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Yeast, and yeast nutrition, is mixed in the syrup. One gram pure yeast consumes approximately 0.2 grams sugar.
Yeasts will usually die out once the alcohol level reaches about 15% due to the toxicity of alcohol on the yeast cells physiology while the more alcohol tolerant Saccharomyces species take over. In addition to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Automated mineralogy analytical solutions are characterised by integrating largely automated measurement techniques based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Commercially available lab-based solutions include QEMSCAN and Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) from FEI Compan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In geometry, the order-3 snub heptagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. There are four triangles and one heptagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of sr{7,3}. The snub tetraheptagonal tiling is another related hyperbolic tiling with Schläfli symbol sr{7,4}. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics (such as current, voltage, or resistance) vary when it is exposed to light. I... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Brownfield is land that is abandoned or underutilized due to pollution from industrial use. The specific definition of brownfield land varies and is decided by policy makers and/or land developers within different countries. The main difference in definitions of whether a piece of land is considered a brownfield or not... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An anticarcinogen (also known as a carcinopreventive agent) is a substance that counteracts the effects of a carcinogen or inhibits the development of cancer. Anticarcinogens are different from anticarcinoma agents (also known as anticancer or anti-neoplastic agents) in that anticarcinoma agents are used to selectivel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotaxane-based molecular machines have been of initial interest for their potential use in molecular electronics as logic molecular switching elements and as molecular shuttles. These molecular machines are usually based on the movement of the macrocycle on the dumbbell. The macrocycle can rotate around the axis of the... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Thiolactones can be prepared by dehydration of thiol-containing carboxylic acids. Thiolactones can be hydrolyzed back to the thiol acids under basic conditions. β-Thiolactones can be opened by reaction at the 4-position via S2 nucleophilic reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In N,N-dialkylhydrazones the C=N bond can be hydrolysed, oxidised and reduced, the N–N bond can be reduced to the free amine. The carbon atom of the C=N bond can react with organometallic nucleophiles. The alpha-hydrogen atom is more acidic by 10 orders of magnitude compared to the ketone and therefore more nucleophili... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main advantages of this technique are the high pulling rates (60 times greater than the conventional Czochralski technique) and the possibility of growing materials with very high melting points. In addition, LHPG is a crucible-free technique, which allows single crystals to be grown with high purity and low stress... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polymorphism in binary metal oxides has attracted much attention because these materials are of significant economic value. One set of famous examples have the composition SiO, which form many polymorphs. Important ones include: α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, moganite, coesite, and stishovite. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dimitar Ivanov Popov () (October 13, 1894 – October 25, 1975) was a Bulgarian organic chemist and an academician of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Prof. D. Ivanov is known by his fathers name Ivanov rather than his familys name Popov.
He is the namesake of the Ivanov reaction in chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2004, separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers: a physician named Joseph Piacentile and a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble. In February 2009, the suits were joined. Eleven states and the Dis... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A fermionic condensate (or Fermi–Dirac condensate) is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures. It is closely related to the Bose–Einstein condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms under similar conditions. The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of elec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When two miscible liquids are brought into contact, and diffusion takes place, the macroscopic (or average) concentration evolves following Ficks law. On a mesoscopic scale, that is, between the macroscopic scale described by Ficks law and molecular scale, where molecular random walks take place, fluctuations cannot be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cohen was born in Boston, the son of a furrier from England, and was the first in his family with a college education. He graduated from Tufts University in 1951. He was guided towards science instead of medicine in a chance encounter with Isaac Asimov while working a summer job as a waiter, and completed his Ph.D. at ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The release of a neurotransmitter is triggered by the arrival of a nerve impulse (or action potential) and occurs through an unusually rapid process of cellular secretion (exocytosis). Within the presynaptic nerve terminal, vesicles containing neurotransmitter are localized near the synaptic membrane. The arriving acti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
4-Nitrophenol can be used as a pH indicator. A solution of 4-nitrophenol appears colorless below pH 5.4 and yellow above pH 7.5. This color-changing property makes this compound useful as a pH indicator.
The yellow color of the 4-nitrophenolate form (or 4-nitrophenoxide) is due to a maximum of absorbance at 405 nm (ε... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Solar energy is required for converting carbon dioxide and water into organic matter, otherwise known as photosynthesis. As with temperature and nutrients, different algae have different rates of metabolic response to increasing light and also different optimal light conditions for growth, as some algae are more adapte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The BRENDA tissue ontology (BTO) represents a comprehensive structured encyclopedia. It provides terms, classifications, and definitions of tissues, organs, anatomical structures, plant parts, cell cultures, cell types, and cell lines of organisms from all taxonomic groups (animals, plants, fungi, protozoon) as enzyme ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neuromelanin is found in higher concentrations in humans than in other primates. Neuromelanin concentration increases with age, suggesting a role in neuroprotection (neuromelanin can chelate metals and xenobiotics) or senescence. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although cells undergo multiple steps in order to ensure there are no mutations in the genetic sequence, sometimes specific deletions and other genetic changes during Okazaki fragment maturation go unnoticed. Because Okazaki fragments are the set of nucleotides for the lagging strand, any alteration including deletions... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The polymolybdates and polytungstates are derived, formally at least, from the dianionic [MO] precursors. The most common units for polymolybdates and polyoxotungstates are the octahedral {MO} centers, sometimes slightly distorted. Some polymolybdates contain pentagonal bipyramidal units. These building blocks are foun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydra polyps are small and transparent which makes it possible to trace single cells in vivo. In addition, transgenic Hydra provide a ready system for generating gain-of-function phenotypes. With the use of transgenes producing dominant-negative versions of proteins, one should be able to obtain loss-of-function phenot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Threonine proteases, such as the proteasome protease subunit and ornithine acyltransferases use the secondary hydroxyl of threonine in a manner analogous to the use of the serine primary hydroxyl. However, due to the steric interference of the extra methyl group of threonine, the base member of the triad is the N-termi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymers are chainlike molecules that are made of the same repetition unit. With a few exceptions such as proteins, a polymer consists of a mix of molecules with different chain lengths. Therefore, average values are given for the molecular weight like the number average, the weight average or the viscosity average mol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dithionite () can also be used as a reductant. It is usually used in addition to iron reduce contaminants. A number of reactions take place and eventually the contaminant is removed. In the process, ditionite is consumed and the final product of all the reactions is 2 sulfur dioxide anions. The dithionite is not stable... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When an atom or molecule interacts with an electromagnetic wave of frequency , it can undergo a transition from an initial to a final state of energy difference through the coupling of the electromagnetic field to the transition dipole moment. When this transition is from a lower energy state to a higher energy state,... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The cellular response in signal transduction cascades involves alteration of the expression of effector genes or activation/inhibition of targeted proteins. Regulation of protein activity mainly involves phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events, leading to its activation or inhibition. It is the case for the vast major... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Zwikker reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.5 g of copper (II) sulfate in 100 ml of distilled water. Part B consists of 5% pyridine (v/v) in chloroform. One drop of each is added to the substance to be tested and any... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For all intents and purposes, each enantiomer in a pair has the same energy. However, theoretical physics predicts that due to parity violation of the weak nuclear force (the only force in nature that can "tell left from right"), there is actually a minute difference in energy between enantiomers (on the order of 10 eV... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ballast tanks on ships contain the fuels for corrosion. Water is one and air is usually present too and the water can become stagnant. Structural integrity is important for safety and to avoid marine pollution. Coatings have become the solution of choice to reduce the amount of corrosion in ballast tanks. Impressed cur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
By changing specific amino acids by mutating the corresponding DNA base-pairs in the plasmids used, the importance of those amino acid residues in maintaining the interaction can be determined.
After using bacterial cell-based method to select DNA-binding proteins, it is necessary to check the specificity of these doma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FIA is an automated method of chemical analysis in which a sample is injected into a flowing carrier solution that mixes with reagents before reaching a detector. Over past 30 years, FIA techniques developed into a wide array of applications using spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectros... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In ancient history, Hippocrates discussed bile pigments in two of the four humours in the context of a relationship between yellow and black biles. Hippocrates visited Democritus in Abdera who was regarded as the expert in melancholy "black bile".
Relevant documentation emerged in 1827 when M. Louis Jacques Thénard exa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Secalin is a prolamin glycoprotein found in the grain rye, Secale cereale.
Secalin is one of the forms of gluten proteins that people with coeliac disease cannot tolerate, and thus rye should be avoided by people with this disease. It is generally recommended that such people follow a gluten free diet. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkyl substitution can be achieved when alkyl halides are used in conjunction with a Lewis acid; however, only activated (allylic, benzylic) or highly substituted (tert-butyl) halides are useful in this context. Nucleophilic catalysis of alkylation is rare, because protodesilylation tends to occur. Lewis acid activatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Flutamide was studied for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in two phase II clinical trials but was found to be ineffective. Out of a total of 47 patients, only three short-term responses occurred. However, the patients in the studies were selected irrespective of AR, , , or HER2 status, which were all unknown. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Similarly to bond angles, the hybridisation of an atom can be related to the lengths of the bonds it forms. As bonding orbitals increase in s character, the σ bond length decreases.
By adding electronegative substituents and changing the hybridisation of the central atoms, bond lengths can be manipulated. If a mo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Note: These lists are illustrative, not exhaustive, and identification of noise effects is an active and expanding area of research.
* Gene expression levels: noise in gene expression causes differences in the fundamental properties of cells, limits their ability to biochemically control cellular dynamics, and directly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Erich Clar (23 August 1902 – 27 March 1987) was an Austrian organic chemist, born in Hřensko, who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. He is considered as the father of that field. In 1941, he authored "Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe" (Springer-Verlag) and in 1964 the greatly expanded two-volume Polycycli... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One aspect of RNA silencing to consider is its possible off-target affects, toxicity, and delivery methods. If RNA silencing is to become a conventional drug, it must first pass the typical ethical issues of biomedicine. Using risk-benefit analysis, researchers can determine whether RNA silencing conforms to ethical id... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Melanopsin: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex, involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
*Photopsin: reception of various colors of light in the cone cells of vertebrate retina
*Rhodopsin: green-blue light reception in the rod cells of vertebrate retina
*Protein Kinase C: mediates photoreceptor deacti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# Craddock P., 1995, Early Metal Mining and Production, Edinburgh University Press Ltd, Edinburgh
# Hauptmann A., T. Rehren & Schmitt-Strecker S., 2003, Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran), reconsidered, T. Stollner, G. Korlin, G. Steffens & J. Cierny, Eds., Man and mining, studies in honour of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dioxane is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn is obtained from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.
In 1985, the global production capacity for dioxane was between 11,000 and 14,000 tons. In 1990, the total U.S. production volume of dioxane was between 5,250 and 9,150 tons. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The use of microorganisms to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites, relying on multiple microorganisms co-metabolism, is known as bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl. Some micro-organisms degrade PCBs by reducing the C-Cl bonds. Microbial dechlorination tends to be rather slow-acting in comparison to other method... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The first step in the investigation of archaeometallurgical slag is the identification and macro-analysis of slag in the field. Physical properties of slag such as shape, colour, porosity and even smell are used to make a primary classification to ensure representative samples from slag heaps are obtained for future mi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Tank and vat leaching involves placing ore, usually after size reduction and classification, into large tanks or vats at ambient operating conditions containing a leaching solution and allowing the valuable material to leach from the ore into solution.
In tank leaching the ground, classified solids are already mixed wi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A significant task, regularly carried out by CSMBLM since 1970, is the external assessment of the performance quality of all medical biochemistry laboratories in the Republic of Croatia. The external evaluation programs are updated and continually expanded according to the needs of the profession and in line with the E... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* CCA1 – The CCA1 gene, also known as Circadian and Clock Associated Gene 1, is a gene that is especially important in maintaining the rhythmicity of plant cellular oscillations. Overexpression, results in the loss of rhythmic expression of clock controlled genes (CCGs), loss of photoperiod control, and loss of rhythmi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cyanate ion is an anion with the chemical formula . It is a resonance of three forms: (61%) ↔ (30%) ↔ (4%).
Cyanate is the derived anion of isocyanic acid, H−N=C=O, and its lesser tautomer cyanic acid (a.k.a. cyanol), H−O−C≡N.
Any salt containing the ion, such as ammonium cyanate, is called a cyanate.
The cyanat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1968, the artist Robert Smithson made Mono Lake Non-Site (Cinders near Black Point) using pumice collected while visiting Mono on July 27, 1968, with his wife Nancy Holt and Michael Heizer (both prominent visual artists). In 2004, Nancy Holt made a short film entitled Mono Lake using Super 8 footage and photographs ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are variations between human populations, so a SNP allele that is common in one geographical or ethnic group may be much rarer in another. However, this pattern of variation is relatively rare; in a global sample of 67.3 million SNPs, the Human Genome Diversity Project "found no such private variants that are fi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In medicine, LDH is often used as a marker of tissue breakdown as LDH is abundant in red blood cells and can function as a marker for hemolysis. A blood sample that has been handled incorrectly can show false-positively high levels of LDH due to erythrocyte damage.
It can also be used as a marker of myocardial infarcti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He married Ethel Marian Wood in 1901. She died in 1944. They had a daughter, who predeceased her father, and a son. He died at his son's home in Headley, Surrey. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
(AD 900–1500)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Coatlán, Oaxaca
#Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca
#Ejutla, Oaxaca
#Guiengola, Oaxaca
#Huajuapan, Oaxaca
#Huitzo, Oaxaca
#Juquila, Oaxaca
#Mitla, Oaxaca
#Monte Albán Oaxaca
#Sola de Vega, Oaxaca
#Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
#Teotitlán del Camino, Oaxaca
#Teoti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
"Hairs" on plants are properly called trichomes. Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap.
;Arachnoid, or arachnose: With many fine, entangled hairs giving a cobwebby appearance.
;Barbellate: With finely barbed hairs (barbellae).
;Bearded: With long, stiff ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
DNA molecules are unique in that they are long, charged polymers which when in a separation medium, such as agarose gel, can exhibit highly non-linear velocity profiles in response to an electric field. As such, DNA is easily separated from other molecules that are not both charged and strongly non-linear, using SCO... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In vinyl polymers the complete configuration can be further described by defining polymer head/tail configuration. In a regular macromolecule all monomer units are normally linked in a head to tail configuration so that all β-substituents are separated by three carbon atoms. In head to head configuration this separatio... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Martin's sulfurane is the organosulfur compound with the formula PhS[OC(CF)Ph] (Ph = CH). It is a white solid that easily undergoes sublimation. The compound is an example of a hypervalent sulfur compound called a sulfurane. As such, the sulfur adopts a see-saw structure, with a lone pair of electrons as the equatorial... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Protofection is a developing technique and is continuously being improved. A specific protein transduction system has been created that is complexed with mtDNA, which enables the mtDNA to move across the targeted cell's membrane and specifically target mitochondria. The transduction system used consists of a protein tr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Through supramolecular chemistry, pregel solution can solidify through reversible supramolecular interactions such as host-guest interactions. Such interaction can be manipulated through the mechanical force or the temperature. When energy exerted to the network is high enough, physical crosslinking point will break an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resistance to herbicides can be based on one of the following biochemical mechanisms:
* Target-site resistance: In target-site resistance, the genetic change that causes the resistance directly alters the chemical mechanism the herbicide targets. The mutation may relate to an enzyme with a crucial function in a metab... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels. Very often, CE refers to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), but other electrophoretic techniques including capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capil... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fluorination with aminosulfuranes is a chemical reaction that transforms oxidized organic compounds into organofluorine compounds. Aminosulfuranes selectively exchange hydroxyl groups for fluorine, but are also capable of converting carbonyl groups, halides, silyl ethers, and other functionality into organofluorides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The society awards some 25 awards every year at the annual conference. In addition, the member societies also disburse their own awards, including the Percy Nicholls Award, awarded by SME jointly with American Society of Mechanical Engineers. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are many proposed applications for the boron-based carborane acids. For instance, they have been proposed as catalysts for hydrocarbon cracking and isomerization of n-alkanes to form branched isoalkanes ("isooctane", for example). Carborane acids may also be used as strong, selective Brønsted acids for fine che... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alternative protein assays include:
* Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
* RGBradford
* Biuret protein assay
* Lowry protein assay
* BCA protein assay
* Amido black protein assay
* Colloidal gold protein assay | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Since [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=71971&package_id=76633 Level 2 Version 2] SBML provides a mechanism to annotate model components with SBO terms, therefore increasing the semantics of the
model beyond the sole topology of interaction and mathematical expression. Modelling tools such as [htt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Energy intake is measured by the amount of calories consumed from food and fluids. Energy intake is modulated by hunger, which is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus, and choice, which is determined by the sets of brain structures that are responsible for stimulus control (i.e., operant conditioning and classical c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cram once admitted that his career wasnt without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a masters degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mount Holyoke College. Cram chose not to h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ASDs are complex; autism is a medical condition with several etiologies caused due to the interactions between environmental conditions and genetic vulnerability. The challenge in finding out the biomarkers related to ASDs is that they may reflect genetic or neurobiological changes that may be active only to a certain ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methylations are commonly performed using electrophilic methyl sources such as iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, or tetramethylammonium chloride. Less common but more powerful (and more dangerous) methylating reagents include methyl triflate, diazomethane, and methyl fluorosulfonate (magic methyl). The... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Galvanism is a term invented by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. The term also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electric current within biological organisms and t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of a photoacid which undergoes excited-state proton transfer without prior photolysis is the fluorescent dye pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate or HPTS).
The Förster cycle was proposed by Theodor Förster and combines knowledge of the ground state acid dissociation constant (pK), absorption, and flu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Like related acyl chlorides, valeryl chloride hydrolyzes readily:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + HO → CH(CH)COH + HCl
Alcohols react to give esters:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + ROH → CH(CH)COR + HCl
Amines react to give amides:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + RNH → CH(CH)C(O)NR + HCl
Benzene reacts under conditions of the Friedel-Crafts reacti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Azolla event is a paleoclimatology scenario hypothesized to have occurred in the middle Eocene epoch, around , when blooms of the carbon-fixing freshwater fern Azolla are thought to have happened in the Arctic Ocean. As the fern died and sank to the stagnant sea floor, they were incorporated into the sediment over... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
R-454B is not the only blend of R-32 and R-1234yf to be proposed as a refrigerant. Other blends include R-454A (35 percent R-32, 65 percent R-1234yf) and R-454C (21.5 percent R-32, 78.5 percent R1234yf). There are also several blends that include a third component. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Primary alcohols () can be oxidized either to aldehydes () or to carboxylic acids (). The oxidation of secondary alcohols () normally terminates at the ketone () stage. Tertiary alcohols () are resistant to oxidation.
The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One method that used to cool molecules to temperatures near absolute zero is laser cooling. In the Doppler cooling process, lasers are used to remove energy from electrons of a given molecule to slow or cool the molecule down. This method has applications in quantum mechanics and is related to particle traps and the Bo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A field prototype of SOLID was first tested in 2005 in a simulated Mars drilling expedition called MARTE (Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment) where the researchers tested a drill in depth, sample-handling systems, and immunoassays relevant to the search for life in the Martian subsurface. MARTE was funded by the NASA As... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PSII and PSI are connected by a transmembrane proton pump, cytochrome bf complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ). Electrons from PSII are carried by plastoquinol to cyt bf, where they are removed in a stepwise fashion (re-forming plastoquinone) and transferred to a water-soluble electron carrier called plastocy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ketosis can improve markers of metabolic syndrome through reduction in serum triglycerides, elevation in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as increased size and volume of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. These changes are consistent with an improved lipid profile despite potential increases in total choles... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once a theory is formulated, its validity must be tested, that is, compare its predictions with the results of the experiments.
When the expression form of the rate constant is compared with the rate equation for an elementary bimolecular reaction, , it is noticed that
unit M⋅s (= dm⋅mol⋅s), with all dimension unit dm ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some applications of the electrodialysis are explained below.
* The desalination of whey is the largest area of use for this type of dialysis in the food industry. It is necessary to remove crude cheese whey containing calcium, phosphorus and other inorganic salts to produce different foods such as cake, bread, ice cre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The widespread use of refrigeration allowed for a vast amount of new agricultural opportunities to open up in the United States. New markets emerged throughout the United States in areas that were previously uninhabited and far-removed from heavily populated areas. New agricultural opportunity presented itself in areas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One can also plot the dihedral angles in polysaccharides (e.g. with [http://glycosciences.de/tools/carp/ CARP]). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fossil record for lichens is poor. The extreme habitats that lichens dominate, such as tundra, mountains, and deserts, are not ordinarily conducive to producing fossils. There are fossilized lichens embedded in amber. The fossilized Anzia is found in pieces of amber in northern Europe and dates back approximately 4... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, located within the School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, is a research facility working in the field of gene expression and chromosome biology. Previously part of the Dundee Biocentre and receiving significant Wellcome Trust funding from 1995 onwards, it was award... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Space-based solar power (SBSP, SSP) is the concept of collecting solar power in outer space with solar power satellites (SPS) and distributing it to Earth. Its advantages include a higher collection of energy due to the lack of reflection and absorption by the atmosphere, the possibility of very little night, and a bet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All volatile metabolites detectable by the human nose are termed an odour profile. The association of altered odour profiles with disease states has long been documented in both eastern and western medicine, and recent advances in robotic sample introduction have increased interest in the volatilome as a source for bio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Knowledge of hydration is essential for calculating the masses for many compounds. The reactivity of many salt-like solids is sensitive to the presence of water.
The hydration and dehydration of salts is central to the use of phase-change materials for energy storage. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Claus reaction is an example of comproportionation reaction (the inverse of disproportionation) involving hydrogen sulfide () and sulfur dioxide () to produce elemental sulfur and water as follows:
The Claus reaction is one of the chemical reactions involved in the Claus process used for the desulfurization of gase... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Investment casting is a metallurgical processing technique in which a wax form is fabricated and used as a template for a ceramic mold. A ceramic mold is poured around the wax form and solidifies, the wax form is melted out of the ceramic mold, and molten metal is poured into the void left by the wax. This leads to a m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its use is recommended together with lifestyle changes. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, muscles pains, ra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several variants of pi coordinated phenyls have even been tested using transition metals for stacking η-phenyltropanes, using cyclopentadienyl and tricarbonyl in place of a benzene. Which in the case of the tricarbonyl doubled the compound's affinity for its intended ligand site (posited as due to resultant electrostat... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Pheromone programs are most effective when controlling low to moderate pest population densities. MD has also been identified as a pest control method in which the insect does not become resistant. The scientific community, together with governmental agencies throughout the world, understands the benefits of mating dis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ortho-carborane is prepared by the addition of acetylenes to decaborane(14). Modern syntheses involve two stages, the first involving generation of an adduct of decaborane:
:BH + 2 SEt → BH(SEt) + H
In the second stage, the alkyne is installed as the source of two carbon vertices:
:BH(SEt) + CH → CBH + 2 SEt + H
S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipidomics is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems The word "lipidome" is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue, organism, or ecosystem and is a subset of the "metabolome" which also includes other major classes of biological molecules (such... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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