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Most multiferroic materials identified to date are transition-metal oxides, which are compounds made of (usually 3d) transition metals with oxygen and often an additional main-group cation. Transition-metal oxides are a favorable class of materials for identifying multiferroics for a few reasons:
* The localised 3d ele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The binding process is reversible, indicating that the associate constant (k) is not far larger than disassociate constant (k). Combing the rate of the reaction, k, k, concentration, and time, the relation of the free guest molecule and time can be calculated. By calculating the integration of UV spectrum or NMR, the c... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a form of laser absorption spectroscopy. In CRDS, a laser pulse is trapped in a highly reflective (typically R > 99.9%) detection cavity. The intensity of the trapped pulse will decrease by a fixed percentage during each round trip within the cell due to absorption, scattering by the m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are physically bonded. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.
Mixtures are one product of mecha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This form factor is useful for applications where the spectrum analyzer can be plugged into AC power, which generally means in a lab environment or production/manufacturing area. Bench top spectrum analyzers have historically offered better performance and specifications than the portable or handheld form factor. Bench... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chan is a current member of the Professional Teachers' Union (HK), Hong Kong Marine Biological Association, Society of Toxicology (SOT) in the US, American Fisheries Society, American Physiological Society, etc.
He is now chairman (elected) of the Teachers' Association of Chinese University (2011–12). He also serves as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Brønsted and Lowry characterized an acid–base equilibrium as involving a proton exchange reaction:
:acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid.
An acid is a proton donor; the proton is transferred to the base, a proton acceptor, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Borane tert-butylamine is an amine borane complex derived from tert-butylamine and borane. It is a colorless solid.
The compound is prepared by the reaction of tert-butylammonium chloride and sodium borohydride:
:t-BuNHCl + NaBH → t-BuNHBH + H + NaCl
In organic synthesis, borane tert-butylamine can be used fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vectorette PCR can develop a strategy to bring about PCR amplification that is unidirectional. Vectorette PCR comprises three main steps. The first step includes utilizing a restriction enzyme in order to accomplish digestion of the sample DNA. The DNA that is to be utilized for the purpose of investigation has to be c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The field of thermodynamics describes when vapor–liquid equilibrium is possible, and its properties. Much of the analysis depends on whether the vapor and liquid consist of a single component, or if they are mixtures. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Herbivores consume ionone-containing carotenoids and convert those to retinal. Some species, including cattle and horses, have measurable amounts of beta-carotene circulating in the blood, and stored in body fat, creating yellow fat cells. Most species have white fat and no beta-carotene in circulation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 2014 documentary Whats In My Baggie?' deals with adulterants and additives in recreational drugs.
* Largest public accessible database with reagent test results and their sources | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
R. R. Schmidt and co-workers have described the selective anomeric activation of O-protected hexopyranoses (glucose, galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine), hexofuranoses and pentopyranoses with trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of a base, as well as glycosylations under acid catalysis.
Under kinetic contr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published the following laboratory procedure manuals for measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone:
* [https://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nhanes/nhanes_09_10/THYROD_F_met_TSH.pdf Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (University of Washington Medical Center)]. September 2011. Metho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A DTA curve can be used only as a finger print for identification purposes but usually the applications of this method are the determination of phase diagrams, heat change measurements and decomposition in various atmospheres.
DTA is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
DTA may be used in cement chemi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In presence of molecular orientation anisotropy in the sample, CARS images often display artefacts due to polarization-dependent selection rules that affects the measured intensity with respect of the alignment between the polarization plane of the incident light and the main orientation plane of the molecular bonds.
T... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The van Arkel–de Boer process, also known as the iodide process or crystal-bar process, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile titanium, zirconium and some other metals. It was developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. Now it is used in the production ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ryōji Noyori and colleagues have developed a methodology for the kinetic resolution of benzylic and allylic secondary alcohols via transfer hydrogenation. The ruthenium complex catalyzes oxidation of the more reactive enantiomer from acetone, yielding an unreacted enantiopure alcohol, an oxidized ketone, and isopropano... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Chance theories are based on the assumption that "Absolute asymmetric synthesis, i.e., the formation of enantiomerically enriched products from achiral precursors without the intervention of chiral chemical reagents or catalysts, is in practice unavoidable on statistical grounds alone".
Consider the racemic state as a ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Enteric fermentation occurs in the gut of some animals, especially ruminants. In the rumen, anaerobic organisms, including methanogens, digest cellulose into forms nutritious to the animal. Without these microorganisms, animals such as cattle would not be able to consume grasses. The useful products of methanogenesis ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Archaeologist George Eogan, in his study of Bronze Age gold-working, noted that very few Bronze Age gold artefacts had been discovered through "controlled archaeological investigation", with the majority instead having been unearthed "by chance", as a result of "agricultural activities or peat-cutting". In the 21st c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many TRIM proteins are induced by interferons, which are important component of resistance to pathogens and several TRIM proteins are known to be required for the restriction of infection by lentiviruses. TRIM proteins are involved in pathogen-recognition and by regulation of transcriptional pathways in host defence. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Archaeometallurgy is the study of the past use and production of metals by humans. It is a sub-discipline of archaeology and archaeological science. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mean lifespan of methane in the atmosphere was estimated in a range between 9.6 years and twelve years. These differences are caused by the uncertainties about hydroxyl radical (-OH) concentrations and formation processes. When -OH reacts with methane, it is removed from the atmosphere, so changes in its concentrat... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The name Golden Gate Assembly comes from a proposal of Yuri Gleba. It shall refer on the one hand to the Gateway Technology, on the other hand picture the higher precision with a bridge connecting the streets of two shores seamlessly. One of the most well known bridges is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most reliable methods are direct plate count method and membrane filtration method. mEndo Agar is used in the membrane filtration while VRBA Agar is used in the direct plate count method. VRBA stands for violet red bile agar. A media that contains bile salts which promotes the growth of gram negative and has inhibi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Pearson symbol should only be used to designate simple structures (elements, some binary compound) where the number of atoms per unit cell equals, ideally, the number of translationally equivalent points. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biomedical spectroscopy is a multidisciplinary research field involving spectroscopic tools for applications in the field of biomedical science. Vibrational spectroscopy such as Raman or infrared spectroscopy is used to determine the chemical composition of a material based on detection of vibrational modes of constit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein backbones are very stable in water at neutral pH and room temperature, although the rate of hydrolysis of different peptide bonds can vary. The half life of a peptide bond under normal conditions can range from 7 years to 350 years, even higher for peptides protected by modified terminus or within the protein i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ultraviolet detector (also known as UV detector or UV-Vis detector) is a type of non-destructive chromatography detector which measures the amount of ultraviolet or visible light absorbed by components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column. They are often used as detectors for high-performance li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
John William Draper was born May 5, 1811, in St. Helens, Lancashire, England, to John Christopher Draper, a Wesleyan clergyman, and Sarah (Ripley) Draper. He also had three sisters, Dorothy Catherine Draper (August 6, 1807 – December 10, 1901), Elizabeth Johnson, and Sarah Ripley. On June 23, he was baptized by the Wes... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state
where is the per-particle volume, is the thermal wavelength, is the fugacity, and
It is noticeable that is a monotonically growing function of in , which are the only values for which the series converge.
Recognizing that the second term on the right-hand side co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Variable contributions from different lake zones (i.e. littoral, limnetic, benthic) to whole lake metabolism depends mostly on patchiness in algal and bacterial biomass, and light and nutrient availability. In terms of the organisms contributing to metabolism in each of these zones, limnetic metabolism is dominated by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). | 9 | Geochemistry |
Plastarch Material (PSM) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic resin. It is composed of starch combined with several other biodegradable materials. The starch is modified in order to obtain heat-resistant properties, making PSM one of few bioplastics capable of withstanding high temperatures. PSM began to be commercially ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MMC Estates and Rathbone Jersey Limited purchased the site in May 2004, and said: "Any successful regeneration must find alternative uses and following discussions with the council, the site was defined as an area of opportunity for a mixed use urban village type development, comprising primarily employment and residen... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The role of C:N ratio in compost feedstock is similar to that of soil feedstock. The recommendation is around 20-30:1. The microbes prefer a ratio of 30-35:1, but the carbon is usually not completely digested (especially in the case of lignin feedstock), hence the lowered ratio.
An imbalance of C:N ratio causes a slowd... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Similar to liquid metal embrittlement (LME), solid metal-induced embrittlement results in a decrease in fracture strength of a material. In addition, a decrease in tensile ductility over a temperature range is indicative of metal-induced embrittlement. Although SMIE is greatest just below the embrittler’s melting tempe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This model for disorder in a crystal starts with the structure factor of a perfect crystal. In one-dimension for simplicity and with N planes, we then start with the expression above for a perfect finite lattice, and then this disorder only changes by a multiplicative factor, to give
where the disorder is measured by ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Stalin Prize first degree (1943) - for research in the field of organometallic compounds, the results of which were published in 1941 and 1942 in a series of articles: “On the interaction of diazoacetic ether with tin chloride and ferric chloride”, “From the field of organomercuric compounds ”, “On the reaction of ni... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Volatolomics is a branch of chemistry that studies volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by a biological system, under specific experimental conditions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nickel allergy is typically diagnosed by patch testing – applying a patch with 2.5% (in North America) or 5% (in Europe) nickel sulfate to the upper back and looking for irritation on the skin. As with other causes of allergic contact dermatitis, patches containing several common allergens are typically applied to the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In certain situations, it is vital for the photosynthetic organism to recycle the electrons being transferred, resulting in the electron from the terminal iron-sulfur cluster F transferring back to the cytochrome b6f complex (adaptor between photosystems II and I). Utilizing the energy of P700, the cyclic pathway creat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical herbicides used as defoliants are 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are absorbed by broad-leafed plants, killing them by causing excessive hormonal g... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The permanent Venusian clouds produce a concentrated acid rain, as the clouds in the atmosphere of Earth produce water rain. Jupiter's moon Europa is also thought to have an atmosphere containing sulfuric acid hydrates. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A fiber (or other hydrophilic material) that has been exposed to the atmosphere will usually contain some water even if it feels dry. The water can be driven off by heating in an oven, leading to a measurable decrease in weight, which will gradually be regained if the fiber is returned to a normal atmosphere. This eff... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD) is a very useful technique to the experimentalist as it combines the advantages of UV LD whilst also offering the confocal detection of the fluorescence emission. FDLD has applications in microscopy, where can be used as a means of two-dimensional surface mapping through d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All ETS (Erythroblast Transformation Specific) family members are identified through a highly conserved DNA binding domain, the ETS domain, which is a winged helix-turn-helix structure that binds to DNA sites with a central GGA(A/T) DNA sequence. As well as DNA-binding functions, evidence suggests that the ETS domain i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings was reported to be developing its own artificial photosynthesis research by using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to "create the carbon building blocks from which resins, plastics and fibers can be synthesized." This was confirmed with the establishment of the KAITEKI Institute later tha... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. Later, the term was expanded to encompass substances that accomplished chemical reactions similar to those of oxygen. Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation st... | 9 | Geochemistry |
β-elimination or elimination reactions occur through the loss of a substituent leaving group and loss of a proton to form a pi bond. E1 and E2 are two different mechanisms for elimination reactions, and E1 involves a carbocation intermediate. In E1, a leaving group detaches from a carbon to form a carbocation reaction ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When replicating its (+)ssRNA genome, the poliovirus RdRp is able to carry out recombination. Recombination appears to occur by a copy choice mechanism in which the RdRp switches (+)ssRNA templates during negative strand synthesis. Recombination frequency is determined in part by the fidelity of RdRp replication. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Forskolin is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number bioplastic classes have been synthesized from plant and animal derived fats and oils. Polyurethanes, polyesters, epoxy resins and a number of other types of polymers have been developed with comparable properties to crude oil based materials. The recent development of olefin metathesis has opened a wide variet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liquid–liquid transitions were originally considered by Rapoport in 1967 in order to explain high pressure melting curve maxima of some liquid metals. Rapoport's theory requires the existence of a melting curve maximum in polyamorphic systems. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first example of cyclopropane being activated by a metal complex was reported in 1955, involving the reaction of cyclopropane and hexachloroplatinic acid. This reaction produces the polymeric platinacyclobutane complex Pt(CH)Cl. The bis(pyridine) adduct of this complex was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
T... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Roberts was made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a chemistry professorship at Wellesley now bears her name. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dissociative pathways are characterized by a rate determining step that involves release of a ligand from the coordination sphere of the metal undergoing substitution. The concentration of the substituting nucleophile has no influence on this rate, and an intermediate of reduced coordination number can be detected. Th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Recent developments in LED technology have led to commercially available UV-C LEDs. UV-C LEDs use semiconductors to emit light between 255 nm and 280 nm. The wavelength emission is tuneable by adjusting the material of the semiconductor. , the electrical-to-UV-C conversion efficiency of LEDs was lower than that of merc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In physics, backscatter (or backscattering) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction from which they came. It is usually a diffuse reflection due to scattering, as opposed to specular reflection as from a mirror, although specular backscattering can occur at normal incidence with a surfac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA, icosapent ethyl), sold under the brand name Vascepa among others, is a medication used to treat dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. It is used in combination with changes in diet in adults with hypertriglyceridemia ≥ 150 mg/dL. Further, it is often required to be used with a stati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Among the array of substrates that can be altered by CK2 many of them have been found in increased prevalence in cancers of the breast, lung, colon, and prostate. An increased concentration of substrates in cancerous cells infers a likely survival benefit to the cell, and activation of many of these substrates requires... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During quiescence, the DREAM complex represses G1/S and G2/M gene expression. In mammalian systems, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies have revealed that DREAM components are found together at promoters of genes that peak in G1/S or G2/M phase. Abrogation of the DREAM complex on the other hand, led to increas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diphosphines are also available in primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphorus substituents. Triphosphines etc. are similar. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for Adequate Intakes (AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerabl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 2014 paper described how Mapp and its collaborators, including investigators at Public Health Agency of Canada, Kentucky BioProcessing, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, first chimerized the three antibodies comprising ZMAb, then tested combinations of MB-003 and the chimeric ZMAb antibod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The CCT evolved from the archaeal thermosome ~2Gya, with the two subunits diversifying into multiple units. The CCT changed from having one type of subunit, to having two, three, five, and finally eight types. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The core of amides is called the amide group (specifically, carboxamide group).
In the usual nomenclature, one adds the term "amide" to the stem of the parent acids name. For instance, the amide derived from acetic acid is named acetamide (CHCONH). IUPAC recommends ethanamide, but this and related formal names are rar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Mouse Genome Database collects and curates comprehensive phenotype and functional annotations for mouse genes and alleles. This is an NHGRI-funded project which contributes to the Mouse Genome Informatics database. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic building block (monomer) of polyethylene is ethylene. Ethylene is chemically similar to, and can be derived from ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstocks such as sugar cane or corn. Bio-derived polyethylene is chemically and physically identical to traditional polyethylene – i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some chain-growth polymerizations include chain transfer steps, in which another atom (often hydrogen) is transferred from a molecule in the system to the polymer radical. The original polymer chain is terminated and a new one is initiated. The kinetic chain is not terminated if the new radical can add monomer. However... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is a need for a computer program that is easier to operate and that requires a simpler data structure then most currently available models. Therefore, the SahysMod program was designed keeping in mind a relative simplicity of operation to facilitate the use by field technicians, engineers and project planners ins... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Finding a suitable nanoscale motor capable of autonomous, unidirectional, linear motion is considered important to the development of DNA nanotechnology. The walkers have been shown to be capable of autonomous motion over linear, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional DNA tracks through a large number of schemes. In July 200... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Fitness in this model is the probability that an individual survives to reproduce. In the simplest implementation of the model, developmentally stable genotypes survive (i.e. their fitness is ) and developmentally unstable ones do not (i.e. their fitness is ). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modern puddling was one of several processes developed in the second half of the 18th century in Great Britain for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal. It gradually replaced the earlier charcoal-fueled process, conducted in a finery forge. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potassium ion channels play a key role in maintaining the membrane's electric potential. These ion channels are present in many various biological systems. They frequently play a role in regulation of cellular level processes, many of these processes including muscle relaxation, hypertension, insulin secretion etc. Som... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The modern perspective is that rate-limitingness should be quantitative and that it is distributed through a pathway to varying degrees. This idea was first considered by Higgins in the late 1950s as part of his PhD thesis where he introduced the quantitative measure he called the ‘reflection coefficient.’ This describ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a rule in 2001 requiring that virtually all fruit and vegetable juice producers follow HACCP controls, and mandating a 5-log reduction in pathogens, UVGI has seen some use in sterilization of juices such as fresh-pressed. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ancient milk glasses used crystals of calcium antimonate, formed in the melt from calcium present in the glass and an antimony additive. Opaque yellow glasses contained crystals of lead antimonate; bindheimite mineral may have been used as the additive. Under oxidizing condition, lead also forms incompletely dissolved ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) are a class of biological molecules which can be used to identify and measure the amount of an individual chemical substance in biological specimens. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In certain cases, the plane stress model can be used in the analysis of gently curved surfaces. For example,
consider a thin-walled cylinder subjected to an axial compressive load uniformly distributed along its rim, and filled with a pressurized fluid. The internal pressure will generate a reactive hoop stress on the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Metal carbonyls react with reducing agents such as metallic sodium or sodium amalgam to give carbonylmetalate (or carbonylate) anions:
:Mn(CO) + 2 Na → 2 Na[Mn(CO)]
For iron pentacarbonyl, one obtains the tetracarbonylferrate with loss of CO:
:Fe(CO) + 2 Na → Na[Fe(CO)] + CO
Mercury can insert into the metal–metal bond... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As cyclamin is not yet used as pharmaceutical drug such as for chemotherapy, no side effects were yet determined. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Faraday Medal is awarded by the Electrochemistry Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Since 1977, it honours distinguished mid-career electrochemists working outside of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland for their research advancements. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anhydrous is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of around 100. It has a high electrical conductivity, a consequence of autoprotolysis, i.e. self-protonation :
The equilibrium constant for autoprotolysis (25 °C) is:
The corresponding equilibrium constant for water, K is 10, a factor of 10 (10 billion) sm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A vibration spectrum analyzer allows to analyze vibration amplitudes at various component frequencies, In this way, vibration occurring at specific frequencies can be identified and tracked. Since particular machinery problems generate vibration at specific frequencies, machinery faults can be detected or diagnosed. V... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Modified zeolite on which the external surface was partly covered with alkylsilane, called phase-boundary catalyst was prepared in two steps. First, titanium dioxide made from titanium isopropoxide was impregnated into NaY zeolite powder to give sample W-Ti-NaY. In the second step, alkysilane from n-octadecyltrichloros... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantitatively, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell is the principal organ of drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs.
Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The waste stream is irradiated with Ultraviolet radiation. The UV radiation disinfect by disrupting the pathogen cell to be mutated and prevent the cell from replicating. Eventually the mutated cell becomes extinct and this process eliminates odour. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate is prepared on an industrial scale by the methanolysis of hydrogen cyanide:
:HCN + 3 HOCH → HC(OCH) + NH
Trimethyl orthoformate can also be prepared from the reaction between chloroform and sodium methoxide, an example of the Williamson ether synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This form was developed in the 2000s and introduced commercially around 2009. Also called cast-mono, this design uses polycrystalline casting chambers with small "seeds" of mono material. The result is a bulk mono-like material that is polycrystalline around the outsides. When sliced for processing, the inner sections ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The decrease in the Racah parameter B indicates that in a complex there is less repulsion between the two electrons in a given doubly occupied metal d-orbital than there is in the respective M gaseous metal ion, which in turn implies that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆G < 0). "Exergonic" (from the prefix exo-,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain nonlinear optical phenomena such as the electro-optic effect cause a variation of a medium's permittivity tensor when an external electric field is applied, proportional (to lowest order) to the strength of the field. This causes a rotation of the principal axes of the medium and alters the behaviour of light t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiolate-protected gold clusters are a type of ligand-protected metal cluster, synthesized from gold ions and thin layer compounds that play a special role in cluster physics because of their unique stability and electronic properties. They are considered to be stable compounds.
These clusters can range in size up to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithium dimethylcuprate exists as a dimer in diethyl ether forming an 8-membered ring. Similarly, lithium diphenylcuprate crystallizes as a dimeric etherate, .
If the Li ions is complexed with the crown ether 12-crown-4, the resulting diorganylcuprate anions adopt a linear coordination geometry at copper.
For the highe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The two major types of austenitic stainless steels are characterized by the oxide layer that forms on the steel surface: either chromia-forming or alumina-forming. Cr-forming stainless steel is the most common type. However, Cr-forming steels do not exhibit high creep resistance at high temperatures, especially in envi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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