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Jeewanu (Sanskrit for "particles of life") are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure and seem to have some functional properties; that is, they are a model of primitive cells, or protocells. It was first synthesised by Krishna Bahadur (20 January 1926 — 5 August 1994), an Indian chemist and his ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A Rotary Vacuum Filter Drum consists of a cylindrical filter membrane that is partly sub-merged in a slurry to be filtered. The inside of the drum is held lower than the ambient pressure. As the drum rotates through the slurry, the liquid is sucked through the membrane, leaving solids to cake on the membrane surface wh... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sealants are an alternative to solder where additional strength is not required. In most cases, sealants should not be necessary with a properly designed copper installation. They are at best a relatively short-term solution requiring frequent maintenance. Regardless, sealant-filled joints have been used successfully a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Studies from various international working groups have revealed a significantly increased amount of Tumor M2-PK in EDTA-plasma samples of patients with renal, lung, breast, cervical and gastrointestinal tumors (oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum), as well as melanoma, which correlated with the tumor stage.
Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By considering the arrangement of atoms relative to each other, their coordination numbers, interatomic distances, types of bonding, etc., it is possible to form a general view of the structures and alternative ways of visualizing them. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Migratory aptitude is the relative ability of a migrating group to migrate in a rearrangement reaction. Migratory aptitudes vary in different reactions, depending on multiple factors.
In the Baeyer-Villiger reaction, the more substituted group, in general, migrates. In the pinacol rearrangement, the order of migrator... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Naturally occurring crude bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the worlds supply of natural bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the se... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The paramagnetic ring current resulting from the electron delocalization in antiaromatic compounds can be observed by NMR. This ring current leads to a deshielding (downfield shift) of nuclei inside the ring and a shielding (upfield shift) of nuclei outside the ring. [[Cyclododecahexaene|[12]annulene]] is an antiaromat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1987, an elderly couple was exposed to sulfuryl fluoride in their house already cleared for reentry. While the fumigation company opened windows and doors, and aerated the house with fans, sulfuryl fluoride level was not measured. It was not detected when the air was sampled 12 days after aeration. The couple experi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
One of the most prevalent features of iron chemistry is its redox chemistry. Iron has three oxidation states: metallic iron (Fe), ferrous iron (Fe), and ferric iron (Fe). Ferrous iron is the reduced form of iron, and ferric iron is the oxidized form of iron. In the presence of oxygen, ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric... | 9 | Geochemistry |
At low doses, levonorgestrel is used in monophasic and triphasic formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills, with available monophasic doses ranging from 100 to 250 µg, and triphasic doses of 50 µg/75 µg/125 µg. It is combined with the estrogen ethinylestradiol in these formulations.
At very low daily dose of 30... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Strong electrolytes are hypothesized to dissociate completely in solution. The conductivity of a solution of a strong electrolyte at low concentration follows Kohlrausch's Law
where is known as the limiting molar conductivity, is an empirical constant and is the electrolyte concentration. (Limiting here means "at th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Firstly, equilibrium constants are determined at a number of different ionic strengths, at a chosen temperature and particular background electrolyte. The interaction coefficients are then determined by fitting to the observed equilibrium constant values. The procedure also provides the value of K at infinite dilution.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of a prototype for a synthetic chemically driven rotary molecular motor was reported by Kelly and co-workers in 1999. Their system is made up from a three-bladed triptycene rotor and a helicene, and is capable of performing a unidirectional 120° rotation.
This rotation takes place in five steps. The amine gr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Its membership in the amphetamine class has made pseudoephedrine a sought-after chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine and methcathinone. As a result of the increasing regulatory restrictions on the sale and distribution of pseudoephedrine, pharmaceutical firms have reformulated medications to... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The process of splat quenching involves rapid quenching or cooling of molten metal. A typical procedure for splat quenching involves pouring the molten metal between two cooled copper rollers that are circulated with water to transfer the heat away from the metal, causing it to almost instantaneously solidify.
A more e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Ephemeroptera
* Plecoptera
* Mollusca
* Trichoptera
* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Coliform bacteria
* Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
* Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp)
* Sea urchin
* Protists, e.g. Paratrimastix pyriformis
Biological monitoring metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Basic research on supercritical water oxidation was undertaken in the 1990s at Sandia National Laboratory's Combustion Research Facility (CRF), in Livermore, CA. Originally proposed as a hazardous waste destruction technology in response to the Kyoto protocol, multiple waste streams were studied by Steven F. Rice and R... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes cut hash oils with other oils. The form of the extract varies depending on the extraction process used; it may be liquid, a clear amb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bartlett and Beaudry discovered that IBX is a valuable reagent for the transformation of β-hydroxyketones to β-diketones. IBX provides yields superior to both the Swern and Dess–Martin oxidation protocols. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Using experimental data as a starting point, homology transfer is one way to predict interactomes. Here, PPIs from one organism are used to predict interactions among homologous proteins in another organism ("interologs"). However, this approach has certain limitations, primarily because the source data may not be reli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salahuddin died on 29 November 1996 at the age of 59 after a difficult illness. His passing away saddened his family and his students. Eulogies by his former students were read at the Annual meeting of the Aligarh Alumni Association Washington DC;
by others at a session at AMU Aligarh on 3 Jan 2019. At his death he wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The and distances are 117 and 158 pm. By contrast, in methyl thiocyanate, and distances are 116 and 176 pm.
Typical bond angles for in aryl isothiocyanates are near 165°. Again, the thiocyanate isomers are quite different with angle near 100°. In both isomers the angle approaches 180°. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In anatomic pathology, ammonical silver nitrate is used in the Fontana–Masson Stain, which is a silver stain technique used to detect melanin, argentaffin and lipofuscin in tissue sections. Melanin and the other chromaffins reduce the silver nitrate to metallic silver. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
D. C. Grahame modified the Stern model in 1947. He proposed that some ionic or uncharged species can penetrate the Stern layer, although the closest approach to the electrode is normally occupied by solvent molecules. This could occur if ions lose their solvation shell as they approach the electrode. He called ions in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mairanovsky was born to a Jewish family in Batumi in 1899.
Mairanovsky was the head of several secret laboratories in the Bach Institute of Biochemistry in Moscow (1928–1935). As the head of Laboratory No. 1 (1938–1946), he initiated the secret poison program conducted by the NKVD. He used political prisoners for exp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ability of AMGs modulating the metabolic capacities of their hosts can influence the abundance and distribution of specific microbial taxa. In turn, this shapes the overall composition of microbial communities, with potential cascading effects on higher trophic levels. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a controversial 2009 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, "Lost in Transmission — FDA Drug Information That Never Reaches Clinicians", it was reported that the largest of three Lunesta trials found that compared to placebo Lunesta "was superior to placebo" while it only shortened initial time falling asle... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Disorders in mtFASII lead to the following metabolic diseases:
* ACSF3: Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA)
* MCAT: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
* MECR: Mitochondrial enoyl-CoA reductase protein-associated neurodegeneration (MEPAN) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before 1800 A.D., the iron and steel industry was located where raw material, power supply and running water were easily available. After 1950, the iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports. The history of the modern steel industry began in the late 1850s. Since then, steel ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A native of California, Fahy holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the University of California, Irvine and a PhD in pharmacology and cryobiology from the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.
He currently serves on the board of directors of two organizations and as a referee for numerous scientific journ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peroxides are also strong oxidizers and easily react with skin, cotton and wood pulp. For safety reasons, peroxidic compounds are stored in a cool, opaque container, as heating and illumination accelerate their chemical reactions. Small amounts of peroxides, which emerge from storage or reaction vessels are neutralized... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polarization spectroscopy comprises a set of spectroscopic techniques based on polarization properties of light (not necessarily visible one; UV, X-ray, infrared, or in any other frequency range of the electromagnetic radiation). By analyzing the polarization properties of light, decisions can be made about the media t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Especially in meteorology they are used to analyze the actual state of the atmosphere derived from the measurements of radiosondes, usually obtained with weather balloons. In such diagrams, temperature and humidity values (represented by the dew point) are displayed with respect to pressure. Thus the diagram gives at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the glassy state, the movements of the long chain segments are frozen, the movements of these segments depend on an activation temperature that brings the polymer to a smoothing and elastic state, the rotation on the carbon bonds and the movements of the chains no longer have strong impediments to accommodate and ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The extrusion of stationary phase from the column at the end of a separation experiment by stopping rotation and pumping solvent or gas through the column was used by CCC practitioners before the term EECCC was suggested. In elution-extrusion mode (EECCC), The mobile phase is extruded after a certain point by switching... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Triethyl orthoacetate is the organic compound with the formula CHC(OCH). It is the ethyl orthoester of acetic acid. It is a colorless oily liquid.
Triethyl orthoacetate is used in organic synthesis for acetylation.
It is also used in the Johnson-Claisen rearrangement. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the IUPAC definition, mixed potential is the potential of an electrode (against a suitable
reference electrode, often the standard hydrogen electrode) when an appreciable fraction of the anodic or cathodic current arises from two or more different redox couples, but when the total current on the electrode... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the special case where one hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (D) and another hydrogen by tritium (T), the methyl substituent becomes chiral. Methods exist to produce optically pure methyl compounds, e.g., chiral acetic acid (deuterotritoacetic acid ). Through the use of chiral methyl groups, the stereochemical cours... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Urea-containing creams are used as topical dermatological products to promote rehydration of the skin. Urea 40% is indicated for psoriasis, xerosis, onychomycosis, ichthyosis, eczema, keratosis, keratoderma, corns, and calluses. If covered by an occlusive dressing, 40% urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To quantify the exposure of particular individuals or populations two approaches are used, primarily based on practical considerations: | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Video spectroscopy combines spectroscopic measurements with video technique. This technology has resulted from recent developments in hyperspectral imaging. A video capable imaging spectrometer can work like a camcorder and provide full frame spectral images in real-time that enables advanced (vehicle based) mobility a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
tert-Butyllithium is a chemical compound with the formula (CH)CLi. As an organolithium compound, it has applications in organic synthesis since it is a strong base, capable of deprotonating many carbon molecules, including benzene. tert-Butyllithium is available commercially as solutions in hydrocarbons (such as pentan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GGT is elevated by ingestion of large quantities of alcohol (needs reference) However, determination of high levels of total serum GGT activity is not specific to alcohol intoxication, and the measurement of selected serum forms of the enzyme offer more specific information. Isolated elevation or disproportionate ele... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modern day antique collectors have since coined the term "Piloncitos" to describe the small "bead-like" pieces of gold which were used as currency in Precolonial Philippines, comparing the cone-shaped pieces to a pilon of sugar. Early historical descriptions of the term include the Spanish "granitas de oro" (small grai... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Methyl phenyldiazoacetate is the organic compound with the formula CHC(N)COMe. It is a diazo derivative of methyl phenylacetate. Colloguially referred to as "phenyldiazoacetate", it is generated and used in situ after isolation as a yellow oil.
Methyl phenyldiazoacetate and many related derivatives are precursors to d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been linked to compromised resistance to infectious diseases. In countries where early childhood VAD is common, vitamin A supplementation public health programs initiated in the 1980s were shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea and measles, and all-cause mortality. VAD also increases t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dated back to 1956, the first protein modified transition metal catalyst was documented. The Palladium(II) salt was absorbed onto silk fibroin fiber, reduced by hydrogen to get the first reported ArM, which can catalyze asymmetric hydrogenation.
First attempt to anchor an abiotic metal center onto a protein was reporte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A mold for casting an oxhide ingot was discovered in the LBA north palace at Ras Ibn Hani in Syria. It is made of fine-grained "ramleh", a shelly limestone. Archaeologists found burnt copper droplets around the mold. In spite of the questionable durability of limestone, Paul Craddock et al. concluded that limestone can... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Metal arene complexes are organometallic compounds of the formula (CR)ML. Common classes are of the type (CR)ML and (CR)M. These compounds are reagents in inorganic and organic synthesis. The principles that describe arene complexes extend to related organic ligands such as many heterocycles (e.g. thiophene) and polycy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Outside the field of polarography, Harveys book Spectrochemical Procedures was the next earliest reference book to mention standard addition. Harveys approach, which involves the successive addition of standards, closely resembles the most commonly used method of standard addition today.
To apply this method, analysts ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Compared to other heteroallenes, carbodiimides are very weak electrophiles and only react with nucleophiles in the presence of catalysts, such as acids. In this way, guanidines can be prepared. As weak bases, carbodiimides bind to Lewis acids to give adducts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcium silicide is used for manufacture of special metal alloys, e.g. for removing phosphorus and as a deoxidizer. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The exploration of challenges in understanding the effects of gene alterations on phenotypes, particularly within natural genetic diversity, is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the potential of systems biology and advancements in genotyping/phenotyping technologies for studying complex traits. Despite progress, persi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the largest and most diverse uses of the intercalation process by the early 2020s is in lithium-ion electrochemical energy storage, in the batteries used in many handheld electronic devices, mobility devices, electric vehicles, and utility-scale battery electric storage stations.
By 2023, all commercial Li-ion c... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Two groups of well-known mimicking molecules include halogenated furanones, which mimic AHL molecules, and synthetic Al peptides (AIPs), which mimic naturally occurring AIPs. These groups inhibit receptors from binding substrate or decrease the concentration of receptors in the cell. Furanones have also been found to a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes, a cis configuration leads to one axial and one equatorial group. Such species undergo rapid, degenerate chair flipping. For 1,2- and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane, a trans configuration, the diaxial conformation is effectively prevented by its high steric strain. For 1,3-di... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The chemical intuition suggests that the glycan-binding sites may be enriched in polar amino acid residues that form non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, with polar carbohydrates. Indeed, a statistical analysis of carbohydrate-binding pockets shows that aspartic acid and asparagine residues are present tw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels
* Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels
Polyethylene glycol(PEG) polymers are synthetic materials that can be crosslinked to form hydrogels. PEG hydrogels are not toxic to the body, do not elicit an immune response, and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Admi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The South African company Rand Refinery Limited rebuilt its smelter in 1986, incorporating two 1.5 t TBRCs and a small static reverberatory furnace for cupellation to produce doré bullion containing gold and silver. The original concept was to produce doré bullion directly from the TBRCs, but this proved impossible, as... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Flammability of furniture is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrical pulses are also used to intracellularly deliver siRNA into cells. The cell membrane is made of phospholipids which makes it susceptible to an electric field. When quick but powerful electrical pulses are initiated the lipid molecules reorient themselves, while undergoing thermal phase transitions because of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flow injection techniques have proven very useful in marine science for both organic and inorganic analytes in marine animal samples/seafood. Flow Injection methods applied to the determination of amino acids (histidine, L-lysine and tyrosine), DNA/RNA, formaldehyde, histamine, hypoxanthine, polycyclic aromatic hydroca... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A possible link between inflammatory processes and depressive disorders has stimulated preliminary research on modafinil for its potential anti-inflammatory effects. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Eutectic NaK (NaK-77, an alloy of 77% potassium and 23% sodium by mass) can be used as a hydraulic fluid in high-temperature and high-radiation environments, for temperature ranges of . Its bulk modulus at is 2.14 GPa, higher than of a hydraulic oil at room temperature. Its lubricity is poor, so positive-displacement ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The BioCyc website contains a variety of software tools for searching, visualizing, comparing, and analyzing genome and pathway information. It includes a genome browser, and browsers for metabolic and regulatory networks. The website also includes tools for painting large-scale ("omics") datasets onto metabolic and re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surprisal analysis is an information-theoretical analysis technique that integrates and applies principles of thermodynamics and maximal entropy. Surprisal analysis is capable of relating the underlying microscopic properties to the macroscopic bulk properties of a system. It has already been applied to a spectrum of d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is used as a chelating agent:
* In Wilson's disease, a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism, penicillamine treatment relies on its binding to accumulated copper and elimination through urine.
* Penicillamine was the second line treatment for arsenic poisoning, after dimercaprol (BAL). It is no longer recommend... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The emulsion test is a simple method used educational settings to determine the presence of lipids using wet chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing lipids present to dissolve (lipids are soluble in alcohols). The liquid (alcohol with dissolved fat) is then decanted into water. S... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Solids are often modeled as linear springs because under the action of a force they contract or elongate, and when the force is lifted, they return to their original lengths, like a spring. This is true as long as the force is in the elastic range, that is, not large enough to cause permanent or plastic deformation. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In contrast to the library types described above, a variety of artificial methods exist for making libraries of variant genes. Variation throughout the gene can be introduced randomly by either error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling to recombine parts of similar genes together, or transposon-based methods to introduce indels.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxidative lesions are an umbrella category of lesions caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), other byproducts of cellular metabolism, and exogenous factors such as ionizing or ultraviolet radiation. Byproducts of oxidative respiration are the main source of reactive species which caus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Superalloys were originally iron-based and cold wrought prior to the 1940s when investment casting of cobalt base alloys significantly raised operating temperatures. The 1950s development of vacuum melting allowed for fine control of the chemical composition of superalloys and reduction in contamination and in turn led... | 8 | Metallurgy |
𝜶 and β particles are both used in the treatment of cancers, depending on the size and location of the particular tumor. Alpha particles contain overall higher energy and have a shorter path length, and have greater cytotoxic properties for this reason as compared to β particles. However, due to the shorter path lengt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In inorganic extended solids, valence tautomerism can manifest itself in the change of oxidation states its spatial distribution upon the change of macroscopic thermodynamic conditions. Such effects have been called charge ordering or valence mixing to describe the behavior in inorganic oxides. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Platinum-samarium is a binary inorganic compound of platinum and samarium with the chemical formula PtSm. This intermetallic compound forms crystals. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The conjugation of 1,3-butadiene was first evaluated by Kistiakowsky, a conjugative contribution of 3.5 kcal/mol was found based on the energetic comparison of hydrogenation between conjugated species and unconjugated analogues. Rogers who used the method first applied by Kistiakowsky, reported that the conjugation sta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As established by X-ray crystallography, octachlorodimolybdate(II) anion ([MoCl]) has an eclipsed conformation. This sterically unfavorable geometry is given as evidence for a quadruple bond between the Mo centers.
Experiments such as X-ray and electron diffraction analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance, microwave spectr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The impact of ultraviolet radiation on human health has implications for the risks and benefits of sun exposure and is also implicated in issues such as fluorescent lamps and health. Getting too much sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation, sun exposure is beneficial. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The hydrophobic effect is the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution and to be excluded by water. The word hydrophobic literally means "water-fearing", and it describes the segregation of water and nonpolar substances, which maximizes the entropy of water and minimizes the area of... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Adverse events include hypoglycemia, pruritis (itching), nasopharyngitis, headache, and upper respiratory tract infection. It may also cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. Like other DDP-4 inhibitors, alogliptin is weight-neutral.
A 2014 letter to the editor claimed alogliptin is not associated with incre... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems. Just like in an electrostatic interaction where a region of negative charge interacts with a positive charge, the electron-rich π system can interact with a metal (cationic or neutral), an anion, another molecule a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another. This can be achieved through a number of ways with the most common form being crosstalk between proteins of signaling cascades. In these signal transduction pathways, there are often shared compo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Barium has a diffuse series running from infrared to ultraviolet with wavelengths at 25515.7, 23255.3, 22313.4; 5818.91, 5800.30, 5777.70; 4493.66, 4489.00; 4087.31, 4084.87; 3898.58, 3894.34; 3789.72, 3788.18; 3721.17, and 3720.85 Å | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TIVA tags are created initially via solid-phase synthesis with the cell-penetrating peptide conjugated afterwards. The functional components of the tag can be summarized as following:
* Biotin: binds to streptavidin beads for tag isolation.
* Cy3 fluorophore: used to validated cleavage of photocleavable linker. If clea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry. For example, it is the usual acid catalyst for the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam, used for making nylon. It is used for making hydrochloric acid from salt via the Mannheim process. Much is used in petroleum refining, for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hormone producing cells are found in the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes. Hormonal signaling involves the following steps:
# Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue.
# Storage and secretion of the hormone.
# Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s).
# Recogniti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Defect sites can interfere with the stability of metal oxide surfaces, so it is important to locate and determine methods to control these sites. Oxides exhibit an abundance of point defect sites. In rocksalt surfaces, oxygen and metal cation vacancies are the most common point defects. The vacancies are produced by el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Between 1857 and 1865, Macadam served as honorary secretary to the Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria, which organised the Burke and Wills expedition.
The expedition was organised by the society with the aim of crossing the continent of Australia from the south to the north coasts, map it, and colle... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Frequency domain (FD) sensor is an instrument developed for measuring soil moisture content. The instrument has an oscillating circuit, the sensing part of the sensor is embedded in the soil, and the operating frequency will depend on the value of soil's dielectric constant. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Incoherent grain boundaries are those in which there is a significant mismatch in crystallographic orientation between adjacent grains. This results in a discontinuity in the crystal lattice across the boundary, and the formation of a variety of defects such as dislocations, stacking faults, and grain boundary ledges.T... | 8 | Metallurgy |
CDw17 antigen is a lactosylceramide, a class of glycosphingolipids found in microdomains on the plasma layers of numerous cells.
The enzyme A4GALT acts upon it, aiding transfer of galactose to lactosylceramide to form globotriaosylceramide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) is a transition between the amorphous and crystalline phases of a material. It is usually produced by depositing a film of amorphous material on a crystalline substrate, then heating it to crystallize the film. The single-crystal substrate serves as a template for crystal growth. The annealing... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The genome of the P1 phage is maintained as a low copy number plasmid in the bacterium. The relatively large size of the plasmid requires it to keep a low copy number lest it become too large a metabolic burden while it is a lysogen. As there is usually only one copy of the plasmid per bacterial genome, the plasmid sta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A blocked isocyanate can be added to materials that would normally react with the isocyanate such as polyols. They do not react at normal ambient room temperature. A formulation containing a blocked isocyanate is a single component material (and thus usually considered more convenient) but reacts like a two-component p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by the British physicist Sydney Chapman in 1930. Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created by ultraviolet light striking ordinary oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms (O), splitting them into individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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