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Agmatine has been shown to enhance glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and to exert nephroprotective effects. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Resin acid refers to mixtures of several related carboxylic acids, primarily abietic acid, found in tree resins. Nearly all resin acids have the same basic skeleton: three fused rings having the empirical formula CHCOOH. Resin acids are tacky, yellowish gums that are water-insoluble. They are used to produce soaps f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanol is a fuel for heat engines and fuel cells. Due to its high octane rating it can be used directly as a fuel in flex-fuel cars (including hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles) using existing internal combustion engines (ICE). Methanol can also be burned in some other kinds of engine or to provide heat as other liq... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In Japan, modafinil is Schedule I psychotropic drug. This means that it is considered to have a high potential for abuse and dependence, and is therefore subject to strict regulations. The use of Schedule I drugs in Japan is generally prohibited, except under certain circumstances, such as for medical purposes. It can ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are no general solutions to the general dynamic equation (GDE); common methods used to solve the general dynamic equation include:
* Moment method
* Modal/sectional method, and
* Quadrature method of moments/Taylor-series expansion method of moments, and
* Monte Carlo method. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The PubChem links gives access to more information on the compounds, including other names, ids, toxicity and safety. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Uricotelism is the excretion of excess nitrogen in the form of uric acid. Uricotelic animals include insects, birds and most reptiles. Though requiring more metabolic energy to make than urea, uric acid's low toxicity and low solubility in water allow it to be concentrated into a small volume of pasty white suspension... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urinary VMA is elevated in patients with tumors that secrete catecholamines.
These urinalysis tests are used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor called pheochromocytoma, a tumor of catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells. These tests may also be used to diagnose neuroblastomas, and to monitor treatment of these conditi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bacteriophages used for cloning are the λ phage and M13 phage. There is an upper limit on the amount of DNA that can be packed into a phage (a maximum of 53 kb), therefore to allow foreign DNA to be inserted into phage DNA, phage cloning vectors may need to have some non-essential genes deleted, for example the ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2018, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources found microcystins at levels of 0.3 µg/L, or micrograms per liter (ppb), in the raw water supplies of 15 out of 26 public water systems tested. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Another type of topographic contrast, extinction contrast, is slightly more complex. While the two above variants are explicable in simple terms based on geometrical theory (basically, the Bragg law) or kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction, extinction contrast can be understood based on dynamical theory.
Qualitative... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Salicylaldoxime is an organic compound described by the formula CHCH=NOH-2-OH. It is the oxime of salicylaldehyde. This crystalline, colorless solid is a chelator and sometimes used in the analysis of samples containing transition metal ions, with which it often forms brightly coloured coordination complexes. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency. CAM concentrates it temporally, providing during the day, and not at night, when respiration is the dominant reaction. plants, in contrast, concentrate spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Baldwin's rules in organic chemistry are a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. They were first proposed by Jack Baldwin in 1976.
Baldwin's rules discuss the relative rates of ring closures of these various types. These terms are not meant to descr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In crystallography, a fractional coordinate system is used in order to better reflect the symmetry of the underlying lattice of a crystal pattern (or any other periodic pattern in space). In a fractional coordinate system the basis vectors of the coordinate system are chosen to be lattice vectors and the basis is then ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It works similarly to a scanning electron microscope: the sample is bombarde... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride has been investigated for the recovery of uranium and other metals from spent nuclear fuel and other sources. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Substitution of all 20 hydrogens by fluorine atoms yields the relatively unstable perfluorododecahedrane CF, which was obtained in milligram quantities. Trace amounts of the analogous perchlorododecahedrane CCl were obtained, among other partially chlorinated derivatives, by reacting dissolved in liquid chlorine und... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen than nitrogen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to functi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organometallic compounds are distinguished by the prefix "organo-" (e.g., organopalladium compounds), and include all compounds which contain a bond between a metal atom and a carbon atom of an organyl group. In addition to the traditional metals (alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, and post transiti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Proline isomerization of certain prolines in RNA polymerase II is key in the process of recruiting and placing processing factors during transcription. PPIases target RNA polymerase II by interacting with the Rpb1 carboxy terminal domain, or CTD. Proline isomerization is then used as part of the mechanism of the CTD to... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Metal formyl complexes are often prepared by the reaction of metal carbonyls with hydride reagents:
:[Re(CO)] + H → (CO)ReCHO
The CO ligand is the electrophile and the hydride (provided typically from a borohydride) is the nucleophile.
Some metal formyls are produced by reaction of metal carbonyl anions with reag... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As 1,3dipoles, nitrones perform [[1,3-dipolar cycloaddition|[3+2] cycloaddition]]s. For example, a dipolarophilic alkene combines to form isoxazolidine:
Other ring-closing reactions are known, including formal [3+3] and [5+2] cycloadditions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater by perstraction. Different techniques have been patented. The oldest one has published in 1990 and the youngest one in 1998. In the 2000s has been done few patent applications but no granted patents.
Organic compounds through a membrane has been concentrated from groundwater. ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane reacts with aldehydes to give a two carbon atom extension. The carbomethoxymethylene group replaces the oxygen of the aldehyde to give a trans- double bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Uranium deposits are usually sourced from radioactive granites, where certain minerals such as monazite are leached during hydrothermal activity or during circulation of groundwater. The uranium is brought into solution by acidic conditions and is deposited when this acidity is neutralised. Generally this occurs in cer... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. Hot blast was patented by James Beaumont Neilson at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland in 1828. Within a few years of the introduction, hot bl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Since ethanol boils at a much lower temperature than water, simple distillation can separate ethanol from water by applying heat to the mixture. Historically, a copper vessel was used for this purpose, since copper removes undesirable sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol. However, many modern stills are made of st... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first passive sampling devices were developed in the 1970s to determine concentrations of contaminants in the air. In 1980 this technology was first adapted for the monitoring of organic contaminants in water. The initial type of passive sampler developed for aquatic monitoring purposes was the semipermeable membra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epitheli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The vast majority of important organic molecules contain heteroatoms, which polarize carbon skeletons by virtue of their electronegativity. Therefore, in standard organic reactions, the majority of new bonds are formed between atoms of opposite polarity. This can be considered to be the "normal" mode of reactivity.
One... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Catalytic engineered systems are designed to pass air from the atmosphere, either passively or actively, through catalytic systems which leverage energy from the sun, an artificial light, or heat to oxidize methane. These catalysts include thermocatalysts, photocatalysts, and radicals produced artificially through phot... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This book describes how an official, the Bergmeister, is in charge of mining. He marks out the land into areas called meers when a vein is discovered. The rest of the book covers the laws of mining. There is a section on how the mine can be divided into shares. The roles of various other officials in regulating mines a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular pathway that identifies and degrades aberrant mRNA transcripts that do not contain a proper stop codon. Stop codons are signals in messenger RNA that signal for synthesis of proteins to end. Aberrant transcripts are identified during translation when the ribosome translates into the p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To diketone 23, sodium acetylide(Alkynylation) was added (bringing in carbon atoms 22 and 23) to give alkyne 24. This compound was reduced to the allyl alcohol 25 using the Lindlar catalyst and lithium aluminium hydride removed the remaining amide group in 26. An allylic rearrangement to alcohol 27 (isostrychnine) was ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The best explanation of the phenomenon of optical molasses is based on the principle of polarization gradient cooling. Counterpropagating beams of circularly polarized light cause a standing wave, where the light polarization is linear but the direction rotates along the direction of the beams at a very fast rate. Atom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, encountered a virulence property in pneumococcus bacteria, which was killing lab rats. According to Mendel, prevalent at that time, gene transfer could occur only from parent to daughter cells only. Griffith advanced another theory, stating that gene transfer occurring in member of same gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternative form of the Arruda–Boyce model, using the first five terms of the inverse Langevin function, is
where is a material constant. The quantity can also be interpreted as a measure of the limiting network stretch.
If is the stretch at which the polymer chain network becomes locked, we can express the Arru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the ovarian follicles have reached a certain degree of development, induction of final oocyte maturation is performed, generally by an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Commonly, this is known as the "trigger shot." hCG acts as an analogue of luteinising hormone, and ovulation would occur between 38... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like other members of the microbial rhodopsin family, archaerhodopsins are expressed in specialised, protein-rich domains of the cell surface membrane, commonly called the claret membrane. In addition to ether lipids, the claret membrane contains bacterioruberin, (a 50-carbon carotenoid pigment) which is thought to pro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bacterial recombination undergoes various different processes. The processes include: transformation, transduction, conjugation and homologous recombination. Homologous recombination relies on cDNA transferring genetic material. Complementary DNA sequences transport genetic material in the identical homologous chromoso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ractopamine has been banned in Taiwan since 2006. In the summer of 2007, two US shipments including ractopamine-laced pork were rejected by Taiwans health authorities, while the Taiwan government had been considering lifting the ban on such imports. This resulted in mass protests in the capital city, Taipei, by swine f... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Some varying factors in splat quenching are the drop size and velocity of the metal in ensuring the complete solidification of the metal. In cases where the volume of the drop is too large or the velocity is too slow, the metal will not solidify past equilibrium causing it to remelt. Therefore, experiments are carried... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a spectroscopic technique in which the properties of matter are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation. The generation and detection scheme is sensitive to the sample's effect on both the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz radiation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since its reduction potential is similar to that of oxygen and can be reduced by components of the electron transport chain, large doses of methylene blue are sometimes used as an antidote to potassium cyanide poisoning, a method first successfully tested in 1933 by Dr. Matilda Moldenhauer Brooks in San Francisco, alth... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The assay is separated into three main parts:
preparation of the Diluted Albumin (BSA) Standards,
preparation of the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) working reagent,
and quantification of proteins (using either test tube or microplate procedure). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Premelting (also surface melting) refers to a quasi-liquid film that can occur on the surface of a solid even below melting point (). The thickness of the film is temperature () dependent. This effect is common for all crystalline materials.
Premelting shows its effects in frost heave, and, taking grain boundary inte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diethanolamides are common ingredients used in cosmetics to act as a foaming agents or as emulsifiers. Chemically, they are amides formed from diethanolamine and carboxylic acids, typically fatty acids.
Examples include:
* Cocamide diethanolamine
* Lauramide diethanolamine
* Oleamide diethanolamine | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A crystal model is a teaching aid used for understanding concepts in crystallography and the morphology of crystals. Models are ideal to learn recognizing symmetry elements in crystals. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Marine macrophytes (i.e., macroalgae and seagrass) are highly productive and extend over large areas in coastal waters but their production of DOC has not received much attention. Macrophytes release DOC during growth with a conservative estimate (excluding release from decaying tissues) suggesting that macroalgae rele... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Like all metals, gold is insoluble in a water. Gold does however exhibit the distinctive properties that in the presence of cyanide ions, it dissolves in the presence of oxygen (or air). This transformation was reported in 1783 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, but it was not until the late 19th century, that the reactions wer... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The information available about the people of the Copper Age has not substantially increased along with the number of archaeological sites. Several ideas have been proffered, one of the most followed is that the metal itself did not bring abrupt transformation into the people's life, or even more that early copper does... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Calculating rates of VO and/or VCO requires knowledge of the flow rates into and out of the chamber, plus fractional concentrations of the gas mixtures into and out of the animal chamber. In general, metabolic rates are calculated from steady-state conditions (i.e., animal's metabolic rate is assumed to be constant). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a heterobifunctional amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker, which contains two reactive groups at opposite ends: N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester and maleimide, reactive with amines and thiols respectively. SMCC is often used in bioconjugation to link proteins w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mars Guy Fontana graduated with a Bachelor of Science followed by a Master of Science and then awarded a Doctor of Philosophy in the field of metallurgical engineering from the University of Michigan. He was known as a researcher/engineer who added to the field of knowledge in the fairly specialized area of corrosion a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The simple cubic Bravais lattice, with cubic primitive cell of side , has for its reciprocal a simple cubic lattice with a cubic primitive cell of side (or in the crystallographer's definition). The cubic lattice is therefore said to be self-dual, having the same symmetry in reciprocal space as in real space. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Transformations are often seen to follow a characteristic s-shaped, or sigmoidal, profile where the transformation rates are low at the beginning and the end of the transformation but rapid in between.
The initial slow rate can be attributed to the time required for a significant number of nuclei of the new phase to fo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Geochemical Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of geochemistry and cosmochemistry. It is published by the Geochemical Society of Japan and the editor-in-chief is Katsuhiko Suzuki. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pancratistatin is thought to have potential as a basis for the development of new pharmaceuticals, particularly in the field of cancer treatment. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Silicon microcantilevers are used for both contact AFM and nc-AFM. Silicon microcantilevers are produced from etching small (~100×10×1 μm) rectangular, triangular, or V-shaped cantilevers from silicon nitride. Originally they were produced without integrated tips and metal tips had to be evaporated on, later a method w... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information) and the handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before begin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many coordination complexes catalyze electrochemical reactions, but only heterogeneous catalysts are of commercial value. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since late 2000s, propanephosphonic acid anhydride, sold commercially under various names such as "T3P", has become a useful reagent for amide bond formation in commercial applications. It converts the oxygen of the carboxylic acid into a leaving group, whose peptide-coupling byproducts are water-soluble and can be eas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NMR spectroscopy has been utilized for the analysis of biological samples since the 1980s, and can be used as an effective technique for the identification and quantification of both known and unknown metabolites. For details on the principles of this technique, see NMR spectroscopy. In pharmacometabolomics analyses, N... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although MRM has been used extensively in metabolomics and proteomics, its high sensitivity and linear response over a wide dynamic range make it especially suited for glycan biomarker research and discovery. MRM is performed on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrument, which is set to detect a predetermined precursor ion ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As with other cycloaddition reactions of a 1,3-dipole with a π-system, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using an azomethine ylide is a six-electron process. According to the Woodward–Hoffmann rules, this addition is suprafacial with respect to both the dipole and dipolarophile. The reaction is generally viewed as concerted, i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reverse cholesterol transport is a multi-step process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver first via entering the lymphatic system, then the bloodstream.
Cholesterol from non-hepatic peripheral tissues is transferred to HDL by the ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A similar phenomenon occurs in many other systems. Another example is vibrational modes in a liquid. Each molecule of the liquid has vibrational modes, and the vibrational frequency is influenced by the positions of nearby molecules. However, if the nearby molecules reorient and move around fast enough, the vibration w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pairs of octahedra can be fused in a way that preserves the octahedral coordination geometry by replacing terminal ligands with bridging ligands. Two motifs for fusing octahedra are common: edge-sharing and face-sharing. Edge- and face-shared bioctahedra have the formulas [ML(μ-L)] and ML(μ-L), respectively. Polymeri... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Above the theoretical shear strength of the material, a type of defect-less flow can still occur, shearing the material. Dislocation motion through glide (any temperature) or dislocation creep (at high temperatures) is a typical mechanism found at high stresses in deformation maps. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Wien effect is the experimentally-observed increase in ionic mobility or conductivity of electrolytes at very high gradient of electrical potential. A theoretical explanation has been proposed by Lars Onsager.
A related phenomenon is known as the Second Wien Effect or the dissociation field effect, and it involves ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the mud layer is exposed at the tidal fringe, mudflats result affording a unique ecotone that affords numerous shorebird species a safe feeding and resting habitat. Because the muds function much like quicksand, heavier mammalian predators not only cannot gain traction for pursuit, but would actually become trapp... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
ζ-Carotene (zeta-carotene) is a carotenoid. It is different from α-carotene and β-carotene because it is acyclic. ζ-Carotene is similar in structure to lycopene, but has an additional 4 hydrogen atoms. ζ-carotene can be used as an intermediate in forming β-carotene. A dehydrogenation reaction converts ζ-carotene into... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In hydrohalogenation, an alkene reacts with a dry hydrogen halide (HX) electrophile like hydrogen chloride () or hydrogen bromide () to form a mono-haloalkane. The double bond of the alkene is replaced by two new bonds, one with the halogen and one with the hydrogen atom of the hydrohalic acid. Markovnikov's rule state... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A common example is NMR. In this process, the nuclear spin of an atom starts rotating, with the frequency of rotation proportional to the external magnetic field that the atom experiences. However, in an inhomogeneous medium, the magnetic field often varies from point to point (depending, for example, on the magnetic s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Armodafinil (trade name Nuvigil) is the enantiopure compound of the eugeroic modafinil (Provigil). It consists of only the (R)-(−)-enantiomer of the racemic modafinil. Armodafinil is produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2007. In 20... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vacuum induction melting (VIM) utilizes electric currents to melt metal within a vacuum. The first prototype was developed in 1920. Induction heating induces eddy currents within conductors. Eddy currents create heating effects to melt the metal. Vacuum induction melting has been used in both the aerospace and nuclea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Interannual variability on metabolic rates can be driven by extensive changes in the catchment or by directional and cyclical climate change and climate disturbances, such as the events associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Those changes in the catchment, air temperature, and precipitation between ye... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first ORF of L1 encodes a 500-amino acid, 40-kDa protein that lacks homology with any protein of known function. In vertebrates, it contains a conserved C-terminus domain and a highly variable coiled-coil N-terminus that mediates the formation of ORF1 trimeric complexes. ORF1 trimers have RNA-binding and nucleic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The G3P is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the presence of enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (an oxido-reductase).
The aldehyde groups of the triose sugars are oxidised, and inorganic phosphate is added to them, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
The hydrogen is used to reduce two molecules of NAD, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A variety of defense mechanisms can lead to ecological escape from predators. Plants use chemical defenses in the form of secondary metabolites or allelochemicals. These allelochemicals inhibit the growth, behavior, and health of herbivores, allowing plants to escape. An example of a plant allelochemical are alkaloids... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are 2 regular complex apeirogons, sharing the vertices of the trihexagonal tiling. Regular complex apeirogons have vertices and edges, where edges can contain 2 or more vertices. Regular apeirogons p{q}r are constrained by: 1/p + 2/q + 1/r = 1. Edges have p vertices arranged like a regular polygon, and vertex fig... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as SFRP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFRP1 gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Normative mineralogy is a calculation of the composition of a rock sample that estimates the idealised mineralogy of a rock based on a quantitative chemical analysis according to the principles of geochemistry.
Normative mineral calculations can be achieved via either the CIPW Norm or the Barth-Niggli Norm (also known ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In laboratory settings, ELISA and immunodiffusion assays are most commonly used to detect levels of Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in patient sera.
Antibodies specific to Ro52 are difficult to detect via laboratory testing. Their low detectability may be attributed to several factors: the antibodies are precipitin negative, la... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermodynamic cycles may be used to model real devices and systems, typically by making a series of assumptions. simplifying assumptions are often necessary to reduce the problem to a more manageable form. For example, as shown in the figure, devices such a gas turbine or jet engine can be modeled as a Brayton cycle. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Filiform corrosion may be considered as a type of crevice corrosion and is sometimes seen on metals coated with an organic coating (paint). Filiform corrosion is unusual in that it does not weaken or destroy the integrity of the metal but only affects the surface appearance. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Currently there are no existing compounds that can mimic the peptide bond of proline to other amino acids while maintaining only a cis or trans configuration because most mimics found will eventually change from one isomer to another. This makes research on the direct effect of each of the isomers on biological mechani... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Gay-Lussacs law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussacs law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809. However, it sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. The latter law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, but i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A symmetry of a Euclidean graph is an isometry of the underlying Euclidean space whose restriction to the graph is an automorphism; the symmetry group of the Euclidean graph is the group of its symmetries. A Euclidean graph in three-dimensional Euclidean space is periodic if there exist three linearly independent trans... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In physical organic chemistry, a free-energy relationship or Gibbs energy relation relates the logarithm of a reaction rate constant or equilibrium constant for one series of chemical reactions with the logarithm of the rate or equilibrium constant for a related series of reactions. Free energy relationships establish... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a simple single-celled eukaryote with both a diploid and haploid mode of existence. The mating of yeast only occurs between haploids, which can be either the a or α (alpha) mating type and thus display simple sexual differentiation. Mating type is determined by a single locus, MAT,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By modifying the amino acid sequence of sunflower trypsin inhibitor, more specifically, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), researchers have been able to develop synthetic serine protease inhibitors that have specificity and improved inhibitory activity towards certain serine proteases that are found in the human b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Upper bainite" forms around 400–550 °C in sheaves. These sheaves contain several laths of ferrite that are approximately parallel to each other and which exhibit a Kurdjumov-Sachs relationship with the surrounding austenite, though this relationship degrades as the transformation temperature is lowered. The ferrite ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a neuropeptide present in humans and other mammals. It is a 60-amino acid polypeptide produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. It is involved in the regulation of appetite and may also have other roles such as in inflammation, sex behavior, an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the natural log is taken on both sides of the disequilibrium ratio and both sides is multiplied by RT, one obtains:
However, is the standard free energy, so that is the free energy of the reaction.
This shows that the free energy of a reaction is just an alternative way of expressing the disequilibrium ratio and a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
in chemistry, sulfoxidation refers to two distinct reactions.
In one meaning, sulfoxidation refers to the reaction of alkanes with a mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen. This reaction is employed industrially to produce alkyl sulfonic acids, which are used as surfactants. The reaction requires UV-radiation.
The rea... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO of . A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.
A further distinct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to the Nobel Prize, his awards and distinctions include Sloan Fellow (1969); Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975); Fellow Am. Phys. Soc. (1976); Guggenheim Fellow (1977); Member National Academy of Sciences (1979); Member International Academy of Science, Munich, Member Academia Sinica (19... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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