently investigated material, , is inefficient. Mixtures of and nickel oxide (NiO) are more active. NiO allows a significant explоitation of the visible spectrum. One efficient photocatalyst in the UV range is based on sodium tan... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Potentiometric sensors measure a potential or charge accumulation of an electrochemical cell. The transducer typically comprises an ion selective electrode (ISE) and a reference electrode. The ISE features a membrane that selectively interacts with the charged ion of interest, causing the accumulation of a charge pote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Except for tritium, which was determined by the helium gas emitted by radioactive decay, these measurements were taken using mass spectroscopy.
* Deuterium (H / H) – , about 1 in 6420 hydrogen atoms
* Tritium (H / H) – = , measured on 16 September 1976, about 1 in 5.4010 hydrogen atoms
* Oxygen-18 (O / O) – , about 1 ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Helicase activities are initiated by the N-terminal arm and the Ski2 insertion domain. In yeast, the complex guides RNA molecules to the exosome complex for degradation via a fourth protein, called Ski7, which contains a GTPase-like protein. Ski7 involves the 3’ to 5’ degradation of RNA through two different pathways, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reading et al. have explored the use of a broadband QCL combined with thermal expansion measurements. Above, the inability of thermal broadband sources to achieve high spatial resolution is discussed (see history). In this case the frequency of modulation is limited by the mirror speed of the interferometer which, in t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Despite its simplicity, Dulong–Petit law offers fairly good prediction for the heat capacity of many elementary solids with relatively simple crystal structure at high temperatures. This agreement is because in the classical statistical theory of Ludwig Boltzmann, the heat capacity of solids approaches a maximum of 3R ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Imidapril, sold under the brand name Tanatril among others, is an ACE inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug and for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1993. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*R for any alkyl group or even any organyl group (Alk can be used to unambiguously indicate an alkyl group)
*Me for the methyl group
*Et for the ethyl group
*Pr, n-Pr, or Pr for the (normal) propyl group (Pr is also the symbol for the element praseodymium. However, since the propyl group is monovalent, while praseodym... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A molecular shuttle in supramolecular chemistry is a special type of molecular machine capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This field is of relevance to nanotechnology in its quest for nanoscale electronic components and also to biology where many biochemical functions are based on mo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Kinetic isotope effect measurement at natural abundance is a simple general method for measuring kinetic isotope effects (KIE) for chemical reactions performed with materials of natural abundance. This technique for measuring KIEs overcomes many limitations of previous KIE measurement methods. KIE measurements from is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From the medieval period, an indirect process began to replace the direct reduction in bloomeries. This used a blast furnace to make pig iron, which then had to undergo a further process to make forgeable bar iron. Processes for the second stage include fining in a finery forge. In the 13th century during the High Mid... | 8 | Metallurgy |
BIOPAN is a multi-user research program by the European Space Agency (ESA) designed to investigate the effect of the space environment on biological material. The experiments in BIOPAN are exposed to solar and cosmic radiation, the space vacuum and weightlessness, or a selection thereof. Optionally, the experiment temp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2006, the Australian military deemed mefloquine "a third-line drug" alternative, and over the five years from 2011 only 25 soldiers had been prescribed the drug, and only in cases of their intolerance for other alternatives. Between 2001 and 2012, 16,000 Canadian soldiers sent to Afghanistan were given the drug as a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Like many chiral molecules, the two stereoisomers of glyceraldehyde will gradually rotate the polarization direction of linearly polarized light as it passes through it, even in solution. The two stereoisomers are identified with the prefixes - and -, according to the sense of rotation: -glyceraldehyde is dextrorotato... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyroelectric biosensors generate an electric current as a result of a temperature change. This differential induces a polarization in the substance, producing a dipole moment in the direction of the temperature gradient. The result is a net voltage across the material. This net voltage can be calculated by the follo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species. It is a form of genotyping, which is the measurement of more general genetic variation. SNPs are one of the most common types of genetic variation. An SNP is a single base pair mutation at a s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The terms ‘sulfidic material’ and ‘sulfuric material’ were primarily coined by Prof Delvin Fanning (University of Maryland), Prof Martin Rabenhorst (University of Maryland), and Prof Rob Fitzpatrick (University of Adelaide) – and have been incorporated into the Australian Soil Classification (ASC) and World Reference B... | 9 | Geochemistry |
While RPKA allows observation of rates over the course of the entire reaction, conducting only same-excess experiments does not provide sufficient information for determination of the corresponding rate constants. In order to construct enough independent relationships to solve for all of the unknown rate constants, it ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The closest competing method to IMHR is radical cyclization. Radical cyclizations are often reductive, which can cause undesired side reactions to occur if sensitive substrates are employed. The IMHR, on the other hand, can be run under reductive conditions if desired. Unlike the IMHR, radical cyclization does not requ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine, also known as methenamine, hexamine, or its trade name Urotropin, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH)N. This white crystalline compound is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has a cage-like structure similar to adamantane. It is useful in the synthesis... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are about 44,000 gigatonnes of carbon in the atmosphere and oceans. A gigatonne is one billion metric tonnes, equivalent to the mass of water in over 400,000 Olympic-size swimming pools. Large as this quantity is, it only amounts to a small fraction of one percent of Earth's carbon. Over 90% may reside in the cor... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nucleic acid was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He gave its first name as nuclein.
In the early 1880s Albrecht Kossel further purified the substance and discovered its highly acidic properties. He later also identified the nucleobases.
In 1889 Richard Altmann crea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Frémy's salt was discovered in 1845 by Edmond Frémy (1814–1894). Its use in organic synthesis was popularized by Hans Teuber, such that an oxidation using this salt is called the Teuber reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grewe's cyclization is easier to handle in terms of the chemicals used, produces higher yields and higher purity of the product. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A mannose sugar is added to the first tryptophan residue in the sequence W–X–X–W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid). A C-C bond is formed between the first carbon of the alpha-mannose and the second carbon of the tryptophan. However, not all the sequences that have this pattern are mannosyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, the capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a gyroelongated square pyramid. The symmetry group of the resulting object is C
The gyroelongated square pyramid is... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Endogenous antigens are generated within normal cells as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection. The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with MHC class I molecules. If activated cytotoxic CD8 T cells recognize them, the T cells secrete va... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As it is the precise mixture of minerals dissolved in the water, together with water's pH and temperature, that determine the behaviour of the hardness, a single-number scale does not adequately describe hardness. However, the United States Geological Survey uses the following classification for hard and soft water:
Se... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
, there are two different theories on the information processing that occurs on enhancers:
* Enhanceosomes – rely on highly cooperative, coordinated action and can be disabled by single point mutations that move or remove the binding sites of individual proteins.
* Flexible billboards – less integrative, multiple prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, there are two different formats of genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens: arrayed and pooled. In an arrayed screen, each well contains a specific and known sgRNA targeting a specific gene. Since the sgRNA responsible for each phenotype is known based on well location, phenotypes can be identified and analysed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potassium tert-butoxide catalyzes the reaction of hydrosilanes and heterocyclic compounds to give the silyl derivatives, with release of H. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fretting refers to wear and sometimes corrosion damage of loaded surfaces in contact while they encounter small oscillatory movements tangential to the surface. Fretting is caused by adhesion of contact surface asperities, which are subsequently broken again by the small movement. This breaking causes wear debris to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neuropeptides are extremely ancient and highly diverse chemical messengers. Placozoans such as Trichoplax, extremely basal animals which do not possess neurons, use peptides for cell-to-cell communication in a way similar to the neuropeptides of higher animals.
Due to their modulatory and diffusive nature, neuropeptide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis.
Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Positive and negative controls should be run after preparation of each lot of medium.
Positive control: Escherichia coli
Negative control: Klebsiella | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The third-generation of Glycoazodyes was first reported in 2015. These Glycoazodyes use an amido-ester linker. An amide group bonds the sugar to an n-alkane spacer, and the spacer is bonded to the dye through an ester group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In heterogeneous electron transfer, an electron moves between a chemical species and a solid-state electrode. Theories addressing heterogeneous electron transfer have applications in electrochemistry and the design of solar cells. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a transition where a single charged particle changes state from to , the transition dipole moment is
where q is the particles charge, r is its position, and the integral is over all space ( is shorthand for ). The transition dipole moment is a vector; for example its x'-component is
In other words, the transition... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Arsenic can cause oxidative stress through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Reactive oxygen species are produced by the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which transfers electrons from NADPH to oxygen, synthesizing a superoxide, which is a reactive free radical. This superoxide c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most important factor in influencing homoaromatic character is the addition of a single homoconjugate linkage into the parent aromatic compound. The location of the homoconjugate bond is not important as all homoaromatic species can be derived from aromatic compounds that possess symmetry and equal bond order betwe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adhesives commonly react with oxygen at low temperatures, which leads to a slow break down of polymer chains. The breakdown of polymer chains is often undetectable until the adhesive has reached a critical point where the stability of remainder of the adhesive rapidly degrades. High temperature accelerated testing ofte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
These are exclusively coal-fired processes, with the reducing gases generated inside the reduction vessel. The ore is charged with coal into a closed container. This is then heated until the oxygen present in the ore combines with the carbon before being discharged, mainly in the form of CO or CO2. This production of g... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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