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Plastoquinone (PQ) is a terpenoid-quinone (meroterpenoid) molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units. There are o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In crystallography, a lattice plane of a given Bravais lattice is any plane containing at least three noncollinear Bravais lattice points. Equivalently, a lattice plane is a plane whose intersections with the lattice (or any crystalline structure of that lattice) are periodic (i.e. are described by 2d Bravais lattices)... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
With her expertise on peptide synthesis, Photaki examined the biocatalytic properties and kinetics of enzyme active site analogues she prepared.
Another research topic she developed in the early part of her career was the chemical transformation of carbohydrates and glycosylated species, such as the stereoselective con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chlorosome shape can vary between species, with some species containing ellipsoidal shaped chlorosomes and others containing conical or irregular shaped chlorosomes.
Inside green sulfur bacteria, the chlorosomes are attached to type-I reaction centers in the cell membrane via FMO-proteins and a chlorosome baseplate com... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some reports have suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway is sufficient to induce complete apoptosis in certain cell types through DISC assembly and subsequent caspase-8 activation. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (namely Bcl-2 an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An easy way to produce fermented water is to obtain turbo yeast kits (contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals) that instructs on the package the quantity of white sugar, and tap water needed.
* Inverted sugar syrup
** Water
** Sugars in wine: White sugar (or crystallized sucrose)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
:For a synthetic analogue see also 3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone.
Mechanistically, the process involves base-mediated cyclization followed by dehydration and oxidation. In the reaction of 7a to 8 involves the formation of an enamine from the imine, while in the reaction of 7b to 9 a proton is abstract... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In mirror writing a text is deliberately displayed as its mirror image, in order to be read through a mirror. For example, emergency vehicles such as ambulances or fire engines use mirror images in order to be read from a vehicle's rear-view mirror. Some movie theaters also use mirror writing in a Rear Window Captionin... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Polycrystalline silicon, or multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si) cells are made from cast square ingots—large blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified. They consist of small crystals giving the material its typical metal flake effect. Polysilicon cells are the most common type used in photovoltaics and a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To study charge transfer reactions of an ITIES, a four-electrode cell is used.
Two reference electrodes are used to control the polarisation of the interface, and two counter electrodes made of noble metals are used to pass the current. The aqueous supporting electrolyte must be hydrophilic, such as LiCl, and the organ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation proceeds under mild conditions and is highly stereospecific. In addition to aliphatic, aromatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, acyl nitriles and 1,2-diketones are also suitable substrates. Few methods exist for decarbonylation.
One illustrative application is the synthesis of the co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The hydroformylation of alkenes to give aldehydes is an important industrial process. Almost 6 million tons of aldehydes are produced by this method annually.
Rhodium complexes containing diphosphine ligands are active hydroformylation catalysts.
The ratio of linear to branched aldehyde product depends on the struct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methane was typically measured using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography is a type of chromatography used for separating or analyzing chemical compounds. It is less expensive in general, compared to more advanced methods, but it is more time and labor-intensive.
Spectroscopic methods were the preferred method for at... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Very high densities are required to thermalize the rotational transitions of HO, so it is difficult to detect far-infrared emission lines from a quiescent molecular cloud. Even at H densities of 10 cm, dust must be optically thick at infrared wavelengths. But the passage of a shock wave through a molecular cloud is pr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The most basic mechanistic flow for RNA Silencing is as follows:
(For a more detailed explanation of the mechanism, refer to the RNAi:Cellular mechanism article.)
1: RNA with inverted repeats hairpin/panhandle constructs --> 2: dsRNA --> 3: miRNAs/siRNAs --> 4: RISC --> 5: Destruction of target mRNA
# It has been disco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paz-Pujalt was born August 9, 1954, in Arequipa, Peru. He is of Galician and Welsh descent on his fathers side and Catalan and Basque on his mothers. He graduated from San Andrés (Colegio), an Anglo Peruvian college preparatory school in Lima, Peru. He graduated with honors and received the Miller Prize for accomplishm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Serotonin syndrome may result from the combined use of dextromethorphan and serotonergic antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). Further research is needed to determine whether doses of dextromethorphan beyond those normally used therapeutically are... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
FK1012 is a dimer consisting of two molecules of tacrolimus (FK506) linked via their vinyl groups. It is used as a research tool in chemically induced dimerization applications. FK1012 is a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) which makes the protein capable of dimerization or oligomerization of fusion proteins conta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the incident particle, such as an alpha particle or electron, is diffracted in the Coulomb potential of atoms and molecules, the elastic scattering process is called Rutherford scattering. In many electron diffraction techniques like reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), transmission electron diffra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.755. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the A/B approach to cobyric acid, the Harvard A-D-component was coupled to the ETH B-C-component between rings D and C, and then closed to a corrin between rings A and B. Both these critical steps were accomplished by C,C-coupling via sulfide contraction, a new reaction type developed in the synthesis of the B-C-com... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There is tenuous evidence that a virus common to peppers, the Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) may have moved on to infect humans. This is a rare and unlikely event as, to enter a cell and replicate, a virus must "bind to a receptor on its surface, and a plant virus would be highly unlikely to recognize a receptor on a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A microchannel plate (MCP) is used to detect single particles (electrons, ions and neutrons) and photons (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays). It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission. Because a microchannel pl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conventional cytogenetic testing cannot offer the gene-level resolution required to predict the outcome of a pregnancy and whole genome deep sequencing is not practical for routine prenatal diagnosis. Whole-genome jumping library could complement conventional prenatal testing. This novel method was successfully applied... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In aluminium alloys containing magnesium, magnesium oxides (MgO), cuboids (MgAlO-cuboid) and metallurgical spinel (MgAlO-spinel) can form. They result from the reaction between magnesium and oxygen in the melt. More of them will form with time and temperature.
Spinel can be highly detrimental because of its big size an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents, emitting hot acidic or alkaline water, would have created external proton gradients. These provided energy that primordial organisms could have exploited. To keep the flows separate, such an organism could have wedged itself in the rock of the hydrothermal vent, exposed to the hydrothermal ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rats that were given a diet containing ptaquiloside for a prolonged period developed tumors in both the ileum and urinary bladder. Prakash, Smith and co-workers showed that ptaquiloside-induced carcinogenesis was initiated by the activation of the H-ras oncogene. Other non-ruminants such as pig, rabbit, and guinea pig,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In some cases, the FEN1 lasts for only a short period of time and disengages from the replication complex. This causes a delay in the cleavage that the flaps displaced by Pol δ become long. When the RPA reaches a long enough length, it can bind stably. When the RPA bound flaps are refactorized to FEN1 cleavage the requ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AB chromosome translocation analyses place on short arm of chromosome 4 (4S; Simcox and Weber 1985 ). There is close linkage to other genes in the benzoxazinoid synthesis pathway [bx2, bx3, bx4, bx5 Frey et al. 1995, 1997 ). Gene bx1 is 2490 bp from bx2 (Frey et al. 1997 ); between umc123 and agrc94 on 4S (Melanson et ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flower visitors such as insects and bats detect floral scents thanks to chemoreceptors of variable specificity to a specific VOC. The fixation of a VOC on a chemoreceptor triggers the activation of an antennal glomerulus, further projecting on an olfactory receptor neuron and finally triggering a behavioral response af... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The unscaled elasticities can be depicted in matrix form, called the unscaled elasticity matrix, . Given a network with molecular species and reactions, the unscaled elasticity matrix is defined as:
Likewise, is it also possible to define the matrix of scaled elasticities: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the adhesion is weaker than cohesion, which is quite common, the liquid particles escape the solution more easily that increases the vapor pressure and leads to a positive deviation.
If the deviation is large, then the vapor pressure curve shows a maximum at a particular composition and forms a positive azeotrope ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The MG-RAST pipeline incorporates a series of steps for quality control and artifacts removal, ensuring robust processing of metagenomic and metatranscriptome datasets. The initial stage involves trimming low-quality regions using SolexaQA and eliminating reads with inappropriate lengths. In the case of metagenome and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coenzyme A is produced commercially via extraction from yeast, however this is an inefficient process (yields approximately 25 mg/kg) resulting in an expensive product. Various ways of producing CoA synthetically, or semi-synthetically have been investigated although none are currently operating at an industrial scale. | 1 | Biochemistry |
T. Ohta suggested that the concept of energy quality may be more intuitive if one considers examples where the form of energy remains constant but the amount of energy flowing, or transferred is varied. For instance if we consider only the inertial form of energy, then the energy quality of a moving body is higher whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Voltage gated ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential. Voltage gated potassium, chloride and sodium channels are key components in the generation of the action potential as well as hyper-polarization. These channels work by selecting an ion based on electrostatic attraction or repulsion allowing the i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorobenzene is produced by thermal decomposition of benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The conversion is called the Balz–Schiemann reaction.
The traditional Balz–Schiemann reaction has been the subject of many motivations, e.g. using hexafluorophosphate(V) () and hexafluoroantimonate(V) () in place of tetrafluorobor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The second term on the right hand side of (3) is the structure factor.
For a given reciprocal lattice vector (corresponding to a family of lattice planes labeled by Miller indices ), the intensity of scattered particles is proportional to the square of the structure factor.
Buried in (6) are detailed aspects of the cry... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For example, consider the (linear) chemical system involving two chemical species and and the reaction . In this system, (species), (reactions). A state of the system is a vector , where are the number of molecules of and respectively. Let , so that the rate of reaction 1 (the only reaction) depends on the conce... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Various countries have tests for determining non-combustibility of materials. Most involve the heating of a specified quantity of the test specimen for a set duration. Usually, the material must not support combustion and must not lose more than a certain amount of mass. As a general rule of thumb, concrete, steel, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When there is enough matter in a region to allow molecular collisions to occur very much more often than absorption or emission of photons, for radiation one speaks of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In this case, Kirchhoff's law of equality of radiative absorptivity and emissivity holds.
Two bodies in radiative... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Veterans are presented with awards and are thanked for their service on formalities such as ceremonies which are plentiful and widely covered in the Iranian media, particularly on two annual national occasions, namely Disabled Veterans' Day in May and Sacred Defence Week (Sept. 20–27), which commemorates the commenceme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Active esters are mainly used as acylating agents. They undergo the same reactions as their unactivated analogues but do so more rapidly. They are prone to hydrolysis, for example. Of great interest is the enhanced reactivity of active esters toward amines to give amides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inositol pentakisphosphate (abbreviated IP5) is a molecule derived from inositol tetrakisphosphate by adding a phosphate group with the help of Inositol-polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK). It is believed to be one of the many second messengers in the inositol phosphate family. It "is implicated in a wide array of biologi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each tablet contains 2, 4, or 8 mg of the tert-butylamine salt of perindopril. Perindopril is also available under the trade name Coversyl Plus, containing 4 mg of perindopril combined with 1.25 mg indapamide, a thiazide-like diuretic.
In Australia, each tablet contains 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of perindopril arginine. Perindo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The idea of the creatine phosphate shuttle was suggested as an explanation for altered blood glucose levels in exercising diabetic patients. The change in blood glucose levels were very similar to the alterations that would occur if a diabetic patient would receive a shot of Insulin.It was then proposed that contractio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The thermodynamic square is mostly used to compute the derivative of any thermodynamic potential of interest. Suppose for example one desires to compute the derivative of the internal energy . The following procedure should be considered:
# Place oneself in the thermodynamic potential of interest, namely (, , , ). In o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Deflocculation is the exact opposite of flocculation, also sometimes known as peptization. Sodium silicate (NaSiO) is a typical example. Usually in higher pH ranges in addition to low ionic strength of solutions and domination of monovalent metal cations the colloidal particles can be dispersed.
The additive that preve... | 8 | Metallurgy |
London dispersion forces are the weakest type of non-covalent interaction. In organic molecules, however, the multitude of contacts can lead to larger contributions, particularly in the presence of heteroatoms. They are also known as "induced dipole-induced dipole interactions" and present between all molecules, even t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Levosalbutamol's bronchodilator properties give it indications in treatment of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as chronic obstructive lung disease) and asthma. Like other bronchodilators, it acts by relaxing smooth muscle in the bronchial tubes, and thus shortening or reversing an acute "attack"... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The values of I, I, R, and R are dependent upon the physical size of the solar cell. In comparing otherwise identical cells, a cell with twice the junction area of another will, in principle, have double the I and I because it has twice the area where photocurrent is generated and across which diode current can flow. B... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the mass convergent evolution of the C-fixation pathway in a diversity of plant lineages, ancestral C-type RuBisCO evolved to have faster turnover of in exchange for lower specificity as a result of the greater localization of from the mesophyll cells into the bundle sheath cells. This was achieved through enhan... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In electrochemistry, electrode potential is the voltage of a galvanic cell built from a standard reference electrode and another electrode to be characterized. By convention, the reference electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). It is defined to have a potential of zero volts. It may also be defined as the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2004, Panek and his co-workers reported an approach which takes advantage of chiral crotylsilane-based C-C bond construction methodology to obtain the absolute stereochemistry of the three subunits of (+)-discodermolide. One of the key features of the Paterson approach is the utilization of hydrozirconation-cross-c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Patterson power cell is an electrolysis device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he said created 200 times more energy than it used, and neutralizes radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation. It is one of several cells that some observers classified as cold fusion; cells which were the subjec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One model proposes that loss of the GTP-cap causes the GDP-containing protofilaments to shrink. Based on this GTP-cap model, catastrophe happens randomly. The model proposes that an increase in microtubule growth will correlate with a decrease in random catastrophe frequency or vice versa. The discovery of microtubule-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Casting – molten metal is poured into a shaped mold. Variants of casting include sand casting, investment casting, also called the lost wax process, die casting, and continuous castings. Each of these forms has advantages for certain metals and applications considering factors like magnetism and corrosion.
* Forging ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Analysis of concentration
*Verifying the proper functioning of an analytical instrument or a sensor device such as an ion selective electrode
*Determining the basic effects of a control treatment (such as a dose-survival curve in clonogenic assay) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kinetics for reductive elimination are hard to predict, but reactions that involve hydrides are particularly fast due to effects of orbital overlap in the transition state. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The types of gel most typically used are agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Each type of gel is well-suited to different types and sizes of the analyte. Polyacrylamide gels are usually used for proteins and have very high resolving power for small fragments of DNA (5-500 bp). Agarose gels, on the other hand, have low... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silicon-infiltrated carbon-carbon composite is used for high performance "ceramic" brake disks, as they are able to withstand extreme temperatures. The silicon reacts with the graphite in the carbon-carbon composite to become carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC). These brake disks are used on some road-going... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions of transesterification and esterification. This process renders a product (chemistry) and by-products.
The fats and oils react with short-chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol). The alcohols used should be of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Not all atoms attract electrons with the same force. The amount of "pull" an atom exerts on its electrons is called its electronegativity. Atoms with high electronegativitiessuch as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogenexert a greater pull on electrons than atoms with lower electronegativities such as alkali metals and alkali... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in food and adipose tissue. Animal metabolism produces about 107–110 grams of water per 100 grams of fat, 41–42 grams of water per 100 g of protein, and 60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohyd... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fineness of silver in Britain was traditionally expressed as the mass of silver expressed in troy ounces and pennyweights ( troy ounce) in one troy pound (12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy. Britannia silver has a fineness of 11 ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about silver, whereas sterling silver has a fineness of 11... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the enzyme, the energy for which comes from hydrolysing ATP into ADP or AMP. However, dephosphorylation releases phosphates into solution as free ions, because attaching them back to ATP would require energy input.
Cysteine-dependent phosphatases (CD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2005, Dauphas was awarded Nier Prize of the Meteoritical Society which recognizes outstanding research in meteoritics and closely allied fields by young scientists. In 2007, he was awarded the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship, given to the most promising early-career scientists and engineers, across th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A biaxial nematic is a spatially homogeneous liquid crystal with three distinct optical axes. This is to be contrasted to a simple nematic, which has a single preferred axis, around which the system is rotationally symmetric. The symmetry group of a biaxial nematic is i.e. that of a rectangular right parallelepiped, h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From 1995 Murray worked at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center at IBM. From 2000 to 2006 he headed their Nanoscale Materials and Devices Department. In 2006 the University of Pennsylvania announced his appointment as the Richard Perry University Professor, with appointments in Chemistry and Materials Science, in the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adsorption constants are equilibrium constants, therefore they obey the Van 't Hoff equation:
As can be seen in the formula, the variation of K must be isosteric, that is, at constant coverage.
If we start from the BET isotherm and assume that the entropy change is the same for liquefaction and adsorption, we obtain
th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the active site, a substrate binds to an enzyme to induce a chemical reaction. Substrates, transition states, and products can bind to the active site, as well as any competitive inhibitors. For example, in the context of protein function, the binding of calcium to troponin in muscle cells can induce a conformationa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There were four named penicillins at the time penicillin V was discovered (penicillins I, II, III, IV), however, Penicillin V was named "V" for Vertraulich (German for confidential); it was not named for the Roman numeral "5".
Penicillin VK is the potassium salt of penicillin V (K is the chemical symbol for potassium). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Esketamine, sold under the brand names Spravato (for depression) and Ketanest (for anesthesia) among others, is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine. It is a dissociative hallucinogen drug used as a general anesthetic and as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. Esketamine is the active enantiomer of ketamine in te... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For a process that occurs at constant temperature and pressure, spontaneity can be determined using the change in Gibbs free energy, which is given by:
where the sign of ΔG depends on the signs of the changes in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). If these two signs are the same (both positive or both negative), then the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the iron–carbon system (i.e. plain-carbon steels and cast irons) it is a common constituent because ferrite can contain at most 0.02wt% of uncombined carbon. Therefore, in carbon steels and cast irons that are slowly cooled, a portion of the carbon is in the form of cementite. Cementite forms directly from the melt ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*. For conservative case, this reduces to .
*. For conservative case, this reduces to .
*If the characteristic function is , where are two constants(have to satisfy ) and if is the nth moment of the H function, then we have
and | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many of the noble metals can act as catalysts. For example, platinum is used in catalytic converters, devices which convert toxic gases produced in car engines, such as the oxides of nitrogen, into non-polluting substances.
Gold has many industrial applications; it is used as a catalyst in hydrogenation and the water g... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Subject to any regulations restricting who can obtain donor sperm, donor sperm is available to all people who, for whatever reason, wish to have a child. These regulations vary significantly across jurisdictions, and some countries do not have any regulations. When an individual finds that they are barred from receivin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mehrotra, during his early years in research, made notable contributions in analytical chemistry which included studies on tin, gold and hydrated copper
oxide. Through his researches on the chemical theory of indicators, he elucidated the applicability of universal type of indicators, ceramic salts and of hypobromites ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
POCIS can be deployed in a wide range of aquatic environments including stagnant pools, rivers, springs, estuarine systems, and wastewater streams. However, there has been little research into the use of POCIS in strictly marine environments. Prior to deployment of a POCIS device, it is essential to select a study site... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Hopp–Woods hydrophilicity scale of amino acids is a method of ranking the amino acids in a protein according to their water solubility in order to search for surface locations on proteins, and especially those locations that tend to form strong interactions with other macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Model organisms have been used in the study of TCF7L2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Tcf7l2 was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sweat diagnostics is an emerging non-invasive technique used to provide insights to the health of the human body. Common sweat diagnostic tests include testing for cystic fibrosis and illicit drugs. Most testing of human sweat is in reference to the eccrine sweat gland which in contrast to the apocrine sweat gland, h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways can induce enzymes such as the COX-2 enzyme. MAPK pathways may also play a role in the regulation of PTGS2. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An instance where hyperconjugation may be overlooked as a possible chemical explanation is in rationalizing the rotational barrier of ethane (CH). It had been accepted as early as the 1930s that the staggered conformations of ethane were more stable than the eclipsed conformation. Wilson had proven that the energy barr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Arc is critical as a ubiquitous signaling factor in early embryonic development and is required for growth and patterning during gastrulation. The first knockouts (KOs) for Arc were therefore incompatible with life. Subsequent efforts produced homozygous knockout mice by targeting the entire Arc gene rather than portio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Benson and Buss originated the BGIT in a 1958 article. Within this manuscript, Benson and Buss proposed four approximations:
# A limiting law for additivity rules.
# Zero-order approximation. Additivity of atomic properties.
# First-order approximation. Additivity of bond properties.
# Second-order approximation. Add... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cells in all organisms regulate gene expression by turnover of gene transcripts (single stranded RNA): The amount of an expressed gene in a cell can be measured by the number of copies of an RNA transcript of that gene present in a sample. In order to robustly detect and quantify gene expression from small amounts of R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dynamic Wilhelmy method is a method for calculating average advancing and receding contact angles on solids of uniform geometry. Both sides of the solid must have the same properties. Wetting force on the solid is measured as the solid is immersed in or withdrawn from a liquid of known surface tension. Also in that... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gold mining began in Gedebey in 2009. In 2016, Azer Gold CJSC began gold mining in the Chovdar deposit. In 2017, 6,390.8 kg of gold was mined (which exceeded the 2016 production by 3.4 times. Gold production in January–May 2018 amounted to 2,081.7 kg, which exceeds last years data by 19.5%. In the first quarter of 2018... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are several implications of an excess of reducing equivalents: regulation of cellular signaling pathways by decreasing cell growth responses, modification of transcriptional activity, perturbs disulfide bond formation within proteins, increase of mitochondrial malfunction, decrease in cellular metabolism, and cyt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A micelle () or micella () ( or micellae, respectively) is an aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system). A typical micelle in water forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glass fiber filter has the pore size of 1 μm, it is useful for filtering highly contaminated solutions or difficult-to-filter solution. Also, glass fiber filter has extends filter life, wide range of particulate loads and can prevent sample contamination. In addition, different types of glass fiber filter are suitable ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Both the CB1 and CB2 receptors (the bonding site of anandamide) seem to play a role in the identification of positive and negative interpretation of environment and setting. In animal models, anandamide mediates the interpretation of stimulus; specifically, optimism and pessimism in the presence of an ambiguous cue. An... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide is a sulfoxonium salt. It is used to generate dimethyloxosulfonium methylide by reaction with sodium hydride. The latter compound is used as a methylene-transfer reagent, and is used to prepare epoxides.
This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by the reaction of dimethyl ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Like many organolithium reagents, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide can form aggregates in solution. The extent of aggregation depends on the solvent. In coordinating solvents, such as ethers and amines, the monomer and dimer are prevalent. In the monomeric and dimeric state, one or two solvent molecules bind to lithium... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Shortly after the teratogenic properties of thalidomide were recognized in the mid-1960s, its anti-cancer potential was explored and two clinical trials were conducted in people with advanced cancer, including some people with multiple myeloma; the trials were inconclusive.
Little further work was done with thalidomide... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Commonly used protein production systems include those derived from bacteria, yeast, baculovirus/insect, mammalian cells, and more recently filamentous fungi such as Myceliophthora thermophila. When biopharmaceuticals are produced with one of these systems, process-related impurities termed host cell proteins also arri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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