text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
To curate and maintain SBO, a dedicated resource has been developed and the public interface of the SBO browser can be accessed at [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/sbo http://www.ebi.ac.uk/sbo].
A relational database management system (MySQL) at the back-end is
accessed through a web interface based on Java Server Pages (JSP) and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The calculation of the structure factor for cases differing from ideal polymer chains can be quite cumbersome, and sometimes impossible to complete analytically. However, when the small-angle scattering condition is met, , the sinc term can be expanded so one gets:
and by utilising the definition of the radius of gyrat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* In patients with hyperthyroidism, there will be fewer available binding sites on TBG (due to the increased circulating T3 / T4). This will lead to an increased thyroid hormone binding ratio.
* In patients with hypothyroidism, there will be more free binding sites on TBG (due to the decreased amount of circulating T3 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A quaternary carbon is a carbon atom bound to four other carbon atoms. For this reason, quaternary carbon atoms are found only in hydrocarbons having at least five carbon atoms. Quaternary carbon atoms can occur in branched alkanes, but not in linear alkanes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Silver nanoparticles are used for catalyzing chemical reactions, Raman imaging, and antimicrobial sterilization. Along with its antimicrobial properties, its low mammalian cell toxicity makes these particles a common addition to consumer products. Washing textiles embedded with silver nanoparticles results in the oxida... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The original CAGE method (Shiraki et al., 2003) was using CAP Trapper for capturing the 5′ ends, oligo-dT primers for synthesizing the cDNAs, the type IIs restriction enzyme MmeI for cleaving the tags, and the Sanger method for sequencing them.
Random reverse-transcription primers were introduced in 2006 by Kodzius et ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development of the APCI interface for LC–MS started with Horning and collaborators in the early 1973. However, its commercial application was introduced at the beginning of the 1990s after Henion and collaborators improved the LC–APCI–MS interface in 1986. The APCI ion source/ interface can be used to analyze small... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Humans and other mammals have chitinase and chitinase-like proteins that can degrade chitin; they also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products, initiating an immune response.
Chitin is sensed mostly in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract where it can activate the innate i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, the terms order and disorder designate the presence or absence of some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system.
In condensed matter physics, systems typically are ordered at low temperatures; upon heating, they undergo one or several phase transitions into less ordered states.
Examples for such an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
If the "strange matter hypothesis" is true, then nuclear matter is metastable against decaying into strange matter. The lifetime for spontaneous decay is very long, so we do not see this decay process happening around us. However, under this hypothesis there should be strange matter in the universe:
# Quark stars (ofte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Karl A. Smith is a metallurgical engineer, academic and author. He is an emeritus Cooperative Learning Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University's School of Engineering Education, as well as an emeritus Professor of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, Morse-Alumni Distinguished University Teaching ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The output beam is collected by a detector and its intensity is calculated using
where is the visible frequency, is the IR frequency and is the SFG frequency. The constant of proportionality varies across literature, many of them including the product of the square of the output frequency, and the squared secant o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He started his research in the chemistry of natural products. At Washington State University he established early steps in metabolism of d-neomethyl-α-D-glucoside in pipermint (Mentha piperita) rhizomes via in vivo studies. Bhushan developed a de novo method for direct resolution of certain racemates by liquid chromat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Wild-type p53 has been shown to repress survivin expression at the mRNA level. Using an adenovirus vector for wild-type p53, human ovarian cancer cell line 2774qw1 (which expresses mutant p53) was transfected. mRNA levels of survivin were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and showed time-dependent down re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In in vivo gene therapy, a vector (typically, a virus) is introduced to the patient, which then achieves the desired biological effect by passing the genetic material (e.g. for a missing protein) into the patients cells. In ex vivo gene therapies, such as CAR-T therapeutics, the patients own cells (autologous) or healt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Three key points are taken into consideration regarding MRL values in the EU regulation:
1) the amounts of residues found in food must be safe for consumers and must be as low as possible,
2) the European Commission fixes MRLs for all food and animal feed, and 3) the MRLs for all crops and all pesticides can be found i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Disulfide bonds are usually formed from the oxidation of sulfhydryl () groups, especially in biological contexts. The transformation is depicted as follows:
A variety of oxidants participate in this reaction including oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Such reactions are thought to proceed via sulfenic acid intermediates. I... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gaian hypotheses suggest that organisms co-evolve with their environment: that is, they "influence their abiotic environment, and that environment in turn influences the biota by Darwinian process". Lovelock (1995) gave evidence of this in his second book, Ages of Gaia, showing the evolution from the world of the early... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Previtamin D is an intermediate in the production of cholecalciferol (vitamin D).
It is formed by the action of UV light, most specifically UVB light of wavelengths between 295 and 300 nm, acting on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermal layers of the skin.
The B ring of the steroid nucleus structure is broken open, m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two populations of cells are cultivated in cell culture. One of the cell populations is fed with growth medium containing normal amino acids. In contrast, the second population is fed with growth medium containing amino acids labeled with stable (non-radioactive) heavy isotopes. For example, the medium can contain argi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent advancements in SPR technology have given rise to novel formats increasing the scope and applicability of SPR sensing. Fiber optic SPR involves the integration of SPR sensors onto the ends of optical fibers, enabling the direct coupling of light with the surface plasmons as the analytes are passed through a holl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After graduating from Ohio University in 1950, Grasselli Brown was offered a job position at Standard Oil (now BP America) in Cleveland as a project leader. From 1950 to 1978, she worked closely with an instrument called an infrared spectrometer. This device is used to measure the absorbance, emission, and reflection o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The process may be likened to how yeast ferments sugars to produce ethanol for wine, beer, or fuel, but the organisms that carry out the ABE fermentation are strictly anaerobic (obligate anaerobes). The ABE fermentation produces solvents in a ratio of 3 parts acetone, 6 parts butanol to 1 part ethanol. It usually uses ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrosilylation of alkenes represents a commercially important method for preparing organosilicon compounds. The process is mechanistically similar to the hydrogenation of alkenes. In fact, similar catalysts are sometimes employed for the two catalytic processes.
The prevalent mechanism, called the Chalk-Harrod mechani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A spectroscopic peak may be fitted to multiples of the above functions or to sums or products of functions with variable parameters. The above functions are all symmetrical about the position of their maximum. Asymmetric functions have also been used. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
also considered the symmetrized function:
which they referred to as the "divergence", though today the "KL divergence" refers to the asymmetric function (see for the evolution of the term). This function is symmetric and nonnegative, and had already been defined and used by Harold Jeffreys in 1948; it is accordingly c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A general [p+q]-cycloaddition is a concerted addition reaction between two components, one with p π-electrons, and one with q π-electrons. This reaction is symmetry allowed under the following conditions:
* For a supra/supra or antara/antara cycloaddition, it is thermally allowed if p + q = 4n + 2 and photochemically ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PG cooling is typically performed using a 3D optical setup with three pairs of perpendicular laser beams with an atomic ensemble in the center. Each beam is prepared with an orthogonal polarization to its counterpropagating beam. The laser frequency detuned from a selected transition between the ground and excited stat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fazlul Halim Chowdhury (1 August 19309 April 1996) was a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences and one of the longest-serving Vice-Chancellors of the University of Dhaka. He made pioneering contributions to the development of physical chemistry in Bangladesh, publishing more than 20 articles. He focused on cellu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protocol is based on the fact that the formaldehyde cross-linking is more efficient in nucleosome-bound DNA than it is in nucleosome-depleted regions of the genome. This method then segregates the non cross-linked DNA that is usually found in open chromatin, which is then sequenced. The protocol consists of cross l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An example of a spontaneous (without addition of an external energy source) decomposition is that of hydrogen peroxide which slowly decomposes into water and oxygen ):
: 2 HO → 2 HO + O
This reaction is one of the exceptions to the endothermic nature of decomposition reactions.
Other reactions involving decomposition d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC).
The inverted repeats vary wildly in length, ranging from 4,000 to 25,000 base pairs long each. Inverted repeats in plants tend to be at the upper end of this range, each being 20,0... | 5 | Photochemistry |
plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells; the inner ring, called bundle sheath cells, contains starch-rich chloroplasts lacking grana, which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the ou... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Over 50 years ago, in a lab in France, Ephrussi, et al. discovered a non-Mendelian inherited factor that is essential to respiration in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae without this factor, known as the ρ-factor, is described by the development of small colonies when compared to the wild-type yeast. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbenes can be stabilised as organometallic species. These transition metal carbene complexes fall into two categories:
* Fischer carbenes in which carbenes are tethered to a metal and an electron-withdrawing group (usually a carbonyl),
* Schrock carbenes; in which carbenes are tethered to a metal and an electron-dona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The soil vapor extraction remediation technology uses vacuum blowers and extraction wells to induce gas flow through the subsurface, collecting contaminated soil vapor, which is subsequently treated aboveground. SVE systems can rely on gas inflow through natural routes or specific wells may be installed for gas inflow... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Pyroelectric charge in minerals develops on the opposite faces of asymmetric crystals. The direction in which the propagation of the charge tends is usually constant throughout a pyroelectric material, but, in some materials, this direction can be changed by a nearby electric field. These materials are said to exhibit ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Over the years, the utility of molecular logic gates has been explored in a wide range of fields such as chemical and biological detection, the pharmaceutical and food industries, and the emerging fields of nanomaterials and chemical computing. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the principle of least motion is the hypothesis that when multiple species with different nuclear structures could theoretically form as products of a given chemical reaction, the more likely to form tends to be the one requiring the least amount of change in nuclear structure or the smallest chan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the most critical steps in the SELEX procedure is obtaining single stranded DNA (ssDNA) after the PCR amplification step. This will serve as input for the next cycle so it is of vital importance that all the DNA is single stranded and as little as possible is lost. Because of the relative simplicity, one of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MER41.AIM2 is an HERV that regulates the transcription of AIM2 (Absent in Melanoma 2) which encodes for a sensor of foreign cytosolic DNA. This acts as a binding site for AIM2, meaning that it is necessary for the transcription of AIM2. Researchers had shown this by deleting MER41.AIM2 in HeLa cells using CRISPR/Cas9,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several consequences the formation of a transcription factory has on nuclear and genomic structures. It has been proposed that the factories are responsible for nuclear organisation; they have been suggested to promote chromatin loop formation by two potential mechanisms:
The first mechanism suggests that loo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Choren Industries has built a plant in Germany that converts biomass to syngas and fuels using the Shell FT process structure. The company went bankrupt in 2011 due to impracticalities in the process.
Biomass gasification (BG) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis can in principle be combined to produce renewable transpor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The speed of sound in a liquid is given by where is the bulk modulus of the liquid and the density. As an example, water has a bulk modulus of about 2.2 GPa and a density of 1000 kg/m, which gives c = 1.5 km/s. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The trihexagonal tiling has Schläfli symbol of r{6,3}, or Coxeter diagram, , symbolizing the fact that it is a rectified hexagonal tiling, {6,3}. Its symmetries can be described by the wallpaper group p6mm, (*632), and the tiling can be derived as a Wythoff construction within the reflectional fundamental domains of th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
He was born in Bratislava, then Czechoslovakia in a family of Slovak actor Juraj Kukura. In 1984 the family emigrated to Germany. In 2002 he graduated with a Master of Chemistry from the University of Oxford and competed in the 2001 and 2002 Rugby League Varsity matches. In 2006 he completed his PhD in Chemistry from t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Fick's original method, the following variables are measured:
* V̇O, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO absorber
* C, the oxygen content of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygena... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Group 6 metal carbonyls upon photolytic activation catalyze dehydrogenation of AB. Secondary amine-boranes dehydrogenate to form cyclic dimers, or monomeric aminoboranes in the case of more bulky groups on the amine. Similarly, primary amine-boranes dehydrogenate through a two step intramolecular process to give aminob... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic state of a system is its condition at a specific time; that is, fully identified by values of a suitable set of parameters known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables. Once such a set of values of thermodynamic variables has been specified for a system, the v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease that can be hereditary or the result of environmental stimuli. Minigenes are used to help oncologists understand the roles pre-mRNA splicing plays in different cancer types. Of particular interest are cancer specific genetic mutations that disrupt normal splicing events, inc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon nanotubes are meant to potentially solve the typical tradeoff between the permeability and the selectivity of RO membranes. CNTs present many ideal characteristics including: mechanical strength, electron affinity, and also exhibiting flexibility during modification. By restructuring carbon nanotubes and coating... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It has been reported that mammalian glycosylation can improve the therapeutic efficacy of biotherapeutics. For example, therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human interferon gamma, expressed in HEK 293 platform, was improved against drug-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 3, and calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). It activates the T cells of the immune system and can be blocked by drugs. Calcineurin activates nuclear factor of activated T cell cyto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism of phenoxymethylpenicillin is identical to that of all other penicillins. It exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-sensitive microorganisms during the stage of active multiplication. It acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell-wall peptidoglycan. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Kevin Cherry and Lulu Qian at Caltech developed a DNA-based artificial neural network that can recognize 100-bit hand-written digits. They achieve this by programming on computer in advance with appropriate set of weights represented by varying concentrations weight molecules which will later be added to the test tube ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the embrittlement caused by exposure to aqueous, corrosive materials. It relies on both a corrosive environment and the presence of tensile (not compressive) stress.
* Sulfide stress cracking is the embrittlement caused by absorption of hydrogen sulfide.
* Adsorption embrittlement i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic synthesis, aminochlorination is a reaction that installs both a chlorine atom and an amino (or amido) group to give an 2-aminoalkyl chloride. The reaction typically is effected by combining alkene substrates with chloramines. An alternative implementation involves Pd(II)-induced nucleophilic attack of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Analytical Solutions Forum (ASF) brings global stakeholders together to identify emerging needs and technologies in scientific analysis of food and related products. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many coal-firing power stations use flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) to remove sulfur-containing gases from their stack gases. For a typical coal-fired power station, FGD will remove 95% or more of the SO in the flue gases. An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used. A wet scrubber is basically a reacti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The most common bases used in plastic scintillators are the aromatic plastics, polymers with aromatic rings as pendant groups along the polymer backbone, amongst which polyvinyltoluene (PVT) and polystyrene (PS) are the most prominent. While the base does fluoresce in the presence of ionizing radiation, its low yield a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
During the synthesis of proteins, polypeptide chains, which are created by ribosomes translating mRNA, must be processed before assuming a mature conformation. The dephosphorylation of proteins is a mechanism for modifying behavior of a protein, often by activating or inactivating an enzyme. Components of the protein s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 1971 study published by the Harvard Medical School identified methylglyoxal, a form of glycerol, as a product of lethal synthesis in a specific E.coli mutant. In E.coli, the synthesis of triose phosphate from glycerol is a reaction regulated by the synthesis rate of glycerol kinase and by feedback inhibition by fruct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When arachidonic acid is a substrate, isomers of hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are formed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isozymes were first described by R. L. Hunter and Clement Markert (1957) who defined them as different variants of the same enzyme having identical functions and present in the same individual. This definition encompasses (1) enzyme variants that are the product of different genes and thus represent different loci (de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Torquoselectivity is a special kind of stereoselectivity observed in electrocyclic reactions in organic chemistry, defined as "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory
or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." Torquoselectivity is not to be confused with the normal diastereoselectivit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The last process in aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, also known as the electron transport chain. Here NADH and FADH deliver their electrons to oxygen and protons at the inner membranes of the mitochondrion, facilitating the production of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation contributes the majority of the AT... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examples of oxygen nucleophiles are water (HO), hydroxide anion, alcohols, alkoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and carboxylate anions.
Nucleophilic attack does not take place during intermolecular hydrogen bonding. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the first step, sulfur is burned to produce sulfur dioxide.
The sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by oxygen in the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst. This reaction is reversible and the formation of the sulfur trioxide is exothermic.
The sulfur trioxide is absorbed into 97–98% to form oleum (), a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Ellis R. Lippincott Award is awarded annually to recognize "an individual who has made significant contributions to vibrational spectroscopy as judged by his or her influence on other scientists."
It was jointly established in 1975 by The Optical Society, The Coblentz Society, and The Society for Applied Spectrosco... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a method termed magnetofection, DNA is complexed to magnetic particles, and a magnet is placed underneath the tissue culture dish to bring DNA complexes into contact with a cell monolayer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxaloacetate/aspartate family of amino acids is composed of lysine, asparagine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine. Aspartate can be converted into lysine, asparagine, methionine and threonine. Threonine also gives rise to isoleucine.
The associated enzymes are subject to regulation via feedback inhibition and/o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polysaccharides are considered to be polymers of monosaccharides containing ten or more monosaccharide residues. Polysaccharides have been given trivial names that reflect their origin. Two common examples are cellulose, a main component of the cell wall in plants, and starch, a name derived from the Anglo-Saxon sterca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One challenge when synthesising a metallic glass is that the techniques often only produce very small samples, due to the need for high cooling rates. 3D-printing methods have been suggested as a method to create larger bulk samples. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one example of an additive manufacturing method that ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water. Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine. The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A Kingdon trap consists of a thin central wire, an outer cylindrical electrode and isolated end cap electrodes at both ends. A static applied voltage results in a radial logarithmic potential between the electrodes. In a Kingdon trap there is no potential minimum to store the ions; however, they are stored with a finit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroanalytical methods utilize the potential or current of a electrochemical cell. The three main sections of this type of analysis are potentiometry, coulometry and voltammetry. Potentiometry measures the cells potential, coulometry measures the cells current, and voltammetry measures the change in current when cel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions. They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects; their systemic effects occur at picomolar con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arthur Derek Campbell (27 May 1925 – 20 December 2020) was a New Zealand analytical chemist. He was a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Otago from 1948 to 1988, becoming a professor emeritus on his retirement. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The specific activity of an enzyme is another common unit. This is the activity of an enzyme per milligram of total protein (expressed in μmol min mg). Specific activity gives a measurement of enzyme purity in the mixture. It is the micro moles of product formed by an enzyme in a given amount of time (minutes) under gi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Faraday discovered that when the same amount of electric current is passed through different electrolytes connected in series, the masses of the substances deposited or liberated at the electrodes are directly proportional to their respective chemical equivalent/equivalent weight (). This turns out to be the molar mas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a guaianolide is a type of sesquiterpene lactone consisting of a gamma-lactone and either a cyclopentane or cyclopentene, both fused to a central cycloheptane or cycloheptene structure. There are two subclasses, structural isomers differing in the location that part of the lactone is bonded to th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The membrane assembly consists of a pressure vessel with a membrane that allows feedwater to be pushed against it. The membrane must be strong enough to withstand the pressure. RO membranes are made in a variety of configurations. The two most common are spiral-wound and hollow-fiber.
Only part of the water pumped onto... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) is a suggested mechanism that aims to explain the atmospheric CO variations between glacial and interglacial periods. This hypothesis proposes that during glacial periods, as a result of enhanced dust deposition in the southern ocean, diatoms consume less Si relative to nitrog... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Some patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome may have mutations in the gene for FSHR, making them more sensitive to gonadotropin stimulation.
Women with 46 XX gonadal dysgenesis experience primary amenorrhea with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. There are forms of 46 xx gonadal dysgenesis wherein abnormalities... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Artificial chromosomes are manufactured chromosomes in the context of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), or human artificial chromosomes (HACs). An artificial chromosome can carry a much larger DNA fragment than other vectors. YACs and BACs can carry a DNA fragment up to 300,0... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The alternative yeast nuclear code (translation table 12) is a genetic code found in certain yeasts. However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A hydrogen analyzer can be used for direct measurement of hydrogen in liquid aluminium. Direct monitoring of hydrogen is possible using an on-line quantitative measurement technology based on a closed-loop gas recirculation method though a porous ceramic probe.
Since its introduction in 1989, this gas recirculation met... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The majority of bitumen used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of bitumen occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These natural deposits of bitumen ha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A small fraction of electrons leave the electron transport chain before reaching complex IV. Premature electron leakage to oxygen results in the formation of superoxide. The relevance of this otherwise minor side reaction is that superoxide and other reactive oxygen species are highly toxic and are thought to play a ro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
T. H. Henry analyzed and recorded the composition of wootz steel samples provided by the Royal School of Mines. Recording:
*Carbon (Combined) 1.34%
* Carbon (Uncombined) 0.31%
* Sulfur 0.17%
* Silicon 0.04%
* Arsenic 0.03%
Wootz steel was analyzed by Michael Faraday and recorded to contain 0.01-0.07% aluminium. Faraday... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some research has aimed to understand how OMZs have changed over geological time scales. Throughout the history of Earth's oceans, OMZs have fluctuated on long time scales, becoming larger or smaller depending on multiple variables. The factors that change OMZs are the amount of oceanic primary production resulting in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB, AFSSET, California Department of Public Health, and others. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products. VOC labels and certification programs may not proper... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Moungi Bawendi was born in Paris, France, the son of Tunisian mathematician Mohammed Salah Baouendi. After periods living in France and Tunisia, Bawendi and his family migrated to the United States when he was a child. They lived in West Lafayette, Indiana, as Salah worked in the math department at Purdue University. B... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A miscibility gap is a region in a phase diagram for a mixture of components where the mixture exists as two or more phases – any region of composition of mixtures where the constituents are not completely miscible.
The IUPAC Gold Book defines miscibility gap as "Area within the coexistence curve of an isobaric phase d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions are chemical reactions with unique regioselectivity compared to other transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitutions such as the Tsuji-Trost reaction. They involve copper catalysts and "hard" carbon nucleophiles. The mechanism of copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions involves t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although most consider the French physicist Nicolas Sadi Carnot to be the first true thermodynamicist, the term thermodynamics itself wasnt coined until 1849 by Lord Kelvin in his publication An Account of Carnots Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.
The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis nest in small crevices between rocks. When the rocks shift and the nest is broken up, these ants must quickly choose a new nest to move into. During the first phase of the decision-making process, a small portion of the workers leave the destroyed nest and search for new crevi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Khimera is a software product from Kintech Lab intended for calculation of the kinetic parameters of microscopic processes, thermodynamic and transport properties of substances and their mixtures in gases, plasmas and also of heterogeneous processes.
The development of a kinetic mechanism is a key stage of present-day ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Haber–Bosch process relies on catalysts to accelerate N hydrogenation. The catalysts are heterogeneous, solids that interact with gaseous reagents.
The catalyst typically consists of finely divided iron bound to an iron oxide carrier containing promoters possibly including aluminium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The plasticity region is at the top of deformation map (at the highest normalized stresses), and is below the boundary set by the ideal strength. In this region the strain rate involves an exponential term. This equation is shown below, where is the applied shear stress, is the shear modulus, is the energy barrier t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.