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Depending on the nature of the substance, an elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as a proton. For example, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) contain equal numbers of substance, with one atom of mercury for eac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A major application of supramolecular chemistry is the design and understanding of catalysts and catalysis. Non-covalent interactions are extremely important in catalysis, binding reactants into conformations suitable for reaction and lowering the transition state energy of reaction. Template-directed synthesis is a sp... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Anammox stands for anaerobic ammonia oxidation and the organisms responsible were relatively recently discovered, in the late 1990s. This form of metabolism occurs in members of the Planctomycetota (e.g. "Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans") and involves the coupling of ammonia oxidation to nitrite reduction. As oxygen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conditions have been developed for the transformation of pseudoephedrine amides into enantiomerically enriched carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones - after cleavage, the auxiliary can be recovered and reused.
<br /> | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acidic, sandy, or coarse soils often contain less calcium. Uneven soil moisture and overuse of fertilizers can also cause calcium deficiency. At times, even with sufficient calcium in the soil, it can be in an insoluble form and is then unusable by the plant or it could be attributed to a "transport protein". Soils con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PNRC1 functions as a coactivator for several nuclear receptors including AR, ERα, ERRα, ERRγ, GR, SF1, PR, TR, RAR and RXR. The interaction between PNRC1 with nuclear receptors occurs through the SH3 domain of PNRC1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fundamental law of extinction states that the extinction process is linear in the intensity of radiation and amount of radiatively active matter, provided that the physical state is held constant. (Neither concentration or length are fundamental parameters.) There are two factors that determine the degree to which... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) are a type of RNA. which is usually defined as transcripts which are lesser than 200 base-pairs in length and not translated into proteins. This limitation distinguishes sncRNA from lncRNA. This class includes but is not limited to microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Homologous paired receptors are located in the same gene cluster and are thought to have evolved through gene duplication. Sequence features such as the presence of an ITIM-like sequence in the 3' untranslated region of some activating receptors imply that the activating members of the pair likely evolved from the inhi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper concentrates produced by mines are sold to smelters and refiners who treat the ore and refine the copper and charge for this service via treatment charges (TCs) and refining charges (RCs). The TCs are charged in US$ per tonne of concentrate treated and RCs are charged in cents per pound treated, denominated in U... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An SADP is acquired under parallel electron illumination. In the case of convergent beam, a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is achieved. The beam used in SAD is broad illuminating a wide sample area. In order to analyze only a specific sample area, the selected area aperture in the image plane is used. This... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the term cyanomethyl (cyanide (N≡C) + methyl (CH)) designates:
* A cyanomethyl group (N≡CCH–), a type of nitrile group
* The cyanomethyl radical (N≡CCH·)
* The cyanomethyl carbanion (N≡CCH) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, or the law of isomorphism, is an approximate law suggesting that crystals composed of the same number of similar elements tend to demonstrate isomorphism.
Mitscherlich's law is named for German chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich, who formulated the law and published it between 1819 and 1823... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diazomethane is both isomeric and isoelectronic with the more stable cyanamide, but they cannot interconvert.
Many substituted derivatives of diazomethane have been prepared:
*The very stable (CF)CN (2-diazo-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane; b.p. 12–13 °C),
*PhCN (diazodiphenylmethane; m.p. 29–30 °C).
*(CH)SiCHN (trimethy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Everolimus is the second novel Rapamycin analog. Compared with the parent compound rapamycin, everolimus is more selective for the mTORC1 protein complex, with little impact on the mTORC2 complex. mTORC1 inhibition by everolimus has been shown to normalize tumor blood vessels, to increase tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The state-of-the-art mechanism of today's sensor-based ore sorters is a pneumatic ejection. Here, a combination of high speed air valves and an array of nozzles perpendicular to the acceleration belt or chute allows precise application of air pulses to change the direction of flight of single particles. The nozzle pitc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Theories of the structure of water involve three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra and chains and rings, linked via hydrogen bonding.
A polycatenated network, with rings formed from metal-templated hemispheres linked by hydrogen bonds, was reported in 2008.
In organic chemistry, hydrogen bonding is known to facilitate... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A three-step mechanism was derived in 1987 by Peters and Forman A. Williams by assuming steady-state approximation for the hydrogen radical. Then, | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Kapustinskii equation calculates the lattice energy U for an ionic crystal, which is experimentally difficult to determine. It is named after Anatoli Fedorovich Kapustinskii who published the formula in 1956.
The calculated lattice energy gives a good estimation for the Born–Landé equation; the real value differs i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Magnesium and vitamin D have a synergistic relationship in the body, meaning they work together to optimize each other's functions:
* Magnesium activates vitamin D
* Vitamin D influences magnesium absorption.
* Bone health: They play crucial roles in calcium absorption and bone metabolism.
* Muscle function: They contr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A southwestern blot is based on Southern blot and is used to identify and characterize DNA-binding proteins by their ability to bind to specific oligonucleotide probes. The proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and are subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose membranes similar to other types of blotting. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sea foam is formed under conditions that are similar to the formation of sea spray. One of the main distinctions from sea spray formation is the presence of higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter from macrophytes and phytoplankton. The dissolved organic matter in the surface water, which can be derived from ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Specific weight can be used in civil engineering and mechanical engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aliphatic metal alkoxides decompose in water as summarized in this idealized equation:
In the transesterification process, metal alkoxides react with esters to bring about an exchange of alkyl groups between metal alkoxide and ester. With the metal alkoxide complex in focus, the result is the same as for alcoholysis, n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Home pill testing equipment is illegal in the US state of Illinois where the (720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act specifically outlaws "testing equipment intended to be used unlawfully in a private home for identifying or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness or purity of cannabis or controlled substances;... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*2000: L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science
*2007: Order of Mapungubwe - Silver
*2013: Christophe Mérieux Prize
*2018: Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result fro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although the energy difference between coplanar anisole and its isomer is quite large, the rotation between the O–CH bond becomes favorable when the electronic properties of methoxy group on aromatic rings need to be altered to stabilize an unusual intermediate or a transition state. In the following reaction, the regi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing some kind of a purpose along the way. I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Raluca Ripan (27 June 1894 – 5 December 1972) was a Romanian chemist, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy. She wrote many treatises, especially in the field of analytical chemistry. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Grb2 is widely expressed and is essential for multiple cellular functions. Inhibition of Grb2 function impairs developmental processes in various organisms and blocks transformation and proliferation of various cell types. It is thus not surprising that targeted gene disruption of Grb2 in mice is lethal at an early emb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction. There are two subfamilies of rsk, p90, also known as MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPKAP-K1), and p70, also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase. There are three variants of p90 in humans, rsk 1-3.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Promoters can be very closely located in the DNA. Such "closely spaced promoters" have been observed in the DNAs of all life forms, from humans to prokaryotes and are highly conserved. Therefore, they may provide some (presently unknown) advantages.
These pairs of promoters can be positioned in divergent, tandem, and c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Per meg equals 0.001 permil or 0.0001 percent or parts per million ppm. The unit is typically used in isotope analysis by multiplying an isotope ratio in delta annotation, for example δO, by 1000000.
This annotation is typically used in studies of atmospheric trace gases, where a high precision is needed for a signif... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Longer stretches of DNA are entropically elastic under tension. When DNA is in solution, it undergoes continuous structural variations due to the energy available in the thermal bath of the solvent. This is due to the thermal vibration of the molecule combined with continual collisions with water molecules. For entropi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The diverse functions of peroxisomes require dynamic interactions and cooperation with many organelles involved in cellular lipid metabolism such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lipid droplets, and lysosomes.
Peroxisomes interact with mitochondria in several metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation of fatt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common adverse effects of levetiracetam treatment include CNS effects such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval clinical trials d... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Levonorgestrel is used in emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), both in a combined Yuzpe regimen which includes estrogen, and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (as a single dose or as two 0.75 mg doses 12 hours apart) taken within three days of unprotected sex. W... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Early in his career, Kai Simons pursued research in the field of medical biochemistry. Both his master's thesis and postgraduate research focused on vitamin B12 absorption. After returning from his post-doc scholarship he continued research on vitamin B12 as well as on blood plasma proteins, but soon started investigat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Researchers in the 1960s investigating brown adipose tissue, found that in addition to producing more heat than typical of other tissues, brown adipose tissue seemed to short circuit, or uncouple, respiration coupling. Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1976 by David G. Nicholls, Vibeke Bernson, and Gillian Heaton,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferromagnetic resonance was experimentally discovered by V. K. Arkadyev when he observed the absorption of UHF radiation by ferromagnetic materials in 1911. A qualitative explanation of FMR along with an explanation of the results from Arkadyev was offered up by Ya. G. Dorfman in 1923, when he suggested that the optica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Increased nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamus contributes to diminished hunger, a sense of fullness, and a potential loss of body fat and weight.
A study of metabolic effects of nesfatin-1 in ra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An electrode electrolyte interface behaves like a capacitance called electrochemical double-layer capacitance . The equivalent circuit for the redox reaction in Fig. 2 includes the double-layer capacitance as well as the charge transfer resistance . Another analog circuit commonly used to model the electrochemical do... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The root ar- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton and one or multiple aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word aromatic. See e.g. aryl. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In −1 frameshifting, the ribosome slips back one nucleotide and continues translation in the −1 frame. There are typically three elements that comprise a −1 frameshift signal: a slippery sequence, a spacer region, and an RNA secondary structure. The slippery sequence fits a X_XXY_YYH motif, where XXX is any three ident... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lipofectamine or Lipofectamine 2000 is a common transfection reagent, produced and sold by Invitrogen, used in molecular and cellular biology. It is used to increase the transfection efficiency of RNA (including mRNA and siRNA) or plasmid DNA into in vitro cell cultures by lipofection. Lipofectamine contains lipid subu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In bionanotechnology, intrinsic properties of the clusters (for example, fluorescence) can be made available for bionanotechnological applications by linking them with biomolecules through the process of bioconjugation. The protected gold particles' stability and fluorescence makes them efficient emitters of electromag... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main drawback of the aperture mode is that the small aperture size reduces the signal intensity and is difficult to fabricate. Recently, researchers have focused on the apertureless mode, which utilizes SPR theory to produce stronger signals. There are two techniques supporting this mode: SERS and TERS. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diglycerides, generally in a mix with monoglycerides (E471), are common food additives largely used as emulsifiers. The values given in the nutritional labels for total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat do not include those present in mono- and diglycerides. They often are included in bakery products, beverages, ice cr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, , is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantages of this method include good separation of large molecules from the small molecules with a minimal volume of eluate, and that various solutions can be applied without interfering with the filtration process, all while preserving the biological activity of the particles to separate. The technique is genera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synchronous 6π-electron Diels-Alder reaction is a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition (i.e. suprafacial with respect to both components), as exemplified by the reaction to the right.
Thus as the total number of antarafacial components is 0, which is even, the reaction is symmetry-allowed. This prediction agrees with experiment ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CRPF in India had tested skunk for possible usage in crowd control situations in India but the tests failed to meet the required standards. Testing the product on crowd consisting of police personnel and general public reportedly failed to convince the local police crowd control units on its effectiveness. The test sub... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgp/index.php/Site/Home Biogeochemical Processes] (Susan E. Trumbore)
**[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgp/index.php/MolecularBiogeochemistry/MolecularBiogeochemistry Molecular Biogeochemistry] (Gerd Gleixner)
**[https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/TEE/index.html Theoretical Ecosystem Ecology] (Carl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The voltage pulses produced for every gamma ray that interacts within the detector volume are then analyzed by a multichannel analyzer (MCA). In the MCA, a pulse-shaping amplifier takes the transient voltage signal and reshapes it into a Gaussian or trapezoidal shape. From this shape, the signal is then converted into ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkynylations, including the asymmetric variety, have been developed as metal-catalyzed reactions. Various catalytic additions of alkynes to electrophiles in water have also been developed. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While some isocyanides (e.g., cyclohexyl isocyanide) are toxic, others "exhibit no appreciable toxicity for mammals". Referring to ethyl isocyanide, toxicological studies in the 1960s at Bayer showed that "oral and subcutaneous doses of 500-5000 mg/kg can be tolerated by mice". | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Grotthuss–Draper law (also called the principle of photochemical activation) states that only that light which is absorbed by a system can bring about a photochemical change. Materials such as dyes and phosphors must be able to absorb "light" at optical frequencies. This law provides a basis for fluorescence and ph... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stability of the Mg-Mg bond needed to be dealt with. Researchers began to investigate sterically demanding guanidinates and amidinates. Their stabilizing abilities in low-oxidation state chemistry was attractive since it allowed for other low-valent main group complexes to be achieved. This research also allowed fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Jupiter, like all the gas giants, has an atmospheric methane cycle. Recent studies indicate a hydrological cycle of water-ammonia vastly different to the type operating on terrestrial planets like Earth and also a cycle of hydrogen sulfide.
Significant chemical cycles exist on Jupiter's moons. Recent evidence points to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In March 2015, NASA Ames scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclodextrins are used to make pharmaceutical solutions by capturing hydrophobic molecules as guest hosts. Because inclusion compounds of cyclodextrins with hydrophobic molecules are able to penetrate body tissues, these can be used to release biologically active compounds under specific conditions. For example, testos... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, has four carboxyl groups and two amine groups that can act as electron pair donors, or Lewis bases. The ability of EDTA to potentially donate its six lone pairs of electrons for the formation of coordinate covalent bonds to metal cations makes EDTA a hexadentate ligand. However, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Conformational equilibrium is the tendency to favor the conformation where cyclohexane is the most stable. This equilibrium depends on the interactions between the molecules in the compound and the solvent. Polarity and nonpolarity are the main factors in determining how well a solvent interacts with a compound. Cycloh... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The shape of the semiintegral can be used as an easy method to measure the amount of ohmic drop of an electrochemical cell in cyclic voltammetry. Essentially the semiintegral of a cyclic voltammogram at a planar electrode (an electrode that obeys to the rules of planar diffusion) has the shape of a sigmoid while the or... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Levobupivacaine is a drug that has analgesic, motor blocking, and sensory blocking effects on the human body, whose properties are dictated by its chemical characteristics, such as pK, which has a value of 8.1. The pK of a drug can be informative information that indicates its ionisation under physiological conditions.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermophysical properties - [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/TTHB/2/R410a-eng.html Properties of refrigerant R410a] | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. This equ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
General anesthesia is required for many surgeries, but may cause lingering fatigue, sedation, and/or drowsiness after surgery that lasts for hours to days. In outpatient surgery the sedation, fatigue, and occasional dizziness is problematic. Modafinil was tested as a potential remedy to alleviate these symptoms. For ex... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Charles Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, was seeking a refrigerant replacement that would be colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and nonflammable. He assembled a team that included Thomas Midgley, Jr., Albert Leon Henne, and Robert McNary. From 1930 to 1935, they developed dichlor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Hepoxilin-epoxide hydrolase or hepoxilin hydrolase is currently best defined as an enzyme activity that converts the biologically active monohydroxy-epoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid hepoxilin A3s and hepoxilin B3s to essentially inactive trihydroxy products, the trioxilins. That is, hepoxilin A3s (8-hydroxy-11,1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Erosion corrosion is a degradation of material surface due to mechanical action, often by impinging liquid, abrasion by a slurry, particles suspended in fast flowing liquid or gas, bubbles or droplets, cavitation, etc. The mechanism can be described as follows:
* mechanical erosion of the material, or protective (or pa... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amorphous polymers do not have a crystallization temperature (Tm) like semi-crystalline polymers and have only a glass transition temperature (Tg). This has a decisive influence on the behavior of shape-shape-memory polymer systems.
A crystalline copolymer system alone can result in the crosslinker-treated copolymer lo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1982, a diver discovered a shipwreck off the shore of Uluburun, Turkey. The ship contained 317 copper ingots in the normal oxhide shape, 36 with only two corner protrusions, 121 shaped like buns, and five shaped like pillows. The oxhide ingots (ingots with two or four protrusions) range in weight from after being c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The center researches shotgun glycomics techniques in which glycans harvested and purified from various materials such as breast milk and pig lungs. Such techniques developed by the center and other glycomics groups can further be applied to tissues to generate an overall glycome of the tissue for research into various... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
# Leave out the Bravais lattice type.
# Convert all symmetry elements with translational components into their respective symmetry elements without translation symmetry. (Glide planes are converted into simple mirror planes; screw axes are converted into simple axes of rotation.)
# Axes of rotation, rotoinversion axes,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Steel which utilizes the EPS process to remove surface scale shows few differences from steel which utilizes acid pickling to remove surface scale. "Downstream" industrial processes such as galvanizing, cold reducing and painting of EPS-processed steel strip show it to be interchangeable with acid-pickled steel strip. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Based on discovery rates and existing geologic surveys, researchers estimated in 2006 that 1.6 billion metric tons of copper could be brought into use. This figure relied on the broadest possible definition of available copper as well as a lack of energy constraints and environmental concerns.
The US Geological Survey ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Given the ability of southwestern blotting towards studying the affinity of proteins towards binding to DNA, this information can further be used with regards to uncovering specific protein factors that bind to DNA as well. These protein factors may be involved in controlling gene expression.
* Unlike electrophoretic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Queensland Acid Sulfate Soil Technical Manual: Soil Management Guidelines is highly recommended for both scientists and engineers due to its excellent discussion on risk assessment and management strategies. Management strategies discussed in the manual include: avoidance, minimisation of disturbance, neutralisatio... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Elevated levels of the hormone insulin in the blood trigger downregulation of the associated receptors. When insulin binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex undergoes endocytosis and is subsequently attacked by intracellular lysosomal enzymes. The internalization of the insulin mol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Estimation of the size of DNA molecules following digestion with restriction enzymes, e.g., in restriction mapping of cloned DNA.
*Estimation of the DNA concentration by comparing the intensity of the nucleic acid band with the corresponding band of the size marker.
*Analysis of products of a polymerase chain reaction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gel sieves the DNA by the size of the DNA molecule whereby smaller molecules travel faster. Double-stranded DNA moves at a rate that is approximately inversely proportional to the logarithm of the number of base pairs. This relationship however breaks down with very large DNA fragments and it is not possible to se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the quantity of work done by a closed system on its surroundings is defined by factors strictly confined to the interface of the surroundings with the system and to the surroundings of the system, for example, an extended gravitational field in which the system sits, that is to say, to things externa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phototrophs () are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is a common misconception that phototrophs are obligatorily photosynthetic. Many, but not all, pho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* AM404 – an active metabolite of paracetamol.
* AM1172
* LY-2183240
* O-2093
* OMDM-2
* UCM-707
* VDM-11
* Guineensine
*WOBE437 and RX-055 | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unus... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Michael Ramsey attended Bowling Green State University for his undergraduate studies where he obtained his Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with dual minors in Physics and Mathematics in June 1974.
He then went on to obtain his Doctor of Philosophy in Analytical chemistry from Indiana University Bloomington in January ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the Curiosity rover found evidence for an ancient streambed suggesting a "vigorous flow" of water on Mars.
On December 3, 2012, NASA reported that Curiosity performed its first extensive soil analysis, revealing the presence of water molecules, sulfur and chlorine ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In medical training, thermochromic ink can be used to imitate human blood because it shares its color changing property. It is currently being tested in medical simulations involving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In these procedures, a change in color of blood between a dark and light red indicates blood ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several manufacturers produce EDM machines for the specific purpose of removing broken cutting tools and fasteners from work pieces. In this application, the process is termed "metal disintegration machining" or MDM. The metal disintegration process removes only the center of the broken tool or fastener, leaving the ho... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system (usually atoms, but sometimes molecules or atomic nuclei) and a single photon. When a photon has about the right amount of energy (which is connected to its frequency) to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a stripping process, developed in the early 1960s by Stamicarbon in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The 5' UTR of eukaryotes is more complex than prokaryotes. It contains a Kozak consensus sequence (ACCAUGG). This sequence contains the initiation codon. The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another popular method for decomplexation involves oxidation of a low valent complex. Oxidants include air, dioxirane, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), and halogens. Oxidants are selected to avoid reaction with the released organic ligand. Illustrative is the use of ferric chloride to release alkynes from Co(CR)(CO). ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An analysis of two infants suffering from cholelithiasis observed that a substantial amount of stercobilin was present in brown pigment gallstones. This study suggested that brown pigment gallstones could form spontaneously in infants suffering from bacterial infections of the biliary tract. | 1 | Biochemistry |
::</big>
where:
* D is the diffusion coefficient
* n is the surface concentration of protein
* Co is the bulk concentration of proteins
* t is time
A higher bulk concentration and/or higher diffusion coefficient (inversely proportional to molecular size) results in a larger number of molecules arriving at the surface. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copolymerization is used to modify the properties of manufactured plastics to meet specific needs, for example to reduce crystallinity, modify glass transition temperature, control wetting properties or to improve solubility. It is a way of improving mechanical properties, in a technique known as rubber toughening. El... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Kidd Process development team modified its cathode plates to cope with high-corrosion environments, such as the liberator cells used to remove contaminants in refineries and some high-corrosion environments in electrowinning plants.
The design of the plate features a stainless-steel jacket that surrounds a solid-co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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