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Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have very limited innate structure in solution but gain shape specifically when interacting with partner molecules such as proteins or RNA; however, their resultant structure is often dictated by this interaction. In addition, some proteins have sections of sequence without str... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Blocked isocyanates are organic compounds that have their isocyanate functionality chemically blocked to control reactivity. They are the product of an isocyanate moiety (nearly always a di-isocyanate) and a suitable blocking agent. It may also be a polyurethane prepolymer that is NCO terminated but this functionality ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consider quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with two massless quarks and (massive fermions do not exhibit chiral symmetry). The Lagrangian reads
In terms of left-handed and right-handed spinors, it reads
(Here, is the imaginary unit and the Dirac operator.)
Defining
it can be written as
The Lagrangian is unchanged under ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1961-65
* NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, 1968-69
* Heinrich Hertz Fellow (West Germany)
* Meyerhoff Fellow (Israel)
* Fellow of the American Physical Society, citation: For his many contributions to the statistical mechanics of transport processes, especially to the understanding of Brownian ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The base-catalyzed reaction of 3-sulfolene with carbon dioxide at 3 bar pressure produces 3-sulfolene-3-carboxylic acid in 45% yield.
With diazomethane, 3-sulfolene forms in a 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
David Henry Solomon (born 19 November 1929 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian polymer chemist. He is best known for his work in developing Living Radical Polymerization techniques, and polymer banknotes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:
:SO + OH· → HOSO·
which is followed by:
:HOSO· + O → HO· + SO
In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid:
:SO (g) + HO (l) → HSO (aq)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with O... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The multicopper active site of CP contains a type I (T1) mononuclear copper site and a trinuclear copper center ~ 12-13 Å away (see figure 2). The tricopper center consists of two type III (T3) coppers and one type II (T2) copper ion. The two T3 copper ions are bridged by a hydroxide ligand while another hydroxide li... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first two STAT proteins were identified in the interferon system. There are seven mammalian STAT family members that have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6.
STAT1 homodimers are involved in type II interferon signalling, and bind to the GAS (Interferon-Gamma Activat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polybutene is an organic polymer made from a mixture of 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutylene. Ethylene steam cracker C4s are also used as supplemental feed for polybutene. It is similar to polyisobutylene (PIB), which is produced from essentially pure isobutylene made in a C4 complex of a major refinery. The presence ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Colloid-facilitated transport designates a transport process by which colloidal particles serve as transport vector
of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks
(limestone, sandstone, granite, ...). The transport of co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Both sexual and asexual reproductions are implemented. Asexual reproduction is implemented as producing the offsprings genome (the gene network) by directly copying the parents genome. Sexual reproduction is implemented as the recombination of the two parents' genomes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The US Department of Defense developed favipiravir in partnership with MediVector, Inc. as a broad-spectrum antiviral and sponsored it through FDA Phase II and Phase III clinical trials, where it demonstrated safety in humans and efficacy against the influenza virus. favipiravir remains unapproved in the UK and the USA... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrogen for the reduction of C=N double bond can either be provided by hydrogen gas (H) or transferred from sources of H, such as alcohols and formic acid. The process is usually catalyzed by transition metal complexes. For metal catalyzed reactions, the transfer of H to the imine can proceed by either inner sphere o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first mesoionic carbenes based on pyrazole have been reported by Huynh in 2007. These carbenes are referred to as pyrazolin-3(or 4)-ylidenes. Pyrazolin-4-ylidenes are often tetrasubstituted with alkyl or aryl groups; however, the C3 and C5 positions could be substituted with nitrogen- or oxygen-based groups. The... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dicarbaboranes can be prepared from boron hydrides using alkynes as the source of the two carbon centers. In addition to the closo- series mentioned above, several open-cage dicarbon species are known including nido- (isostructural and isoelectronic with ) and arachno-.
Syntheses of icosahedral closo-dicarbadodecaboran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in Durstel in Switzerland, the Märkische Sauerland in Germany, and at Lapphyttan in Sweden, where the complex was active between 1205 and 1300. At Noraskog in the Swedish parish of Järnboås, traces of even earlier blast furnaces have been found, possibly from aroun... | 8 | Metallurgy |
RNA polymerase III uses a very similar factor to TFIIB called Brf (TFIIB-related factor) which also contains a conserved zinc ribbon and C terminal core. However, the structure diverges in the more flexible linker region although Brf still contains highly conserved sequences in the same positions that the B reader and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DKPs are synthesized by a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, more complex marine microorganisms, and even mammals. However, 90% of gram-negative bacteria synthesize these molecules, making them the target of most studies. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene. Often put together with and studied alongside TGFB1I1 is the mouse homologue HIC-5 ( Hydrogen Peroxide-Inducible Clone-5). As the name suggests, TGFB1I1 is an induced form of the larger family of T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Little is known about an effective way to overcoming hyperacute rejection (HAR), which follows the activation of complement initiated by xenoreactive antibodies recognizing galactosyl-alpha1-3galatosyl (alpha-Gal) antigens on the donor epithelium. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Contrastingly, reversible electroporation occurs when the electricity applied with the electrodes is below the electric field threshold of the target tissue. Because the electricity applied is below the cells' threshold, it allows the cells to repair their phospholipid bilayer and continue on with their normal cell fun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Common treatments used for toxic substance ingestions are ineffective, or are even harmful, when implemented in ingestions of caustic substances. Clinical attempts to empty the stomach can cause further injuries. Activated charcoal does not neutralize caustics and can also obscure endoscopic visualization. There is no ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Methylidyne, or (unsubstituted) carbyne, is an organic compound whose molecule consists of a single hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom. It is the parent compound of the carbynes, which can be seen as obtained from it by substitution of other functional groups for the hydrogen.
The carbon atom is left with either one... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2000, Steglich et al. reported an intramolecular Pd(II)-mediated decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction in their synthesis of lamellarin L.
Myers et al. reported decarboxylative olefination of ortho-substituted arene carboxylates in the presence of an oxidant (Ag2CO3) in 2002.
Subsequent studies showed that homogen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lilleby smelteverk was a smeltmill located in Lilleby, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, next to City Lade. It is well known for having produced the world's cleanest ferrosilicon (an alloy that contains iron and silicon) for NASA. Shut down in December 20th, 2002, the production moved to Mo I Rana.
The building ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carboxypeptidase E is found in all species of vertebrates that have been examined, and is also present in many other organisms that have been studied (nematode, sea slug). Carboxypeptidase E is not found in the fruit fly (Drosophila), and another enzyme (presumably carboxypeptidase D) fills in for carboxypeptidase E i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first efforts that can be considered photogeochemical research can be traced to the "formaldehyde hypothesis" of Adolf von Baeyer in 1870, in which formaldehyde was proposed to be the initial product of plant photosynthesis, formed from carbon dioxide and water through the action of light on a green leaf. This sugg... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This technique is commonly used in conjunction with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins, where the studied protein is fused to a GFP. When excited by a specific wavelength of light, the protein will fluoresce. When the protein that is being studied is produced with the GFP, then the fluorescence can be tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Oil rents" have been described as connected with corruption in political literature. A 2011 study suggested that increases in oil rents increased corruption in countries with heavy government involvement in the production of oil. The study found that increases in oil rents "significantly deteriorates political rights"... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorite (CaF), also called fluorspar, is the main source of commercial fluorine. Fluorite is a colorful mineral associated with hydrothermal deposits. It is common and found worldwide. China supplies more than half of the world's demand and Mexico is the second-largest producer in the world.
The United States produced... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Joule heating (also known as resistive, resistance, or Ohmic heating) is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.
Joules first law (also just Joules law), also known in countries of the former USSR as the Joule–Lenz law, states that the power of heating generated by an ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. Though various researchers have investigated the possibility of their exis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Doubly-expanded (or naphtho-homologated) nucleobases incorporate a naphthalene spacer instead of a benzene ring, widening the base twice as much with its two-ringed structure. These structures (known as xxDNA and yyDNA) are 4.8Å wider than natural bases and were once again created as a result of Leonard's research on e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitroalkenes are synthesized by various means, notable examples include:
* Nitroaldol reactions such as the Henry reaction:
* Nitration of an alkene with nitryl iodide generated in-situ from silver nitrite and elemental iodine:
* Direct nitration of alkenes with nitric oxide and an aluminum oxide catalyst in acidic con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Within the realm of bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of the fates of synthetic organometallic compounds. Tetraethyllead has received considerable attention in this regard as has its successors such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Methylmercury is a particularly infamous case; this cation is p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photosensitizers absorb light (hν) and transfer the energy from the incident light into another nearby molecule either directly or by a chemical reaction. Upon absorbing photons of radiation from incident light, photosensitizers transform into an excited singlet state. The single electron in the excited singlet state ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
John Douglas Eshelby FRS (21 December 1916 – 10 December 1981) was a scientist in micromechanics. He made significant contributions to the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years, including important aspects of the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture. | 8 | Metallurgy |
This form factor is useful for any applications where the spectrum analyzer needs to be taken outside to make measurements or simply carried while in use. Attributes that contribute to a useful portable spectrum analyzer include:
*Optional battery-powered operation to allow the user to move freely outside.
*Clearly vie... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vanadyl ribonucleoside is a potent transition-state analog of ribonucleic acid and potent inhibitor of many species of ribonuclease formed from a vanadium coordination complex and one ribonucleoside. Vanadium's [ 4s electron configuration allows it to make five sigma bonds and two pi bonds with adjacent atoms. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure. Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by responsible mining companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailing... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An action potential is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system. Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma membr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chetsanga has discovered two enzymes involved in the repair of damaged DNA: firstly, formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, which removes damaged 7-methylguanine from DNA (1979), and secondly, purine imidazole-ring cyclase, which re-closes imidazole rings of guanine and adenine damaged by x-irradiation (1985).
According... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For strong electrolytes, a single reaction arrow shows that the reaction occurs completely in one direction, in contrast to the dissociation of weak electrolytes, which both ionize and re-bond in significant quantities.
Strong electrolytes conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous solutions.
Strong electrolyte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Foodomics approach is used to analyze and establish the links between several substances presented in rosemary and the ability to cure colon cancer cells. There are thousands of chemical compounds in rosemary, but the ones that are able to help cure such disease are Carnosic acid (CA) and Carnosol (CS), which can be ob... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Autoantibodies may be produced against the body's own snRNPs, most notably the anti-Sm antibodies targeted against the Sm protein type of snRNP specifically in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Respirometry depends on a "what goes in must come out" principle. Consider a closed system first. Imagine that we place a mouse into an air-tight container. The air sealed in the container initially contains the same composition and proportions of gases that were present in the room: 20.95% O, 0.04% CO, water vapor (th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A widespread current model of the evolution of the first living organisms is that these were some form of prokaryotes, which may have evolved out of protocells, while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life. Some authors have questioned this conclusion, arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In mainland China, modafinil is strictly controlled like other stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate. It is classified as Class I psychotropic drug. This classification means that modafinil is considered to have a high potential for abuse and dependence, and is therefore subject to strict regulation and c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The ACV frequency is used to monitor the Faradaic current, which quantifies target binding. The generation of signal has been reported to be insensitive to ACV frequency as long as the ACV is in a sensible range, therefore, not too low to be detected or too fast. The ACV frequency is used instead of a single-directiona... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water is the most abundant substance on Earths surface and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after and . 0.23 ppm of the earths mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38 km is found in the oceans.
Water is far more prevalent in the outer Solar System, beyond a point called the fr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the United States and European Union to produce a blue color. It has the E number E132, and is named Blue N... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A major advantage of DamID over ChIP seq is that profiling of protein binding sites can be assayed in a particular cell type in vivo without requiring the physical separation of a subpopulation of cells. This allows for investigation into developmental or physiological processes in animal models. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Dhar iron pillar is a now-fragmented iron column located in the Dhar town of Madhya Pradesh, India. The exact origins of the pillar are unknown, but according to the local tradition, it was a victory column erected by the 11th century Paramara king Bhoja.
Three of its fragments are now located near the 15th century... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A focused laser beam rotates in a constant frequency and interacts with particles within the sample medium.
Each randomly scanned particle obscures the laser beam to its dedicated photo diode, which measures the time of obscuration.
The time of obscuration directly relates to the particle's Diameter, by a simple calcul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the current biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an electron source are called organotrophs. Chemoorganotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and photolithotrophs (plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.
Some prokaryo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the DNA hairpin is unzipped into single-strand, oligonucleotides complementary to the hairpin sequence are allowed to hybridize. During the time course of the rezipping process, the bound oligonucleotides cause transient blockages. The time course measurement of hairpin length allows for the determination of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silyl ethers are a group of chemical compounds which contain a silicon atom covalently bonded to an alkoxy group. The general structure is RRRSi−O−R where R is an alkyl group or an aryl group. Silyl ethers are usually used as protecting groups for alcohols in organic synthesis. Since RRR can be combinations of differin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. To date, there are two main approaches used... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mutations and loss of function of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene play a causal role in the pathogenesis of clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCC), a pathological subtype that accounts for the majority kidney cancer each year. Mollapour work has shown that VHL ubiquitinates protein phosphatase-5 (PP5) fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although no large studies showing the long term outcomes for women with hyperthecosis exist, a diagnosis of hyperthecosis may suggest an increased risk for metabolic complications of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes . In postmenopausal women, hyperthecosis may also contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial polyp,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beginning in 1867, a lichen ( , ) was understood as a symbiosis of an algae or cyanobacteria, living among filaments of multiple fungi species. In 2016, new research by T. Spribille et al. revealed a third partner, a yeast imbedded in the lichen cortex or "skin."
Lichens are important actors in nutrient cycling and ac... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The regulation of Snf3 in S. cerevisiae and its downstream events are still poorly understood, but it seems clear that a second glucose sensor Rgt2 influences Snf3 and vice versa. Furthermore, it is unclear whether these two proteins sense the glucose concentration on the outside or inside the cell. Snf3 and Rgt2 inf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Type B, S, R and K thermocouples are used extensively in the steel and iron industries to monitor temperatures and chemistry throughout the steel making process. Disposable, immersible, type S thermocouples are regularly used in the electric arc furnace process to accurately measure the temperature of steel before tapp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The goniometric SPR method was researched alongside focused beam SPR and Otto configurations at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland since 1980s by Dr. Janusz Sadowski. The goniometric SPR optics was commercialized by Biofons Oy for use in point-of-care applications. Introduction of additional measurement laser wav... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Criegee intermediate (also called a Criegee zwitterion or Criegee biradical) is a carbonyl oxide with two charge centers. These chemicals may react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the Earth's atmosphere, and are implicated in the formation of aerosols, which are an important factor in controlling global cl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Pestiviruses have a single stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. They cause Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhea(BVD). Mucosal disease is a distinct, chronic persistent infection, whereas BVD is an acute infection. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSOSR'. Thiosulfonate esters are produced by oxidation of disulfides or the nucleophilic attack of thiolates on organosulfonyl halides.
Alkali metal thiosulfonates are the conjugate base of thiosulfuric acid. They are prepared by the reaction of organosulfonyl ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Interleukin 10 is produced by regulatory T lymphocytes, B cells, and monocytes. It is a homodimer that functions through the IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 receptor complexes, activating such kinases as Janus kinase and tyrosine kinase 2. IL-10R2 receptor is presented in most cells, when IL-10R1 receptor is IL-10 is also an inhib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enolate ions are more useful than enols for two reasons. First, pure enols can't normally be isolated but are instead generated only as short lived intermediates in low concentration. By contrast, stable solutions of pure enolate ions
are easily prepared from most carbonyl compounds by reaction with a strong base. Seco... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Gadd45a was discovered and characterized in the laboratory of Dr. Albert J. Fornace Jr. in 1988.
*Gadd45b (MyD118) was discovered and characterized in the laboratories of Drs. Dan A. Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in 1991.
*Gadd45g (CR6) was discovered and characterized in the laboratories of Drs. Kenneth Smith, Dan ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PAC is one of the artificial chromosome vectors. Some other artificial chromosomes include: bacterial artificial chromosome, yeast artificial chromosome and the human artificial chromosome. Compared to other artificial chromosomes, it can carry relatively large DNA fragments, however less so than the yeast artificial c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, the hydrophobic effect can be used to separate mixtures of proteins based on their hydrophobicity. Column chromatography with a hydrophobic stationary phase such as phenyl-sepharose will cause more hydrophobic proteins to travel more slowly, while less hydrophobic ones elute from the column sooner. To ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Divergent synthesis refers to the sequential "growth" of a dendrimer layer by layer, starting with a core "initiator" molecule which contains functional groups capable of acting as active sites in the initial reaction. Each subsequent reaction in the series increases the number of available surface groups exponentially... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Brinelling is the permanent indentation of a hard surface. It is named after the Brinell scale of hardness, in which a small ball is pushed against a hard surface at a preset level of force, and the depth and diameter of the mark indicates the Brinell hardness of the surface. Brinelling is permanent plastic deformatio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Prior to 1882, the South Island of New Zealand had been experimenting with sowing grass and crossbreeding sheep, which immediately gave their farmers economic potential in the exportation of meat. In 1882, the first successful shipment of sheep carcasses was sent from Port Chalmers in Dunedin, New Zealand, to London. B... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx. It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth. Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx. The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis, the opening b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because of the great importance of many types of CIA spectra in planetary and astrophysical research, a well known spectroscopy database (HITRAN) has been expanded to include a number of CIA spectra in various frequency bands and for a variety of temperatures. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By analyzing the emissivity of ground surfaces, multispectral imaging can detect the presence of underground missiles. Surface and sub-surface soil possess different physical and chemical properties that appear in spectral analysis. Disturbed soil has increased emissivity in the wavelength range of 8.5 to 9.5 micromete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some DNA viruses encode a recombinase that facilitates homologous recombination. A well-studied example is the UvsX recombinase encoded by bacteriophage T4. UvsX is homologous to bacterial RecA. UvsX, like RecA, can facilitate the assimilation of linear single-stranded DNA into an homologous DNA duplex to produce a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lignite-tar creosote is produced from lignite rather than bituminous coal, and varies considerably from coal-tar creosote. Also called "lignite oil", it has a very high content of tar acids, and has been used to increase the tar acids in normal creosote when necessary. When it has been produced, it has generally been a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Early mechanistic studies from the 1960s elucidated several key points:
# No H/D exchange effects seen in this reaction. Experiments using CD in water generate CDCDO, and runs with CH in DO generate CHCHO. Thus, keto-enol tautomerization is not a possible mechanistic step.
# Negligible kinetic isotope effect with ful... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This category groups pages related to microRNA, which is cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) that is often involved in gene regulation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
STAT1 has been shown to interact with:
* BRCA1,
* C-jun,
* CD117,
* CREB-binding protein,
* Calcitriol receptor,
* Epidermal growth factor receptor,
* Fanconi anemia, complementation group C,
* GNB2L1,
* IFNAR2,
* IRF1,
* ISGF3G
* Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit,
* MCM5,
* Mammalian target of rapamyc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By modeling reactions as Langevin motion along a one dimensional reaction coordinate, Hendrik Kramers was able to derive a relationship between the shape of the potential energy surface along the reaction coordinate and the transition rates of the system. The formulation relies on approximating the potential energy lan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Homoepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with only one material, in which a crystalline film is grown on a substrate or film of the same material. This technology is often used to grow a more pure film than the substrate and to fabricate layers with different doping levels. In academic literature, homoepitaxy is ofte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alkaliphiles maintain cytosolic acidification through both passive and active means. In passive acidification, it has been proposed that cell walls contain acidic polymers composed of residues such as galacturonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and phosphoric acid. Together, these residues form an a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The key intermediate in methylotrophic metabolism is formaldehyde, which can be diverted to either assimilatory or dissimilatory pathways. Methylotrophs produce formaldehyde through oxidation of methanol and/or methane. Methane oxidation requires the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO). Methylotrophs with this enzyme ar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) [http://oceanobservatories.org/infrastructure/ooi-station-map/regional-scale-nodes/ Regional Scale Nodes] (RSN) component is an electro-optically cabled underwater observatory that directly connects to the global Internet. It is the largest c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
STAT6-mediated signaling pathway is required for the development of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 immune response. Expression of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5, was reduced in STAT6-deficient mice. STAT 6 protein is crucial in IL4 mediated biological responses. It was found that STAT6 induce the e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As an example of a thermodynamic process involving a photon gas, consider a cylinder with a movable piston. The interior walls of the cylinder are "black" in order that the temperature of the photons can be maintained at a particular temperature. This means that the space inside the cylinder will contain a blackbody-di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methanosaeta harundinacea 6Ac, a methanogenic archaeon, produces carboxylated acyl homoserine lactone compounds that facilitate the transition from growth as short cells to growth as filaments. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthesis of marmesin has been successfully conducted in the laboratory on multiple occasions. One way of doing so is by a strategy based on the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular coupling reaction. This reaction would construct the dihydropyran ring and synthesize the compound from the intermediate (-)-peucedanol. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
mTECs are not only capable to present TRAs as efficient APCs. They are also potent in production of these TRAs via unique process called promiscuous gene expression (PGE) and might serve as their reservoir. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used to enhance oil recovery in mature oil fields. At the same time, there is the possibility of using "clean coal technology" to combine enhanced recovery methods with carbon sequestration. The CO is separated from other flue gases, compressed to the supercritical state, and injected in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inhibition of PSII is caused by singlet oxygen produced either by weakly coupled chlorophyll molecules or by cytochromes or iron–sulfur centers. | 5 | Photochemistry |
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