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The first published attempt to use plasma emissions as a source for spectroscopic analysis were in 1956 by Eugen Bădărău. In 1964 Stanley Greenfield working at Albright & Wilson was the first to use ICP for non experimental analysis. The first commercial machine was produced by KONTRON in 1975. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Users can design a rAAV vector to any target genomic locus and perform both gross and subtle endogenous gene alterations in mammalian somatic cell-types. These include gene knock-outs for functional genomics, or the ‘knock-in’ of protein tag insertions to track translocation events at physiological levels in live cells... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbopalladations can be a description of the elementary step of a reaction catalyzed by a palladium catalyst (Mizoroki-Heck reaction) and can also refer to a carbometalation reaction with a palladium catalyst (alkene difunctionalization, hydrofunctionalization, or reductive Heck) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biochemistry, two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality (alignments). An example is the two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions alongside each other. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Also during Phase II, copper and arsenical bronze production was practiced at the site.
Norşuntepe provides first clear and unambiguous evidence of arsenical bronze production in this general area before the 4th millennium. It demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was being deliberately practised. Since the s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alloys that are not bronze and brass have had a limited representation in the literature for archaeometallurgy. This is mostly due to lack of interest or evidence in the archaeological record. Arsenical copper is one such limited research topic with some experimental work done by Pollard, Thomas, and Williams. Through... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Levetiracetam, along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking levetiracetam should be monitored closely for signs of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, or any altered emotional or behavioral states. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are several spot tests that are infrequently used due to their limited applicability, but may be useful in situations where particular lichen metabolites need to be detected, or to distinguish between certain species when other tests are negative.
* A 10% solution of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)) gives a violet colou... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of wavelengths that demonstrate strong disinfection effect. The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm.
Mercury vapor lamps ma... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The genetic code within living organisms can potentially be co-opted to store information. Furthermore synthetic biology can be used to engineer cells with "molecular recorders" to allow the storage and retrieval of information stored in the cell's genetic material. CRISPR gene editing can also be used to insert artif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The general reaction that occurs in the Pidgeon process is:
For industrial use, ferrosilicon is used because its cheaper and more readily available than silicon. The iron from the alloy is a spectator in the reaction. CaC may also be used as an even cheaper alternative for silicon and ferrosilicon, but is disadvantageo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Radical cyclization reactions produce mono- or polycyclic products through the action of radical intermediates. Because they are intramolecular transformations, they are often very rapid and selective. Selective radical generation can be achieved at carbons bound to a variety of functional groups, and reagents used to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A putative gene is a segment of DNA that is believed to be a gene. Putative genes can share sequence similarities to already characterized genes and thus can be inferred to share a similar function, yet the exact function of putative genes remains unknown. Newly identified sequences are considered putative gene candida... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potentiometric solid state gas sensors have been generally classified into three broad groups.
*Type I sensors have an electrolyte containing mobile ions of the chemical species in the gas phase that it is monitoring. The commercial product, YSZ oxygen sensor, is an example of type I.
*Type II sensors do not have mobil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Strep-tag system offers a selective tool to purify proteins under physiological conditions. The proteins obtained are bioactive and display a very high purity (above 95%). Also, the Strep-tag system can be used for protein detection in various assays. Depending on the experimental circumstances, Strep-tag antibodie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transposon mutagenesis was first studied by Barbara McClintock in the mid-20th century during her Nobel Prize-winning work with corn. McClintock received her BSc in 1923 from Cornell’s College of Agriculture. By 1927 she had her PhD in botany, and she immediately began working on the topic of maize chromosomes. In the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gravimetric biosensors use the basic principle of a response to a change in mass. Most gravimetric biosensors use thin piezoelectric quartz crystals, either as resonating crystals (QCM), or as bulk/surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. In the majority of these the mass response is inversely proportional to the crystal ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The central carbon in 1,3-dicarbonyl compound is known as an activated methylene group. This is because, owing to the structure, the carbon is especially acidic and can easily be deprotonated to form a methylene group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Process analytical chemistry involves the following sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry: microanalytical systems, nanotechnology, chemical detection, electrochemistry or electrophoresis, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, process chemometrics, process control, flow injection analysis, ultrasound, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The trifluoromethyl group has a significant electronegativity that is often described as being intermediate between the electronegativities of fluorine and chlorine. For this reason, trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds are often strong acids, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. Conversely,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Norman Hackerman (March 2, 1912 – June 16, 2007) was an American chemist, professor, and academic administrator who served as the 18th President of the University of Texas at Austin (1967–1970) and later as the 4th President of Rice University (1970–1985). He was an internationally known expert in metal corrosion. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of public and private companies are competing to develop a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use, including Illumina, Knome, Sequenom,
454 Life Sciences, Pacific Biosciences, Complete Genomics,
Helicos Biosciences, GE Global Research (General Electric), ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Lomagundi-Jatuli event (2,300–2,080 Ma) Paleoproterozoic - Positive excursion
*Shunga-Francevillian event (2,080 Ma) Paleoproterozoic - Negative excursion
*Shuram-Wonoka excursion (570–551 Ma) Neoproterozoic - Negative excursion
*Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (494.6-492 Ma) Paleozoic - Positive excursion... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Historically, in traditional medicine of Europe, Lobaria pulmonaria was collected in large quantities as "lungwort", due to its lung-like appearance (the "doctrine of signatures" suggesting that herbs can treat body parts that they physically resemble). Similarly, Peltigera leucophlebia ("ruffled freckled pelt") was us... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It has been shown that the fundamental thermodynamic relation together with the following three postulates
is sufficient to build the theory of statistical mechanics without the equal a priori probability postulate.
For example, in order to derive the Boltzmann distribution, we assume the probability density of microst... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A subset X of a metric space is relatively dense if there exists a number r such that all points of X are within distance r of X, and it is uniformly discrete if there exists a number ε such that no two points of X are within distance ε of each other. A set that is both relatively dense and uniformly di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a variety of synthetic procures are particularly useful in closing carbocyclic and other rings; these are termed ring-closing reactions. Examples include:
* alkyne trimerisation;
* the Bergman cyclization of an enediyne;
* the Diels–Alder, between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, and o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Compared to other biomedical fields, lipidology was long-neglected as the handling of oils, smears, and greases was unappealing to scientists and lipid separation was difficult. It was not until 2002 that lipidomics, the study of lipid networks and their interaction with other molecules, appeared in the scientific lite... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SERS from pyridine adsorbed on electrochemically roughened silver was first observed by Martin Fleischmann, Patrick J. Hendra and A. James McQuillan at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Southampton, UK in 1973. This initial publication has been cited over 6000 times. The 40th Anniversary of the first obs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crystal parting occurs when minerals break along planes of structural weakness due to external stress, along twin composition planes, or along planes of weakness due to the exsolution of another mineral. Parting breaks are very similar in appearance to cleavage, but the cause is different. Cleavage occurs because of de... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Surface physics can be roughly defined as the study of physical interactions that occur at interfaces. It overlaps with surface chemistry. Some of the topics investigated in surface physics include friction, surface states, surface diffusion, surface reconstruction, surface phonons and plasmons, epitaxy, the emission ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ancient world lacked standardized forensic practices, which enabled criminals to escape punishment. Criminal investigations and trials relied heavily on forced confessions and witness testimony. However, ancient sources do contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow concepts in forensic science developed... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some microbes are heterotrophic (more precisely chemoorganoheterotrophic), using organic compounds as both carbon and energy sources. Heterotrophic microbes live off of nutrients that they scavenge from living hosts (as commensals or parasites) or find in dead organic matter of all kind (saprophages). Microbial metabol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Esters are generally identified by gas chromatography, taking advantage of their volatility. IR spectra for esters feature an intense sharp band in the range 1730–1750 cm assigned to ν. This peak changes depending on the functional groups attached to the carbonyl. For example, a benzene ring or double bond in conjugati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
N-heterocyclic carbenes are similar to cyanide in reactivity. Like cyanide, they have an unusual chemical ambivalence, which allows them to trigger umpolung in reactions where they are involved. The carbene has six electrons - two each in the carbon-nitrogen single bonds, two in its sp-hybridized orbital, and an empty ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An equation of state introduced by R. H. Cole
where is a reference density, is the adiabatic index, and is a parameter with pressure units. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For low values of the Reynolds number (<1), true for most aerosol motion, Stokes law describes the force of resistance on a solid spherical particle in a fluid. However, Stokes law is only valid when the velocity of the gas at the surface of the particle is zero. For small particles (< 1 μm) that characterize aerosols,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The law of mass action forms the basis of the compartmental model of disease spread in mathematical epidemiology, in which a population of humans, animals or other individuals is divided into categories of susceptible, infected, and recovered (immune). The principle of mass action is at the heart of the transmission te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Based on the manual curation done, BioCyc database family is divided into 3 tiers:
Tier 1: Databases which have received at least one year of literature based manual curation. Currently there are seven databases in Tier 1. Out of the seven, MetaCyc is a major database that contains almost 2500 metabolic pathways from m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many crystals naturally grow in faceted shapes. For instance, common table salt forms cubes and quartz forms hexagonal prisms. These characteristic shapes are a consequence of the crystal structure of the material and the surface energy, as well as the general conditions under which the crystal formed.
The Bravais latt... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TEOS-10 covers all thermodynamic properties of liquid water, seawater, ice, water vapour and humid air within their particular ranges of validity as well as their mutual equilibrium composites such as sea ice or cloudy (wet and icy) air.
Additionally, TEOS-10 covers derived properties, for example the potential tempera... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In geochemistry, a version of Henry's law applies to the solubility of a noble gas in contact with silicate melt. One equation used is
where
:C is the number concentrations of the solute gas in the melt and gas phases,
:β = 1/kT, an inverse temperature parameter (k is the Boltzmann constant),
:µ is the excess chemical ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities. Each photon emitted will be "red"- or "blue"-shifted by the Doppler effect depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer. The higher the temperature of the gas, the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas. S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hypotonia and Parkinsonism were present in two Turkish siblings, brother and sister. By using exome sequencing, which sequences a selective coding region of the genome, researchers have found a homozygous five-nucleotide deletion in the SPR gene which confirmed both siblings were homozygous. It is predicted that this m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Short-interspersed nuclear elements are believed to have parasitic origins in eukaryotic genomes. These SINEs have mutated and replicated themselves a large number of times on an evolutionary time-scale and thus form many different lineages. Their early evolutionary origin has caused them to be ubiquitous in many eukar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FRAP can also be used to monitor proteins outside the membrane. After the protein of interest is made fluorescent, generally by expression as a GFP fusion protein, a confocal microscope is used to photobleach and monitor a region of the cytoplasm, mitotic spindle, nucleus, or another cellular structure. The mean fluo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Olga García Mancheño is an organic chemistry professor at the University of Münster in Germany. García Mancheño directs an organic chemistry research group at University of Münster that focuses on development of new catalytic methods with the goal of developing sustainable synthetic routes to accomplish carbon-hydrogen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Filters are often used to collect bioaerosols because of their simplicity and low cost. Filter collection is especially useful for personal bioaerosol sampling since they are light and unobtrusive. Filters can be preceded by a size-selective inlet, such as a cyclone or impactor, to remove larger particles and provide s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initially, there had been questions of whether the solved DNA structures were artefacts of the X-ray crystallography techniques used. However, the structure of DNA was subsequently confirmed in solution via gel electrophoretic methods and later via solution NMR and AFM indicating that the crystallography process did no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this example, the following sentence with three-letter words makes sense when read from the beginning:
|Start|THE CAT AND THE MAN ARE FAT ...
|Start|123 123 123 123 123 123 123 ...
However, if the reading frame is shifted by one letter to between the T and H of the first word (effectively a +1 frameshift when cons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to bromocresol green, the structure of bromocresol purple changes with pH. Changing the level of acidity causes a shift in the equilibrium between two different structures that have different colors. In near-neutral or alkaline solution, the chemical has a sulfonate structure that gives the solution a purple co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In order to load a gas as a sample of pressure transmitting medium, the gas must be in a dense state, as to not shrink the sample chamber once pressure is induced. To achieve a dense state, gases can be liquefied at low temperatures or compressed. Cryogenic loading is a technique that uses liquefied gas as a means of f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Filter papers are widely used in laboratory experiments across many different fields, from biology to chemistry. The type of filter used will differ according to the purpose of the procedure and the chemicals involved. Generally, filter papers are used with laboratory techniques such as gravity or vacuum filtration.
Hi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many microbes (phototrophs) are capable of using light as a source of energy to produce ATP and organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Of these, algae are particularly significant because they are oxygenic, using water as an electron donor for electron transfer during photosynthesis. Phototrop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper is a fairly common element, with an estimated concentration of 50–70 ppm (0.005–0.007 percent) in Earths crust (1 kg of copper per 15–20 tons of crustal rock). A concentration of 60 ppm would multiply out to 1.66 quadrillion tonnes over the mass of the crust, or over 90 million years worth at the 2013 productio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
CK1δ and CK1ε were thought to be generally redundant in circadian cycle length and protein stability. Recent research, however, has shown that CK1δ deficiency lengthens circadian period while CK1ε deficiency does not. Also, CK1α has recently been suggested to play a role redundant to CK1δ in phosphorylating PER1 althou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase II is inhibited by α-Amanitin and other amatoxins. α-Amanitin is a highly poisonous substance found in many mushrooms. The mushroom poison has different effects on each of the RNA Polymerases: I, II, III. RNAP I is completely unresponsive to the substance and will function normally while RNAP III has a m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The institute also contributes to the undergraduate programs and university studies as well as continuing vocational trainings. Academic staff is involved in several master programs and coordinates two of them. The institute is also engaged in an Erasmus Mundus master, «EACH» (Excellence in Analytical Chemistry), and t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate is used in the palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial cancer. It is used at a dose of 100 to 200 mg once a week by intramuscular injection. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reactions pair tethered dienes and dienophiles in a [4+2] fashion, the most common being terminal substitution. These transformations are popular in total synthesis and have seen a wide spread use in advance to numerous difficult synthetic targets. One such use is the application of an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via α-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. Homoserine undergoes O-phosphorylation; this phosphate ester undergoes hydrolysis concomitant with relocation of the OH group. Enzymes involved in a typical biosynthesis of threonine include aspartokin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are at least four families of chromatin remodelers in eukaryotes: SWI/SNF, ISWI, NuRD/Mi-2/CHD, and INO80 with first two remodelers being very well studied so far, especially in the yeast model. Although all of remodelers share common ATPase domain, their functions are specific based on several biological proces... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, chemistry and related fields, a kinetic scheme is a network of states and connections between them representing the scheme of a dynamical process. Usually a kinetic scheme represents a Markovian process, while for non-Markovian processes generalized kinetic schemes are used. Figure 1 shows an illustration o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The conjugate base of hydroxamic acids forms is called a hydroxamate. Deprotonation occurs at the group, with the hydrogen atom being removed, resulting in a hydroxamate anion . The resulting conjugate base presents the metal with an anionic, conjugated O,O chelating ligand. Many hydroxamic acids and many iron hydroxa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ATP synthase consists of a F and F subunit. The F subunit contains alpha and beta subunits of its own which can assist in the formation of ATP, or hydrolyze it to serve as a proton pump. Though most catalytic actions happen on the beta subunits, the alpha subunits each contain an arginine finger. The role of the argini... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As a common noun, English heat or warmth (just as French chaleur, German Wärme, Latin calor, Greek θάλπος, etc.) refers to (the human perception of) either thermal energy or temperature. Speculation on thermal energy or "heat" as a separate form of matter has a long history, identified as caloric theory, phlogiston the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Feather meal is a byproduct of processing poultry; it is made from poultry feathers by partially grinding them under elevated heat and pressure, and then grinding and drying. Although total nitrogen levels are fairly high (up to 12%), the bioavailability of this nitrogen may be low. Feather meal is used in formulated a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Gram-positive bacteria that participate in quorum sensing typically use secreted oligopeptides as autoinducers. Peptide autoinducers usually result from posttranslational modification of a larger precursor molecule. In many Gram-positive bacteria, secretion of peptides requires specialized export mechanisms. For exa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The K/U Ratio is the ratio of a slightly volatile element, potassium (K), to a highly refractory element, uranium (U). It is a useful way to measure the presence of volatile elements on planetary surfaces. The K/U ratio helps explain the evolution of the planetary system and the origin of Earth's moon. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Darodipine is an experimental calcium channel blocker that based on animal models may reduce neuronal cytoskeletal alterations during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Studies performed on rats have shown darodipine to have an effect on brain serotonergic systems. Darodipine increased the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio wit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The word methemoglobin derives from the Ancient Greek prefix μετα- (meta-: behind, later, subsequent) and the word hemoglobin.
The name hemoglobin is itself derived from the words heme and globin, each subunit of hemoglobin being a globular protein with an embedded heme group. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following example deals with a beam of light scattering off a circle with radius and a perfectly reflecting boundary. The beam consists of a uniform density of parallel rays, and the beam-circle interaction is modeled within the framework of geometric optics. Because the problem is genuinely two-dimensional, the c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As the temperature decreases, further physiological systems falter and heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure all decrease. This results in an expected heart rate in the 30s at a temperature of .
There is often cold, inflamed skin, hallucinations, lack of reflexes, fixed dilated pupils, low blood pressure, pu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Faradays electrochemical paradox arises from his famous experiment of 1833. Concentrated nitric acid had been synthesized and although Faraday did not have a pH meter (the pH scale would not be developed for another seventy years), Faraday knew from various tests (e.g. taste and time of dissolution of calcite chips) t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IUBMB is committed to providing training opportunities to biochemists and molecular biologists around the world. The Wood Whelan Research fellowship, established in honor of past-Presidents Harland G. Wood and William Joseph Whelan, provides opportunities for students to travel to a laboratory in a different countr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, Gaunts group reported a copper catalyzed meta-selective C–H arylation reaction on anilide derivatives. Despite the intrinsic ortho-/para- selectivity of the amido group, the arylation occurs exclusively on the meta position on a variety of anilide substrates. Remarkably, the regioselectivity is totally differe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In most hydrogen-fusing stars, including the Sun, a chemical cycle involved in stellar nucleosynthesis occurs which is known as a carbon-nitrogen-oxygen or (CNO cycle). In addition to this cycle, stars also have a helium cycle. Various cycles involving gas and dust have been found to occur in galaxies. | 9 | Geochemistry |
During barcode sequencing, high molecular weight DNA samples that contain the targeted DNA sequence, ranging from fifty to several hundred kilobases in size, are combined with gel beads containing unique barcodes, enzymes, and sequencing reagents. Microfluidic device can partition input DNA molecules into individual na... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organocerium chemistry is the science of organometallic compounds that contain one or more chemical bond between carbon and cerium. These compounds comprise a subset of the organolanthanides. Most organocerium compounds feature Ce(III) but some Ce(IV) derivatives are known. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
BBE-like enzymes serve as a catalyzer for a wide range of reactions. All the way from two-electron oxidations as observed in (At)BBE-like 15 to four-electron oxidations as seen in Dbv29.
BBE-like enzymes are involved in the synthesis of plenty of isoquinoline alkaloids such as the conversion of (S)-reticuline to (S)-sc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition state theory explains the reaction dynamics of reactions. The theory is based on the idea that there is an equilibrium between the activated complex and reactant molecules. The theory incorporates concepts from collision theory, which states that for a reaction to occur, reacting molecules must collide with ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The continental shelf pump is proposed as operating in the shallow waters of the continental shelves as a mechanism transporting carbon (dissolved or particulate) from the continental waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. As originally formulated, the pump is thought to occur where the solubility pump inte... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Airless spray equipment used for Dimetcote should have a fluid tip with orifice no smaller than 0.019 inch (0.48), and the minimum level of pump ratio is 28:1. Some standard airless sprays such as Spee-Flo, Graco, Nordson-Bede, and DeVilbiss meet these requirements. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The idea for the race was formulated by scientists Christian Joachim and in Toulouse, France in January 2013 in the ACS Nano journal. A call for applications was launched to give the participating teams time to prepare appropriate nanocars. The race is officially announced by the French National Centre for Scientific ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In the early 20th century, galvanized piping replaced previously-used cast iron and lead in cold-water plumbing. Typically, galvanized piping rusts from the inside out, building up layers of plaque on the inside of the piping, causing both water pressure problems and eventual pipe failure. These plaques can flake off, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Demulsifiers, or emulsion breakers, are a class of specialty chemicals used to separate emulsions, for example, water in oil. They are commonly used in the processing of crude oil, which is typically produced along with significant quantities of saline water. This water (and salt) must be removed from the crude oil pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Children may be at greater risk for adverse reactions to repellents, in part, because their exposure may be greater.
Children can be at greater risk of accidental eye contact or ingestion.
As with chemical exposures in general, pregnant women should take care to avoid exposures to repellents when practical, as the fetu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Shrinking the two-sphere model to the molecular level creates the problem that in the self-exchange reaction the charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts, but only as a single electron. However, the polarization still is determined by the total ensemble of the solvent molecules and therefore can still b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The laws of many countries permit IVF for only single individuals, lesbian couples, and persons participating in surrogacy arrangements. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Some biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Several X-ray crystallographic and electron cryomicroscopic (cryo-EM) structures of IPRs from mouse, rat, and human have defined the overall architecture of the channel. The 1.2 MDa C4-symmetric assembly consists of an ER-embedded transmembrane domain (TMD) in a domain-swapped 6 transmembrane (6TM) cation channel fol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amides are pervasive in nature and technology. Proteins and important plastics like Nylons, Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar are polymers whose units are connected by amide groups (polyamides); these linkages are easily formed, confer structural rigidity, and resist hydrolysis. Amides include many other important biological ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The total protein concentration is readout by an increase in absorbance at 565 nm, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques, including using microplate readers. Most common reagents, except thiols and SDS, are compatible with the assay. An optimized formulation for the assay to maximize sensitivity in m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The scattering cross section is related to the meteorological range :
The quantity is sometimes denoted , the scattering coefficient per unit length. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In January researchers reported that six choroideremia patients had been treated with adeno-associated virus with a copy of REP1. Over a six-month to two-year period all had improved their sight. By 2016, 32 patients had been treated with positive results and researchers were hopeful the treatment would be long-lasting... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Twice a year the EBF brings together representatives all member companies to discuss subjects well prepared in advance. The topics range from procedural to regulatory often resulting in internal benchmarking or surveys. Next to these general meetings, topic specific specialists meetings are also organized. All member c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Energy expenditure is correlated to a number of factors, listed in alphabetical order.
*Age: Besides the epidemiologically correlated trends of aging, lowered physical activity, and loss of lean muscle mass, lessened cellular activity (the senescence thereof) may also contribute to lowering of REE. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PDE3A is mainly implicated in cardiovascular function and fertility but PDE3B is mainly implicated in lipolysis. Table 1 is an overview of localization of the PDE3 isoforms.
In general, PDE3 can be either cytosolic or membrane-bound and has been associated to plasma membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and nucleus ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2000, EPA drafted plans to phase out the use of MTBE nationwide over four years. Some states enacted MTBE prohibitions without waiting for federal restrictions. California banned MTBE as a gasoline additive in 2002. The State of New York banned the use of MTBE as a "fuel additive", effective in 2004. However, MTBE i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
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