text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Porous polymers are a class of porous media materials in which monomers form 2D and 3D polymers containing angstrom- to nanometer-scale pores formed by the arrangement of the monomers. They may be either crystalline or amorphous. Subclasses include covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The main criticism is directed to the formal presentation of the theory (heavy mathematical jargon), number of listed parameters, the symbol heavy notation, and the fact that modeled (state) variables and parameters are abstract quantities which cannot be directly measured, all making it less likely to reach its intend... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Funded by the European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
Duration: 4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
Objective: The main scope of the project is to support the EU farm to fork sustainable strategy by providing technical, financial, and political tools and solutions to reduce GHG emissions (by 2030) a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AR-TP009 is expressed by Halorubrum sp. TP009. Its ability to act as a neural silencer has been investigated in mouse cortical pyramidal neurons. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Developed by Julius Schäffer to help with the identification of Agaricus species. A positive reaction of Schaeffers test, which uses the reaction of aniline and nitric acid on the surface of the mushroom, is indicated by an orange to red color; it is characteristic of species in the section Flavescentes'. The compounds... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Köhler curve is the visual representation of the Köhler equation. It shows the supersaturation at which the cloud drop is in equilibrium with the environment over a range of droplet diameters. The exact shape of the curve is dependent upon the amount and composition of the solutes present in the atmosphere. The Köh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The YenR and YenI proteins produced by the gammaproteobacterium Yersinia enterocolitica are similar to Aliivibrio fischeri LuxR and LuxI. YenR activates the expression of a small non-coding RNA, YenS. YenS inhibits YenI expression and acylhomoserine lactone production. YenR/YenI/YenS are involved in the control of swim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Different classifications of stoma types exist. One that is widely used is based on the types that Julien Joseph Vesque introduced in 1889, was further developed by Metcalfe and Chalk, and later complemented by other authors. It is based on the size, shape and arrangement of the subsidiary cells that surround the two g... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The demand for vanilla flavoring has long exceeded the supply of vanilla beans. , the annual demand for vanillin was 12,000 tons, but only 1,800 tons of natural vanillin were produced. The remainder was produced by chemical synthesis. Vanillin was first synthesized from eugenol (found in oil of clove) in 1874–75, less ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In these macromolecules, bonding between parts of the same macromolecule cause it to fold into a specific shape, which helps determine the molecule's physiological or biochemical role. For example, the double helical structure of DNA is due largely to hydrogen bonding between its base pairs (as well as pi stacking inte... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In aqueous solution, bromocresol green will ionize to give the monoanionic form (yellow), that further deprotonates at higher pH to give the dianionic form (blue), which is stabilized by resonance:
The acid dissociation constant (pK) of this reaction is 4.8. Tap water is sufficiently basic to give a solution of bromocr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Crystal structures for the E. coli SCS provide evidence that the coenzyme A binds within each α-subunit (within a Rossmann fold) in close proximity to a histidine residue (His246α). This histidine residue becomes phosphorylated during the succinate forming step in the reaction mechanism. The exact binding location of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GPC is often used to determine the relative molecular weight of polymer samples as well as the distribution of molecular weights. What GPC truly measures is the molecular volume and shape function as defined by the intrinsic viscosity. If comparable standards are used, this relative data can be used to determine molecu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organic Rankine cycles are innovative power cycles which allow good performances for low enthalpy thermal sources and ensure condensation above the atmospheric pressure, thus avoiding deaerators and large cross sectional area in the heat rejection units. Moreover, with respect to steam Rankine cycles, ORC have a higher... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transfer RNA (tRNA) helps decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein. They function at specific sites within the ribosome during translation (the process going from code to protein). Within the mRNA molecule we have three nucleotides in length codons. These codons all have a unique universal code which represents a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the wave theory of physics and engineering, a mode in a dynamical system is a standing wave state of excitation, in which all the components of the system will be affected sinusoidally at a fixed frequency associated with that mode.
Because no real system can perfectly fit under the standing wave framework, the mode... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
October 23, denoted 10/23 in the US, is recognized by some as Mole Day. It is an informal holiday in honor of the unit among chemists. The date is derived from the Avogadro number, which is approximately . It starts at 6:02 a.m. and ends at 6:02 p.m. Alternatively, some chemists celebrate June 2 (), June 22 (), or 6 Fe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Monopolin is a protein complex that in budding yeast is composed of the four proteins CSM1, HRR25, LRS4, and MAM1. Monopolin is required for the segregation of homologous centromeres to opposite poles of a dividing cell during anaphase I of meiosis. This occurs by bridging DSN1 kinetochore proteins to sister kinetochor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes. In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Very commonly when the supersaturation (or degree of supercooling) is high, and sometimes even when it is not high, growth kinetics may be diffusion-controlled. Under such conditions, the polyhedral crystal form will be unstable, it will sprout protrusions at its corners and edges where the degree of supersaturation is... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Transition metal acyl complexes describes organometallic complexes containing one or more acyl (RCO) ligands. Such compounds occur as transient intermediates in many industrially useful reactions, especially carbonylations. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Genes interact in the sense that they affect each others function. For instance, a mutation may be harmless, but when it is combined with another mutation, the combination may turn out to be lethal. Such genes are said to "interact genetically". Genes that are connected in such a way form genetic interaction networks. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1920s, the Russian embryologist Alexander Gurwitsch reported "ultraweak" photon emissions from living tissues in the UV-range of the spectrum. He named them "mitogenetic rays" because his experiments convinced him that they had a stimulating effect on cell division.
In the 1970s Fritz-Albert Popp and his researc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The three most important roles that PEP carboxylase plays in plants and bacteria metabolism are in the cycle, the CAM cycle, and the citric acid cycle biosynthesis flux.
The primary mechanism of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants is through the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (also known as R... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Processive enzymes are proteins that catalyze consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate. An example of processive enzymes is RNA polymerase which binds to a DNA strand and repeatedly catalyzes nucleotide transfers, effectively synthesizing a corresponding RNA strand.
Nolte and coworkers developed an artific... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The thickness of the ozone layer varies worldwide and is generally thinner near the equator and thicker near the poles. Thickness refers to how much ozone is in a column over a given area and varies from season to season. The reasons for these variations are due to atmospheric circulation patterns and solar intensity.
... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sulfuric acid at high concentrations is frequently the major ingredient in domestic acidic drain cleaners which are used to remove grease, hair, tissue paper, etc. Similar to their alkaline versions, such drain openers can dissolve fats and proteins via hydrolysis. Moreover, as concentrated sulfuric acid has a strong d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to confirm the effectiveness and quality of the qPCR process that was performed, there are several actions and subsequent data that must be presented. This includes explaining the specific method of checking that the process functioned, such as using a gel, direct sequencing of the genetic material, showing a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AGEs are responsible for many things. These molecules play an important role especially in nutrition, they are responsible for the brownish color and the aromas and flavors of some foods. It is demonstrated that cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs.
Having elevated lev... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Given the genetic makeup of an organism, the complete set of possible reactions constitutes its reactome. Reactome, located at http://www.reactome.org is a curated, peer-reviewed resource of human biological processes/pathway data. The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase E is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the endocrine pancreas, pituitary, and adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Within cells, carboxypeptidase E is present in the secretory granules along with its peptide substrates and products. Carboxypeptidase E is a glycoprotein that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PEX genes encode the protein machinery (peroxins) required for proper peroxisome assembly. Peroxisomal membrane proteins are imported through at least two routes, one of which depends on interaction between peroxin 19 and peroxin 3, while the other is required for import of peroxin 3, either of which may occur without ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the electrodeposition of metals from their ores that have been put in solution via a process commonly referred to as leaching. Electrorefining uses a similar process to remove impurities from a metal. Both processes use electroplating on a large scale and are important ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The primary structure of RiAFP (the sequence may be found [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/313766639 here]) determined by Mass Spectroscopy, Edman degradation and by constructing a partial cDNA sequence and PCR have shown that a TxTxTxT internal repeat exists. Sequence logos constructed from the RiAFP internal rep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phototherapy may cause lipid peroxidation leading to rupture of red blood cell cell membranes in this way.
In addition, end-products of lipid peroxidation may be mutagenic and carcinogenic. For instance, the end-product MDA reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in DNA, forming DNA adducts to them, primarily MG.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The above cations except for methanium are not, strictly speaking, organic, since they do not contain carbon. However, many organic cations are obtained by substituting another element or some functional group for a hydrogen.
The name of each substitution is prefixed to the hydride cation name. If many substitutions by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s). The things could be countable objects such as individual items available as units for sale, or an uncountable material. Even though the word "sample" implies a smaller quantity take... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ionic activity coefficient is connected to the ionic diameter by the formula obtained from Debye–Hückel theory of electrolytes:
where A and B are constants, z is the valence number of the ion, and I is ionic strength. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methanandamide (AM-356) is a synthetically created stable chiral analog of anandamide. Its effects have been observed to act on the cannabinoid receptors (specifically on CB receptors, which are part of the central nervous system) found in different organisms such as mammals, fish, and certain invertebrates (e.g. Hydr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Insertional mutagenesis uses the features of a TE to insert a sequence. In most cases, this is used to remove a DNA sequence or cause a frameshift mutation.
** In some cases the insertion of a TE into a gene can disrupt that gene's function in a reversible manner where transposase-mediated excision of the DNA transpo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the earliest ideas for the use of π-conjugated molecules in molecular computation was proposed by Ari Aviram from IBM in 1988. The motivation for this work was to develop theoretical models for mixed-valence type-σ-π-σ-bonded molecules and explore their stereochemical properties for potential applications in mol... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Approximately 64% of the maize genome is made up of TEs, as is 44% of the human genome, and almost half of murine genomes.
New discoveries of transposable elements have shown the exact distribution of TEs with respect to their transcription start sites (TSSs) and enhancers. A recent study found that a promoter contains... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA, it is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria. During the purifica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ionic compounds normally dissociate into their constituent ions when they dissolve in water. For example, for silver chloride:
The expression for the equilibrium constant for this reaction is:
where is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant and braces indicate activity. The activity of a pure solid is, by definition, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RoXaN is capable of interacting with NSP3 in vivo and during rotavirus infection. Domains of interaction correspond to the dimerization domain of NSP3 (amino acids 163 to 237) and the LD domain of RoXaN (amino acids 244 to 341). The interaction between NSP3 and RoXaN does not impair the interaction between NSP3 and eIF... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, fermentation theory refers to the historical study of models of natural fermentation processes, especially alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Notable contributors to the theory include Justus Von Liebig and Louis Pasteur, the latter of whom developed a purely microbial basis for the fermentation p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diols react as alcohols, by esterification and ether formation.
Diols such as ethylene glycol are used as co-monomers in polymerization reactions forming polymers including some polyesters and polyurethanes. A different monomer with two identical functional groups, such as a dioyl dichloride or dioic acid is required t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main advantage of FbFPs over GFP is their independence of molecular oxygen. Since all GFP derivatives and homologues require molecular oxygen for the maturation of their chromophore, these fluorescent proteins are of limited use under anaerobic or hypoxic conditions.
Since FbFPs bind FMN as chromophore, which is s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To date there are more than 300 known coregulators. Some examples of these coactivators include:
* ARA54 targets androgen receptors
* ATXN7L3 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
* BCL3 targets 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR)
* CBP targets many transcription factors
* CDC25B targets steroid r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic Corrosion Testing (CCT) has evolved in recent years, largely within the automotive industry, as a way of accelerating real-world corrosion failures, under laboratory controlled conditions.
As the name implies, the test comprises different climates which are cycled automatically so the samples under test underg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A typical XPS spectrum is a plot of the number of electrons detected at a specific binding energy. Each element produces a set of characteristic XPS peaks. These peaks correspond to the electron configuration of the electrons within the atoms, e.g., 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. The number of detected electrons in each peak is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a metallurgical processing technique, similar to work hardening, in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object. This technique is part of the High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) processes. Other acronyms are also equivalent: Ultrasonic Needle Peening (UNP), Ultrasonic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles 10 μm and greater.
Colloids are particles of a size between 1 nm (0.001 µm) and 1 µm depending on the method of quantification. Because of Brownian motion and e... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
MG-RAST, an open-source web application server, facilitates automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. It stands as one of the largest repositories for metagenomic data, employing the acronym for Metagenomic Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (MG-RAST). This platform utilizes a pipeline t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On Curtius rearrangement, acyl azides yield isocyanates.
Acyl azides are also formed in Darapsky degradation, | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide are also a recent addition to atmospheric X measurements. SCIAMACHY aboard ESAs ENVISAT made global column X measurements from 2002 to 2012. AIRS aboard NASAs Aqua satellite makes global X measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012. More recent satellites have... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
AGEs affect nearly every type of cell and molecule in the body and are thought to be one factor in aging and some age-related chronic diseases. They are also believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
AGEs arise under certain pathologic conditions, such as oxidative stress due... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ketoacidosis is a pathological state of uncontrolled production of ketones that results in a metabolic acidosis, with serum ketone levels typically in excess of 3 mM. Ketoacidosis is most commonly caused by a deficiency of insulin in type 1 diabetes or late stage type 2 diabetes but can also be the result of chronic he... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* L.P. Hammett, 1970, Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edn., New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.
* John Shorter, 1982, Correlation Analysis of Organic Reactivity, Chichester 1982.
* Otto Exner, 1988, Correlation Analysis of Chemical Data, New York, NY, US: Plenum. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The sum of molar concentrations gives the total molar concentration, namely the density of the mixture divided by the molar mass of the mixture or by another name the reciprocal of the molar volume of the mixture. In an ionic solution, ionic strength is proportional to the sum of the molar concentration of salts. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Physical systems found in nature are practically always dynamic and complex, but in many cases, macroscopic physical systems are amenable to description based on proximity to ideal conditions. One such ideal condition is that of a stable equilibrium state. Such a state is a primitive object of classical or equilibriu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is one assay office in Praha.
Assay Office was established by the Czech National Council Law No. 19/1993 Coll., concerning
the Administration Authorities of the Czech Republic in the Field of Hallmarking and Precious Metal Testing, from which the Assay Office competences and duties are resulting. The provision o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Historically, two conventions for sign for the electrode potential have formed:
# convention "Nernst–Lewis–Latimer" (sometimes referred to as "American"),
# convention "Gibbs–Ostwald–Stockholm" (sometimes referred to as "European").
In 1953 in Stockholm IUPAC recognized that either of the conventions is permissible; ho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IL-10 family is one of the important types of cytokines, that can stop the inflammation. In general. these cytokines have a helical structure of homodimers. The difference that the members of IL-10 family have between each other is that they have various receptor-binding residues, which help with interaction with s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymersomes that contain active enzymes and that provide a way to selectively transport substrates for conversion by those enzymes have been described as nanoreactors.
Polymersomes have been used to create controlled release drug delivery systems. Similar to coating liposomes with polyethylene glycol, polymersomes ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many polymer chemists are concerned with limiting the rate of disproportionation during polymerization. Although disproportionation results in formation of one new double bond which may react with the polymer chain, a saturated hydrocarbon is also formed, and thus the chain reaction does not readily proceed. During liv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crystalline sponges are series of organometallic networks developed by Japanese chemist Makoto Fujita. The organic small molecules are absorbed into the void space of the crystalline sponges. Since the organometallic network of crystalline sponges can interact with the small molecule substrates via non-covalent intera... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The parent phosphonium is as found in the iodide salt, phosphonium iodide. Salts of the parent are rarely encountered, but this ion is an intermediate in the preparation of the industrially useful tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride:
:PH + HCl + 4 CHO →
Many organophosphonium salts are produced by protonati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Section A on Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of liquid natural gas (LNG).
Section A com... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. The structure of a nucleosome consists of a segment of DNA wound around eight histone proteins and resembles thread wrapped around a spool. The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin. Each nucleosome is composed of a little less than ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian dynamics, the hyper-volume of a cloud of points in phase space remains constant as the system evolves. Therefore, the information entropy must also remain constant, if we condition on the original information, and then follow each of those microstates forward in time:
Ho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ankaramite is volcanic rock type of mafic composition. It is a dark porphyritic variety of basanite containing abundant pyroxene and olivine phenocrysts. It contains minor amounts of plagioclase and accessory biotite, apatite, and iron oxides.
Its type locality is Ankaramy in Madagascar. It was first described in 1916.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This test uses a saturated solution of calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder), or alternatively a dilute solution (5.25% is typically used) of sodium hypochlorite, or undiluted household bleach. These solutions are typically replaced daily since they break down within 24–48 hours; they break down even more rapidly whe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ropB protein binding location lies adjacent to speB promoter 1 that is also located within the highly repetitive intergenic region, however the ropB gene and the speB gene are transcribed in opposite directions. The -10 and -35 regions of speB promoter 1 have poor consensus; in order to ameliorate this, the ropB a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Wilfley Table was built to solve a problem common in the recovery of heavy ore minerals; approximately 90% of gold grains, platinum group minerals, sulphides, arsenides/antimonides and tellurides, in source rocks are silt-sized (<). Concentration of these minerals requires preconcentration techniques that include r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
After a year in Birmingham doing chemical research, he was appointed head of the chemistry at Blackburn Technical School in Blackburn, Lancashire and was principal from 1908-1920. While at Blackburn was involved in publication of 35 papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. He did original work on chemical structu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A wide variety of algorithms have been developed to facilitate detection of promoters in genomic sequence, and promoter prediction is a common element of many gene prediction methods. A promoter region is located before the -35 and -10 Consensus sequences. The closer the promoter region is to the consensus sequences th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In swine, ractopamine is correlated with adverse effects, especially hyperactivity, trembling, and broken limbs, leading to censure by animal rights groups.
In a conversation with Boulder Weekly newspaper, Colorado State University Professor of Animal Science Temple Grandin, an expert on animal welfare, described harmf... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
tert-Butanesulfinamide has been used as an auxiliary in an asymmetric synthesis of cetirizine (more potent than the racemic mixture of the drug) starting from p-chlorobenzaldehyde and phenylmagnesium bromide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In this variant the OAA produced by aspartate aminotransferase in the bundle sheath is decarboxylated to PEP by PEPCK. The fate of PEP is still debated. The simplest explanation is that PEP would diffuse back to the mesophyll to serve as a substrate for PEPC. Because PEPCK uses only one ATP molecule, the regeneration o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some simple systems are amenable to spreadsheet calculations.
A large number of general-purpose computer programs for equilibrium constant calculation have been published. See for a bibliography. The most frequently used programs are:
* Potentiometric data: [http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hq2000.htm Hyperquad], BEST PSEQU... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alcohols can also undergo ammonolysis when in the presence of ammonia. An example is the conversion of phenol to aniline, catalyzed by stannic chloride. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The microdialysis principle was first employed in the early 1960s, when push-pull canulas and dialysis sacs were implanted into animal tissues, especially into rodent brains, to directly study the tissues biochemistry. While these techniques had a number of experimental drawbacks, such as the number of samples per anim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermometric titrimetric analysis of sodium aluminate liquor ("Bayer liquor") in the production of alumina from bauxite is accomplished in an automated two titration sequence. This is an adaptation of a classic thermometric titration application (VanDalen and Ward, 1973). In the first titration, tartrate solution i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations. Stated in modern terms, they are as follows:
#Lavoisier and Laplace's law (1780): The energy change accompanying any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change accompanying the reverse process.
#Hess' law of constant heat summation (1840): The energy change acco... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A-values are numerical values used in the determination of the most stable orientation of atoms in a molecule (conformational analysis), as well as a general representation of steric bulk. A-values are derived from energy measurements of the different cyclohexane conformations of a monosubstituted cyclohexane chemical.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* J.G. Nicholls, A.R. Martin, B.G. Wallace and P.A. Fuchs. "From Neuron to Brain". 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like many ACE inhibitors, this prodrug is converted to the active metabolite spiraprilat following oral administration. Unlike other members of the group, it is eliminated both by renal and hepatic routes, which may allow for greater use in patients with renal impairment.
However, data on its effect upon the renal func... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The entropy is given by the entropic equation of state:
Using as before, and integrating the second term using we obtain simply
This is the entropic equation of state for a perfect vdW fluid, or in reduced form | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mutation of Dally is a consequence of the P-element and the place where it is located. It is possible to differentiate between the mutants Dally-P1 and Dally-P2, depending on where the insertion of P-element is. It is known that Dally-P2 generates a bigger amount of defects. This mutated Dally disrupts the cell cyc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Accurate and consistent measurement of gases and deposition at every monitoring site is of the utmost importance to the NADP. This is accomplished, in part, by ensuring that all sites adhere to specific standard operating procedures. This provides consistent methodology at all sites within the networks. The SOPs can be... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The process is named for its inventor Anson Gardner Betts who filed several patents for this method starting in 1901. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Modulation of neurotransmitter release by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a prominent presynaptic mechanism for regulation of synaptic transmission. The activation of GPCRs located at the presynaptic terminal, can decrease the probability of neurotransmitter release. This presynaptic depression involves activati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) was coined in 1985 by Franz Hillenkamp, Michael Karas and their colleagues. These researchers found that the amino acid alanine could be ionized more easily if it was mixed with the amino acid tryptophan and irradiated with a pulsed 266 nm laser. The tryptoph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LDH is also regulated by the relative concentrations of its substrates. LDH becomes more active under periods of extreme muscular output due to an increase in substrates for the LDH reaction. When skeletal muscles are pushed to produce high levels of power, the demand for ATP in regards to aerobic ATP supply leads to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample. It atomizes the sample and creates atomic and small polyatomic ions, which are then detected. It is known and used for its ability to detect metals and several non-metals in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) and carbon content. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers (as with tetrahedral stereocenters). A crossed double-bond has been used sometimes; it is no longer considered an acceptable style for general use by IUPAC but may still be required by computer software. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A potentially significant problem following bisulfite treatment is incomplete desulfonation of pyrimidine residues due to inadequate alkalization of the solution. This may inhibit some DNA polymerases, rendering subsequent PCR difficult. However, this situation can be avoided by monitoring the pH of the solution to ens... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphospha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.