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The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time. Reaction rates can vary dramatically. For example, the oxidative rus... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The synthesis and degradation of sialic acid are distributed in different compartments of the cell. The synthesis starts in the cytosol, where N-acetylmannosamine 6 phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate give rise to sialic acid. Later on, Neu5Ac 9 phosphate is activated in the nucleus by a cytidine monophosphate (CMP) resi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When metals are near the bottom of the reactivity series, their compounds generally decompose easily at high temperatures. This is because stronger bonds form between atoms towards the top of the reactivity series, and strong bonds are difficult to break. For example, copper is near the bottom of the reactivity series,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rapamycin (Sirolimus) inhibits mTORC1, resulting in the suppression of cellular senescence. This appears to provide most of the beneficial effects of the drug (including life-span extension in animal studies). Suppression of insulin resistance by sirtuins accounts for at least some of this effect. Impaired sirtuin 3 le... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In human bodies, coppers is an important constituent of many essential enzymes, including ceruloplasmin (which carries Cu and oxidizes Fe in human plasma), cytochrome c oxidase, metallothionein and superoxide dismutase 1. Serum in human blood is typically Cu-depleted by ~0.8‰ relative to erythrocytes (i.e., red blood c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reduction is often expressed as a percentage. The closer it is to 100%, the better.
Letting and be as before, a reduction by % is achieved, where
;Example:
Let, as in the earlier example, the concentration of some contaminant be 580 ppm before and 0.725 ppm after treatment. Then
So this is (better than) a 99% reduct... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Vidarabine phosphate is an adenosine monophosphate nucleotide in which ribose is replaces by an arabinso moiety. It has antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this occ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The turtapede (Mawup in Navi) is a Pandoran creature that resembles a cross between a turtle, a platypus and a starfish. With its large dorsal fin and long tail, the turtapede is agile underwater. When emerging from the water, mesmerizing colors start to shimmer in the translucent area on its shell. They first appear i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method was improved by Draine, Flatau, and Goodman, who applied the fast Fourier transform to solve fast convolution problems arising in the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). This allowed for the calculation of scattering by large targets. They distributed an open-source code DDSCAT.
There are now several DDA im... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bromine is present naturally as bromide salts in evaporite deposits. Bromine is also present in soils and in marine algae that synthesize organic bromine compounds. Other natural sources of bromine come from polar regions, salt lakes, and volcanoes.
The primary natural source of bromine to the atmosphere is sea spray a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ibuprofen was made available by prescription in the United Kingdom in 1969 and in the United States in 1974.
Ibuprofen is the International nonproprietary name (INN), British Approved Name (BAN), Australian Approved Name (AAN) and United States Adopted Name (USAN). In the United States, it has been sold under the brand... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Repeated experiments are performed to characterize the mechanism by which the material deforms. The dominant mechanism is the one which dominates the continuous deformation rate (strain rate), however at any given level of stress and temperature, more than one of the creep and plasticity mechanisms may be active. The ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Elbs reaction enables the synthesis of condensed aromatic systems. As already demonstrated by Elbs in 1884 it is possible to obtain anthracene through dehydration. Larger aromatic systems like pentacene are also feasible. This reaction does not take place in a single step but leads first to dihydropentacene that is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing two molecules of ATP (per 1 molecule of glucose) in the process. When a cell has a higher concentration of ATP than ADP (i.e. has a high energy charge), the cell cannot undergo glycolysis, releasing energy from available glucose to perform bio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 2-norbornyl cation can also be formed via rearrangements of similar ions, such as the 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations, though these are generally not as well understood. Carbon-14 radioactive isotope labeling experiments have shown that complex scrambling in norbornyl cation systems allow C to be present at all... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In three-dimensional Euclidean space, the densest packing of equal spheres is achieved by a family of structures called close-packed structures. One method for generating such a structure is as follows. Consider a plane with a compact arrangement of spheres on it. Call it A. For any three neighbouring spheres, a fourth... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity. It is recommended for higher viscosity cellulosic polymer solutions. The advantage of this instrument is that the values obtained are independent of the total volume. The dev... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
p75NTR functions in a complex with Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) to mediate RhoA-dependent inhibition of growth of regenerating axons exposed to inhibitory proteins of CNS myelin, such as Nogo, MAG or OMgP. Without p75NTR, OMgP can activate RhoA and inhibit CNS axon regeneration. Coexpression of p75NTR and OMgP suppress Rho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TRIM33 acts as a tumor suppressor gene preventing the development chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
TRIM33 regulates also the TRIM28 receptor and promotes physiological aging of hematopoietic stem cells.
TRIM33 acts as an oncogene by preventing apoptosis in B-cell leukemias. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ancient China, the method was improved by mechanization with the development of the rotary winnowing fan, which used a cranked fan to produce the airstream. This was featured in Wang Zhens book the Nong Shu' of 1313 AD. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The methyl radical has the formula . It exists in dilute gases, but in more concentrated form it readily dimerizes to ethane. It is routinely produced by various enzymes of the radical SAM and methylcobalamin varieties. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the late 19th century, scientists experimentally discovered that and do not absorb infrared radiation (called, at that time, "dark radiation"), while water (both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds) and and other poly-atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The key elements of tholins are carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Laboratory infrared spectroscopy analysis of experimentally synthesized tholins has confirmed earlier identifications of chemical groups present, including primary amines, nitriles, and alkyl portions such as / forming complex disordered macromolecular sol... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Butyrate has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. It is responsible for about 70% of energy from the colonocytes, being a critical SCFA in colon homeostasis. Butyrate possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis (UC) and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Furthermore, the method showed consistent performance in cancer identification, classification, and treatment effect problems like NSCLC and DLBCL identification, histological classification of subtypes of NSCLC, molecular classification of subtypes of DLBCL, DLBCL COO detection, programmed death-ligand 1 immune-checkp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A monitor in the cockpit displays detailed images in real time, and the system also logs the image and Global Positioning System data at a rate of 30 gigabytes (GB) per hour for later analysis. The on-board data processing system performs numerous real-time processing functions including data acquisition and recording,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general α-Keggin anions are synthesized in acidic solutions. For example, 12-phosphotungstic acid is formed by condensing phosphate ion with tungstate ions. The heteropolyacid that is formed has the Keggin structure. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The deformation field at the slip-band is due to three-dimensional elastic and plastic strains where the concentrated shear of the slip band tip deforms the grain in its vicinity. The elastic strains describe the stress concentration ahead of the slip band, which is important as it can affect the transfer of plastic de... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives.
The most wid... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used extensively in gas turbine engines to increase component life and engine performance. A coating of about 1-200 µm can reduce the temperature at the superalloy surface by up to 200 K. TBCs are a system of coatings consisting of a bond coat, a thermally grown oxide (TGO), and a th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In April the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency endorsed a gene therapy treatment called Strimvelis and the European Commission approved it in June. This treats children born with adenosine deaminase deficiency and who have no functioning immune system. This was the second g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some forms of photosynthetic bacteria, a chromatophore is a pigmented(coloured), membrane-associated vesicle used to perform photosynthesis. They contain different coloured pigments.
Chromatophores contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum, the light-harv... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, triggered by runaway from the Siberian Traps, was marked by ocean deoxygenation.
The boundary between the Ordovician and Silurian periods is marked by repetitive periods of anoxia, interspersed with normal, oxic conditions. In addition, anoxic periods are found during the Siluria... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The term radical was already in use when radical theory was developed. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase "radical" in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie. A radical was identified as the root base of certain acids (The Latin word "radix" ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Arthur John Birch, AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist.
Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. The Birch Reduction enables the modification of steroids. In 194... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid is rarely encountered naturally on Earth in anhydrous form, due to its great affinity for water. Dilute sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rain, which is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of water – i.e. oxidation of sulfurous acid. When sulfur-containing fuels such as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The N-terminus for Caldoramide is N,N-dimethylvaline which is attached to a valine which is attached to an N-Me-valine connected to an N-Me-isoleucine which is attached to the C-terminus. The molecule can also be written as N,N-diMe-Val-Val-N-Me-Val-N-Me-Ile-3-O-Me-4-benzylpyrrolinone. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A primer dimer is formed and amplified in three steps. In the first step, two primers anneal at their respective 3 ends (step I in the figure). If this construct is stable enough, the DNA polymerase will bind and extend the primers according to the complementary sequence (step II in the figure). An important factor con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Robert Marc Mazo, born in 1930 in Brooklyn, New York, is the son of Nathan and Rose Marion (Mazo) Mazo. While in high school in 1948, Mazo won the Seventh Science Talent Search with the project, "Reactions in Liquid Ammonia".
Mazo completed a A.B. at Harvard University in 1952, and an M.S. in Science at Yale University... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lichens may be long-lived, with some considered to be among the oldest living organisms. Lifespan is difficult to measure because what defines the "same" individual lichen is not precise. Lichens grow by vegetatively breaking off a piece, which may or may not be defined as the "same" lichen, and two lichens can merge, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Areas that have limited surface water or groundwater may choose to desalinate. RO is an increasingly common method, because of its relatively low energy consumption.
Energy consumption is around , with the development of more efficient energy recovery devices and improved membrane materials. According to the Internatio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A surface in a liquid may be charged by dissociation of surface groups (e.g. silanol groups for glass or silica surfaces) or by adsorption of charged molecules such as polyelectrolyte from the surrounding solution. This results in the development of a wall surface potential which will attract counterions from the surro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Members of the BMP family were originally found to induce bone formation, as their name suggests. However, BMPs are very multifunctional and can also regulate apoptosis, cell migration, cell division, and differentiation. They also specify the anterior/posterior axis, induce growth, and regulate homeostasis.
The BMPs b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the results of , the IAEA defined the delta scale with SLAP at −55.5‰ for O and −428‰ for H. That is, SLAP was measured to contain approximately 5.55% less oxygen-18 and 42.8% less deuterium than does VSMOW, and these figures were used to anchor the scale at two points. Experimental figures are given below.
* ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants. Water quality depends on the loc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A variety of experimental concerns exist for IMHR reactions. Although most of the common Pd(0) catalysts are commercially available (Pd(PPh), Pd(dba), and derivatives), they may also be prepared by simple, high-yielding procedures. Palladium(II) acetate is cheap and may be reduced in situ to palladium(0) with phosphine... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nucleosomes are the basic packing unit of genomic DNA built from histone proteins around which DNA is coiled. They serve as a scaffold for formation of higher order chromatin structure as well as for a layer of regulatory control of gene expression. Nucleosomes are quickly assembled onto newly synthesized DNA behind th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, and these helices are connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber devised a process to obtain nitric acid by distilling potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. In 1776 Antoine Lavoisier cited Joseph Priestley's work to point out that it can be converted from nitric oxide (which he calls "nitrous air"), "combined with an approximately equal vol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In addition to being used for their traditional properties, bioactive ceramics have seen specific use for due to their biological activity. Calcium phosphates, oxides, and hydroxides are common examples. Other natural materials — generally of animal origin — such as bioglass and other composites feature a combination o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In mass spectrometry, an ion funnel is a device used to focus a beam of ions using a series of stacked ring electrodes with decreasing inner diameter. A combined radio frequency and fixed electrical potential is applied to the grids. In electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ions are created at atmospheric... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Stress corrosion cracking Stress corrosion (NACE term)
*Corrosion fatigue
*Caustic cracking (ASTM term)
*Caustic embrittlement (ASM term)
*Sulfide stress cracking (ASM, NACE term)
*Stress-accelerated Corrosion (NACE term)
*Hydrogen stress cracking (ASM term)
*Hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking (ASM term) | 8 | Metallurgy |
The (tert-butyl)cyclopentadiene is prepared by alkylation of cyclopentadiene with tert-butyl bromide in the presence of sodium hydride and dibenzo-18-crown-6. The intermediate in this synthesis is di-tert-butylcyclopentadiene. This compound is conveniently prepared by alkylation of cyclobutadiene with tert-butyl brom... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are multiple pseudouridine detection methods beginning with the addition of N-cyclohexyl-N′-b-(4-methylmorpholinium) ethylcarbodiimide metho-p-toluene-sulfonate (CMCT; also known as CMC), since its reaction with pseudouridine produces CMC-Ψ. CMC-Ψ causes reverse transcriptase to stall one nucleotide in the 3’ di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The three main side reactions that produce impurities have in common that they decompose urea.
Urea hydrolyzes back to ammonium carbamate in the hottest stages of the synthesis plant, especially in the stripper, so residence times in these stages are designed to be short.
Biuret is formed when two molecules of urea com... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Water: water has the highest volumetric heat capacity of all commonly used material. Typically, it is placed in large container(s), acrylic tubes for example, in an area with direct sunlight. It may also be used to saturate other types material such as soil to increase heat capacity.
* Concrete, clay bricks and other... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Products of the reaction include not only biodiesel, but also the byproducts soap, glycerol, excess alcohol, and trace amounts of water. All of these byproducts must be removed to meet the standards, but the order of removal is process-dependent.
The density of glycerol is greater than that of biodiesel, and this prope... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concept of microemulsion is applied in this process. The transesterification involves sucrose and fatty acid methyl ester in a solvent, propylene glycol. A basic catalyst, such as anhydrous potassium carbonate, and soap, or a fatty acid salt, are added. The reaction is carried out at 130-135 °C. Propylene glycol is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term supermolecule (or supramolecule) was introduced by Karl Lothar Wolf et al. (Übermoleküle) in 1937 to describe hydrogen-bonded acetic acid dimers. The study of non-covalent association of complexes of molecules has since developed into the field of supramolecular chemistry. The term supermolecule is sometimes u... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Minze Stuiver (25 October 1929 – 26 December 2020) was a Dutch geochemist who was at the forefront of geoscience research from the 1960s until his retirement in 1998. He helped transform radiocarbon dating from a simple tool for archaeology and geology to a precise technique with applications in solar physics, oceanogr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photoprotection of the human skin is achieved by extremely efficient internal conversion of DNA, proteins and melanin. Internal conversion is a photochemical process that converts the energy of the UV photon into small, harmless amounts of heat. If the energy of the UV photon were not transformed into heat, then it wou... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ethanol precipitation is a method used to purify and/or concentrate RNA, DNA, and polysaccharides such as pectin and xyloglucan from aqueous solutions by adding ethanol as an antisolvent. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat is radiated into outer space from Earth's surface, or from the skin of a human observer. The effect is well-known among amateur astronomers.
The effect can be experienced by comparing skin temperature from looking straight up into a cloudless nigh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bromothymol blue may be used for observing photosynthetic activities, or as a respiratory indicator (turns yellow as CO is added). A common demonstration of BTB's pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB. As CO is absorbed from the breath into the solution, forming carbon... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a technique that allows the detection of free radicals formed in chemical or biological systems. In addition, it studies the symmetry and electronic distribution of paramagnetic ions. This is a highly specific technique because the magnetic parameters are characteristic of each ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Symptoms of M2DS include infantile hypotonia and failure to thrive, delayed psychomotor development, impaired speech, abnormal or absent gait, epilepsy, spasticity, gastrointestinal motility problems, recurrent infections, and genitourinary abnormalities. Many of those affected by M2DS also fit diagnostic criteria for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A description of any thermodynamic system employs the four laws of thermodynamics that form an axiomatic basis. The first law specifies that energy can be transferred between physical systems as heat, as work, and with transfer of matter. The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A furanose is a collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The name derives from its similarity to the oxygen heterocycle furan, but the furanose ring does not have double bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O/min or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg). Proper measurement requires a strict set of criteria to be met. These criteria... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supramolecular containers do not only have an application in catalysis but also in the opposite, namely, inhibition. A container molecule could encapsulate a guest molecule and thus subsequently renders the guest unreactive. A mechanism of inhibition could either be that the substrate is completely isolated from the re... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Bacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins called nucleoid-associated proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Other research also indicated that the genome of bacte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
(+)-Discodermolide is a polyketide natural product found to stabilize microtubules. (+)-discodermolide was isolated by Gunasekera and his co-workers at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute from the deep-sea sponge Discodermia dissoluta in 1990. (+)-Discodermolide was found to be a potent inhibitor of tumor cell gr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Laser spray ionization refers to one of several methods for creating ions using a laser interacting with a spray of neutral particles or ablating material to create a plume of charged particles. The ions thus formed can be separated by m/z with mass spectrometry. Laser spray is one of several ion sources that can be co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a living cell, ultrasensitive modules are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and downstream components. This components may constrain the range of inputs that the module will receive as well as the range of the module's outputs that network will be able to detect. Altszyler et al. (2014) studied how the ef... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ouabain or (from Somali waabaayo, "arrow poison" through French ouabaïo) also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hyp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to the 5 end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). In bacteria and a minority of archaea, initiation of protein synthesis involves the recognition of a purine-rich initiation sequence on the mRNA called the Shine–Dalgarno sequence. The Shine–Dal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discoverers were reluctant to assert an oxidation state of the iron centers in the compound, instead deferring the details of the electronic structure to computational studies.
The crystal structure reveals that the three iron centers arrange in an equilateral triangle (nearly ideal; Fe1 = 59.67°, Fe2 = 60.15°, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Estimates in 2023 found that the current carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may be the highest it has been in the last 14 million years. However the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report estimated similar levels 3 to 3.3 million years ago in the mid-Pliocene warm period. This period can be a proxy for likely climate... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Consider a column filled with a transporting medium and a balloon filled with a working fluid. Due to the hydrostatic pressure of the transporting medium, the pressure inside the column increases along the z axis (see figure). Initially, the balloon is inflated by the working fluid at temperature T and pressure P and l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Early considerations of the geometry of hypervalent molecules returned familiar arrangements that were well explained by the VSEPR model for atomic bonding. Accordingly, AB and AB type molecules would possess a trigonal bi-pyramidal and octahedral geometry, respectively. However, in order to account for the observed b... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Since its formal statement in 1972, Clars rule has received a vast amount of experimental evidence. The dependence of the color and reactivity of some small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the number of π-sextets in their structures is reported by Clar himself in his seminal contribution. Similarly, it was shown t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Historically, small muffle ovens were often used for a second firing of porcelain at a relatively low temperature to fix overglaze enamels; these tend to be called muffle kilns. The pigments for most enamel colours discoloured at the high temperatures required for the body and glaze of the porcelain. They were used f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In nearly all species of eukaryotic algae (Chloromonas being one notable exception), upon induction of the CCM, ~95% of RuBisCO is densely packed into a single subcellular compartment: the pyrenoid. Carbon dioxide is concentrated in this compartment using a combination of CO pumps, bicarbonate pumps, and carbonic anhyd... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nitrilimines or nitrile amides are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure R-CN-NR corresponding to the conjugate base of an amine bonded to the N-terminus of a nitrile. The dominant structure for the parent compound nitrilimine is that of the propargyl-like in scheme ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A receptor antagonist is any given ligand that binds to a receptor in some way without causing any immediate or downstream response, essentially neutralizing the receptor until something with a stronger affinity removes the antagonist or the antagonist itself unbinds. Generally, antagonists can act one of two ways: 1) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chestnut blight was first noticed in American Chestnut trees that were growing in what is now known as the Bronx Zoo in the year 1904. For years following this incident, it was argued as to what the identity of the pathogen was, as well as the appropriate approach to its control. The earliest attempts to fix the proble... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methyl Orange is an azobenzene derivative that can be formed from dimethylaniline and sulfanilic acid through first, a diazonium salt formation with the sulfanilic acid, followed by a nucleophilic attack from the dimethylaniline and rearomatization. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Cyanofullerenes are a class of modified fullerenes in which cyano- groups are attached to a fullerene skeleton. These have the formula , where n takes the values 1 to 9. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to the constant perfusion of the microdialysis probe with fresh perfusate, a total equilibrium cannot be established. This results in dialysate concentrations that are lower than those measured at the distant sampling site. In order to correlate concentrations measured in the dialysate with those present at the dis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
A chemical mechanism is a theoretical conjecture that tries to describe in detail what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction. The detailed steps of a reaction are not ob... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tetramethylguanidine is mainly used as a strong, non-nucleophilic base for alkylations, often as a substitute for the more expensive DBU and DBN. Since it is highly water-soluble, it is easily removed from mixtures in organic solvents. It is also used as a base-catalyst in the production of polyurethane. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There is overwhelming evidence for production of quark–gluon plasma in relativistic heavy ion collisions.
The important classes of experimental observations are
* Strangeness production
* Elliptic flow
* Jet quenching
* J/ψ melting
* Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect and Bose–Einstein correlations
* Single particle spectr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which produces effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many other methods for beam-deflection measurements exist.
* Piezoelectric detection – Cantilevers made from quartz (such as the qPlus configuration), or other piezoelectric materials can directly detect deflection as an electrical signal. Cantilever oscillations down to 10pm have been detected with this method.
* La... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Zener ratio is a dimensionless number that is used to quantify the anisotropy for cubic crystals. It is sometimes referred as anisotropy ratio and is named after Clarence Zener. Conceptually, it quantifies how far a material is from being isotropic (where the value of 1 means an isotropic material).
Its mathematica... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Source: [https://www.biochemistry.org/grants-and-awards/awards/the-portland-press-excellence-in-science-award/ Biochemical Society]
; Novartis Medal and Prize
* 2021: Bart Vanhaesebroeck
* 2019: Caroline Dean
* 2018: Laurence Pearl
* 2017: Doreen Cantrell
* 2014: Jeff Errington
* 2013: Tony Kouzarides
* 2010: D. Grah... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many hormones and their structural and functional analogs are used as medication. The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestogens (as methods of hormonal contraception and as HRT), thyroxine (as levothyroxine, for hypothyroidism) and steroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorde... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thioesters hydrolyze to thiols and the carboxylic acid:
:RC(O)SR' + HO → RCOH + RSH
The carbonyl center in thioesters is more reactive toward amine than oxygen nucleophiles, giving amides:
This reaction is exploited in native chemical ligation, a protocol for peptide synthesis.
In a related reaction, thioesters c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biosynthesis of FeMoco is a complicated process that requires several Nif gene products, specifically those of nifS, nifQ, nifB, nifE, nifN, nifV, nifH, nifD, and nifK (expressed as the proteins NifS, NifU, etc.). FeMoco assembly is proposed to be initiated by NifS and NifU which mobilize Fe and sulfide into small Fe-S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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