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PAVA primarily affects the eyes, causing closure and severe pain. The pain to the eyes is reported to be greater than that caused by CS. The effectiveness rate is very high once PAVA gets into the eyes; however, there have been occasions where PAVA and CS have failed to work—especially when the subject is under t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Type N (Nicrosil–Nisil) thermocouples are suitable for use between −270 °C and +1300 °C, owing to its stability and oxidation resistance. Sensitivity is about 39 μV/°C at 900 °C, slightly lower compared to type K.
Designed at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia, by Noel A. Burley, type-N... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The initiation factors are divided into three major groups by taxonomic domains. There are some homologies shared (click the domain names to see the domain-specific factors): | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disodium pyrophosphate is prepared by thermal condensation of sodium dihydrogen phosphate or by partial deprotonation of pyrophosphoric acid.
Pyrophosphates are generally white or colorless. The alkali metal salts are water-soluble. They are good complexing agents for metal ions (such as calcium and many transition met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most drugs and drug candidates contain amine functional groups:
* Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that helps to relieve allergic disorders due to cold, hay fever, itchy skin, insect bites and stings.
* Chlorpromazine is a tranquilizer that sedates without inducing sleep. It is used to relieve anxiety, excitement, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Viruses are so small that they can only be observed under an electron microscope. The structure of a virus is given by its coat of proteins, which surround the viral genome. Assembly of viral particles takes place spontaneously.
Over 50% of known plant viruses are rod-shaped (flexuous or rigid). The length of the parti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms. They have either an aldehyde () functional group in position 1 (aldotetroses) or a ketone () group in position 2 (ketotetroses).
The aldotetroses have two chiral centers (asymmetric carbon atoms) and so 4 different stereoisomers are possible. Ther... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inverse geometry spectrometers at spallation sources include IRIS and OSIRIS at the ISIS neutron source at Rutherford-Appleton, BASIS at the Spallation Neutron Source, and MARS at the Paul Scherrer Institute | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) is a coordination complex of ruthenium. It is a chocolate brown solid that is soluble in organic solvents such as benzene. The compound is used as a precursor to other complexes including those used in homogeneous catalysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal began its publication in 1905 as Transactions of the Faraday Society. When the society merged with the other chemistry societies of the United Kingdom to form the Royal Society of Chemistry, the publication of the journal was transferred to the Chemical Society in 1972 as part of the merger negotiations. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bioaccumulation is the process by which an organism takes in chemicals through ingestion, exposure, and inhalation. Bioaccumulation is broken down into bioconcentration (uptake of chemicals from the environment) and biomagnification (increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain). Certain species... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In one study the usual regioselectivity of an alkyne hydrozirconation is reversed with the addition of zinc chloride:
One example of a one-pot hydrozirconation - carbonylation - coupling is depicted below:
With certain allyl alcohols, the alcohol group is replaced by nucleophilic carbon forming a cyclopropane ring: The... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Only a small fraction of the global ridge system (~65000 km) and of the vast continental margin regions have been explored and their communities described. It is the aim of ChEss to improve the knowledge on the diversity, abundance and distribution of species from vents, seeps and other reducing habitats at a global sc... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Size exclusion chromatography applications for separating macromolecules based on subtle differences in size typically use resins with large and varied pore sizes in long chromatography columns. However, for buffer exchange and desalting applications, it is mainly the maximum effective pore size (exclusion limit or mol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
BLOSUM80: more related proteins
BLOSUM62: midrange
BLOSUM45: distantly related proteins
An article in Nature Biotechnology revealed that the BLOSUM62 used for so many years as a standard is not exactly accurate according to the algorithm described by Henikoff and Henikoff. Surprisingly, the miscalculated BLOSUM62 impro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Akadémiai Kiadó. It was established in 1969 as the Journal of Thermal Analysis, obtaining its current title in 1998. The journal covers all aspects of calorimetry, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The movement of grain boundaries (HAGB) has implications for recrystallization and grain growth while subgrain boundary (LAGB) movement strongly influences recovery and the nucleation of recrystallization.
A boundary moves due to a pressure acting on it. It is generally assumed that the velocity is directly proportiona... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Group 3 elements scandium and yttrium form monoanions, [M(CO)] (M = Sc, Y) which are 20-electron carbonyls, as does the lanthanide lanthanum.
*Group 4 elements as dianions resemble neutral group 6 derivatives: [Ti(CO)].
*Group 5 elements as monoanions resemble again neutral group 6 derivatives: [V(CO)].
*Group 7 eleme... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The human asialoglycoprotein receptors composed of two units, H1 and H2. Each of these units have their N-terminus within the cytoplasm of a liver cell, and a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) on the extracellular side. The CRD functions to bind to asialoglycoproteins through a calcium ion-mediated interaction. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perfluoroalkanes are very stable because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry.
Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through partial charges on the carbon and fluorine atoms, which shorten and strengthen the bond... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In some cases proteins are attracted to surfaces by an excessive surface charge. When a surface in a fluid has a net charge, ions in the fluid will adsorb to the surface. Proteins also have charged surfaces due to charge amino acid residues on the surface of the protein. The surface and the protein are then attracted... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 2nd group of anions consist of Cl, Br, I, NO and CO. The group reagent for Group 2 anion is concentrated sulfuric acid (HSO).
After addition of the acid, chlorides, bromides and iodides will form precipitates with silver nitrate. The precipitates are white, pale yellow, and yellow, respectively. The silver halides ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Linear dichroism (LD) or diattenuation is the difference between absorption of light polarized parallel and polarized perpendicular to an orientation axis. It is the property of a material whose transmittance depends on the orientation of linearly polarized light incident upon it. As a technique, it is primarily used t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the nomenclature of organic chemistry, a locant is a term to indicate the position of a functional group or substituent within a molecule. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasmid vectors are circular strands of DNA, found in virions, that are used in genetic engineering to integrate new genes into a host cell genome.
The small T intron is an intron, that is used in some plasmid vectors, in order to induce gene expression in mammalian cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is a greenhouse gas with warming properties more than 7,000 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period, and, as such, is one of the most potent greenhouse gasses ever discovered. Its concentration in the atmosphere is approximately 0.18 parts per trillion. The compound can persist in the atmosphere for up t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Supramolecular chemistry has been used to demonstrate computation functions on a molecular scale. In many cases, photonic or chemical signals have been used in these components, but electrical interfacing of these units has also been shown by supramolecular signal transduction devices. Data storage has been accomplishe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In some chain-growth polymerizations there is also a chain transfer step, in which the growing polymer chain RM° takes an atom X from an inactive molecule XY, terminating the growth of the polymer chain: RM° + XY → RMX + Y°. The Y fragment ls a new active center which adds more monomer M to form a new growing chain YM°... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ketones and imines are related functional groups, and effective technologies for the asymmetric hydrogenation of each are also closely related. Early examples are Noyori's ruthenium-chiral diphosphine-diamine system.
For carbonyl and imine substrates, end-on, η coordination can compete with η mode. For η-bound substrat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an imide is a functional group consisting of two acyl groups bound to nitrogen. The compounds are structurally related to acid anhydrides, although imides are more resistant to hydrolysis. In terms of commercial applications, imides are best known as components of high-strength polymers, called po... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. This process was later discontinued. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot remo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Typically, this method is used to determine water content levels, carbon levels, amount of organic matter levels, amount of volatile compounds. LOI is also used in the cement industry which operates the furnace in the 950 °C range (e.g. cement kilns), combustion engineers also use LOI but at temperatures lower than 950... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Blood lactate levels are also maintained at steady state. At rest or low levels of exercise, the rate of lactate production in muscle cells and consumption in muscle or blood cells allows lactate to remain in the body at a certain steady state concentration. If a higher level of exercise is sustained, however, blood la... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bawendi was granted the Sloan Research Fellowship in 1994. He won the 1997 Nobel Signature Award for Graduate Education in Chemistry of American Chemical Society (ACS). In 2001, he received the Sackler Prize in Physical Chemistry of Advanced Materials. In 2006, he was awarded the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award.
He was ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Consequences of loss of pRb function is dependent on cell type and cell cycle status, as pRb's tumor suppressive role changes depending on the state and current identity of the cell.
In G0 quiescent stem cells, pRb is proposed to maintain G0 arrest although the mechanism remains largely unknown. Loss of pRb leads to ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hattori developed analytical methods that demonstrated the high mobility of palladium as soluble neutral to anionic complexes in surface waters. This behavior allows the metal to disperse widely from its sources, and to become incorporated into plants and organic-rich soil. Her research findings have been presented at ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Polychlorinated biphenyls have been discovered in organisms living in the Mariana trench in the Pacific Ocean. Levels were as high as 1,900 nanograms per gram of amphipod tissue in the organisms analyzed. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* Computational analysis tools such as t-test, hierarchical clustering, self-organizing maps, regulatory network reconstruction, BLAST searches, pattern-motif discovery, protein structure prediction, structure-based protein annotation, etc.
* Visualization of gene expression (heatmaps, volcano plot), molecular intera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Phenol-Explorer ([http://www.phenol-explorer.eu phenol-explorer.eu]), a database dedicated to phenolics found in food by Augustin Scalbert, INRA Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (Human food unit)
* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:33853 Phenols] at ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biologic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From about the 14th century, water-power began to be applied to bloomeries, but fewer than ten such sites are suspected. | 8 | Metallurgy |
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls are electrophilic at both the carbonyl carbon as well as the β-carbon. Depending on conditions, either site is attacked by nucleophiles. Additions to the alkene are called conjugate additions. One type of conjugate addition is the Michael addition, which is used commercially in the conversion ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. A calibration curve is one approach to the problem of instrument calibrati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triple-point cells are used in the calibration of thermometers. For exacting work, triple-point cells are typically filled with a highly pure chemical substance such as hydrogen, argon, mercury, or water (depending on the desired temperature). The purity of these substances can be such that only one part in a million... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The surge of depolarization traveling from the axon hillock to the axon terminal is known as an action potential. Action potentials reach the axon terminal, where the action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the neuron. The neurotransmitters that are released from the axon continue on to stimulat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the photothermal mechanism is universal, there could exist additional other mechanisms, superimposed on the photothermal mechanism, which may contribute significantly to the photoacoustic signal. These mechanisms are generally related to photophysical processes and photochemical reactions following light absorpt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although research is currently focusing on the bioengineering aspect of self-healing hydrogels, several non-medical applications do exist, including:
*pH meters
*Sealants for acid leaks | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Light production in Photurius pennsylvanica (Photuris pennsylvanica) larvae occurs in the roughly 2,000 photocytes located in the heavily innervated light organ of the insect which is much simpler than that of the adult organism. The transparent photocytes of the larvae are clearly distinguishable from the opaque dorsa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The experimental archaeometallurgy of iron is more recent then that of copper in that for the most part was not widely studied until the mid-20th century. This can be attributed to the modern smelting of wrought iron still being produced as an industry up until 1900, when the last of the large-scale production shut do... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Traces of many aldehydes are found in essential oils and often contribute to their favorable odours, e.g. cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin. Possibly because of the high reactivity of the formyl group, aldehydes are not common in several of the natural building blocks: amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids. Most suga... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To select zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for protein engineering, methods adapted from the two-hybrid screening technique have been used with success. A ZFP is itself a DNA-binding protein used in the construction of custom DNA-binding domains that bind to a desired DNA sequence.
By using a selection gene with the desired... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When white light passes through a polarizer, the extent of rotation of light depends on its wavelength. Short wavelengths are rotated more than longer wavelengths, per unit of distance. Because the wavelength of light determines its color, the variation of color with distance through the tube is observed. This dependen... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a molecule found to be a weak agonist of the muscle‐type nicotinic receptor. Since receptor activation occurs as isolated bursts, it has been proposed that the receptors have a very low channel‐opening rate constant when bound to TEA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Particle physicists have only observed or inferred left-chiral fermions and right-chiral antifermions engaging in the charged weak interaction. In the case of the weak interaction, which can in principle engage with both left- and right-chiral fermions, only two left-handed fermions interact. Interactions involving rig... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As the smelting stage is necessary to obtain alloys and shape the product, direct reduction processes are frequently combined with downstream smelting facilities.
Most pre-reduced iron ore is smelted in electric furnaces: in 2003, 49 of the 50 Mt produced went into electric furnaces. Process integration is generally hi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, acetophenide is a functional group which is composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetophenone. In pharmaceutical chemistry, it is present in algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide) and amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Paiis can be used as quality control and marketing tools in commerce and as a quick and easy way to assess and/or map the activities of new photocatalytic materials in research. In addition, it has also been demonstrated that such inks can be used on highly coloured and black surfaces, provided the oxidised and/or redu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, isomorphism has meanings both at the level of crystallography and at a molecular level. In crystallography, crystals are isomorphous if they have identical symmetry and if the atomic positions can be described with a set of parameters (unit cell dimensions and fractional coordinates) whose numerical valu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Air is liquefied by the Linde process, in which air is alternately compressed, cooled, and expanded, each expansion results in a considerable reduction in temperature. With the lower temperature the molecules move more slowly and occupy less space, so the air changes phase to become liquid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Through negative feedback inhibition, the end-products UTP and UDP prevent the enzyme CAD from catalyzing the reaction in animals. Conversely, PRPP and ATP act as positive effectors that enhance the enzyme's activity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The TIC translocon, or translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane translocon is another protein complex that imports proteins across the inner chloroplast envelope. Chloroplast polypeptide chains probably often travel through the two complexes at the same time, but the TIC complex can also retrieve preproteins lost i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Born on 13 June 1923, Corbett was the son of Walter Corbett and Margaret Whitehead Corbett (née Robertson). He studied at the University of Otago, graduating Master of Science with first-class honours in chemistry in 1945. Corbett later undertook doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge under Alexander Todd on t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rydberg series describe the energy levels associated with partially removing an electron from the ionic core. Each Rydberg series converges on an ionization energy threshold associated with a particular ionic core configuration. These quantized Rydberg energy levels can be associated with the quasiclassical Bohr atomic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under Japanese law, levetiracetam and other racetams cannot be brought into the country except for personal use by a traveler for whom it has been prescribed. Travelers who plan to bring more than a month's worth must apply for an import certificate, known as a . | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Two mechanisms of fractionation occur that alter sulfur stable isotope ratios: kinetic effects, especially due to the metabolism of sulfate-reducing bacteria, and isotope exchange reactions that occur between sulfide phases based on temperature. With VCDT as the reference standard, natural δS value variations have been... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Coupling of RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription can influence processing reactions in three ways.
# localization
#* positions mRNA processing factors at the elongation complex, which raises their local concentration in the vicinity of the nascent transcript
# kinetic coupling
#* the rate of transcript can have pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By 1964, the ETH group had accomplished the first corrin model synthesis, and also the preparation of a ring-B precursor as part of a construction of the B molecule itself. Since independent progress of the two groups towards their long-term objective was so clearly complementary, Woodward and Eschenmoser decided in 19... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Regioselective and stereoselective formation of carbon-carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl group is an important procedure in organic chemistry. Alkylation reaction of enolates has been the main focus of the field. Both A. G. Myers and D. A. Evans developed asymmetric alkylation reactions for enolates.
The apparent short... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Petroleum, or evidence of its immediate occurrence, can be found on the surface of the Earth. Oil seeps can be found near a fault zone, where the movement of Earth's crust can expose petroleum source rock, and thus the crude oil itself. They can also be found on the ocean floor, and can be found using satellite imaging... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phosphatidylethanols (PEth) are a group of phospholipids formed only in the presence of ethanol via the action of phospholipase D (PLD). It accumulates in blood and is removed slowly, making it a useful biomarker for alcohol consumption. PEth is also thought to contribute to the symptoms of alcohol intoxication. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Uranium
*Enriched uranium
*Nuclear weapon design
*The technology of mining and metallurgy [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu29me/uu29me08.htm], retrieved 7 October 2005. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a chain termination step, the active center disappears, resulting in the termination of chain propagation. This is different from chain transfer in which the active center only shifts to another molecule but does not disappear.
For radical polymerization, termination involves a reaction of two growing polymer chains... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Zeaxanthin 7,8-dioxygenase - Zfp14 zinc finger protein - Zfp28 zinc finger protein - zinc finger - Zinc finger and scan domain containing 30 - Zinc finger containing ubiquitin peptidase 1 - Zinc finger nfx1-type containing 1 - Zinc finger protein 93 - Zinc finger protein 101 - Zinc finger protein 175 - Zinc finger prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As stated above, BGIT can be used to calculate heats of formation, which are important in understanding the strengths of bonds and entire molecules. Furthermore, the method can be used to quickly estimate whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic. These values are for gas-phase thermodynamics and typically at 29... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hyrax middens contain well-preserved micro plant material including pollen, which is sealed in middens by hyraceum, protecting it from microbial activity and decay. The earliest study of fossil pollen from a hyrax midden was undertaken in the late 1950s by Pons and Quézel. in the Hoggar Massif of Algeria, whereas the f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A common route to primary amidines is the Pinner reaction. Reaction of the nitrile with alcohol in the presence of acid gives an iminoether. Treatment of the resulting compound with ammonia then completes the conversion to the amidine. Instead of using a Bronsted acid, Lewis acids such as aluminium trichloride promote ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two formulations of different dispersing agents for oil spills, Dispersit and Omni-Clean, are shown below. A key difference between the two is that Omni-Clean uses ionic surfactants and Dispersit uses entirely non-ionic surfactants. Omni-Clean was formulated for little or no toxicity toward the environment. Dispersit, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The contact angle is defined as the angle made by the intersection of the liquid/solid interface and the liquid/air interface. It can be alternately described as the angle between solid samples surface and the tangent of the droplets ovate shape at the edge of the droplet. A high contact angle indicates a low solid sur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Taking results gathered largely from ‘real world’ exposure sites, automotive companies, led originally by the Japanese automobile industry, developed their own Cyclic Corrosion Tests. These have evolved in different ways for different vehicle manufacturers, and such tests still remain largely industry specific, with no... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A classic example of vinylogy is the relatively high acidity of the γ-hydrogen in . The acidity of the terminal methyl group is similar to that for the methyl ketone .
Vinylogous reactions also include conjugate additions, where a nucleophile reacts at the vinyl terminus, akin to the addition of the nucleophile to the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NaK has been used as the coolant in experimental fast neutron nuclear reactors. Unlike commercial plants, these are frequently shut down and defuelled. Use of lead or pure sodium, the other materials used in practical reactors, would require continual heating to maintain the coolant as a liquid. Use of NaK overcomes th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are usually inherited from a single parent. Biparental chloroplast inheritance—where plastid genes are inherited from both parent plants—occurs in very low levels in some flowering plants.
Many mechanisms prevent biparental chloroplast DNA inheritance, including selective destruction of ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In addition to monitoring oil contamination and wear metals, modern usage of OA includes the analysis of the additives in oils to determine if an extended drain interval may be used. Maintenance costs can be reduced using OA to determine the remaining useful life of additives in the oil. By comparing the OA results of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One main function of plasma and cell membranes is to maintain asymmetric concentrations of inorganic ions in order to maintain an ionic steady state different from electrochemical equilibrium. In other words, there is a differential distribution of ions on either side of the cell membrane - that is, the amount of ions ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recent advances in ultraviolet nanophotonics has led to development of single molecule study on label-free protein by exciting them with deep ultraviolet light and studying the dynamic processes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CLIPZ is a database of post-transcriptional regulatory elements (RNA-binding proteins) built from cross-linking and immunoprecipitation data. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* An exergonic reaction is a spontaneous chemical reaction that releases energy. It is thermodynamically favored, indexed by a negative value of ΔG (Gibbs free energy). Over the course of a reaction, energy needs to be put in, and this activation energy drives the reactants from a stable state to a highly energetically... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nested polymerase chain reaction involves two sets of primers, used in two successive runs of polymerase chain reaction, the second set intended to amplify a secondary target within the first run product. This allows amplification for a low number of runs in the first round, limiting non-specific products. The second n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sewage treatment plants, such as Blue Plains in Washington, D.C., USA, have adopted thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge in order to produce commercially valuable products (such as electricity and high quality biosolid fertilizers) out of the wastewater. The full-scale commercial application of thermal hydrolysis enable... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the incoming photon is polarized, the scattered photon is no longer isotropic with respect to the azimuthal angle. For a linearly polarized photon scattered with a free electron at rest, the differential cross section is instead given by:
where is the azimuthal scattering angle. Note that the unpolarized differenti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Full spectral imaging (FSI) is a form of imaging spectroscopy and is the successor to hyperspectral imaging. Full spectral imaging was developed to improve the capabilities of remote sensing including Earth remote sensing. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ultrasonic cure monitoring methods are based on the relationships between changes in the characteristics of propagating ultrasound and the real-time mechanical properties of a component, by measuring:
*ultrasonic time of flight, both in through-transmission and pulse-echo modes;
*natural frequency using impact excitati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Buoyant density centrifugation (also isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation) uses the concept of buoyancy to separate molecules in solution by their differences in density. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in red blood cells. In muscles cells, iron binds oxygen to myoglobin, which regulates its r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methenamine silver stains are used for staining in histology, including the following types:
*Grocott's methenamine silver stain, used widely as a screen for fungal organisms.
*Jones' stain, a methenamine silver-Periodic acid-Schiff that stains for basement membrane, availing to view the "spiked" Glomerular basement me... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The total number of particles is found from the grand potential by
This increases monotonically with z (up to the maximum z = +1). The behaviour when approaching z = 1 is however crucially dependent on the value of α (i.e., dependent on whether the gas is 1D, 2D, 3D, whether it is in a flat or harmonic potential well).... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An electrocatalyst is a catalyst that participates in electrochemical reactions. Electrocatalysts are a specific form of catalysts that function at electrode surfaces or, most commonly, may be the electrode surface itself. An electrocatalyst can be heterogeneous such as a platinized electrode. Homogeneous electrocat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The action potential generated at the axon hillock propagates as a wave along the axon. The currents flowing inwards at a point on the axon during an action potential spread out along the axon, and depolarize the adjacent sections of its membrane. If sufficiently strong, this depolarization provokes a similar action po... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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