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When beer at typical concentration is subjected to reverse osmosis, both water and alcohol pass across the membrane more readily than other components, leaving a "beer concentrate". The concentrate is then diluted with fresh water to restore the non-volatile components to their original intensity. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Second generation proton sponges are known with even higher basicity. 1,8-bis(hexamethyltriaminophosphazenyl)naphthalene or HMPN is prepared from 1,8-diaminonaphthalene by reaction with tris(dimethylamino)bromophosphonium bromide in the presence of triethylamine. HMPN has a pK of 29.9 in acetonitrile which is more than... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
bonds adjacent to the carbonyl in ketones are more acidic pK ≈ 20) than the bonds in alkane (pK ≈ 50). This difference reflects resonance stabilization of the enolate ion that is formed upon deprotonation. The relative acidity of the α-hydrogen is important in the enolization reactions of ketones and other carbonyl co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Similar to imprint nanolithography, capillary nanolithography employs a patterned elastomeric mold. However, instead of utilizing high pressure, when the temperature is raised above the Tg, capillary forces enable the polymer to fill the voids within the mold. Suh and Jon used molds made from (PUA). These were placed ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein AKT1 (also known as Protein Kinase B or PKB) in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an important driver of the tumor glycolytic phenotype and stimulates ATP generation. AKT1 stimulates glycolysis by increasing the expression and membrane translocation of glucose transporters and by phosphorylating key glycolytic e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Genome size varies among different organisms and the cloning vector must be selected accordingly. For a large genome, a vector with a large capacity should be chosen so that a relatively small number of clones are sufficient for coverage of the entire genome. However, it is often more difficult to characterize an inser... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Developmental processes provide an example of how changes in synexpression control networks could significantly affect an organism's capacity to evolve and adapt effectively. In animals, it is often beneficial for appendages to co-evolve, and it has been observed that fore-and hind-limbs share expression of Hox genes ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. The modern version of a dye solar cell, also known as the Grät... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (28 December 1907 – 16 September 2001) was a Malagasy physician, biochemist and diplomat. Born into a disgraced royal family; Ratsimamanga trained as a doctor of exotic medicine in French Madagascar and France, where he pioneered modern nutraceuticals. Ratsimamanga returned to Madagascar and,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anti-histone antibodies are found in the serum of up to 75–95% of people with drug-induced lupus and 75% of idiopathic SLE. Unlike anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE, these antibodies do not fix complement. Although they are most commonly found in drug induced lupus, they are also found in some cases of SLE, scleroderma, rhe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By using the first law of thermodynamics, this internal energy can be expressed as a pressure, that is
where this expression remains valid for temperatures much smaller than the Fermi temperature. This pressure is known as the degeneracy pressure. In this sense, systems composed of fermions are also referred as degener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1805, Thomas Young defined the contact angle θ by analyzing the forces acting on a fluid droplet resting on a solid surface surrounded by a gas.
where
: = Interfacial tension between the solid and gas
: = Interfacial tension between the solid and liquid
: = Interfacial tension between the liquid and gas
θ can be mea... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Since eIF2 is essential for most forms of translation initiation and therefore protein synthesis, defects in eIF2 are often lethal. The protein is highly conserved among evolutionary remote species - indicating a large impact of mutations on cell viability. Therefore, no diseases directly related to mutations in eIF2 c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several points of high symmetry are of special interest – these are called critical points.
Other lattices have different types of high-symmetry points. They can be found in the illustrations below. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In polymers, such as plastics, thermal degradation refers to a type of polymer degradation where damaging chemical changes take place at elevated temperatures, without the simultaneous involvement of other compounds such as oxygen. Simply put, even in the absence of air, polymers will begin to degrade if heated high en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several ways to retrieve the lost phases. The phase problem must be solved in x-ray crystallography, neutron crystallography, and electron crystallography.
Not all of the methods of phase retrieval work with every wavelength (x-ray, neutron, and electron) used in crystallography. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The EBF was founded in the fall of 2006 at the initiative of twelve pharmaceutical companies, all of them having bioanalytical laboratory activities in Europe. The goal of bringing these companies together was to implement a platform for discussions of science and regulatory issues. Views and recommendations following ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Asp85 accepts a proton from the Schiff base N atom. In the M intermediate, neither the Schiff base nor Asp85 are charged. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy uses the fluorescence of a molecule for obtaining information on its environment, structure, and position. The technique affords the ability of obtaining information otherwise not available due to ensemble averaging (that is, a signal obtained when recording many molecules at t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a scattering technique used to study nanostructured surfaces and thin films. The scattered probe is either photons (grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, GISAXS) or neutrons (grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering, GISANS). GISAS combines the acces... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Donor−acceptor (D−A) conjugated polymers have been investigated for the medicinal purposes. Nano-PCPDTBT CPs have two moieties: 2-ethylhexyl cyclopentadithiophene and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. When the PCPDTBT nanoparticle solution (0.115 mg/mL) was exposed to an 808 nm NIR laser (0.6 W/cm), the temperature could be incr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a critical tool in the interpretation of scattering patterns (interference patterns) obtained in X-ray, electr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some children conceived by IVF using anonymous donors report being troubled over not knowing about their donor parent as well any genetic relatives they may have and their family history.
Alana Stewart, who was conceived using donor sperm, began an online forum for donor children called AnonymousUS in 2010. The forum w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology is a series of peer-reviewed scientific journals covering the fields of photochemistry and photobiology, published by Elsevier. It was originally established in 1972, and split into Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry and Journal of Photochemistry and P... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In astrophysics and nuclear physics, nuclear pasta is a theoretical type of degenerate matter that is postulated to exist within the crusts of neutron stars. If it exists, nuclear pasta would be the strongest material in the universe. Between the surface of a neutron star and the quark–gluon plasma at the core, at matt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A large part of the research involving PCO is now looking into utilising the anion as a synthetic building block to derive phosphorus containing analogues of small molecules.
The first major breakthrough in this area came from Goicoechea et al. in 2013; they published the reaction between the PCO anion and ammonium sal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oldest known example of applying the lost-wax technique to copper casting comes from a 6,000-year-old () copper, wheel-shaped amulet found at Mehrgarh, Pakistan.
Metal casting, by the Indus Valley civilization, produced some of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting applied to the casting of copper alloys,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors, however unlike an eye it is optimized to produce light, not absorb it. The bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Osmolarity and tonicity are related but distinct concepts. Thus, the terms ending in -osmotic (isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic) are not synonymous with the terms ending in -tonic (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic). The terms are related in that they both compare the solute concentrations of two solutions separated b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Like almost all riffle beetles, spider water beetles are aquatic, feeding on algae and decaying wood tissue. However, they can not actively swim. They can be found crawling along or clinging with their claws on boulders or submerged wood in lotic riffles of streams and rivers.
The larvae are exclusively aquatic. They b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts. The receptor interacts with both... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both chemoenzymatic glycorandomization and neoglycorandomization use free reducing sugars and unprotected aglycons and are thereby a notable advance over classical glycosylation methods. A notable advantage of the enzymatic approach is the use of the corresponding genes encoding for the permissive kinases, nucleotidylt... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method was introduced in 1991 by Goodman, Draine, and Flatau for the discrete dipole approximation. They utilized a 3D FFT GPFA written by Clive Temperton. The interaction matrix was extended to twice its original size to incorporate negative lags by mirroring and reversing the interact... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lipid pump sequesters carbon from the ocean's surface to deeper waters via lipids associated with overwintering vertically migratory zooplankton. Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon rich, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient compounds essential for cellular structures. This lipid carbon enters the deep ocean as carbon d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An allomone (from Ancient Greek "other" and pheromone) is a type of semiochemical produced and released by an individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver. Production of allomones is a common form of defense against predators... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metro and light rail sides of operation vary and might not match railways or roads in their country. Some systems where the metro matches the side of the national rail network but not the roads include those in Bilbao, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Catania, Jakarta, Lisbon, Lyon, Naples, and Rome. A small number of cities, in... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Biological cell membranes and cell walls are polyanionic surfaces. This has important implications for the transport of ions, in particular because it has been shown that different membranes preferentially bind different ions. Both Mg and Ca regularly stabilize membranes by the cross-linking of carboxylated and phospho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aluminium alloys are anodized to increase corrosion resistance and to allow dyeing (colouring), improved lubrication, or improved adhesion. However, anodizing does not increase the strength of the aluminium object. The anodic layer is insulative.
When exposed to air at room temperature, or any other gas containing oxyg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The higher heating value (HHV; gross energy, upper heating value, gross calorific value GCV, or higher calorific value; HCV) indicates the upper limit of the available thermal energy produced by a complete combustion of fuel. It is measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. The HHV is determined... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Process requirements may change causing compressor conditions to vary. The compressor may be driven by a variable speed or constant speed machine. If driven by a constant speed electric motor it may be controlled with variable inlet guide vanes or suction and discharge throttling. Welch shows the effect of variable van... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The calculation of K at a particular temperature from a known K at another given temperature can be approached as follows if standard thermodynamic properties are available. The effect of temperature on equilibrium constant is equivalent to the effect of temperature on Gibbs energy because:
where ΔG</sup> is the reacti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In response to these market changes Eric Duckworth initiated changes of policy. Fulmer sought to extend its services to include the full range from R&D and testing to small scale manufacture, to extend its area of expertise to cover a wider range of materials and to develop new markets. It sought to collaborate with o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Expression systems using either S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris allow stable and lasting production of proteins that are processed similarly to mammalian cells, at high yield, in chemically defined media of proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Halogen bonds occur when a halogen atom is electrostatically attracted to a partial negative charge. Necessarily, the atom must be covalently bonded in an antipodal σ-bond; the electron concentration associated with that bond leaves a positively charged "hole" on the other side. Although all halogens can theoreticall... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Almost any biological sample containing a full copy of the DNA—even a very small amount of DNA or ancient DNA—can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include saliva, epithelial cells, bone marrow, hair (as long as the hair contains a hair follicle), seeds, plant leaves, o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amongst Rgg-like proteins, it has been observed that the pH sensitive histidine (particularly H144) and interacting amino acids (Y176, Y182, and E185) of ropB of Streptococcus pyogenes are conserved in S. porcinus, S. pseudoporcinus, S. salivarius , L. pentosus, Enterococcus sp., L. aviaries, E. faecalis, and L. reuter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Square pyramidal geometry describes the shape of certain chemical compounds with the formula where L is a ligand. If the ligand atoms were connected, the resulting shape would be that of a pyramid with a square base. The point group symmetry involved is of type C. The geometry is common for certain main group compoun... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Water is relatively transparent to visible light, near ultraviolet light, and far-red light, but it absorbs most ultraviolet light, infrared light, and microwaves. Most photoreceptors and photosynthetic pigments utilize the portion of the light spectrum that is transmitted well through water. Microwave ovens take advan... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Most analytical instruments produce a signal even when a blank (matrix without analyte) is analyzed. This signal is referred to as the noise level. The instrument detection limit (IDL) is the analyte concentration that is required to produce a signal greater than three times the standard deviation of the noise level. T... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The use of coal-tar creosote on a commercial scale began in 1838, when a patent covering the use of creosote oil to treat timber was taken out by inventor John Bethell. The "Bethell process"—or as it later became known, the full-cell process—involves placing wood to be treated in a sealed chamber and applying a vacuum ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quantum number J refers to the total angular momentum, as before. Since there are three independent moments of inertia, there are two other independent quantum numbers to consider, but the term values for an asymmetric rotor cannot be derived in closed form. They are obtained by individual matrix diagonalization fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Increased levels of methemoglobin are found in blood stains. Upon exiting the body, bloodstains transit from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and hemichrome (HC). | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 2016 compared AVECs ability to induce apoptosis and necrosis in HER2+ breast cancer compared to the commonly used drug Trastuzumab. It found that the cells was treated with AVEC had a statistically significant higher amount of both apoptosis and necrosis. The percentage of necrotic cells due to treatment with AVEC mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scribing is the removal of maskant on the areas to be etched. For decorative applications, this is often done by hand through the use of a scribing knife, etching needle or similar tool; modern industrial applications may involve an operator scribing with the aid of a template or use computer numerical control to autom... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Germann was born in Peru, Miami County, Indiana, eldest child of Mary Fredericke Mueller (1864–1942) and Gustave Adolph Germann (1860–1940). His only sibling was Frank Erhart Emmanuel Germann (1887–1974), who also became a physical chemist. Albert Germann graduated from Peru High School in 1904. Germann taught in Miami... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retinal is a chromophore that forms photosensitive Retinylidene proteins when covalently bound to proteins called opsins. Retinal can be photoisomerized by itself, but requires to be bound to an opsin protein to both trigger the phototransduction cascade and tune the spectral sensitivity to longer wavelengths, which e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simon's reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It reacts with secondary amines like MDMA and methamphetamine to give a blue solution. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages:
* If the polymer matrix is an elastomer (rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for insensitive munitions.
* Hard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a preci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ang has a prominent role in the pathology of cancer due to its functions in angiogenesis and cell survival. Since Ang possesses angiogenic activity, it makes Ang a possible candidate in therapeutic treatments of cancer. Studies of Ang and tumor relationships provide evidence for a connection between the two. The transl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
emissions have also led to the stratosphere contracting by 400 meters since 1980, which could affect satellite operations, GPS systems and radio communications. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal contr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methylation of rRNA upholds structural rigidity by blocking base pair stacking and surrounds the 2’-OH group to block hydrolysis. It occurs at specific parts of eukaryotic rRNA. The template for methylation consists of 10-21 nucleotides. 2-O-methylation of the ribose sugar is one of the most common rRNA modifications. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CcrM (or M.CcrMI) is an orphan DNA methyltransferase, that is involved in controlling gene expression in most Alphaproteobacteria. This enzyme modifies DNA by catalyzing the transference of a methyl group from the S-adenosyl-L methionine substrate to the N6 position of an adenine base in the sequence 5-GANTC-3 with hig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The wire-cut type of machine arose in the 1960s for making tools (dies) from hardened steel. The tool electrode in wire EDM is simply a wire. To avoid the erosion of the wire causing it to break, the wire is wound between two spools so that the active part of the wire is constantly changing. The earliest numerical cont... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When bacterial cells run out of nutrients, they enter stationary phase and downregulate protein synthesis. Several processes mediate this transition. For instance, in E. coli, 70S ribosomes form 90S dimers upon binding with a small 6.5 kDa protein, ribosome modulation factor RMF. These intermediate ribosome dimers can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pattinson's process or pattinsonisation is a method for removing silver from lead, discovered by Hugh Lee Pattinson in 1829 and patented in 1833.
The process is dependent on the fact that lead which has least silver in it solidifies first on liquefaction, leaving the remaining liquid richer in silver.
In practice sever... | 8 | Metallurgy |
"TGF" (Transforming Growth Factor) is a family of proteins that includes 33 members that encode dimeric, secreted polypeptides that regulate development. Many developmental processes are under its control including gastrulation, axis symmetry of the body, organ morphogenesis, and tissue homeostasis in adults. All TGF-β... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, (RP-CARS) is a particular implementation of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). RP-CARS takes advantage of polarization-dependent selection rules in order to gain information about molecule orientation anisotropy and direction within the opt... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the manufacture of azo dyes. It reacts with nitrous acid to form diazonium salt, which can undergo coupling reaction to form an azo compound. As azo-compounds are highly coloured, they are widely used in dyeing industries, such as:
* Methyl orange
* Direct bro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) play a role in the context of allergy diagnosis. The terms CCD or CCDs describe protein-linked carbohydrate structures responsible for the phenomenon of cross-reactivity of sera from allergic patients towards a wide range of allergens from plants and insects. In serum-bas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pločnik (archaeological site) is located in Pločnik, Prokuplje village in the Toplica District of Serbia. A 120 hectare settlement belonging to the Neolithic Vinča culture existed on the site from 5500 BCE until it was destroyed by fire in 4700 BCE.
The site was first discovered during railway construction in 1927, but... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many plants acquire sulfur through gaseous atmospheric compounds. Leaves of trees have δS values lying between those of air and soil, suggesting that there is uptake occurring from atmospheric and soil sources. The δS values of trees has also been demonstrated to be height dependent, with the foliage at the tops of con... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phytostabilisation is a form of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plants presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plants roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or ac... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When food is cooked, some of its proteins become denatured. This is why boiled eggs become hard and cooked meat becomes firm.
A classic example of denaturing in proteins comes from egg whites, which are typically largely egg albumins in water. Fresh from the eggs, egg whites are transparent and liquid. Cooking the ther... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development. They may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population, caused by variations in genetics. Some well-known hemoglobin variants, such as sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Oth... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Despite having been integrated into genomes of vertebrates for millions of years, ERVs represent an intermediate stage between exogenous viruses and the host genome; it is suggested that immunological tolerance to HERV-derived proteins and peptides is imperfect due to the epigenetic silencing of HERV in the thymus and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Articles relating to Tampa Bay, the body of water. For articles on the wider area, see :Category:Tampa Bay Area. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An anodized oxide layer has a thickness in the range of to several micrometers. Standards for titanium anodizing are given by AMS 2487 and AMS 2488.
AMS 2488 Type III anodizing of titanium generates an array of different colours without dyes, for which it is sometimes used in art, costume jewellery, body piercing jewe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
To overcome the problem of Doppler broadening without cooling down the sample to millikelvin temperatures, a classical pump–probe scheme is used. A laser with a relatively high intensity is sent through the atomic vapor, known as the pump beam. Another counter-propagating weak beam is also sent through the atoms at the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Host recognition of bacteriophages occur via bacteria-binding proteins that have strong binding affinities to specific protein or carbohydrate structures on the surface of the bacterial host. Bacteria-binding proteins derived from bacteriophage coating paramagnetic beads will bind to specific cell components present on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plant defense signaling is activated by the pathogen-detecting receptors that are described in an above section. The activated receptors frequently elicit reactive oxygen and nitric oxide production, calcium, potassium and proton ion fluxes, altered levels of salicylic acid and other hormones and activation of MAP kin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is an extreme constancy of the isotopic composition of igneous rocks. The mean value of δFe of terrestrial rocks is 0.00 ± 0.05‰. More precise isotopic measurements indicate that the small deviations from 0.00‰ may reflect a slight mass-dependent fractionation. This mass fractionation has been proposed to be F = ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There have been attempts to treat cancer using gene therapy. As of 2017, 65% of gene therapy trials were for cancer treatment.
Adenovirus vectors are useful for some cancer gene therapies because adenovirus can transiently insert genetic material into a cell without permanently altering the cell's nuclear genome. These... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water (water evaporates). The process is thus:
*Condensation (gas to liquid) ΔH<0; enthalpy decreases (exothermic process) gives off heat.
*Vaporization (liquid to gas) ΔH>0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dar... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This modification involves the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) group to the 6th nitrogen on the adenine base in an mRNA molecule. This was among the first mRNA modifications to be discovered in 1974. This modification is common in viral mRNA transcripts and is found in nearly 25% of them. The distribution of the mod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acidic solutions of fluoride (including hydrofluoric acid) can be determined by a simple thermometric titration with boric acid.
: B(OH) + 3F + 3H ↔ BF + 3HO
The titration plot illustrated in Figure 19 shows that the endpoint is quite rounded, suggesting that the reaction might not proceed to stoichiometric equilibrium... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
SK potassium channels share the same basic architecture with Shaker-like voltage-gated potassium channels. Four subunits associate to form a tetramer. Each of the subunits has six transmembrane hydrophobic alpha helical domains (S1-S6). A loop between S5 and S6—called the P-loop—provides the pore-forming region that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The microprocessor complex consists minimally of two proteins: Drosha, a ribonuclease III enzyme; and DGCR8, a double-stranded RNA binding protein. (DGCR8 is the name used in mammalian genetics, abbreviated from "DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8"; the homologous protein in model organisms such as flies and worms is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The live birth rate is the percentage of all IVF cycles that lead to a live birth. This rate does not include miscarriage or stillbirth; multiple-order births, such as twins and triplets, are counted as one pregnancy. A 2019 summary compiled by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) which reports the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Intensities of spectra of individual atoms or molecules typically vary linearly
with the numerical gas density. However, if gas densities are sufficiently
increased, quite generally contributions may also be observed that vary as density
squared, cubed... These are the collision-induced spectra of two-body (and
quit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The law of mass action also has implications in semiconductor physics. Regardless of doping, the product of electron and hole densities is a constant at equilibrium. This constant depends on the thermal energy of the system (i.e. the product of the Boltzmann constant, , and temperature, ), as well as the band gap (the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 1970s–80s, it was realized that nanosized systems may affect ionic conductivity, opening a new field of nanoionics. In 1973, it was reported that ionic conductivity of lithium iodide (LiI) crystals could be increased 50 times by adding to it a fine powder of ‘’insulating’’ material (alumina). This effect was rep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In pyrotechnics, it is used as fuel to make special mixtures, e.g. for production of smokes, in flash compositions, and in percussion caps. Specification for pyrotechnic calcium silicide is MIL-C-324C. In some mixtures it may be substituted with ferrosilicon. Silicon-based fuels are used in some time delay mixtures, e.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The boat conformation (C, below) is a transition state, allowing the interconversion between two different twist-boat conformations. While the boat conformation is not necessary for interconversion between the two chair conformations of cyclohexane, it is often included in the reaction coordinate diagram used to descri... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
P2 receptor may refer to:
Nucleotides, if released into the extracellular environment, can lead to cell death or other harmful cellular consequences. To avoid cellular damage, nucleotides should be neutralized, which is accomplished by P2 receptors. Almost every cell type expresses P2 receptors. Purinergic signalling a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urea was first discovered in urine in 1727 by the Dutch scientist Herman Boerhaave, although this discovery is often attributed to the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle as well as William Cruickshank.
Boerhaave used the following steps to isolate urea:
# Boiled off water, resulting in a substance similar to fresh cream
# ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In some instances, an mRNA will be edited, changing the nucleotide composition of that mRNA. An example in humans is the apolipoprotein B mRNA, which is edited in some tissues, but not others. The editing creates an early stop codon, which, upon translation, produces a shorter protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flutamide is the generic name of the drug and its , , , , and . Its names in Latin, German, and Spanish are flutamidum, flutamid, and flutamida, respectively. The medication has also been referred to by the name niftolide. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) proteins are a group of co-receptors which form complexes with GDNF-family ligands (GFLs) to activate RET, the receptor of the GFLs. The GFRα co-receptors include the following:
* GFRα1 – preference for GDNF
* GFRα2 – preference for neurturin
* GFRα3 – preference for artemin
* GFRα4 – ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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