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There has been some confusion in the literature on the use of the term “M30”. Although it should be very clear that “M30” is a monoclonal antibody (“M”) that detects the antigen “ccK18”/“K18-Asp396” people sometimes refer to the antigen as “M30”. This is incorrect.
It is clear that the use of the term “M30” in conne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Baldwins rules also apply to aldol cyclizations involving enolates. Two new descriptors need to be defined: enolendo and enolexo', which refer to whether both carbons of the enolate C-C fragment are incorporated into the ring formed or not, respectively.
The rules are the following: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Redox zonation refers to how the processes that transfer terminal electrons as a result of organic matter degradation vary depending on time and space. Certain reactions will be favored over others due to their energy yield as detailed in the energy acceptor cascade detailed above. In oxic conditions, in which oxygen i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The effect of crystal symmetry on misorientations is to reduce the fraction of the full orientation space necessary to uniquely represent all possible misorientation relationships. For example, cubic crystals (i.e. FCC) have 24 symmetrically related orientations. Each of these orientations is physically indistinguish... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hemoglycin (previously termed hemolithin) is a space polymer that is the first polymer of amino acids found in meteorites. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry a halohydrin (also a haloalcohol or β-halo alcohol) is a functional group in which a halogen and a hydroxyl are bonded to adjacent carbon atoms, which otherwise bear only hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol). The term only applies to saturated motifs, as s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The liquid ordered phase can be defined as:
* fluid and lamellar phase, including the Wide angle X-ray scattering pattern centered by broad diffraction peak at 4.2Å
* acyl hydrocarbon chains are in the all-trans state
* rapid lateral diffusion
* H-NMR quadrupolar splitting is ca. 50 kHz | 1 | Biochemistry |
María del Coral Barbas Arribas (or Arriba) is a professor at the Universidad CEU San Pablo in Madrid, Spain who is known for her research on metabolomics and integration of chemical data. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In coastal areas the groundwater and seawater flows are driven by a variety of factors. Both types of water can circulate in marine sediments due to tidal pumping, waves, bottom currents or density driven transport processes. Meteoric freshwaters can discharge along confined and unconfined aquifers into the sea or the ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
No known natural processes generate trifluoroacetic acid. In the environment, trifluoroacetic acid may be formed by photooxidation of the commonly used refrigerant 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Moreover, it is formed as an atmospheric degradation product of almost all fourth-generation synthetic refrigerants, al... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another. Selection rules have been derived for electromagnetic transitions in molecules, in atoms, in atomic nuclei, and so on. The selection rules may differ according to t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The issues dealing with recovery of the often expensive catalyst after product formation poses a serious drawback for large-scale applications of homogeneous catalysis. Structures known as metallodendrimers combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, as they are soluble and well defined on the mo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1945 there were 38 furnaces worldwide, each with a capacity of 1 Mt/year. The process was favored in Germany due to the autarky policy of the Nazi regime, which prioritized the use of low-quality domestic iron ore. The transfer of technology between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan led to the Japanese Empire benefiti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For example, the common restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the palindromic sequence GAATTC and cuts between the G and the A on both the top and bottom strands. This leaves an overhang (an end-portion of a DNA strand with no attached complement) known as a sticky end on each end of AATT. The overhang can then be used t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salbutamol is sold as a racemic mixture. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer (R). ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In physical chemistry, the Evans–Polanyi principle (also referred to as the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi principle, or Evans–Polanyi–Semenov principle) observes that the difference in activation energy between two reactions of the same family is proportional to the difference of their enthalpy o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hyper-IL-6 has been used to test which cells depend on Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in their response to the cytokine Interleukin-6. To this end, cells were treated with Interleukin-6 and alternatively with Hyper-IL-6. Cells, which respond to Interleukin-6 alone do express an Interleukin-6 receptor whereas cells, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the concentration of a reactant remains constant (because it is a catalyst, or because it is in great excess with respect to the other reactants), its concentration can be included in the rate constant, leading to a pseudo–first-order (or occasionally pseudo–second-order) rate equation. For a typical second-order re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
William Bayliss and Ernest Starling, a physiologist and biologist, respectively, wanted to see if the nervous system had an impact on the digestive system. They knew that the pancreas was involved in the secretion of digestive fluids after the passage of food from the stomach to the intestines, which they believed to b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation efficiency.
Vectors such as pME18s contain it. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC) is a ribonucleoprotein complex that exists during an early step of eukaryotic translation initiation. The 43S PIC contains the small ribosomal subunit (40S) bound by the initiation factors eIF1, eIF1A, eIF3, and the eIF2-Met-tRNA-GTP ternary complex (eIF2-TC). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earliest sources of tin in the Early Bronze Age in the Near East are still unknown and the subject of much debate in archaeology.) Possibilities include minor now-depleted sources in the Near East, trade from Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, or elsewhere.
It is possible that as early as 2500 BC, the Ore Mo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The malate dehydrogenase family contains L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases. L-lactate dehydrogenases catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate, the last step in anaerobic glycolysis. The N-terminus is a Rossmann NAD-binding fold and the C-terminus is an unusual alpha+beta fold. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to treating copper concentrates, ISASMELT furnaces have also been built to treat secondary (scrap) copper materials. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most analytical techniques use a calibration curve. There are a number of advantages to this approach. First, the calibration curve provides a reliable way to calculate the uncertainty of the concentration calculated from the calibration curve (using the statistics of the least squares line fit to the data).
Second, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.
The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first real collections of crystal models were produced by Romé de lIsle. He actually offered sets of small (ca 3 cm) models made of "terra cotta" in order to stimulate the sales of the expensive four-volume set of his book "Cristallographie'" (1783). The models were manufactured by his co-workers Arnould Carangeot,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first method to detect A-to-I RNA modifications, developed in 1997, was inosine-specific cleavage. RNA samples are treated with glyoxal and borate to specifically modify all G bases, and subsequently enzymatically digested to by RNase T1, which cleaves after I sites. The amplification of these fragments then allows... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mantle oxidation state (redox state) applies the concept of oxidation state in chemistry to the study of the Earth's mantle. The chemical concept of oxidation state mainly refers to the valence state of one element, while mantle oxidation state provides the degree of decreasing of increasing valence states of all polyv... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It participates as a cofactor for the three thyroid hormone deiodinases. These enzymes activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. It may inhibit Hashimotos disease, an auto-immune disease in which the bodys own thyro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Integration was the watchword as the various processes were brought together by large corporations, from mining the iron ore to shipping the finished product to wholesalers. The typical steelworks was a giant operation, including blast furnaces, Bessemer converters, open-hearth furnaces, rolling mills, coke ovens and f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*PPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D
*PPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E
*PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F
*PPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G
*PPIH Cyclophilin H
*CANX Calnexin. Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum
*CAPN1 Calpain subunit
*CAPN7
*CAPNS1 Calpain proteas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Drospirenone is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy and in menopausal hormone therapy, among other uses. It is available both alone under the brand name Slynd and in combination with an estrogen under the brand name Yasmin among others. The medication is an ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Flotation processes are described in ancient Greek and Persian literature. During the late 19th century, the process basics were discovered through a slow evolutionary phase. During the first decade of the 20th century, a more rapid investigation of oils, froths, and agitation led to proven workplace applications, espe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This phenomenon came to light with the advent of technologies, such as MS2 tagging and single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridisation, to detect RNA production in single cells, through precise measurements of RNA number or RNA appearance at the gene. Other, more widespread techniques, such as Northern blotting,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermoresponsive polymers can be used as stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Here, the polarity of the stationary phase can be varied by temperature changes, altering the power of separation without changing the column or solvent composition. Thermally related benefits of gas chromatography can now be applied to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bacterial anaerobic corrosion typically impacts metallic substrates but may also occur in concrete. Corrosion of concrete mediums leads to considerable losses in industrial settings. When considering the corrosion of concrete there is significant documentation of structural degradation in concrete wastewater infrastruc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step le... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When an excess of Ba is added to a non-ionic surfactant of the alkyl propylene oxide derivative type, a pseudo-cationic complex is formed. This may be titrated with standard sodium tetraphenylborate. Two moles tetraphenylborate react with one mole of the Ba/ non-ionic surfactant complex. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hematological abnormalities often associate with chronic liver diseases. Both iron overload and iron deficient anemia have been reported in patients with liver cirrhosis. The former is mainly due to reduced hepcidin level caused by the decreased synthetic capacity of the liver, while the latter is due to acute and chro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The metabolism of progesterone is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver, though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain, skin, and various other extrahepatic tissues. Progesterone has an elimination half-life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation. The metabolism... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In an Iowa prairie restoration project, meadow voles experienced an initial population increase during the initial stage of vegetation succession (old field dominated by foxtail grass (Setaria spp.), red clover (Trifolium pratense), annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and thistles (Cirs... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Zinc can be present in six different forms in soil namely; water soluble zinc, exchangeable zinc, organically bound zinc, carbonate bound zinc, aluminium and manganese oxide bound zinc and residual fractions of zinc.
In toxic conditions, species of Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in zinc-metalliferous soils, beca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending on the location of the catenane structures in the polymer chain, the polycatenanes can be divided into main-chain polycatenanes and side-chain polycatenanes.
Main-chain polycatenanes are linear catenanes in which the rings are interlocked with one another in a large number of units. They can also be a series ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
More so than thiophenol, benzeneselenol is easily oxidized by air. The facility of this reaction reflects the weakness of the Se-H bond, bond dissociation energy of which is estimated to be between 67 and 74 kcal/mol. In contrast, the S-H BDE for thiophenol is near 80 kcal/mol. The product is diphenyl diselenide as sho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a natural... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Raman scattering is another phenomenon that involves inelastic scattering of light caused by the vibrational properties of matter. The detected range of frequency shifts and other effects are very different compared to Brillouin scattering. In Raman scattering, photons are scattered by the effect of vibrational and rot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Manganese deficiency in humans results in a number of medical problems. Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams). However poisoning may occur when greater amounts are ingested. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In B. Neritina, bryostatin biosynthesis is carried out through a type I polyketide synthase cluster, bry. BryR is the secondary metabolism homolog of HMG-CoA synthase, which is the PKS in bacterial primary metabolism. In the bryostatin pathway, the BryR module catalyzes β-Branching between a local acetoacetyl acceptor ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anodizing can also be performed in borate or tartrate baths in which aluminium oxide is insoluble. In these processes, the coating growth stops when the part is fully covered, and the thickness is linearly related to the voltage applied. These coatings are free of pores, relative to the sulfuric and chromic acid proces... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ADO is defined as the random non-amplification of one of the alleles present in a heterozygous sample. Some studies have reported the ADO rate of the MDA products to be 0–60%. This drawback decreases the accuracy of genotyping of single sample and misdiagnosis in other MDA involved applications. ADO appears to b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vital effects are biological impacts on geochemical records. Many marine organisms, ranging from zooplankton (e.g. foraminifera) to phytoplankton (e.g diatoms) to reef builders (e.g. coral), create shells or skeletons from chemical compounds dissolved in seawater. This process, which is also called biomineralization, t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The atomization of molten materials produces a large amount of dust and fumes made up of very fine particles (ca. 80–95% of the particles by number <100 nm). Proper extraction facilities are vital not only for personal safety, but to minimize entrapment of re-frozen particles in the sprayed coatings. The use of respira... | 8 | Metallurgy |
RuBP acts as an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme rubisco, which regulates the net activity of carbon fixation. When RuBP is bound to an active site of rubisco, the ability to activate via carbamylation with and is blocked. The functionality of rubisco activase involves removing RuBP and other inhibitory bonded molecul... | 5 | Photochemistry |
On selection as a remedy, implementation of SVE involves the following elements: system design, operation, optimization, performance assessment, and closure. Several guidance documents provide information on these implementation aspects. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) guidance documents establish an ov... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If the person's lithium toxicity is mild or moderate, lithium dosage is reduced or stopped entirely. If the toxicity is severe, lithium may need to be removed from the body. The removal of lithium is done in a hospital emergency department. It may involve:
*Gastric lavage. A tube is placed through the nose or mouth int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The primary molecular mechanism behind an oscillating gene is best described as a transcription/translation feedback loop. This loop contains both positive regulators, which increase gene expression, and negative regulators, which decrease gene expression. The fundamental elements of these loops are found across differ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on characteristic that molecules usually have extraordinarily larger Stokes shift when ESIPT occurs, various applications have been developed using red-shifted fluorescence. Applications include turn-on photoluminescence sensor, photochromic, non-destructive optical memory, and white-light emitting materials.
Bec... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman forms are more conventional, and the new motives that belong to these periods are mostly floral. Busts and masks are the usual handle-plaques and spouts; heads and limbs of various animals are allotted certain decorative functions, as for instance the spirited mules' heads mentioned by Juve... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para&thinsp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is presumed that Chesapeake Bay was once inhabited by Paleoindians 11,000 years ago. For thousands of years, Native American societies lived in villages of wooden longhouses close to water bodies where they fished and farmed the land. Agricultural products included beans, corn, tobacco, and squash. Villages often la... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Cesium chloride is a simple cubic crystal lattice with a basis of Cs at (0,0,0) and Cl at (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) (or the other way around, it makes no difference). Equation () becomes
We then arrive at the following result for the structure factor for scattering from a plane :
and for scattered intensity, | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a quantity that is well defined so as to describe the path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process functions because they des... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the regulatory body covering worker safety. OSHA puts forth permissible exposure limit (PEL) 20 ppb for MDI and detailed technical guidance on exposure assessment.
The National Institutes of Health (NIOSH) is the agency responsible for providing the research a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an organic solvent, both in liquid and supercritical fluid.
It is used in the resistive plate chamber particle detectors in the Large Hadron Collider. It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some cryogenic particle detectors. It can be used as an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The following steps convert in a conventional n-type DSSC photons (light) to current:
The efficiency of a DSSC depends on four energy levels of the component: the excited state (approximately LUMO) and the ground state (HOMO) of the photosensitizer, the Fermi level of the TiO electrode and the redox potential of the me... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Even if there is no oxygen present, glycolysis can continue to generate ATP. However, for glycolysis to continue to produce ATP, there must be NAD+ present, which is responsible for oxidizing glucose. This is achieved by recycling NADH back to NAD+. When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, the electrons from NADH are eventually t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction is a possible candidate for prebiotic early-Earth conditions and, therefore, is of interest in the research of the origin of life. It has been found that some non-consecutive steps of the cycle can be catalyzed by minerals through photochemistry, while entire two and three-step sequences can be promoted by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the transition involves more than one charged particle, the transition dipole moment is defined in an analogous way to an electric dipole moment: The sum of the positions, weighted by charge. If the ith particle has charge q and position operator r, then the transition dipole moment is: | 5 | Photochemistry |
The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates, fatty acids and esters, and various paraffins (such as octadecane). Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.
As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM solutions must be encapsulated to prevent wa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RECODE is a database of "programmed" frameshifts, bypassing and codon redefinition used for gene expression. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Continuous dynamic recrystallization is common in materials with high stacking-fault energies. It occurs when low angle grain boundaries form and evolve into high angle boundaries, forming new grains in the process. For continuous dynamic recrystallization there is no clear distinction between nucleation and growth pha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A cryophorus is a glass container containing liquid water and water vapor. It is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation. A typical cryophorus has a bulb at one end connected to a tube of the same material. When the liquid water is manipulated into the bulbed end and the other end is submer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The extensive use of gold during early Philippine history is well-documented, both in the archeological record and in the various written accounts from precolonial and early Spanish colonial times. Gold was used throughout the Philippine archipelago in various decorative and ceremonial items, as clothing, and also as c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, or R-114, also known as cryofluorane (INN), is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) with the molecular formula ClFCCFCl. Its primary use has been as a refrigerant. It is a non-flammable gas with a sweetish, chloroform-like odor with the critical point occurring at 145.6 °C and 3.26 MPa. When pre... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Quasi-equilibrium is different from classical chemical equilibrium, but can be described using a similar thermodynamic treatment. Consider the reaction below
where complete equilibrium is achieved between all the species in the system including activated complexes, [AB] . Using statistical mechanics, concentration of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to common uses previously mentioned, FRET and BRET are also effective in the study of biochemical reaction kinetics. FRET is increasingly used for monitoring pH dependent assembly and disassembly and is valuable in the analysis of nucleic acids encapsulation. This technique can be used to determine factors ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The objective of this study was to compare different tumor markers and their diagnostic value. The tumor markers tested in this experiment were CA 19-9, CA 242 and CEA tumor markers. The data revealed that although each marker have its own level of specificity and correspond to a cancer, all three makers together incre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and , the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Downregulation of protein kinase A occurs by a feedback mechanism and uses a number of cAMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, which belong to the substrates activated by PKA. Phosphodiesterase quickly converts cAMP to AMP, thus reducing the amount of cAMP that can activate protein kinase A. PKA is also regul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This way also uses two experimental protocols, and , to compare the index effect with the effect of moderation alone. The index protocol is executed first; the response of prime interest, is observed, and the response of the moderating variable is also measured. With that knowledge, then the fixed driver, moderat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound was first described by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780, who obtained it by the dry distillation of mucic acid. For this reason it was initially known as pyromucic acid. This was the first known synthesis of a furan compound, the second being furfural in 1821.
Despite this, it was furfural which came to set na... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rhodizonic acid is a chemical compound with formula or . It can be seen as a twofold enol and fourfold ketone of cyclohexene, more precisely 5,6-dihydroxycyclohex-5-ene-1,2,3,4-tetrone.
Rhodizonic acid is usually obtained in the form of a dihydrate . The latter is actually 2,3,5,5,6,6-hexahydroxycyclohex-2-ene-1,4-di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A hand boiler functions similar to the "drinking bird" toy: The upper and lower bulbs of the device are at different temperatures, and therefore the vapor pressure in the two bulbs is different. Since the lower bulb is warmer, the vapor pressure in it is higher. The difference in vapor pressure forces the liquid from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ASTM International has an international standard for artificial seawater: ASTM D1141-98 (Original Standard ASTM D1141-52). It is used in many research testing labs as a reproducible solution for seawater such as tests on corrosion, oil contamination, and detergency evaluation. | 9 | Geochemistry |
* The analyst wishes to simplify the conduct of a variety of titrations by using one sensor for all. For example, a laboratory might conduct routinely acid/base, redox, complexometric, sulfate and chloride titrations. A single thermometric sensor in conjunction with an autosampler will enable all titrations to be perfo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Underwater air retaining surfaces are of great interest for technical applications. If a transfer of the effect to a technical surface is successful, ship hulls could be coated with this surface to reduce friction between ship and water resulting in less fuel consumption, fuel costs and reduction of its negative enviro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carly Joanne Stevens has been awarded B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees. In 2004 her PhD was awarded by the Open University for her work on the effects of nitrogen on grassland ecology supervised by Nancy Dise, David Gowing and Owen Mountford. It was carried out in collaboration with the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Mo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Typical spiral concentrators will use a slurry from about 20%-40% solids by weight, with a particle size somewhere between 0.75—1.5mm (17-340 mesh), though somewhat larger particle sizes are sometimes used. The spiral separator is less efficient at the particle sizes of 0.1—0.074mm however. For efficient separation, th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* [https://www.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/air-soil-and-water-resources-and-quality Rocky Mountain Research Station - Air, soil, and water resources and quality]
* [https://www.nimss.org/projects/18621 NRSP3: The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)] | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Characterization of microstructures has also been performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for many years. XRD can be used to determine the percentages of various phases present in a specimen if they have different crystal structures. For example, the amount of retained austenite in a hardened steel is best m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray, or capsicum spray is a lachrymator (tear gas) product containing the compound capsaicin as the active ingredient that irritates the eyes to cause burning and pain sensations, as well as temporary blindness. Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes to clo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms because the process determines if the minimum number of bacteria necessary for biofilm formation are present. The criteria to form a biofilm is dependent on a certain density of bacteria rather than a certain number... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solubility equilibrium is a type of dynamic equilibrium that exists when a chemical compound in the solid state is in chemical equilibrium with a solution of that compound. The solid may dissolve unchanged, with dissociation, or with chemical reaction with another constituent of the solution, such as acid or alkali. Ea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The importance of these untranslated regions of mRNA is just beginning to be understood. Various medical studies are being conducted that have found connections between mutations in untranslated regions and increased risk for developing a particular disease, such as cancer. For example, associations between polymorphis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ribosome-mediated attenuation is a gene expression mechanism in which a transcriptional termination signal is regulated by translation. Attenuation occurs at the start of some prokaryotic operons at sequences called "attenuators", which have been identified in operons encoding amino acid biosynthesis enzymes, pyrimidin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ex situ conservation, while helpful in humankinds efforts to sustain and protect our environment, is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a last resort, or as a supplement to in situ conservation because it cannot recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire genetic variation of a species... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The difference between the two heating values depends on the chemical composition of the fuel. In the case of pure carbon or carbon monoxide, the two heating values are almost identical, the difference being the sensible heat content of carbon dioxide between 150 °C and 25 °C (sensible heat exchange causes a change of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An article published in Nature Materials demonstrated cell efficiencies of 8.2% using a new solvent-free liquid redox electrolyte consisting of a melt of three salts, as an alternative to using organic solvents as an electrolyte solution. Although the efficiency with this electrolyte is less than the 11% being delivere... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The PECT effect was first reported by Dr. F Lincoln Vogel in 1981 when studying how intercalation voltages could be used to provide an actuation force in graphitized carbon fibres. The research used sulphate (SO) ions from sulfuric acid to intercalate into the microstructure of carbon fibers, forming graphite intercala... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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